ChapterBc science 10 Chapter 3(加拿大bc省科学十年级词汇)

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英语国家概况

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandChapter 1: geography, people and language 1. Different Names for Britain and its Parts① The British Isles ② Great Britain ③ England (geographical names)④ The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (official name)⑤ Britain ⑥ the United Kingdom ⑦ the U.K 2. National Flagthe Union Jack3. The British Isles are made up oftwo large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones. (geography)4. The image of John Bull.5. British National Emblem6. Climate: maritime climateTemperate ( with warm summer ,cool winter) plentiful precipitation (降雨量) Three principal features: frequent fog the large number of rainy days Instability or changeability7. Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales. (三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士) Region Capital National emblem People language Famous personsEngland（Southern ） London rose English 50M 83%English (Official)Scotland （north ）Edinburgh （爱丁堡）Thistle （蓟花）Scottish/Scots 5M <9.6% Gaelic (盖尔语)Robert Burns (罗伯特·彭斯)——Auld Lang Syne (友谊地久天长) A Red Red Rose(一朵红红的玫瑰 Wales（west ） Cardiff（加的夫）daffodil (黄水仙) Leek（韭葱）Welsh <3M <2%Welsh (1/4 in Wles)Northern Ireland Belfast（贝尔法斯特）Shamrock（三叶草）Northern Irish1.7M 1.8%English William Butler Yeats（威廉·巴特勒·叶芝）——When youare oldJames Joyce(詹姆斯·乔伊斯)——stream-of-consciousness(意识流)George Bernard Shaw（乔治·萧伯纳）Other people:3%(immigrants)补充：（1）Englandis the largest, most populous and most wealthiest part of the country.The River Thames originates in southwestern England. (英国第二长河)(2) Scotlandhas three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。

加拿大ubc微观经济学教材

加拿大ubc微观经济学教材
加拿大UBC微观经济学教材包括多个版本，以下是部分常用的版本：
1.《微观经济学》（第六版）作者：罗伯特·平狄克、丹尼尔·鲁宾
费尔德。

2.《微观经济学：现代观点》（第九版）作者：弗兰克·H·奈特、
劳埃德·B·诺德豪斯。

3.《微观经济学：基本原理与扩展》（第十二版）作者：安德鲁·马
斯-克莱尔、约瑟夫·E·斯蒂格利茨。

此外，还有一些国际版教材和适用于特定专业领域的教材，如《微观经济学：理论、应用与政策》、《国际微观经济学》等。

在选择教材时，可以根据个人学习情况和兴趣进行选择。

可以通过教授推荐、教材评价网上的评论和学生口碑等多种渠道了解教材的质量和适用性，最终选择适合自己的教材。

science10

Cellular activity and signaling induced by osteoprotegerin in osteoclasts:involvement of receptor activator of nuclearfactor n B ligand and MAPKS.Theoleyre a,1,Y .Wittrant a,1,S.Couillaud a ,P.Vusio b ,M.Berreur a ,C.Dunstan c ,F.Blanchard a ,F.Re´dini a ,D.Heymann a,*aEE 99-01,Pathophysiology of Bone Resorption Laboratory and Therapy of Primitive Bone Tumors,Medicine Faculty,1rue G.Veil,44035Nantes cedex 01,FrancebIFR 26,Institut de Biologie,Nantes Hospital,FrancecAmgen Inc.,One Amgen Center Drive,Thousand Oaks,CA 91320,USA Received 22July 2003;received in revised form 19September 2003;accepted 15October 2003AbstractOsteoprotegerin (OPG)is a decoy receptor for receptor activator of nuclear factor n B ligand (RANKL),an inducer of osteoclastogenesis via its receptor RANK.We recently demonstrated that OPG also exerts a direct effect in osteoclasts by regulating protease expression.Herein,we showed that OPG-induced pro-matrix metalloproteinase-9activity was abolished by ras/MAPK inhibitors in purified osteoclasts.OPG induced the phosphorylation of p38and ERK1/2in RAW264.7cells.Only p38activation was totally abolished by a blocking anti-RANKL antibody or an excess of RANKL.Surface plasmon resonance experiments revealed that RANK,RANKL and OPG are able to form a tertiary complex.These results suggested a potential formation of a tertiary complex RANK–RANKL–OPG on osteoclasts.Thus,OPG is not only a soluble decoy receptor for RANKL but must be also considered as a direct effector of osteoclast functions.D 2003Elsevier B.V .All rights reseved.Keywords:Osteoprotegerin;RANKL;Osteoclast;Metalloproteinase;Signaling1.IntroductionAmong the cellular and molecular parameters involved in the bone resorption process [1–3],receptor activator of nuclear factor n B ligand (RANKL),a member of the tumor necrosis factor family is the main regulator of osteoclast differentiation [4,5].Within the bone system,soluble and membrane forms of RANKL expressed by osteoblasts exert their activities through binding to their receptor RANK on osteoclasts [6,7].The third protagonist,osteoprotegerin (OPG)produced by osteoblasts acts as a decoy receptor for RANKL,preventing it from binding to and activatingRANK [8].It also inhibits the development of osteoclasts [9]and down-regulates the RANKL signaling through RANK [8].The biological effects of OPG on bone cells include the inhibition of terminal stages of osteoclast differentiation,suppression of mature osteoclast activation,and induction of apoptosis [7–9].We recently demonstrated that OPG can also exert a direct biological effect in osteoclasts by inducing proteases and protease inhibitors expression suggesting a more com-plex regulation of bone resorption by OPG than originally described [10].These results are consistent with those obtained by Hakeda et al.[11]who reported a direct effect of OPG on isolated osteoclasts via a 140kDa OPG-binding protein on cell membrane.Whereas OPG exhibits no transmembrane domain,Yun et al.[12]reported the pres-ence of a membrane-bound form of OPG in dendritic cells that may correspond to either a matrix-bound or/and a transmembrane form of the protein.More recently,Standal et al.presented evidence that myeloma cells internalize and0167-4889/$-see front matter D 2003Elsevier B.V .All rights reseved.doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2003.10.005*Corresponding author.Tel.:+33-2-4041-2845;fax:+33-2-4041-2860.E-mail address:dominique.heymann@sante.univ-nantes.fr (D.Heymann).1Equally contributed to the Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1644(2004)1–7degrade OPG through its binding to syndecan-1,the major heparan sulfate proteoglycan expressed on myeloma cells [13].OPG possesses a highly basic heparin-binding domain, making interactions with heparin and heparan sulfates possible,suggesting a new control mechanism for OPG biological activity[14].The purpose of the present study was(i)to further investigate the direct biological effect of OPG on osteoclasts and the signaling pathways associated,(ii)to better charac-terize the receptor(s)involved.2.Experimental procedures2.1.Cell culture2.1.1.Purified osteoclast preparationPurified osteoclasts(purity95%)were obtained from neonatal rabbit bone cells isolated using a previously reported method[15].After purification,the osteoclasts were cultured in serum-free a-MEM for24h in the absence or presence of 50ng/ml human OPG(Amgen Inc.,Thousand Oaks,USA). In some experiments,before addition of OPG,cells were also preincubated for1h in the presence of signaling pathway inhibitors:PI3kinase(Wortmannin:500nM),tyrosine kinase(Genistein:200A M)(Saint Quentin Fallavier,France), protein kinase A(PKI5–24:100nM),PKC and cAMP-dependent protein kinase(H7dihydrochloride:100A M), MAPK extracellular signaling-regulated kinase(ERK)ki-nase(MEK)(PD98059:40A M),Ras(FPT inhibitor II (FPTII):40A M)and p38MAPK(SB203580:0.1,10A M) (Calbiochem,La Jolla,USA).Equivalent dilutions of DMSO (reconstitution solution)alone served as control.A dose–response of the different inhibitors was tested previously and the optimal doses were used in this study.The RAW264.7cells obtained from Prof.Matsumoto (Saitama,Japan)were maintained in a-MEM without red phenol supplemented with10%FBS and differentiated in the presence of50ng/ml human RANKL(Amgen)for10 days.Cells were then cultured in serum-free medium for24 h and incubated for5min in the presence or absence of50 ng/ml RANKL or OPG,with or without4A g/ml anti-human RANKL antibody(R&D System,Abington,UK).In some cases,after serum-free culture period,cells were treated with 50ng/ml RANKL for2h,washed or not before incubation with the combinations described above.The293cells transfected with the full-length cDNA coding for murine RANKL(293-RANKL cells)were a generous gift of Dr.R.Josien(INSERM U437,Nantes, France)and were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10%FBS.2.1.2.Measurement of matrix metalloproteinase activitiesAfter3days of culture in a-MEM supplemented with10% FBS,purified osteoclasts were cultured for24h in serum-free a-MEM in the presence or absence of50ng/ml OPG.Matrix metalloproteinase(MMP)activities were then detected in cell culture supernatants by gelatin zymography as previously described[15].After the culture period(24h in serum-free a-MEM in the presence or absence of OPG),MMP activities were detected in cell culture supernatants.Electrophoresis gel was composed of10%polyacrylamide gel containing0.2% gelatin.Proteinase activity was apparent as unstained regions.The stained polyacrylamide gels were observed with a video camera that allowed transfer to software for image processing(ImageQuant software program)and isolation of migration bands.Gelatinase activity was expressed as a percentage(shades of grey compared to the control).The same experiment was performed by adding10A M EDTA,a chelating agent of bivalent ions,to inhibit MMP activities.In addition,as protein levels were not modified by the different treatments,the same volume of supernatant was assayed in all experiments,allowing strict comparison of the results.2.1.3.Semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)Total RNA for cDNA synthesis was isolated from RAW264.7cells and293-RANKL cells by phenol–chloro-form extraction as previously described[12].RT-PCR assays were carried out using the following primer pairs for RANKL (5V-CAGCATCGCTCTGTTCCTGTA-3(sense),5V-TCTCAGTCTATGCCTGAACTTTGAAAGC-3V(anti-sense));RANK(5V-AAGATGGTTCCAGAAGACGGT-3V (sense),5V-CATAGAGTCAGTTCTGCTCGGA-3V); MMP-9(5V-TCTGAGGCCTCTACAGAGTCT-3V(sense), 5V-CTCATGGTCCACCTTGTTCAC-3V(antisense))and 18S(5V-TCAAGAACGAAAGTCGGAGGTTCG-3V (sense)and5V-TTATTGCTCAATCTCGGGTGGCTG-3V (antisense)).2.1.4.Western blot studies and signal transductionRAW264.7cells were lysed in ice-cold lysis buffer(NaCl 150mM,Tris50mM,Nonidet P-401%,sodium deoxy-cholate0.25%,NaF1mM,NaVO41mM,leupeptine10A g/ ml,aprotinin10A g/ml,phenymethylsulfonylfluoride0.5 mM,glycerol10%).Equal amounts of proteins were re-solved on10%SDS-PAGE,and transferred to a PVDF membrane.After two washes in0.05%Tween20/PBS,the membrane was incubated in a saturating solution(0.05% Tween20/3%BSA/PBS)for30min,the levels of phos-phorylated ERK1/2and p38were detected with specific antibodies(Ozyme Saint-Quentin en Yvelines,France)as well as total ERK1/2and p38(R&D System).2.1.5.Surface plasmon resonance studiesThese experiments were performed with the BIACore 2000optical biosensor(BIACore,Uppsala,Sweden).Solu-ble human RANK(sRANK)(Promocell,Heidelberg,Ger-many)was covalently coupled through its primary amino groups to a carboxymethyl dextran flow cell(CM5,BIA-Core)as recommended by the manufacturer.All binding experiments were performed at a flow rate of10A l/min.TheS.Theoleyre et al./Biochimica et Biophysica Acta1644(2004)1–7 2resonance signal measured on the control flow cell was subtracted from the signal measured on the experimental flow cell.The resulting sensorgrams were analyzed using the BIAEvaluation software(BIACore).2.1.6.Statistical analysisThe mean F S.D.was calculated for all conditions and compared by ANOVA.Differences relative to a probability of two-tailed P<0.05were considered significant.3.Results3.1.OPG enhances proMMP-9activity of purified osteo-clasts by the ras/MAPK pathwayTo determine the signaling pathways by which OPG exerts its effects on osteoclasts,the modulation of OPG-induced proMMP-9activities was studied in the presence of specific inhibitors of different intracellular signaling path-ways.Tyrosine kinase inhibitor(Genistein),PKC and cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor(H7)and Ras inhibitor(FPT inhibitor II)completely abolished OPG-induced stimulation of proMMP-9(Fig.1A).Conversely, PI3kinase inhibitor(Wortmannin)and protein kinase A inhibitor(PKI5–24)did not prevent OPG effects(data not shown).In this context,two synthetic MAPK inhibitors (SB203580and PD98505inhibitors of p38and MEK, respectively)have been studied(Fig.1B).Thus,pretreat-ment with SB203580inhibited the OPG-induced proMMP-9activity in a dose-dependent manner.Similarly,40A M of PD98059completely abolished the OPG-induced proMMP-9activity.Both inhibitors did not affect pro-MMP-9activity of non-stimulated osteoclasts(not shown).These results demonstrated that the ras/MAPK signaling is required for OPG to stimulate osteoclast proMMP-9activity.3.2.OPG induces phosphorylation of ERK1/2and p38indifferentiated RAW264.7cellsTo further explore the MAPK involvement in cellular activities induced by OPG on osteoclasts,we employed the RAW264.7cells.Indeed,this cell line is known to express RANK and differentiate into tartrate-resistant acid phospha-tase(TRAP)and calcitonin receptor-positive cells when cultured in the presence of RANKL[16].Moreover,the large amounts of cellular materials obtained from RAW264.7cell cultures allow to perform signal transduc-tion studies which were impossible on purified osteoclasts. RAW264.7cells were differentiated in the presence of RANKL for10days and then RANKL-and serum-de-prived for24h.OPG signaling studies were then monitored on by Western blot analyses using phosphospecific anti-bodies.Interestingly,treatment with50ng/ml OPG caused phosphorylation of ERK1/2(Fig.2A)and p38(Fig.2B) detectable within2min,whereas total ERK1/2and p38were unchanged.The phosphorylation of ERK1/2induced by OPG reached maximum after5–10min and thereafter gradually slightly decreased(Fig.2A).The phosphorylation of p38reached maximum after10min(Fig.2B).We confirmed that differentiated RAW264.7cells expressed RANK(Fig.3A,lane3)but not RANKL(Fig.3A,lane 2)mRNA transcripts as compared to a positive control (293-RANKL cells,Fig.3A,lane1).Since RANKL is known to activate similar signaling pathways[16,17],we conducted same experiments in the presence of RANKL and confirmed the ability of RANKL to induce both ERK1/ 2and p38MAPKs activation in RAW264.7cells(Fig.3B, lane3compared to the control lane1).Since(i)OPG was classically described as one of the ligands for RANKL and (ii)RAW264.7cells have been differentiated in the pres-ence of50ng/ml of soluble RANKL,similar experiments were performed in the presence of anti-RANKL antibody, to test the hypothesis that OPG could act on osteoclastsvia Fig. 1.Inhibition of OPG-induced proMMP-9activity on purified osteoclasts by ras/MAPK inhibitors.Purified osteoclasts were cultured in the absence or presence of50ng/ml OPG,in association or not with different signaling pathway inhibitors:Genistein200A M(tyrosine kinase inhibitor),H7100A M(PKC-and cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor),FPTII40A M(Ras inhibitor)(A)or PD9805940A M(MEK inhibitor),SB2035800.1and10A M(p38inhibitor)(B).Metalloproteinase activity was determined using a gelatin zymographic assay.Results are the mean F S.D.of five separate cultures tested.**P<0.001***P<0.0001 compared to OPG alone,#P<0.05compared to the untreated control.S.Theoleyre et al./Biochimica et Biophysica Acta1644(2004)1–73RANKL.Anti-RANKL antibody totally abolished the OPG-induced phosphorylation of p38but only slightly inhibited the activation of ERK1/2(Fig.3B ,lane 4com-pared to the OPG condition lane 2).To elucidate the role of RANKL in OPG-induced biological activity,p38activation was monitored on differentiated RAW264.7cells that were RANKL-and serum-deprived for 24h and then further treated with RANKL for 2h.In the first approaches,exten-sive washing were done before signaling analysis to remove free RANKL excess but potentially not specific RANKL bound to membrane RANK.When the RAW264.7cells are not rinsed,the excess of free RANKL abolished the OPG-induced p38phosphorylation (Fig.3C ,lanes 1and 2).This OPG-induced p38activation persisted when free RANKL was removed before OPG treatment (cell cultures washed)(Fig.3C ,lane 3compared to the control lane 1)and was totally inhibited by the addition of blocking anti-RANKL antibody (Fig.3C ,lane 4compared to the OPG condition lane 3).Biological activity of OPG on MMP-9expression was also totally abolished in the presence of blocking anti-RANKL antibody (data not shown).These overall results showed that OPG exerts a cellular activity dependent on the presence of RANKL associated with osteoclasts,demon-strating that OPG is not only a soluble decoy receptor for RANKL as described in the literature [4].3.3.OPG,RANKL and RANK are able to form a hetero-molecular complexAs the above results demonstrated,a biological effect of OPG on osteoclasts,dependent on the presence of RANKL,and as RANKL is the natural ligand of RANK [7],we wondered whether OPG could bind to the complex RANKL–RANK present at the osteoclast membrane.Weinvestigated the molecular interactions between OPG,RANKL and RANK by surface plasmon resonance tech-nique.We confirmed that RANKL bound to immobilized RANK (Fig.4A,B).Analyses of the kinetic association and dissociation curves allowed the calculation of the dissociation constant K d =2.05nM.While OPG did not bind to immobi-lized RANK (Fig.4B),it bound to the preformed RANKL–RANK complex with a K d =5.2nM (Fig.4A),thenconsti-Fig.3.OPG-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2but not p38is dependent on RANKL in RAW264.7cells.(A)RT-PCR analyses of RANK,RANKL and 18S message levels were performed in RAW264.7cells and in 293-RANKL cells.RNA were isolated from RAW264.7cells differentiated 10days in the presence of 50ng/ml ne 1:RT-PCR reaction for RANKL on a positive control (293-RANKL cells);RT-PCR reactions on RAW264.7cells for RANKL (lane 2)and for RANK (lane 3).(B)ERK1/2and p38phosphorylation was analyzed on differentiated RAW264.7cells treated for 10min with 50ng/ml RANKL or OPG in the presence or absence of 4A g/ml blocking anti-RANKL antibody.(C)The OPG-induced p38activation was analyzed in the presence of absence of free RANKL excess and blocking anti-RANKL antibody.Cell lysates were also subjected to Western blot analysis with anti-ERK1/2and/or anti-p38antibodies to demonstrate equal loading (B andC).Fig.2.OPG induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2and p38in RAW264.7cells.RAW264.7cells were treated with 50ng/ml OPG and collected after the indicated time,followed by immunoblotting using anti-phospho-ERK1/2(A)or -p38(B).Cell lysates were also subjected to Western blot analysis with anti-ERK1/2and anti-p38antibodies to demonstrate equal loading.S.Theoleyre et al./Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1644(2004)1–74tuting a tertiary complex OPG–RANKL–RANK (Fig.4C).Moreover,the preincubation of OPG with RANKL abolished the capability of RANKL to further bind to immobilized RANK (Fig.4B),confirming the role of decoy receptor for OPG described in the literature.These results allow to explain the OPG biological activity on osteoclasts through the for-mation of a tertiary complex OPG–RANKL–RANK.4.DiscussionThe molecular triad OPG–RANKL–RANK play a piv-otal role in bone resorption regulation [7,9].The results of the present study demonstrate for the first time,that in addition to be a decoy receptor for RANKL,OPG also induces ras-MAPK activation on osteoclasts.Moreover,the OPG-induced phosphorylations on osteoclast-like cells are dependent on RANKL bound to the cell membrane,and OPG–RANKL–RANK can constitute a hetero-molecular complex as demonstrated by surface plasmon resonance technique.First evidence of an OPG binding on eucaryote cells was given by Kwon et al.[18].These authors identified a new molecule named TNF receptor-like molecule 1(TR1)which exerted direct biological activities including osteoclasto-genesis inhibition and fibroblast proliferation.In fact,this molecule is identical to OPG.Scatchard analyses showed two classes of high and medium affinity receptors for TR1with kD of approximately 45and 320pM.More recently,three different isoforms of the OPG-ligand,RANKL were expressed in osteoblastic cells,two of them as transmem-brane molecules and the third one,as a soluble protein [19].If the expression of membrane-associated RANKL may represent the specific high affinity ‘‘receptor’’for OPG reported by Kwon et al.,the medium affinity receptors need to be further characterized.Standal et al.[13]reported that OPG can bind to heparan sulfate proteoglycans in myeloma cells,evidencing a new potential binding molecule for OPG.Proteoglycans have already been shown to mediate the binding and the internalization of several extracellular ligands [20]with affinity binding compatible to those observed for TR1[18].Other experiments performed by Reiland et al.[21]demonstrated that pervanadate activates intracellular kinases leading to tyrosine phosphorylation of syndecan-1.It has been proposed that cell surface proteo-glycans as syndecans exert putative functions as growth factor co-receptors,influencing the activation of various tyrosine kinase receptor [22].In light of the above data,it can be suggested that OPG binds to membrane RANKL and/or to cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans.However,the mechanisms by which OPG exerts its biological activity as well as the nature of its molecular interactions with osteoclasts are not well defined.Hakeda et al.[11]reported the first evidence of a direct biological activity of OPG on isolated osteoclasts via a 140kDa OPG-binding protein.The exact nature of OPG receptors on osteoclasts was not further characterized but RANKL,as one putative OPG receptor has been evinced since it is not expressed by osteoclasts.However,the production of RANKL by contaminating stromal cells cannot be exclud-ed.Direct biological activities of OPG on osteoclasts were recently confirmed by Wittrant et al.[10]who demonstrat-ed that in purified osteoclasts,OPG enhanced proMMP-9activity among several other parameters (TRAP,TIMP,cathepsin K).The present study reveals that OPGstim-Fig.4.Formation of a hetero-molecular complex between RANK,RANKL,and OPG studied by surface plasmon resonance experiments.Binding of 250nM (7.75A g/ml)(A)or 125nM (3.87A g/ml)(B)RANKL and 110nM (10A g/ml)OPG successively (A)or after pre-incubation for 1h at 37j C (B)to RANK was carried out.Schematic diagrams of RANK–RANKL–OPG molecular interactions is shown in (C).Trimer RANKL can bind to the trimer RANK expressed on the osteoclast cell membrane (left),then inducing specific signal transduction (arrow).Dimer OPG could interact on the RANKL–RANK complex to form a tertiary complex that could activate two different signal transduction pathways via this tertiary complex and an undermined molecule (?)(middle).OPG acts as a decoy receptor when it is preincubated with RANKL (right).S.Theoleyre et al./Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1644(2004)1–75ulates proMMP-9activity of osteoclasts by the ras/MAPK pathway.RAW264.7cells differentiated in the presence of RANKL,express osteoclast markers(RANK,TRAP,calci-tonin receptor,cathepsin K)and allow to demonstrate the OPG-induced ERK1/2and p38phosphorylations.Although these cells did not express RANKL,blocking anti-RANKL antibody totally abolished p38activation and slightly re-duced ERK1/2activation,demonstrating OPG signaling pathways dependent on RANKL.RANKL has been already shown to induce specific signal transduction pathways in osteoclasts through its binding to membrane RANK,espe-cially p38[16,23]and ERK1/2[17,23].In the RAW264.7 cells,soluble RANKL used to induce osteoclastogenesis is bound to its receptor RANK present at the osteoclast cell surface and OPG may bind to the preformed complex RANKL–RANK,then re-inducing p38activation.The potential formation of a tertiary complex RANK–RANKL–OPG is supported by the results of the surface plasmon resonance studies,which revealed that OPG can bind to the preformed complex RANKL–RANK.These results allow to explain the direct OPG biological activity on purified osteoclasts and differentiated RAW264.7cells through the formation of a hetero-molecular complex OPG–RANKL–RANK(Fig.3C).However,the slight inhibition of OPG-ERK1/2activation by an anti-RANKL antibody suggests the potential existence of a second binding site which is still undetermined.In this context, proteoglycans such as syndecan-1that can be phosphory-lated by intracellular tyrosine kinase may be good candi-dates([21],Fig.4C).In addition,OPG-induced MMP-9 activity on purified osteoclasts is abolished by a tyrosine kinase inhibitor(Fig.1),reinforcing this hypothesis.Re-cently,Hotokezaka et al.[17]demonstrated that osteoclasto-genesis is regulated under a balance between ERK and p38 pathways.In their system,ERK pathway negatively regu-lates osteoclastogenesis while p38pathway is involved as a positive control.In our study,OPG-induced ERK1/2phos-phorylation independently of RANKL could strengthen the specific inhibitory activity of OPG on osteoclastogenesis via a similar balance[8].Thus,OPG induces MAPK phosphorylation via RANKL and acts as a decoy receptor.This dual function of OPG could depend on its association sequence of both molecules. Indeed,when OPG binds to RANKL before RANKL binding to membrane RANK,it acts as a decoy receptor (case of stromal cells which expressed membrane RANKL but not RANK or soluble form of RANKL).In the case where RANKL binds to RANK on osteoclast membrane before its interaction with OPG,OPG could form a hetero-tertiary complex on osteoclasts,therefore inducing MAPK phosphorylations.In conclusion,the present study demonstrated for the first time that OPG stimulates proMMP-9activity of osteoclasts via the ras/MAPK pathway involving p38and ERK1/2 phosphorylations.Moreover,OPG-induced MAPK pathway depends on RANKL.These data strengthened by the surface plasmon resonance analyses suggest the potential formation of a tertiary complex RANK–RANKL–OPG on osteo-clasts.These overall results demonstrated that OPG is not only a soluble decoy receptor for RANKL as described in the literature but must be also considered as a direct effector of osteoclast functions.AcknowledgementsThis work was supported by a CReS INSERM no. 4CR06F,by a grant from the French Ministry of Research and Technology(TS/0220044)and by a grant from the Loire-Atlantique Committee of the Ligue Contre le Cancer. S.The´oleyre and Y.Wittrant received,respectively,a fellowship from the Loire-Atlantique Committee of the Ligue Contre le Cancer and from the Re´gion of Pays de Loire.References[1] A.V.Rousselle,D.Heymann,Osteoclastic acidification pathways dur-ing bone resorption,Bone30(2002)533–540.[2]J.M.Delaisse´,G.Vaes,in:B.R.Rifkin,C.V.Gay(Eds.),Biology andPhysiology of Osteoclast,CRC Press,Boca Raton,1992,pp.289–314.[3] D.Heymann,J.Guicheux,F.Gouin,N.Passuti,G.Daculsi,Cyto-kines,growth factors and osteoclasts,Cytokine10(1998)155–168.[4] cey,E.Timms,H.L.Tan,M.J.Kelley,C.R.Dunstan,T.Bur-gess,R.Elliott,A.Colombero,G.Elliott,S.Scully,H.Hsu,J.Sulli-van,N.Hawkins,E.Davy,C.Capparelli,A.Eli,Y.X.Qian,S.Kaufman,I.Sarosi,V.Shalhoub,G.Senaldi,J.Guo,J.Delaney, W.J.Boyle,Osteoprotegerin ligand is a cytokine that regulates osteo-clast differentiation and activation,Cell93(1998)165–176.[5]H.Yasuda,N.Shima,N.Nakagawa,K.Yamaguchi,M.Kinosaki,S.Mochizuki,A.Tomoyasu,K.Yano,M.Goto,A.Murakami,E.Tsuda, T.Morinaga,K.Higashio,N.Udagawa,N.Takahashi,T.Suda,Os-teoclast differentiation factor is a ligand for osteoprotegerin/osteoclas-togenesis-inhibitory factor and is identical to TRANCE/RANKL, Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.95(1998)7–3607.[6]H.Hsu,cey,C.R.Dunstan,I.Solovyev,A.Colombero,E.Timms,H.L.Tan,G.Elliott,M.J.Kelley,I.Sarosi,L.Wang,X.Z.Xia,R.Elliott,L.Chiu,T.Black,S.Scully,C.Capparelli,S.Morony,G.Shimamoto,M.B.Bass,W.J.Boyle,Tumor necrosis factor recep-tor family member RANK mediates osteoclast differentiation and activation induced by osteoprotegerin ligand,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.96(1999)3540–3545.[7]L.E.Theill,W.J.Boyle,J.M.Penninger,RANK-L and RANK:T cells,bone loss,and mammalian evolution,Annu.Rev.Immunol.20(2002) 795–823.[8]W.S.Simonet,cey,C.R.Dunstan,M.Kelley,M.S.Chang,R.Luthy,H.Q.Nguyen,S.Wooden,L.Bennett,T.Boone,G.Shima-moto,M.DeRose,R.Elliott,A.Colombero,H.L.Tan,G.Trail,J.Davy,E.Davy,N.Bucay,L.Renshaw-Gegg,T.M.Hughes,D.Hill, W.Pattison,P.Campbell,S.Sander,G.Van,J.Tarpley,P.Derby,R.Lee,Amgen EST Program,W.J.Boyle,Osteoprotegerin:a novel secreted protein involved in the regulation of bone density,Cell89 (1997)309–319.[9] E.Grimaud,F.Re´dini,D.Heymann,Osteoprotegerin:a new agentfor the treatment of bone disease,Drug Discov.Today6(2002) 1241–1242.S.Theoleyre et al./Biochimica et Biophysica Acta1644(2004)1–7 6[10]Y.Wittrant,S.Couillaud,S.The´oleyre,C.Dunstan,D.Heymann,F.Re´dini,Osteoprotegerin differentially regulates protease expression in osteoclast cultures,mun.293(2002) 38–44.[11]Y.Hakeda,Y.Kobayashi,K.Yamaguchi,H.Yasuda,E.Tsuda,K.Higashio,T.Miyata,M.Kumegawa,Osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor(OCIF)directly inhibits bone-resorbing activity of isolated ma-ture osteoclasts,mun.251(1998)796–801.[12]T.J.Yun,P.M.Chaudhary,G.L.Shu,J.K.Frazer,M.K.Ewings,S.M.Schwartz,V.Pascual,L.E.Hood,E.A.Clark,OPG/FDCR-1,a TNF receptor family member,is expressed in lymphoid cells and is up-regulated by ligating CD40,J.Immunol.161(1998)6113–6121. [13]T.Standal,C.Seidel,O.Hjertner,T.Plesner,R.D.Sanderson,A.Borset,M.Borset,A.Sundan,Osteoprotegerin is bound,internal-ized,and degraded by multiple myeloma cells,Blood100(2002) 3002–3007.[14]K.Yamaguchi,M.Kinosaki,M.Goto,F.Kobayashi,E.Tsuda,T.Morinaga,K.Higashio,Characterization of structural domains of human osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor,J.Biol.Chem.273 (1998)5117–5123.[15] A.V.Rousselle,C.Damiens,Y.Fortun,N.Passuti,M.Padrines,D.Heymann,Human growth hormone stimulates proteinase activities of rabbit bone cells via IGF-I,mun.268 (2000)875–881.[16]M.Matsumoto,T.Sudo,T.Saito,H.Osada,M.Tsujimoto,Involve-ment of p38mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway in osteoclastogenesis mediated by receptor activator of NF-kappa B li-gand(RANKL),J.Biol.Chem.275(2000)31155–31161.[17]H.Hotokezaka,E.Sakai,K.Kanaoka,K.Saito,K.Matsuo,H.Yosh-ida,N.Yoshida,K.Nakayama,U0126and PD98059,specific inhib-itors of MEK,accelerate differentiation of RAW264.7cells into osteoclast-like cells,J.Biol.Chem.277(2002)47366–47372. [18] B.S.Kwon,S.Wang,N.Udagawa,V.Haridas,Z.H.Lee,K.K.Kim,K.O.Oh,J.Greene,Y.Li,J.Su,R.Gentz,B.B.Aggarwal,J.Ni,TR1,a new member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily,induces fibroblast proliferation and inhibits osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption,FASEB J.12(1998)845–854.[19]T.Ikeda,M.Kasai,M.Utsuyama,K.Hirokawa,Determination ofthree isoforms of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB li-gand and their differential expression in bone and thymus,Endocri-nology142(2001)1419–1426.[20]M.Roghani,D.Moscatelli,Basic fibroblast growth factor is internal-ized through both receptor-mediated and heparan sulfate-mediated mechanisms,J.Biol.Chem.267(1992)22156–22162.[21]J.Reiland,V.L.Ott,C.S.Lebakken,C.Yeaman,J.McCarthy,A.C.Rapraeger,Pervanadate activation of intracellular kinases leads to tyrosine phosphorylation and shedding of syndecan-1,Biochem.J.319(1996)39–47.[22]M.Bernfield,R.Kokenyesi,M.Kato,M.T.Hinkes,J.Spring,R.L.Lose,E.J.Lose,Biology of the syndecans:a family of transmem-brane heparan sulfate proteoglycans,Annu.Rev.Cell Biol.8(1992) 365–393.[23]S.E.Lee,K.M.Woo,S.Y.Kim,H.M.Kim,K.Kwack,Z.H.Lee,H.H.Kim,The phosphatidylinositol3-kinase,p38and extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways are involved in osteoclast differentiation, Bone30(2002)71–77.S.Theoleyre et al./Biochimica et Biophysica Acta1644(2004)1–77。

PatternsofInteraction

World History: Patterns of Interaction*Chapter Outline(CIB = Means Chapter in Brief Summary) IntroductionWorld History T hemes, Geography T hemes, T ime, Place, How Do We Know?Rand McNally AtlasStrategies for Taking Standardized TestsStrategies for Studying HistoryTest-taking Strategies and PracticeUnit 14 Million BC-200 BCBeginnings of Civilization Chapter 1 – Prehistory to 2500 BCEThe Peopling of the World1.Human Origins in Africa (CIB)Analyzing Key Concepts: CultureHistory through Art: Cave Paintings2.Humans Try to Control Nature3.Civilization > Case Study Ur in SumerChapter 2 – 3500 BCE – 450 BCEEarly River Valley Civilizations1.City-states in Mesopotamia2.Pyramids on the NileHistory in Depth: Pyramids and MummiesSocial History: Work and Play in Ancient History3.Planned Cities on the IndusScience and Technology: Plumbing in Mohenjo-Daro4.River Dynasties in ChinaChapter 3 – 2000 BCE – 250 BCEPeople and Ideas on the Move1.The Indo-Europeans2.Hinduism and Buddhism Develop3.Seafaring TradersHistory in Depth: Phoenician Trade4.Origins of JudaismAnalyzing Key Concepts: JudaismDifferent Perspectives: The Flood StoryChapter 4 – 1570 BCE – 200 BCEFirst Age of Empires1.The Egyptian and Nubian EmpiresHistory in Depth: Egyptian Influence on Nubian Culture2.The Assyrian Empire3.The Persian EmpireGlobal Impact: Empire Building4.The Unification of ChinaHistory in Depth: The Great Wall of ChinaComparing and Contrasting: Ancient CivilizationsUnit 22000 BCE – 800 CENew Directions in Government and Society Chapter 5 – 2000 BCE – 300 CEClassical Greece1.Cultures of Mountains and Sea2.Warring City-StatesHistory in Depth: Festivals and Sports3.Democracy and Greece’s Golden AgeHistory through Art: Greek Art and Architecture4.Alexander’s Empire5.The Spread of Hellenistic CultureChapter 6 – 500 BCE – 500 CEAncient Rome and Early Christianity1.The Roman Republic2.The Roman EmpireSocial History: Life in a Roman Villa3.The Rise of Christianity4.The Fall of the Roman EmpireDifferent Perspectives: The Fall of the Roman Empire5.Rome and the Roots of Western CivilizationAnalyzing Key Concepts: Western CivilizationScience and Technology: The ColiseumChapter 7 – 400 BCE – 550 CEIndia and China Establish Empires1.India’s First Empires2.Trade Spreads Indian Religion and CultureHistory through Art: Hindu and Buddhist Art3.Han Emperors in ChinaGlobal Impact: Trade NetworksChapter 8 – 1500 BCE – 700 CEAfrican Civilization1.Diverse Societies in AfricaScience and Technology: African Ironworking2.MigrationCase Study: Bantu-Speaking People3.The Kingdom of AksumChapter 9 – 40,000 BCE – 700 CEThe Americas: A Separate World (CIB)1.The Earliest American2.Early Meso-American CivilizationsHistory through Art: Olmec Sculpture3.Early Civilizations of the AndesHistory in Depth: Narzca LinesComparing and Contrasting: Classical AgesUnit 3500 – 1500An Age of Exchange and EncounterChapter 10 – 600-1200The Muslim World1. The Rise of IslamAnalyzing Architecture: The Dome of the Rock2. Islam Expands3. Muslim CultureScience and Technology: AstronomyWORLD RELIGIONS AND ETHICAL SYSTEMS BuddhismChristianityHinduismIslamJudaism ConfucianismChapter 11 – 500 – 1500Byzantines, Russians, and Turks Interact1. The Byzantine EmpireAnalyzing Key Concepts: Roman Catholicism and Easter Orthodoxy2. The Russian EmpireHistory through Art: Religious Art and Architecture3. Turkish Empires Rise in AnatoliaChapter 12 – 600 – 1350 Empires and East Asia 1. Tang and Song China Social History: Tang and Song Dynasty: People and Technology2. The Mongol ConquestsHistory in Depth: A Mighty Fighting Force3. The Mongol Empire4. Feudal Empires in JapanHistory in Depth: Japanese Samurai5. Kingdoms of Southeast Asia and KoreaChapter 13 – 500 – 1200European Middle Ages 1. Charlemagne Unites Germanic Kingdoms 2. Feudalism in Europe Analyzing Key Concepts: Feudalism3. The Age of Chivalry (CIB)Science and Technology: Castles and Siege Weapons4. The Power of the Church (CIB)Chapter 14 – 800-1500Formation of Western Europe 1. Church Reform and the Crusades (CIB) History in Depth: Gothic Architecture Different Perspectives: The Crusades2. Changes in Medieval Society3. England and France Develop4. The Hundred Years’ War and the Plague (CIB) Global Impact: The Spread of Epidemic DiseaseChapter 15 – 800 – 1500Societies and Empires in Africa1. North and Central African Societies2. Western African Civilizations History through Art: Benin Bronzes3. Eastern City States and Southern Empires Analyzing Architecture: Great ZimbabweComparing and Contrasting: Trade NetworksUnit 4500 – 800Connecting HemispheresChapter 16 – 500 – 1500 People and Empires in America 1. North American Series2. Maya Kings and CitiesHistory through Art: Maya Architecture 3. The Aztecs Control Central Mexico History in Depth: Aztec Calendar 4. The Inca Create a Mountain Empire Social History: Incan MummiesChapter 17 – 1300 – 1600European Renaissance and Reformation1. Italy: Birthplace of the RenaissanceHistory through Art: Renaissance Ideas influence Renaissance Art2. The Northern Renaissance Social History: City Life in Renaissance Europe3. Luther Leads the Reformation Analyzing Key Concepts: Protestantism4. The Reformation Continues Different Perspectives: The ReformationChapter 18 – 1300 – 1700The Muslim World Expands1. The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire2. Cultural BlendingCase Study: The Safavid Empire3. The Mughal Empire in IndiaHistory through Art: Cultural Blending in Mughal IndiaChapter 19 – 1400 – 1800An Age of Explorations and Isolation 1. Europeans Explore the East 2. Science and Technology: The Tools of Exploration3. China Limits European ContactsHistory in Depth: The Forbidden City4. Japan Returns to IsolationChapter 20 – 1492 – 1800The Atlantic World1. Spain Builds an American Empire (CIB) Different Perspectives: The Legacy of Columbus2. Europeans Nations Settle North America3. The Atlantic Slave Trade (CIB)4. The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade (CIB) Global Impact: Food ExchangeAnalyzing Key Concepts: MercantilismComparing and Contrasting: Methods of GovernmentUnit 51500 – 1900Absolutism to RevolutionChapter 21 – 1500 – 1800Absolute Monarchs in Europe1. Spain’s Empire and European AbsolutismAnalyzing Key Concepts: Absolutism2. The Reign of Louis XIVHistory in Depth: The Palace at Versailles3. Central European Monarchs Clash4. Absolute Rulers of RussiaSocial History: Surviving the Russian Winter5. Parliament Limits the English Monarchy Chapter 22 – 1550 – 1789 Enlightenment and Revolution 1. The Scientific Revolution 2. The Enlightenment of Europe Different Perspectives: European Values during the Enlightenment3. The Enlightenment Spreads4. The American RevolutionAnalyzing Key Concepts: DemocracyChapter 23 – 1789 – 1815 The French Revolution and Napoleon 1. The French Revolution Begins 2. Revolution Brings Reform and TerrorScience and Technology: GuillotineDifferent Perspectives: The French Revolution3.Napoleon Forges an Empire (CIB)4.Napoleon’s Empire Collapses (CIB)5.The Congress Vienna (CIB)Chapter 24 – 1789 – 1900Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the Westtin American Peoples Win IndependenceGlobal Impact: Struggling Towards Democracy2.Europe Faces RevolutionAnalyzing Key Systems: Nationalism3.NationalismCase Study: Italy and Germany4.Revolutions in the ArtsHistory through Art: Revolutions in PaintingComparing and Contrasting: Political RevolutionsUnit 61700 – 1914Industrialism and the Race for Empire Chapter 25 – 1700 – 1900The Industrial Revolution1.The Beginnings of RevolutionGlobal Impact: Revolutions in Technology2.Industrialization Spreads3.Reforming the Industrial WorldAnalyzing Key Concepts: Capitalism vs. SocialismDifferent Perspectives: IndustrializationChapter 26 – 1815 – 1914An Age of Democracy and Progress1.Democratic Reform and Activism (CIB)2.Self-Rule for British ColoniesSocial History: Life in Early Australia3.War and Expansion in the United States (CIB)4.Nineteenth-Century Progress (CIB)Science and Technology: Edison’s Inventions Chapter 27 – 1850 – 1914The Age of Imperialism1.The Scramble for Africa2.ImperialismCase Study: NigeriaAnalyzing Key Concepts: ImperialismDifferent Perspectives: Views of Imperialism3.Europeans Claim Muslim Lands4.British Imperialism in India5.Imperialism in Southeast AsiaChapter 28 – 1800 – 1914Transformations around the Globe1. China Resists Outside Influence (CIB)2. Modernization in Japan (CIB)History through Art: Japanese Woodblock Printing3. U.S. Economic ImperialismScience and Technology: Panama Canal4. Turmoil and Change in MexicoComparing and Contrasting: Scientific and Technological ChangesUnit 71900 – 1945The World at WarChapter 29 – 1914 – 1918The Great War 1. Marching Toward War 2. Europe Plunges into War History in Depth: The New Weapons of WarScience and Technology: Military Aviation3. A Global ConflictDifferent Perspectives: Views of War4. A Flawed PeaceChapter 30 – 1900 – 1939Revolution and Nationalism1. Revolutions in RussiaAnalyzing Key Concepts: Communism2. TotalitarianismCase Study: Stalinist RussiaAnalyzing Key Concepts: TotalitarianismHistory through Art: Propaganda3. Imperial China CollapsesHistory in Depth: The Long March4. Nationalism in India and Southwest AsiaChapter 31 – 1819 – 1939Years of Crisis1. Postwar UncertaintySocial History: Labor-saving Devices in the United States2. A Worldwide Depression3. Fascism Rises in Europe Analyzing Key Concepts: Fascism4. Aggressors Invade Nations Chapter 32 – 1939 – 1845World War II 1. Hitler’s Lightening War 2. Japan’s Pacific Campaign 3. The Holocaust4. The Allied VictoryGlobal Impact: Arming for War5. Europe and Japan in RuinsComparing and Contrasting: The Changing Nature of WarfareUnit 81945 – PresentPerspectives on the PresentChapter 33 – 1945 – PresentRestructuring the Post-War World1. Cold War – Super Powers Face Off (CIB)Science and Technology: The Space Race2. Communists Take Power in China (CIB)3. Wars in Korea and Vietnam4. The Cold War Divides the World (CIB)History in Depth: How the Cold War was Fought5. The Cold War Thaws (CIB)Chapter 34 – 1945 – PresentThe Colonies Become New Nations1. The Indian Subcontinent Achieves Freedom2. Southeast Asian Nations Gain Independence Social History: Changing Times in Southeast Asia3. New Nations in Africa4. Conflicts in the Middle EastHistory in Depth: Signs of Hope5. Central Asia StrugglesChapter 35 – 1945 – PresentStruggles fir Democracy 1. Democracy Case Study: Latin America Democracies 2. The Challenge of Democracy in Africa 3. The Collapse of the Soviet Union 4. Change in Central and Eastern EuropeHistory in Depth: Ethnic Groups in the Former Yugoslavia5. China: Reform and ReactionHistory through Art: PhotojournalismChapter 36 – 1945 – PresentGlobal Interdependence 1. The Impact of Science and Technology 2. Global Economic Development Analyzing Key Concepts: Globalization Different Perspective: Economics and the Environment 3. Global Security Issues4. Terrorism > Case Study: September 11, 20015. Cultures Blend in a Global Age > Global Impact: Rock ‘n Roll Comparing and Contrasting: Nation Building。

国际经验对中国西部地区绿色发展的启示：政策及实践

国际经验对中国西部地区绿色发展的启示：政策及实践作者：甄霖杜秉贞刘纪远孙传谆张强来源：《中国人口·资源与环境》2013年第10期摘要在当下全球经济萧条和发展中国家日益增长的巨大需求背景下，中国西部需要绿色发展，国际经验可以起到前车之鉴和抛砖引玉的作用。

以OECD国家为主，基于实地考察调研和座谈、以及文献资料分析，总结了其绿色发展相关政策建议以及典型案例区实践活动在推进区域绿色发展中的作用和经验，涉及政策框架和路线图制定、绩效监测评估、经济建设和环境保护同步发展、生态补偿、绿色就业和扶贫等。

重点分析了OECD国家以往推进绿色经济发展的结构调整与改革的经验，如澳大利亚水资源管理、矿产业开发和生物库的例子；加拿大采用经济手段保护生物多样性的案例；瑞士农业旅游和西班牙绿色工业发展的案例；以及澳大利亚实施“清洁可持续技能培训计划”的经验等。

尽管各个国家由于制度、经济体制、发展水平的差异，在推进绿色发展的具体战略措施和行动方案等方面存在差异，但一些共同认可的经验和成功案例对中国西部绿色发展起步实施具有一定的借鉴和指导作用。

根据这些国际经验分析，本文提出了对中国西部绿色发展的五点启示，主要包括：①制定绿色发展的制度安排和路线图；②开展动态的绩效监测评估与考核，建立切合实际的可量化的考核体系；③建立生态产权或自然资源产权交易市场化的激励机制，并选择典型区先行先试，建立长期稳定有效的生态补偿机制；④利益相关者积极主动参与到绿色发展的进程之中；⑤提供绿色就业机会，提高劳动力技能和素质。

关键词绿色发展；政策；OECD；经验；利益相关者中图分类号X22文献标识码A文章编号1002-2104（2013）绿色发展的主旨是将环境目标以前所未有的规模，纳入经济与发展的主流决策中，是“强调经济增长与环境保护的统一与和谐发展，一种以人为本的可持续发展方式”[1]。

在应对2008年金融危机中，不少国家都开始实施“绿色新政”，并以此来谋划后危机时代的发展，以实现从传统的“黑色发展”转向现代的“绿色发展”。

石油类SCI期刊

SCI收录的期刊——石油学科 (2010)1. AAPG BULLETIN 《美国石油地质学家协会通报》美国MonthlyISSN: 0149-1423AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST, 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA , USA, OK, 74119-36042. BULLETIN OF CANADIAN PETROLEUM GEOLOGY 《加拿大石油地质学通报》加拿大QuarterlyISSN: 0007-4802CANADIAN SOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS, SUITE 600, 640 - 8TH AVE SW, CALGA RY, CANADA, ALBERTA, T2P 1G73. CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY OF FUELS AND OILS 《燃料与石油化学和工艺学》美国Bimonthly （俄罗斯与拉脱维亚合办的同名期刊的英文翻译版）ISSN: 0009-3092CONSULTANTS BUREAU/SPRINGER, 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, USA, NY, 100134. CHINA PETROLEUM PROCESSING & PETROCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 《中国炼油与石油化工》中国QuarterlyISSN: 1008-6234CHINA PETROLEUM PROCESSING & PETROCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PRESS, NO 18 XU EYUAN RD, BEIJING, PEOPLES R CHINA, 1000835. GEOARABIA 《中东石油地球科学杂志》巴林QuarterlyISSN: 1025-6059GULF PETROLINK, PO BOX 20393, MANAMA, BAHRAIN, 000006. HYDROCARBON PROCESSING 《烃加工》美国MonthlyISSN: 0018-8190GULF PUBL CO, BOX 2608, HOUSTON, USA, TX, 77252-26087. INTERNATIONAL GAS ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 《国际天然气工程与管理》英国MonthlyISSN: 1465-7058INST GAS ENGINEERS & MANAGERS, CHARNWOOD WING, HOLYWELL PARK, ASHBY R D LOUGHBOROUGH, LEICESTERSHIRE, ENGLAND, LE11 3GR8. JOURNAL OF CANADIAN PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY 《加拿大石油技术杂志》加拿大MonthlyISSN: 0021-9487CANADIAN INST MINING METALLURGY PETROLEUM, 3400 DE MAISONNEUVE BLVD W , STE 855, MONTREAL, CANADA, PQ, H3Z 3B89. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICS AND ENGINEERING 《地球物理学与工程学》英国IrregularISSN: 1742-2132IOP PUBLISHING LTD, DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL, ENGLAND, BS1 6 BE10. JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGY 《石油地质学杂志》英国QuarterlyISSN: 0141-6421BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD, ENGLAND, OXON, OX4 2DQ11. JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING《石油科学和石油工程杂志》荷兰MonthlyISSN: 0920-4105ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, PO BOX 211, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS, 1000 AE12. JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE 《日本石油学会志》日本BimonthlyISSN: 1346-8804JAPAN PETROLEUM INST, COSMO HIRAKAWA-CHO BLDG, 3-14, 1-CHOME HIRAKAWA -CHO, CHIYODA-KU, TOKYO, JAPAN, 10213. OIL & GAS JOURNAL 《石油与天然气杂志》美国WeeklyISSN: 0030-1388PENNWELL PUBL CO ENERGY GROUP, 1421 S SHERIDAN RD PO BOX 1260, TULSA, USA, OK, 7411214. OIL & GAS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-REVUE DE L INSTITUT FRANCAIS DU PETROLE 《石油、天然气的科学与技术；法国石油研究所杂志》法国BimonthlyISSN: 1294-4475EDITIONS TECHNIP, 27 RUE GINOUX, PARIS 15, FRANCE, 7573715. OIL GAS-EUROPEAN MAGAZINE 《欧洲石油气杂志》德国QuarterlyISSN: 0342-5622URBAN-VERLAG GMBH, PO BOX 70 16 06, HAMBURG, GERMANY, D-2201616. OIL SHALE 《油页岩》爱沙尼亚QuarterlyISSN: 0208-189XESTONIAN ACAD PUBLISHERS, KOHTU 6, TALLINN, ESTONIA, EE-1013017. PETROLEUM CHEMISTRY 《石油化学》美国Bimonthly （俄罗斯同名刊(Нефтехимия)的英译版）ISSN: 0965-5441MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA/SPRINGER, 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, USA, NY, 10013-157818. PETROLEUM GEOSCIENCE 《石油地质科学》英国QuarterlyISSN: 1354-0793GEOLOGICAL SOC PUBL HOUSE, UNIT 7, BRASSMILL ENTERPRISE CENTRE, BRASS MILL LANE, BATH, ENGLAND, AVON, BA1 3JN19. PETROLEUM SCIENCE 《石油科学》德国QuarterlyISSN: 1672-5107SPRINGER HEIDELBERG, TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, HEIDELBERG, GERMANY, D-691 2120. PETROLEUM SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 《石油科学与技术》美国MonthlyISSN: 1091-6466TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC, 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, USA, PA, 1910621. PETROPHYSICS 《岩石物理学》美国BimonthlyISSN: 1529-9074SOC PETROPHYSICISTS & WELL LOG ANALYSTS-SPWLA, 8866 GULF FREEWAY, STE 320, HOUSTON, USA, TX, 7701722. SPE DRILLING & COMPLETION 《石油工程师协会钻井与完井》美国QuarterlyISSN: 1064-6671SOC PETROLEUM ENG, 222 PALISADES CREEK DR,, RICHARDSON, USA, TX, 750823. SPE JOURNAL《石油工程师协会杂志》美国QuarterlyISSN: 1086-055XSOC PETROLEUM ENG, 222 PALISADES CREEK DR,, RICHARDSON, USA, TX, 7508 024. SPE PRODUCTION & OPERATIONS《石油工程师协会生产和操作》美国QuarterlyISSN: 1930-1855SOC PETROLEUM ENG, 222 PALISADES CREEK DR,, RICHARDSON, USA, TX, 7508 025. SPE RESERVOIR EVALUATION & ENGINEERING 《石油工程师协会油藏评估与工程》美国BimonthlyISSN: 1094-6470SOC PETROLEUM ENG, 222 PALISADES CREEK DR,, RICHARDSON, USA, TX, 7508 026. VISION TECNOLOGICA 《技术视野》委内瑞拉Irregular （委内瑞拉油气工业期刊）ISSN: 1315-0855INTEVEP S A, APARTADO POSTAL 76343, CARACAS, VENEZUELA, 1070-A。

北美精算师大纲

基本教育阶段(6门课程)：课程1：精算科学的数学基础说明：这门课程的目的是为了培养关于一些基础数学工具的知识，形成从数量角度评估风险的能力，特别是应用这些工具来解决精算科学中的问题。

并且假设学员在学习这门课程之前已经熟练掌握了微积分、概率论的有关内容及风险管理的基本知识。

主要内容及概念：微积分、概率论、风险管理（包括损失频率、损失金额、自留额、免赔额、共同保险和风险保费）课程2：利息理论、经济学和金融学说明：这门课程包括利息理论，中级微观经济学和宏观经济学，金融学基础。

在学习这门课程之前要求具有微积分和概率论的基础知识。

主要内容及概念：利息理论，微观经济学，宏观经济学，金融学基础课程3：随机事件的精算模型说明：通过这门课程的学习，培养学员关于随机事件的精算模型的基础知识及这些模型在保险和金融风险中的应用。

在学习这门课程之前要求熟练掌握微积分、概率论和数理统计的相关内容。

建议学员在通过课程1和课程2后学习这门课程。

主要内容及概念：保险和其它金融随机事件，生存模型，人口数据分析，定量分析随机事件的金融影响课程4：精算建模方法说明：该课程初步介绍了建立模型的基础知识和用于建模的重要的精算和统计方法。

在学习这门课程之前要求熟练掌握微积分、线性代数、概率论和数理统计的相关内容。

主要内容及概念：模型－模型的定义－为何及如何使用模型－模型的利弊－确定性的和随机性的模型－模型选择－输入和输出分析－敏感性检验－研究结果的检验和反馈方法－回归分析－预测－风险理论－信度理论课程5－精算原理应用说明：这门课程提供了产品设计，风险分类，定价/费率拟定/建立保险基金，营销，分配，管理和估价的学习。

覆盖的范围包括金融保障计划,职工福利计划，事故抚恤计划，政府社会保险和养老计划及一些新兴的应用领域如产品责任，担保的评估，环境的维护成本和制造业的应用。

该课程的学习材料综合了各种计划和覆盖范围以展示精算原理在各研究领域中应用的一致性和差异性。

LetPub-JCR

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0012-6772DRVNA IND Drvna Industrija MATERIALS SCIENCE, PAPER & CROATIA0012-7094DUKE MATH J DUKE MATHEMATICAL JOURNA数学数学UNITED STATES 0012-7353DYNA-COLOMBIA Dyna-Colombia工程技术工程：综合COLOMBIA 0012-7361DYNA-BILBAO Dyna工程技术工程：综合SPAINUNITED STATES 0012-7515EDN EDN工程技术工程：电子与电气NETHERLANDS 0012-821X EARTH PLANET SC LETT E ARTH AND PLANETARY SCIE地学地球化学与地球物0012-8252EARTH-SCI REV EARTH-SCIENCE REVIEWS地学地球科学综合NETHERLANDS 0012-9593ANN SCI ECOLE NORM S A NNALES SCIENTIFIQUES DE数学数学FRANCE0012-9615ECOL MONOGR ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS环境科学生态学UNITED STATES 0012-9658ECOLOGY ECOLOGY环境科学生态学UNITED STATES 0012-9682ECONOMETRICA ECONOMETRICA社会科学数学跨学科应用ENGLAND0013-0001ECON BOT ECONOMIC BOTANY生物植物科学UNITED STATES 0013-0915P EDINBURGH MATH SOC P ROCEEDINGS OF THE EDINB数学数学ENGLAND0013-1644EDUC PSYCHOL MEAS EDUCATIONAL AND PSYCHOLO医学数学跨学科应用UNITED STATES 0013-4651J ELECTROCHEM SOC JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCH工程技术材料科学：膜UNITED STATES 0013-4686ELECTROCHIM ACTA ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA工程技术电化学ENGLANDENGLAND0013-5194ELECTRON LETT ELECTRONICS LETTERS工程技术工程：电子与电气0013-5585BIOMED TECH BIOMEDIZINISCHE TECHNIK医学工程：生物医学GERMANYMEDICAL INFORM GERMANY0013-5585BIOMED ENG-BIOMED TE B iomedical Engineering-B ENGINEERING, BI0013-7006ENCEPHALE ENCEPHALE-REVUE DE PSYCH医学精神病学FRANCE0013-7227ENDOCRINOLOGY ENDOCRINOLOGY医学内分泌学与代谢UNITED STATES 0013-726X ENDOSCOPY ENDOSCOPY医学外科GERMANYOPERATIONS RES UNITED STATES 0013-791X ENG ECON Engineering economics ENGINEERING, IN0013-7944ENG FRACT MECH ENGINEERING FRACTURE MEC物理力学ENGLAND0013-7952ENG GEOL ENGINEERING GEOLOGY地学地球科学综合NETHERLANDS 0013-8029ENG J AISC ENGINEERING JOURNAL-AMER工程技术工程：土木UNITED STATES 0013-8703ENTOMOL EXP APPL ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTAL生物昆虫学ENGLAND0013-8746ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGI生物昆虫学UNITED STATES 0013-8797P ENTOMOL SOC WASH PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOM生物昆虫学UNITED STATES 0013-9157ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT环境科学环境科学UNITED STATESUNITED STATES 0013-9351ENVIRON RES ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH环境科学公共卫生、环境卫0013-936X ENVIRON SCI TECHNOLENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & 环境科学工程：环境UNITED STATES 0013-9580EPILEPSIA EPILEPSIA医学临床神经学UNITED STATESGEOSCIENCES, M GERMANY0013-9998ERDE Die Erde; Zeitschrift de GEOGRAPHY, PHYS0014-0015ERDKUNDE Erdkunde地学自然地理GERMANY0014-0139ERGONOMICS ERGONOMICS工程技术工程：工业ENGLAND0014-0309ERWERBS-OBSTBAU Erwerbs-Obstbau农林科学园艺GERMANY0014-2336EUPHYTICA EUPHYTICA农林科学农艺学NETHERLANDS 0014-2972EUR J CLIN INVEST EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLIN医学医学：内科GERMANY0014-2980EUR J IMMUNOL EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMU医学免疫学UNITED STATES 0014-2999EUR J PHARMACOL EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHAR医学药学NETHERLANDS 0014-3022EUR NEUROL EUROPEAN NEUROLOGY医学临床神经学SWITZERLAND 0014-3057EUR POLYM J EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL化学高分子科学ENGLAND0014-3065POTATO RES potato research AGRONOMY NETHERLANDS。

(刚体点配准错误率的分布)Distribution of Fiducial Registration Error in

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING, VOL. 28, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 20091791Distribution of Fiducial Registration Error in Rigid-Body Point-Based RegistrationMehdi Hedjazi Moghari and Purang Abolmaesumi*Abstract—Rigid-body point-based registration is frequently used in computer assisted surgery to align corresponding points, or ﬁducials, in preoperative and intraoperative data. This alignment is mostly achieved by assuming the same homogeneous error distribution for all the points; however, due to the properties of the medical instruments used in measuring the point coordinates, the error distribution might be inhomogeneous and different for each point. In this paper, in an effort to understand the effect of error distribution in the localized points on the performed registration, we derive a closed-form solution relating the error distribution of each point with the performed registration accuracy. The solution uses maximum likelihood estimation to calculate the probability density function of registration error at each ﬁducial point. Extensive numerical simulations are performed to validated the proposed solution. Index Terms—Fiducial localization error, ﬁducial registration error, inhomogeneous and anisotropic zero-mean noise, maximum likelihood, registration, target registration error.I. INTRODUCTIONPOINT-BASED rigid-body registration algorithms derive a transformation that maps preoperative data sets to the physical location of a patient anatomy in intraoperative images. This transformation is generally calculated from a set of points (hereafter referred to as ﬁducials) which are either attached to the patient anatomy, or are extracted from the imaging data. The ﬁducials can be easily localized in the preoperative and intraoperative data sets; however, their location is generally perturbed by measurement noise which is referred to as ﬁducial localization error (FLE) in the literature. Due to FLE, the performed registration between preoperative and intraoperative data sets is usually imperfect, leading to an error in ﬁducial alignments that is referred to as ﬁducial registration error (FRE). Another important error in rigid-body point-based registration is called target registration error (TRE). TRE is a distance error, after registration, between a pair of ﬁducial markers in the preoperative and intraoperative data sets which are not used in the registration process.Manuscript received January 27, 2009; revised May 19, 2009. Current version published October 28, 2009. This work was supported in part by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), and in part by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). Asterisk indicates corresponding author. M. H. Moghari is with the Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 USA (e-mail: mhedjazi@). *P. Abolmaesumi is with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada (e-mail: purang@ece.ubc.ca). Digital Object Identiﬁer 10.1109/TMI.2009.2024208The properties of FRE and TRE, and their relations with FLE have been under investigation for a few decades. Sibson [1], in 1979, for the ﬁrst time demonstrated that FLE, FRE, and TRE are related to each other. Inspired by Sibson, Fitzpatrick and West [2], [3], in 1998 and 2001, derived the ﬁrst closed-form solution that estimated the mean squared value of TRE in terms of FLE and the conﬁguration of the registering data sets. Their derivation was based on the assumption that FLE had an identical and isotropic zero-mean Gaussian distribution. Wiles et al. [4], in 2007, extended the Fitzpatrick and West formulation to estimate the mean squared value of TRE when FLE had an identical and anisotropic zero-mean Gaussian distribution. Their method, similar to the Fitzpatrick and West’s, utilized a least mean squares (LMS) algorithm, such as Horn’s [5] or Arun’s [6], to register the data sets and estimate the characteristics of TRE. Ma et al. [7] and Sielhorst et al. [8], in 2007, derived new formulations that estimated the properties of TRE in the presence of inhomogeneous and anisotropic zero-mean Gaussian FLE. In 2008, Moghari and Abolmaesumi [9] utilized the maximum likelihood (ML) algorithm to derive a general solution that estimated the properties of TRE when FLE had an arbitrary zero-mean distribution. The same authors [10], in 2008, mathematically compared Sielhorst [8], Ma [7], Wiles [4], and Fitzpatrick and West [3] algorithms. They demonstrated that all the algorithms, based on their assumptions for the distribution of FLE, converged to the their proposed ML solution. All the above algorithms generate a formulation correlating TRE to FLE. If the distribution of FLE is available, then the derived formulations can be used to estimate the TRE at a desired target location. But, in real clinical applications, the distribution of FLE is usually unknown and it should be somehow computed. To estimate the characteristics of FLE, it maybe possible to calculate the true value of TRE, and utilize the proposed relationships between FLE and TRE to estimate the properties of FLE. Yet, it is difﬁcult to calculate the actual value of TRE in real clinical situations. To overcome this difﬁculty, Balachendran and Fitzpatrick [11] proposed to use the characteristics of FRE, rather than TRE, to estimate the properties of FLE. These authors, for the ﬁrst time, derived a formulation relating the characteristics of FRE and FLE by assuming that FLE had an identical and isotropic zero-mean Gaussian distribution. In this article, we generalize the Balachendran and Fitzpatrick algorithm to estimate the properties of FRE in terms of FLE when FLE has an arbitrary zero-mean distribution. We present novel solutions correlating FRE to FLE when FLE has an identical and isotropic, inhomogeneous and isotropic, identical and anisotropic, and inhomogeneous and anisotropic zeromean Gaussian distribution, respectively.0278-0062/$26.00 © 2009 IEEE1792IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING, VOL. 28, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2009The rest of this article is organized as follows. Section II brieﬂy describes how the ML algorithm can be used to estimate the registration parameters and their variances. In Section III, the ML algorithm is used to calculate the distribution of FRE in terms of FLE. The numerical simulations supporting the derived formulations are presented in Section IV. Finally, the discussion and conclusions are presented in Sections V and VI, respectively. II. ESTIMATING THE REGISTRATION PARAMETERS BASED ON THE ML ALGORITHM In the remainder of this paper, please note that we use nonbold fonts for scalars, bold lowercase fonts for vectors that are assumed to always be column vectors, and capital bold fonts for matrices. Also, we indicate the number of points in each and dimension of the space containing the points space by by —which is assumed to be 3. While three-dimensional data sets are the subject of this paper, the proposed formulation is . The points in the preoperative data set are still valid for matrix whose columns correspond to the shown by as a position vectors of points in the preoperative coordinate frame. matrix, represents the corresponding points in As a , and , the intraoperative data set. The th columns of represent a pair of corresponding points in the preoperative and intraoperative spaces that are related to each other by the following equation [3], [11]: (1) where is the rotation matrix in terms of . is the vector , and , the rotation angles about , consisting of is the translation and axes1, respectively. , and . models the FLE in both the prevector along operative and intraoperative data sets, i.e., and , which can have a different distribution from a point to another. Also, for simplicity, we assumed that the precise rotation and translation is aligned parameters are very small or zero, and data set along its principal axes and its centroid is set at the origin. Using (1), one can use the ML algorithm to accurately estimate the registration parameters and their variances when FLE has an arbitrary distribution. The registration parameters can be calculated by concurrently solving the following equations [9], [12]: (2) (3) where is the likelihood function generated from the distribution of FLE at the ﬁducial markers. To estimate the variance of the transformation parameters, one needs to derive the second derivative of the log-likelihood function as follows: (4)1Please note that for consistency with [3] and [11], we changed the notation of ; and deﬁned in our previous paper [9], to R ; R , and R , respectively.(5) (6) Equations (4)–(6) can then be used in the Carmer-Rao bound [13], to obtain the covariance matrix of the registration parameters (7) Since rotation matrix is a nonlinear function in terms of , no closed-form solution has yet been proposed to derive the registration parameters from (2) and (3) in the presence of FLE with an arbitrary distribution. Therefore, (2) and (3) should be numerically calculated to obtain the registration parameters. The results can then be used in (4), (5), and (6) to ﬁnd the covariance matrices of the registration parameters [14]. On the other hand, if it is assumed that the ﬁrst-order assumption introduced by Fitzpatrick and West [3] is valid, i.e.,(8)then can be linearized with the accuracy of the ﬁrst-order Taylor series expansion, and closed-form solutions for calcuand can be obtained. For example, as it is shown lating in [9], if FLE at the th ﬁducial marker is assumed to be independent Gaussian with distribution , the registration parameters can be derived by solving the following six linear equations:(9)(10) Then, (4)–(6) can be calculated as follows, and substituted in (7) to derive the variance of the registration parameters [9]: (11)(12)MOGHARI AND ABOLMAESUMI: DISTRIBUTION OF FIDUCIAL REGISTRATION ERROR IN RIGID-BODY POINT-BASED REGISTRATION1793FRE at the th ﬁducial marker can be written as(19) (13) Since and are unbiased estimates and FLE has a zero-mean Gaussian distribution, it can simply be shown from (16) that . Using (16), (19) can be simpliﬁed as follows:III. ESTIMATING THE DISTRIBUTION OF FRE BASED ON THE ML ALGORITHM As deﬁned in [11], FRE is the distance error, after registration, between a pair of ﬁducial markers in the preoperative and intraoperative data sets which are used in the registration process. Therefore, FRE at the th ﬁducial marker can be mathematically deﬁned as follows: (14) where and are the pair of ﬁducial markers in the preoperative and intraoperative data sets that are used in the registration; and are the registration parameters estimated from (9) and (10), respectively. By using (1), (14) can be written as (15) Substituting (8) in (15) results to (21) where , and can be computed from (11), (12), (13) which are substituted in (7) as follows. Without loss of generality, if the weighted mean of is set to , then we have the origin such that (22) (16) where . From (9) and (10), one can simply show that (17) Substituting (22), (23), and (24) in (21), one can write and (24) (23) (20) Equation (20) can be rewritten as(18) Equations (17) and (18) illustrate that if FLE has a zero-mean Gaussian distribution, the estimation of the registration paramand are zero. eters is unbiased, i.e., Now, to estimate the distribution of FRE, the covariance mashould be calculated. Covariance matrix of trix of FRE at(25)1794IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING, VOL. 28, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2009Now, we use (17) and (18) to calculate as follows:andWith more simpliﬁcation of (29), the covariance matrix of FRE at the th ﬁducial marker, when FLE has an arbitrary zero-mean Gaussian distribution, can be derived by the following closedform formula:(30) (26) where is the dirac function (27) Also which, by using (22) and (24), can be rewritten as (31) Here, it should be emphasized that if , then (21) cannot be simpliﬁed as (31). In that case, (21) should be used to calculate the the covariance matrix of FRE at the th ﬁducial marker. Finally, the distribution of FRE at the th ﬁducial marker can be computed from either (31) or (21) and the TRE distribution derived in [15]:(32) , and 2 are the square root of the eigenvalues of , and is the modiﬁed Bessel function. Since the mean of FRE at the th ﬁducial marker is zero, the mean squared value of FRE at can, also, be computed from (31) as where (33) where trace is the summation of diagonal elements of a matrix. Our derivations that calculate the distribution of FRE and its mean squared value when FLE has an arbitrary zero-mean Gaussian distribution is now complete. But, (31) can be further simpliﬁed for the special cases where FLE has an identical and isotropic, inhomogeneous and isotropic, and identical and anisotropic Gaussian distributions. In what follows, we make these simpliﬁcations and show that our derivations converge to the previous formulations in the literature for these special cases. A. FLE Has an Identical and Isotropic Zero-Mean Gaussian Distribution If FLE has an identical and isotropic zero-mean Gaussian distribution in the data sets, it can be modeled as , where is the identity matrix. In this scenario, every ﬁducial marker . has the same distribution with covariance matrix , Therefore, If and are centered at the origin, then2The order of ; , and is not theoretically important for solving (32). But, in our performed simulations, we assumed that .(28) By substituting (26) and (28) in (25), the covariance matrix of FLE at the th ﬁducial marker can be calculated as(29)where to obtain (29), we should note that metric matrix, andis a skew sym.MOGHARI AND ABOLMAESUMI: DISTRIBUTION OF FIDUCIAL REGISTRATION ERROR IN RIGID-BODY POINT-BASED REGISTRATION1795and (30) can be used to calculateas follows:which exactly matches the one derived by Balachandran and Fitzpatrick [11]. A more interesting result can be found from (38) by computing the average of the mean squared value of FRE over all the ﬁducial markers as (34)As it is shown in [9], if thenis aligned along its principal axes,(35)where, and . Therefore, by using (35) in (34), one can write(39) which exactly matches the one derived by Sibson [1], when , the dimension of points in data sets, is 3. Finally, the distribution of FRE at the th ﬁducial marker can be obtained by using the eigenvalues of (37), i.e., (36) (40) where (36) is fully written in (37). From (37), the mean squared value of FRE at the th ﬁducial marker can be computed as (41) (42) in (32). B. FLE Has an Inhomogeneous and Isotropic Zero-Mean Gaussian Distribution (38) If FLE has an inhomogeneous and isotropic zero-mean is . Here, Gaussian distribution in the data sets, then(37)1796IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING, VOL. 28, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2009every ﬁducial marker is perturbed by a different zero-mean Gaussian distribution which is isotropic. In this scenario, if the , and (30) weighted center of is set at origin, then can be employed to compute asAlso, the average of the computed mean squared value of FRE over all the ﬁducial markers is(43)is chosen As shown in [9], if the orientation of such that , then By using (44) in (43), (43) can be further simpliﬁed as (45). From (45), the mean squared value of FRE at the th ﬁducial marker can be computed as follows:(47) Equation (47) is the extension of Sibson [1] and Fitzpatrick et al. [2] derivations for the case where FLE has an inhomogeneous and isotropic zero-mean Gaussian distribution. The distribution of FRE at the th ﬁducial marker can be obtained by using the eigenvalues of (45) in (32). C. FLE Has an Identical and Anisotropic Zero-Mean Gaussian Distribution If FLE has an identical and anisotropic zero-mean Gaussian , where distribution, its distribution can be modeled as(46) Equation (46) is the extension of Balachandran and Fitzpatrick formulation [11] that calculates the mean squared value of FRE when FLE has an inhomogeneous and identical zero-mean Gaussian distribution.(48) In this case, every ﬁducial marker has the same distribution which has distinct property along different directions, i.e., is is centered at the origin, then becomes anisotropic. If(44)MOGHARI AND ABOLMAESUMI: DISTRIBUTION OF FIDUCIAL REGISTRATION ERROR IN RIGID-BODY POINT-BASED REGISTRATION1797zero, and therefore, (30) can be used to estimateasFinally, the distribution of FRE at the th ﬁducial marker can be obtained by using the eigenvalues of (51) in (32). D. FLE Has an Inhomogeneous and Anisotropic Zero-Mean Gaussian Distribution(49) As shown in the Appendix, if axes, we have is aligned along its principal(50) where and are deﬁned in the Appendix. By using (50) in (49), (49) can be fully written in (51). From (51), the mean squared value of FRE at the th ﬁducial marker can be computed as follows:When FLE has an inhomogeneous and anisotropic zero-mean Gaussian distribution, it is difﬁcult to derive a closed-form solution for the mean squared value of FRE; however, such solution can be numerically calculated: One can use (21) to calculate the covariance matrix of FRE at the desired ﬁducial marker. The eigenvalues of the resultant covariance matrix can then be utilized in (32) to derive the distribution of FRE. In addition, the summation of those eigenvalues gives the mean squared value of FRE. In a very general scenario, when FLE has an arbitrary distribution, which may not necessarily be Gaussian, one needs to ﬁrst calculate the variance of the registration parameters from (7), and use the result in (19) to compute the covariance of the FRE at the desired ﬁducial location. Then, the estimated covariance of FRE can be used in (32), and (33), as before, to calculate the distribution of FRE and its means squared value. IV. NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS To support our derivations, we use four different simulations to numerically and analytically calculate the characteristics of FRE when FLE has different zero-mean Gaussian distributions. First, we run the simulations on the randomly generated ﬁducial markers which are perturbed by identical and isotropic zero-mean Gaussian distribution, to derive the distribution of FRE and its mean squared value. We then repeat this experiment in the second simulation, where the generated ﬁducial markers are perturbed by an inhomogeneous and isotropic zero-mean Gaussian distribution. Finally, in the third and fourth simulations, the FRE characteristics are estimated when FLE perturbing the ﬁducial markers, has an identical and anisotropic, and inhomogeneous and anisotropic zero-mean Gaussian distribution, respectively. 1) FLE Has an Identical and Isotropic Zero-Mean Gaussian Distribution: We choose , the number of ﬁducial markers, to be 3. For this value of , we randomly generate the preoperative data set within a cube with sides of mm. The randomly are listed in generated ﬁducials in the preoperative data set Table I. The same data set is used in the remaining simulations. To generate the intraoperative data set , we perturb each point in by a zero-mean Gaussian random noise with covariance matrix 1 mm . is then registered to by using (9) and (10), and FRE at all the ﬁducial markers are calculated. One simulation consists of 100 000 repetitions of perturbation, registration and FRE calculation which allows us to numerically(52) Equation (52) is the extension of Balachandran and Fitzpatrick formulation [11] when FLE has an identical and anisotropic zero-mean Gaussian distribution. Also, one can simply calculate the average of the mean squared value of FRE over all the ﬁducial markers as(53) Equation (53) is the extension of Sibson [1] and Fitzpatrick et al. [2] derivations that estimates the overall mean squared value of FRE for the case where FLE has an identical and anisotropic zero-mean Gaussian distribution.1798IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING, VOL. 28, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2009TABLE I RANDOMLY GENERATED FIDUCIAL MARKERS IN THE PREOPERATIVE DATA SET THAT ARE USED IN ALL THE SIMULATIONSXFig. 1. Probability density functions of the estimated distribution of the ﬁducial using numerical simulations and the proposed algorithm, localization error at when FLE has an identical and isotropic zero-mean Gaussian distribution.xestimate the distribution of FRE and its mean squared value at each ﬁducial marker. Also, we use (32) and (33) to analytically estimate the distribution of FRE and its mean squared value, respectively. Fig. 1 shows the estimated distribution of FRE using the proposed formulations at the ﬁrst ﬁducial marker and numerical simulations. Furthermore, Table II displays the estimated average of the mean squared value of FRE over all the ﬁducial markers and the using numerical simulations mean squared value of FRE at and the proposed algorithm, respectively. 2) FLE Has an Inhomogeneous and Isotropic Zero-Mean Gaussian Distribution: In this simulation, the same data set as in the previous simulation is used. But, to generate the ﬁxed data set , each point in is perturbed by an inhomogeneous and isotropic zero-mean Gaussian noise with covariance . is uniformly drawn between 0.001 of to by using (9) and (10), and 2 mm . Then, we register and calculate FRE at each ﬁducial marker. As before, this simulation is repeated 100 000 times to numerically estimate the distribution of FRE and its mean squared value. Furthermore, we use (32) and (33) to analytically estimate the distribution of FRE and its mean squared value. Fig. 2 shows the estimated distribution of FRE at using numerical simulations and the proposed algorithm for one simulation run. Table II displays the average of the mean squared values of FRE over all ﬁducial markers and the mean squared value of FRE at . 3) FLE Has an Identical and Anisotropic Zero-Mean is produced as Gaussian Distribution: In this simulation, before. To generate , each individual point in is perturbed by an identical and anisotropic, zero-mean Gaussian noisewith covariance matrix diag (0.5 mm , 1.5 mm , 1 mm ). As the ﬁrst simulation, the two data sets are registered by using (9) and (10), and FRE at each ﬁducial marker is numerically calculated. Equations (32) and (33) are also used to analytically calculate the characteristics of FRE. Fig. 3 shows the estimated using numerical simulations and the distribution of FRE at proposed algorithm. The mean squared value of FRE over all the ﬁducial markers and the mean squared value of FRE at using the proposed derivations and numerical simulations are also listed in Table II. 4) FLE Has an Inhomogeneous and Anisotropic Zero-Mean Gaussian Distribution: In this simulation, to generate , which is produced as before, is perturbed by each point in inhomogeneous and anisotropic zero-mean Gaussian noise . The matrix is assumed to be with covariance matrix , where and are independently and randomly drawn between 0.001 and 2 mm . is then registered to by using (9) and (10), and FRE at each ﬁducial marker is numerically calculated. Equations (32) and (33) are utilized to estimate the distribution of FRE and its mean squared value at . Fig. 4 shows the estimated using the proposed algorithm and distribution of FRE at numerical simulations. Furthermore, the computed average of the mean squared value of FRE over all the ﬁducial markers and are reported in Table II. the mean squared value of FRE at 5) Effect of the Number of Fiducial Markers and Fiducial Conﬁgurations: In the last simulation, we repeated Simulations 1, 2, 3, and 4 for 50 trials (each trial containing 100 000 simulations for a given ﬁducial conﬁguration) with random conﬁguration of ﬁducial markers where , the number of ﬁducial markers, is 3, 5, and 10, respectively, and the ﬁducials are drawn mm. Data sets and , and within a cube with sides of the noise modeling FLE are generated as explained in the above simulations, and the mean squared value of FRE is numerically and analytically calculated. Table III displays the mean and variance of error difference between numerically and analytically computed overall mean squared values of FRE; and the mean and variance of error difference between the numerically and analytically computed mean squared values of FRE at . The mean of the normalized estimation error of FRE for the ﬁrst and all the ﬁducials is also reported in Table III. Finally, we repeated the previous simulations with these modimm to ﬁcations: The size of data sets was increased from mm; and the mean of overall variance of the noise, rather than 1 mm , was assumed to be 3 mm . Table IV displays the results. V. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION We derived the ﬁrst closed-form solutions for estimating the distribution of FRE and its mean squared value when FLE has an arbitrary zero-mean Gaussian distribution. We analytically illustrated that when FLE has an identical and isotropic zeromean Gaussian distribution, the proposed derivations match the ones derived by Sibson [1] and Balachandran and Fitzpatrick [11]. In addition, we used numerical simulations to verify our derivations. As shown in Fig. 1 and Table II, the proposed formulations’ results accurately match the ones numerically calculated.MOGHARI AND ABOLMAESUMI: DISTRIBUTION OF FIDUCIAL REGISTRATION ERROR IN RIGID-BODY POINT-BASED REGISTRATION1799TABLE II ESTIMATED AVERAGE (MM) OF THE ROOT MEAN SQUARED VALUES OF FRE OVER ALL FIDUCIAL MARKERS AND THE ROOT MEAN SQUARED VALUES OF FRE AT THE FIRST FIDUCIAL MARKER USING THE NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS AND THE PROPOSED ALGORITHM, WHEN FLE HAS A NONIDENTICAL ZERO-MEAN GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTION. PLEASE NOTE THAT THE RESULTS FOR NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS AND PROPOSED DERIVATIONS ARE LABELED WITH AND , RESPECTIVELY00Fig. 2. Probability density functions of the estimated distribution of the ﬁducial localization error at x using numerical simulations and the proposed algorithm, when FLE has an inhomogeneous and isotropic zero-mean Gaussian distribution.Fig. 4. Probability density functions of the estimated distribution of the ﬁducial localization error at x using numerical simulations and the proposed algorithm, when FLE has an inhomogeneous and anisotropic zero-mean Gaussian distribution.distribution. In this scenario, as Fig. 4 and Table II display, the proposed formulations’ results accurately match the distribution of FRE and its mean squared value which are numerically calculated. Finally, Tables III and IV demonstrate the accuracy of the derived formulations for different number of ﬁducials, different ﬁducial conﬁgurations, and different variances of the noise. VI. CONCLUSION We have presented a general solution that estimates the distribution of FRE for the cases where FLE has an arbitrary zeromean Gaussian distribution. With (7), (30), (32), and (33), we have derived approximate expressions for the distribution of FRE and its mean squared value in the presence of different types of FLE distribution at each ﬁducial marker. That our proposed algorithm closely agrees with the performed numerical simulations demonstrates its high level of accuracy in estimating the distribution of FRE and its mean squared value in the presence of identical or inhomogeneous and isotropic or anisotropic zero-mean Gaussian noise. We should emphasize that the proposed derivations remain accurate as long as the assumptions under which they were derived are valid. First, all noise modeling FLE at each point of the data sets should have an independent zero-mean Gaussian distribution. If the distribution of the noise should transpire to be nonGaussian, then that distribution, instead of Gaussian distribution, should be considered in the likelihood function . Second, the proposed algorithm is optimum as long as the registered dataFig. 3. Probability density functions of the estimated distribution of the ﬁducial localization error at x using numerical simulations and the proposed algorithm, when FLE has an identical and anisotropic zero-mean Gaussian distribution.We then extended Sibson [1] and Balachandran and Fitzpatrick [11] derivations for the cases where FLE has either inhomogeneous and isotropic or identical and anisotropic zero-mean Gaussian noise distribution. As it is demonstrated in Figs. 2 and 3 and Table II, the proposed derivations as accurately as numerical simulations estimate the distribution of FRE and its mean squared value, when FLE has inhomogeneous and isotropic, or identical and anisotropic zero-mean Gaussian distribution. Finally, we examined the proposed derivations for the case where FLE has inhomogeneous and anisotropic zero-mean Gaussian。

刘炳善《英国文学简史》完整版笔记(汇编)

英国文学简史完全笔记Part one：early and medieval english literatureChapter 1: the making of england1 the Briton2 the Roman Consequent3 the English Consequent4 the social condition of the Anglo-SaxonsChapter 2: Beowulf<Beowulf>贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsEpic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated.e.g. Homer’s Iliad and OdysseyArtistic features:1 Using alliteration2 Using metaphor and understatementDefinition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵）Some examples on P5Definition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideasChapter 3 : Feudal England1 the Norman Conquest:①the Danish invasionKing Alfred: the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle②the Norman Conquest:Marks the establishment of feudalism in England\2 Feuda EnglandSocial features of the Feuda England：Two classes（landlord and peasant）The miseries of the peasant：Black DeathThe raising of 13813 the Romance: knightFamous three:King ArthurSir Gawain and the Green KnightBeowulfChapter 4 William LanglandPiers The Plowman耕者皮尔斯:a picture of feudal England①the exposure of the ruling classes②the story of the Cat and Rats③the marriage of lady Meed④the condition of the peasants⑤the search for truth⑥a representative of the most oppressed section of the peasantryArtistic features:It is written in the form of a dream visionUsing symbolismChapter 5 the English Bllads民谣Oral literatureBallad: is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.The Robin Hood BalladChapter 6 Geoffery Chaucer英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。

Calculus_BC_Syllabus_4[1]

• • •
Use of slope fields to interpret a differential equation geometrically Drawing slope fields and solution curves for differential equations Euler’s method as a numerical solution of a differential equation
[C2]
C2—The course teaches all topics associated with Functions, Graphs, and Limits; Derivatives; Integrals; and Polynomial Approximations and Series as delineated in the Calculus BC Topic Outline in the AP Calculus Course Description.
AP® Calculus BC
Syllabus 4
Calculus pulls together many of the concepts students have studied in previous courses, and it also helps them to see the relevance of the material they were taught prior to calculus. I believe that AP® Calculus BC gives the students a strong foundation for the math and science courses they will take in college.

Bc science 10 Chapter 1(加拿大bc省科学十年级第一节词汇)

abioticrelating to non-living parts of an environment such as sunlight, soil, moisture, and temperatureadaptationscharacteristics that enable organisms to better survive and reproducebehavioural adaptationwhat an organism does to survive in the unique conditions of its environmentbiodiversitythe diversity of plant, animal life and micro-organisms in a particular habitat (or in the world as a whole)biomethe largest division of the biosphere, which includes large regions with similar biotic components and similar abiotic componentsbiospherethe thin layer of air, land and water on or near Earth's surface in which all living things on Earth existbioticrelating to living organisms such as plants, animals, fungi and bacteriaclimatethe average conditions of the atmosphere. for example precipitation, temperature and humidity in a large region over 30 years of moreclimatographa graph of climate data for a specific region; the data are usually obtained over 30 years from local weather observation stationscommensalisma symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither helped nor harmedcommunityall the populations of the different species that interact in a specific area or ecosystemcompetitiona harmful interaction between two or more organisms that can occur when organisms compete for the same resource in the same location at the same timeecological hierarchythe order of biotic interactions and relationships in an ecosystem: organism, population, community, ecosystemecosystema part of a biome in which abiotic components interact with biotic componentselevationthe height of a land mass above sea levelhabitatthe place in which an organism liveslatitudethe distance measured in degrees north or south from the equatormutualisma symbiotic relationship between two organism in which both organisms benefitnichethe special role an organism plays in an ecosystem, including the way in which it contributes to and fits its environmentparasitismthe relation between two different kinds of organisms in which one receives benefits from the other by causing damage to it (usually not fatal damage)physiological adaptationa physical or chemical event that occurs within the body of an organism and enables survivalpopulationthe members of a particular species within an ecosystempredationpredator-prey interactions in which one organism (the predator) eats all or part of another organism (the prey)speciesa group of closely related organisms that can reproduce with one anotherstructural adaptationa physical feature of an organism's body having a specific function that contributes to the survival of the organismsymbiosisthe interaction between members of two different species that live together in a close association。

文检课chapter1-3

错题分析第一、二、三章检索效果• 1.对于同一检索课题，小丽共查到60篇，其中30篇相关，小王共查到50篇，其中26篇相关，下列说法正确的是：• A.小丽的查全率低于小王的查全率• B.小丽的查全率高于小王的查全率• C.小丽的查准率低于小王的查准率• D.小丽的查准率高于小王的查准率•BC•错误数：12搜索引擎检索式•2.搜索页面中同时含有字符串A和B的网页，下列检索式能找到相关网页的是：•A.A AND B•B.A B•C.AB•D.A*B•ABCD•错误数：119搜索引擎检索式•3.只搜索某一类站点(如)的网页，下列检索式正确的是：•A.insite: B.intitle:C.insite:D.filetype:•C•错误数：36搜索引擎检索式•4.使用哪个字符可以确保搜索结果中包含被Google学术搜索忽略的字符或字母？•A./ B.+ C.- D.*•B•错误数：22搜索引擎检索式•单选题• 5.要求搜索结果中不含特定关键词，下列检索式正确的是：• A.张爱玲散文• B.张爱玲-散文• C.张爱玲AND 散文• D.张爱玲OR 散文•B•错误数：12搜索引擎检索式•6.只搜索网页标题中含指定关键词(如文献检索)的网页，下列检索式正确的是：•A.intitle:文献检索•B.intitle: 文献检索•C.insite:文献检索•D.insite: 文献检索•A•错误数：9搜索引擎检索式•8.搜索页面中含有A或B的网页，下列检索式正确的是：•A.A OR B•B.A AND B•C.A B•D.AB•A•错误数：3搜索引擎检索式•10.只搜索url链接中含指定字符串(如jiansuo)的网页，下列检索式正确的是：•A.intitle:jiansuo•B.inurl:jiansuo•C.insite:jiansuo D.filetype:jiansuo •B•错误数：3搜索引擎检索式•11.只搜索指定格式(如PPT格式)的文件，下列检索式正确的是：•A.intitle:PPT•B.inurl:PPT•C.insite:PPT D.filetype:PPT•D•错误数：1文献号码/号码语言•12.下列说法正确的是：•1100221是标准号•B.1001-1245是ISSN号•C.1585-07-5是化学物质登记号•D.GB/T 23274.3-2009是专利号•BC•错误数：12文献类型•13.关于文献类型，以下说法错误的是：• A.文献按出版类型分只有期刊、学位论文两种。

BCSciencefinalReviewBC省十年级科学省考复习

______________________________________________________________
The atoms share electrons.
Sodium Chloride Ionic Bond – Steals Electrons!
Sodium Chloride Lewis
_______________________________ (c) How many electrons are in an iron(III) ion? _________2_6_____________________
23
Bohr Diagrams
Each orbit can hold up to a certain number of electrons.
C. nuclei D. protons
A) What is everything made of?
• Everything on earth is made of matter物质. Matter is anything that has a mass and takes up space. Matter is made of atoms物质是由原子组成的. Atoms are basic基本的 building blocks of chemistry.
Polyatomic Ionic Compounds 多原子离子化合物
Sodium Bromide 23. Write the names of the following ionic compounds.
(a) NaBr ________________________________________________

国际图书分类号查询--国际十进制分类简表

国际图书分类号查询--国际十进制分类简表0 Generalities 总论00 Prolegomena. Fundamentals of Knowledge and Culture 绪论、知识与文化、基础原理004 Computer science 计算机科学005 Management 管理学01 Bibliography 书目、目录02 Librarianship 图书馆学030 Encyclopaedias. General Reference Works 综合参考资料050 Serial Publications. Periodicals 连续出版物、期刊06 Organizations and Associations 组织与协会069 Museums 博物馆070 Newspapers. Journalism 报纸、新闻学08 Polygraphies. Collective Works 多图作品、集体作品09 Manuscripts. Rare and Remarkable Works手稿、珍本、善本1 Philosophy. Psychology 哲学、心理学101 Nature and role of Philosophy 哲学本质与角色11 Metaphysics 形而上学13 Philosophy of mind and spirit 心理与精神的哲学14 Philosophical systems 哲学体系159.9 Psychology 心理学16 Logic. Epistemology. Theory of Knowledge 逻辑、认识论、知识论、方法论17 Moral Philosophy. Ethics 道德、伦理、实践哲学2 Religion. Theology 宗教、神学21 Prehistoric and Primitive Religions 史前与原始宗教22 Religions of The Far East 远东发祥的宗教23 Religions of The Indian Subcontinent. Hinduism. Jainism. Sikhism 印度次大陆发祥的宗教、印度教、耆那教、锡克教24 Buddhism 佛教25 Religions of Antiquity. Minor Cults and Religions 古代宗教、异教252 Religions of Mesopotamia 美索不达米亚宗教254 Religions of Iran 伊朗宗教257 Religions of Europe 欧洲宗教26 Judaism 犹太教27 Christianity 基督教271 Eastern church 东方教会272/279 Western Church西方教会272 Roman Catholic church 天主教274/278 Protestant churches 新教教会28 Islam 伊斯兰教282 Sunnite Islam 逊尼派284 Shi'ite Islam 什叶派285 Babi-Baha'I巴比巴哈伊29 Modern Spiritual Movements 现代精神运动3 Social Sciences 社会科学304 Social questions. Social practice.社会问题、社会实践308 Sociography. Descriptive studies of society 社会地理学、社会的描述性研究311 Statistics 统计科学、统计理论314 Demography 人口统计学316 Sociology 社会学32 Politics 政治321 Forms of political organization. States as political power 政治组织形式、国际政治权利323 Home affairs. Internal policy 民政事务、内政324 Elections. Plebiscites. Referendums 选举、公民投票、全民公决327 International relations 国际关系328 Parliaments. Congresses. Representation of The people. Governments 议会、国会、国民代表、政府329 Political parties and Movements 政府和运动33 Economics 经济、经济学331 Labour. Employment. Work. Labour Economics. Organization of labour.劳动力、就业、工作、劳动经济学、劳动组织336 Finance金融338 Economic policy. Management of The economy. Production. Services. Prices经济政策、经济管理、生产、服务、价格339 Trade. Commerce. International economic relations. World economy 贸易、商业、国际经济关系、世界经济34 Law. Jurisprudence法律、法学341 International law 国际法342 Public law. Constitutional law. Administrative law公共法、宪法、行政法343 Criminal law 刑法、刑事罪343.9 Criminology犯罪学347 Civil law民法35 Public Administration. Government公共管理、政府、军事352/354 Levels of administration. Local, regional, central administration各级行政、本地、区域、中央行政355/359 Military Science 军事科学36 Safeguarding The Mental and Material Necessities of Life社会保障364 Social Welfare社会福利368 Insurance. Communal provision through sharing of risk保险、通过公用经费分担风险37 Education 教育371 Organization of educational and training system. School organization 普通教育学校374 Education and training out of school. Further education校外教育与培训、继续教育378 Higher education. Universities. Academic study高等教育、高校、学术研究379.8 Leisure休闲39 Ethnology. Folklore 民族学、民俗学391 Costume 传统服饰392 Customs, manners, usage in private life风俗、举止、私人生活习惯393 Death. Treatment of corpses. Funerals. Death rites死亡、尸体处理、葬礼、死亡仪式394 Public life. Social life. Life of The people公众生活、盛况、社交活动、民间生活395 Social ceremonial. Etiquette. Good manners社交礼仪、礼节、文明礼貌、社会形态、等级、头衔398 Folklore in The strict sense.民俗学（严格意义）396 Feminism 女权主义5 Mathematics and Natural Sciences 数学、自然科学502/504 Environmental Sciences. Conservation of natural resources. Threats to The environment and protection 环境科学、自然资源保存、环境威胁与保护51 Mathematics 数学52 Astronomy 天文学528 Geodesy, cartography大地测量学、测量学、摄影测量、遥感、制图529 Chronology 大事年表53 Physics物理54 Chemistry化学、结晶学、矿物学548 Crystallography晶体学549 Mineralogy矿物学55 Earth Sciences地球科学、地质学551.5 Meteorology. Climatology气象学、气候学551.7 Stratigraphy 历史地质学、地层地质学552 Petrology 岩石、岩石学553 Economic geology 经济地质学、矿床556 Hydrology 水圈、水文学56 Palaeontology 古生物学57 Biological Sciences 生物学572 Anthropology 人类学573 General biology普通理论生物学574 Ecology 生态学575 Genetics 遗传学576 Cytology 细胞学577 Biochemistry. Biophysics 生物化学、生物物理578 Virology 病毒学579 Microbiology 微生物学58 Botany 植物学59 Zoology 动物学6 Applied Sciences. Medicine. Technology 应用科学、医学、科技61 Medicine 医学619 Veterinary medicine 动物医学62 Engineering. Technology in General工程学、科技总论621 Mechanical engineering 机械工程621.3 Electrical engineering 电气工程621.38 Electronics 电子学622 Mining 采矿623 Military engineering 军事工程624 Civil engineering 土木工程625.1/.5 Railway engineering 铁路、电车、索道625.7/.8 Highway engineering 公路工程626/627 Hydraulic engineering 水利工程628 Public health engineering 公共卫生工程629 Vehicle engineering 车辆工程63 Agricultural Sciences 农业及其相关科学与技术、林业学630 Forestry 林学631/634 Farm management. Plant husbandry 农场管理、农艺学635 Horticulture 园艺学636/638 Animal husbandry 畜牧业639 Hunting. Fishing 狩猎、钓鱼、养鱼64 Home Economics 家政学641/642 Cookery 烹饪643/649 Household equipment and management 家庭设备与管理65 Management管理651 Office management 办公管理654 Telecommunications 通信与遥控655 Printing. Publishing. Book Trade 印刷、出版、图书贸易656 Transport and Postal Services 运输与邮政服务657 Accountancy 会计659 Publicity. Advertising. Public relations 宣传、公共关系66 Chemical Technology 化工技术669 Metallurgy 冶金67/68 Industries, Crafts and Trades 各种工业、贸易与手工艺69 Building 建筑7 The Arts 艺术71 Regional Planning 区域规划72 Architecture 建筑学73 Plastic Arts 雕塑艺术74 Drawing 绘画、设计、应用艺术与手工艺745/749 Applied Arts 应用艺术75 Painting 漆画76 Graphic Arts 图形艺术、图形77 Photography 摄影78 Music 音乐79 Recreation. Entertainment. Games. Sport 休闲、娱乐、游戏、体育791 Cinema. Films (Motion Pictures) 电影院、电影（动态影像）792 Theatre 戏剧793 Dance 舞蹈794 Board and table games 桌游、棋盘游戏796/799 Sport 体育8 Language. Linguistics. Literature 语言、语言学、文学80 Philology 语言学与文学、语言学81 Linguistics 语言学与语言811 Individual languages 语言82 Literature 文学821 Literature of individual languages 语言文学和语系文学9 Geography. Biography. History 地理、传记、历史902 Archaeology 考古学903 Prehistory 史前、史前遗迹、文物、古迹904 Cultural remains of historical times 历史年代的文化遗迹908 Area Studies 区域研究、地方研究91 Geography 地理学、地球与国家探索、旅游、区域地理929 Biography 传记及相关研究929.5 Genealogy 家谱929.6 Heraldry 纹章93/99 History 历史930 Science of history. Ancillary historical Sciences 历史学、史学930.1 History as a science. Theory and Philosophy of history历史作为一门科学、历史的理论和方法论930.25 Archivistics. Archives. Public records档案学（包括公共和其他档案）930.27 Epigraphy. Palaeography 碑铭学、古文字学94 General History 通史94(100) History of The world 世界历史94(3) History of The ancient world 远古时代历史94(4) History of Europe 欧洲历史94(5) History of Asia 亚洲历史94(6) History of Africa 非洲历史94(7/8) History of The Americas 美洲历史94(9) History of Oceania, The Polar regions, Australasia, etc.大洋洲、极地地区、澳大利西亚历史等注：更加细致的国际图书分类法UDC中文版查询地址：。

刑事侦查学侦查发展过程

明朝
郡县设“郡尉”和“县尉”；县以下设“亭”（刘邦）；
锦衣卫五城兵马司又被划作十坊，各坊设有“司坊”负责本坊的捕盗
唐朝
和治安工作，“司坊”下又设置了“捕役”的职位，他们负
左右金吾卫，捕快具体执行任务；
责在所辖地区捕盗、巡逻。府州、郡县等收设有专职捕盗官
宋代
朝廷委派到地方捕捉盗贼的巡检司，维
明朝，明朝仅负责京师治安的就有锦衣卫、五城兵马司和皇
安机构，亭的最高行政长官叫做“亭
帝随时委派的军队。五城兵马
长”，刘邦曾在其家乡作过泗水亭长，司又被划作十坊，各坊设有
亭长以下的“亭父”专门从事追捕盗贼的工作。
唐朝，左右金吾卫是专门执掌京师治安的两大中央机构。捕快是具体执行任务的司法人员。
第四节侦查的发展历程(P24)
一、侦查起源(P25) 侦查萌生于前国家时代的原始社会末期，随着
生产力的发展和私有制萌芽而逐步得以“生根发芽”，并随着国家的诞生而获得正式 “名份”。
二、奴隶社会的侦查制度变迁 (P25) （一）中国奴隶社会的侦查概览（二）外国奴隶社会的侦查概览
1
三、封建社会的侦查发展(P28) （一）中国封建社会侦查的演变（二）外国奴隶社会的侦查制度衍变四、近代侦查制度的近代发展 (P32) （一）中国侦查体制的近代改革（二）近代外国侦查制度的发展五、现代侦查制度的发展探源(P38) （一）共和国时期的中国侦查制度发展（二）外国侦查现代化发展
2
Chapter two “CI” in the prim(a)eval society
In the primeval, No crime,no “CI”.
原始社会中也会存在着盗窃取财、故意杀人或其他危害氏族组织和谐的争斗纠纷，当然也存在着调查活动。

science advances under evaluation 10天 -回复

science advances under evaluation 10天-回复"Science Advances Under Evaluation for 10 Days"Introduction:Science Advances is a prestigious scientific journal that publishes cutting-edge research and discoveries across various disciplines. The rigorous peer-review process employed by the journal ensures that only the highest quality research is published. In this article, we will explore the journey of a scientific manuscript through the initial evaluation process at Science Advances, specifically focusing on the 10-day period it undergoes under evaluation.Submission and Initial Evaluation:The first step towards publication in Science Advances begins with the submission of a manuscript by the research team. The manuscript is carefully prepared and formatted according to the journal's guidelines. Once submitted, the manuscript enters the initial evaluation stage.During this stage, the manuscript undergoes a preliminary reviewby the journal's editorial team. The team evaluates the submitted work to determine its suitability for further consideration. They assess whether the research aligns with the journal's scope, whether it meets the required standards, and if it presents novel and significant findings.Initial decision:After the initial evaluation, the manuscript receives an initial decision. This decision can be one of three options: acceptance without revisions, rejection, or the most common outcome, an invitation for revision. In the majority of cases, manuscripts require revisions before they can be considered for publication.In-Depth Review and Peer Assessment:If the manuscript is invited for revision, the authors are provided with detailed feedback from the reviewers. This feedback highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the research and suggests improvements that need to be made. The authors then have an opportunity to address these concerns and resubmit their revised manuscript within a specified timeframe.When the revised manuscript is resubmitted, it enters the in-depth review stage. At this point, it is sent for a thorough peer assessment by subject matter experts in the particular field of research. These reviewers are often renowned scientists who possess deep knowledge and expertise in the relevant area.Peer Review Process:The peer review process plays a crucial role in validating the integrity and significance of scientific research. It helps ensure that the published work is accurate, reliable, and contributes to the advancement of knowledge within the field. This process is anonymous, ensuring that both the reviewers and authors remain unknown to each other.During the 10-day period under evaluation, the reviewers carefully evaluate the manuscript. They assess its scientific rigor, methodology, data analysis, originality, significance, and overall impact. Reviewers provide constructive criticism, additional insights, and recommendations for further improvement.Revised Manuscript and Final Decision:Once the reviewers' comments are received, the authors meticulously address each point and revise their manuscript accordingly. They provide a detailed response to the reviewers, explaining how they have incorporated the suggested changes and clarifying any remaining concerns.After the revised manuscript is submitted, it undergoes a final evaluation. The reviewers reassess the revised manuscript, taking into account the author's responses to their initial feedback. This re-evaluation helps ensure that the revised manuscript has successfully addressed the concerns raised during the initial review.Final Acceptance or Rejection:Based on the recommendations of the reviewers, the editor of Science Advances makes the final decision. This decision can again be one of the three possibilities: acceptance without revisions, rejection, or, as often occurs, an invitation for further revisions. The authors are provided with the reviewers' comments and additional feedback from the editor to guide them in refining their researchfurther.Conclusion:The 10-day period during which a scientific manuscript undergoes evaluation at Science Advances is a crucial phase in the publication process. This step ensures the highest standards of scientific integrity, accuracy, and reliability are maintained in the journal. The collaboration between authors, reviewers, and editors contributes to the progress of scientific knowledge and reflects the commitment of the scientific community to advancing society's understanding of the world.。

基于STEM跨学科视域的科学教材分析r——以加拿大英属哥伦比亚省科学教材BC Science为例

基于STEM跨学科视域的科学教材分析r——以加拿大英属哥伦比亚省科学教材BC Science为例黄瑄;周丐晓;杨铭;刘恩山【期刊名称】《中国电化教育》【年(卷),期】2018(000)006【摘要】STEM已成为国内外基础教育课程改革的重要趋势,为探查如何将STEM 融入科学教材,该研究构建了STEM分析框架,从学科概念、跨学科概念、科学与工程学实践、跨学科整合程度与情境设置四个维度对加拿大英属哥伦比亚省初中科学教材(BC Science)进行量化与质性分析.文章通过分析总结BC初中科学教材STEM 整合的特点及工程学在教材中的展现途径,为我国科学教材编写中融入STEM教育提供四点启示:关注跨学科概念的整合,聚焦科学本质的传递;重视工程学在基础教育中的价值,围绕工程学统整STEM;立足本土创设真实的问题解决情境,培养学生的社会责任感;基于建模、推理论证等理性思维设置实践活动,为培养学生科学探究、创新实践、问题解决等能力提供有效载体.【总页数】9页(P68-76)【作者】黄瑄;周丐晓;杨铭;刘恩山【作者单位】北京师范大学生命科学学院, 北京 100875;温州大学生命与环境科学学院,浙江温州 325035;北京师范大学生命科学学院, 北京 100875;北京师范大学生命科学学院, 北京 100875【正文语种】中文【中图分类】G434【相关文献】1.STEM视角下的美国科学课程教材分析--以FOSS K-5年级科学教材为例 [J], 周鹏琴;徐唱;张韵;李芒2.对加拿大地理课程的思考--以英属哥伦比亚省为例 [J], 旋晓伟3.能源企业产业发展视域下我国碳税立法框架建议——结合加拿大英属哥伦比亚省碳税实施经验 [J], 王吉春; 宋婧4.加拿大环境与可持续发展教育实施探析——以英属哥伦比亚省为例 [J], 王钰;潘艳;孙裕钰5.加拿大高校培养STEM教师的经验与启示——以英属哥伦比亚大学为例 [J], 袁智强;Marina Milner-Bolotin;David Anderson因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

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adaptive radiation
the development of a number of new species from a common ancestor; the new species are adapted to inhabit different niches
aeration
mixing with air; one method to reduce run-off is to mechanically remove small plugs of soil to improve air and water flow through the soil
bioremediation
the act of treating waste or pollutants by the use of microorganisms (as bacteria) or plants that can break down the undesirable substances such as chemical pollutants to reverse or lessen environmental damage
climax community
a mature community, such as a boreal forest, tropical rainforest, grassland, or desert, that continues to change over time
deforestation
the clearing or logging of forests without replanting
ecological succession
changes that take place over time in the types of organisms that live in an area
extinction
the dying out of a species; species become extinct when their numbers are reduced to zero
foreign species
introduced species
habitat fragmentation
splitting of ecosystems into small fragments
habitat loss
the destruction of habitats that usually results from human activities
introduced species
species moved to new geographic areas, either intentionally or accidentally
invasive species
introduced organisms that can take over the habitats of native species or invade their bodies thus weakening their immune system
land use
the ways in which we use land, such as for urban development, agriculture, industry, mining and
forestry
native species
plants and animals that naturally inhabit an area
natural selection
the process in which, over time, the best-adapted members of a species will survive and reproduce. This process makes change in living things possible.
overexploitation
the use or extraction of a resource until it is depleted
pioneer species
first species to populate an area during primary succession; these organisms change the abiotic and biotic conditions of an area so that other organisms can survive there
primary succession
the development of new life in areas where no organisms or soil previously existed, such as on bare rock; the first organisms may be lichen spores carried by winds
resource exploitation
resource use
recourse use
the ways in which we obtain and use naturally occurring materials such as soil, wood, water, gas, oil, or minerals
secondary succession
the reintroduction of life after a disturbance to an area that already has soil and was once the home of living organisms
soil compaction
the squeezing together of soil particles so that the air spaces between them are reduced
soil degradation
damage to soil - for example, as a result of deforestation or the removal of topsoil from bare land by water and wind erosion
traditional ecological knowledge
ecological information, passed down from generation to generation, that reflects human experience with nature gained over centuries
sustainability
The ability of an ecosystem to sustain ecological processes and maintain biodiversity over time;
using natural resources in a way that maintains ecosystem health now and for future generations.
contamination
the introduction of chemicals, toxins,wastes, or micro organisms into the environment in concentrations that are harmful to living things.。