陶洁《美国文学选读》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(马克吐温)【圣才出品】

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陶洁《美国文学选读》(第3版)笔记和课后习题详解(第14单元弗

第14单元弗•斯科特•菲茨杰拉德14.1复习笔记I.Introduction to author（作者简介）1.Life（生平）F.Scott Fitzgerald(1896-1940)was born into a St.Paul middle-class family.He had education first in private schools and then at Princeton.In1917he left Princeton and enlisted in the army.But he never went to the war.During the period of15months of service in the army,he fell in love with Zelda Sayre,the daughter of a judge.Zelda told Fitzgerald that she would marry him only if he could get up in the world.In1920Fitzgerald’s This Side of Paradise was published and became immensely popular.On the strength of this one successful book,he won the expressive prize of Zelda.The Fitzgeralds were not always happy in their married life.They were also fighting each other all the time.Zelda began to have breakdowns and had to be put in a mental institution.Loneliness,alcohol and the awareness that he was dissipating his talent eventually combined to break him down.In the last year of his life,he began to write one very interesting novel,The Last Tycoon,which he never finished.In1940,he died at the age of44.Fitzgerald was essentially a1920s person.His Tales of the Jazz gave its name to this crucial period in the cultural history of America.He was the spokesman of the Jazz Age.弗·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德(1896—1940)出生于明尼苏达州首府圣保罗的一个中产阶级家庭。

陶洁《美国文学选读》课后习题详解(斯蒂芬克莱恩)【圣才出品】

第10单元斯蒂芬•克莱恩1. What does the opening sentence imply?Key: It implies the extremely dangerous and hard situation that they are faced with. They can only focus on the sea and do not once take their eyes off the ocean. They have to fight with the ocean with all their strength and attention.2. How does the following outburst contribute to the theme(s) of the story? “If I am going to be drowned - if I am going to be drowned - if I am going to be drowned. why, in the name of the seven mad gods who rule the sea, was I allowed to come thus far and contemplate sand and trees? Was I brought here merely to have my nose dragged away as I was about to nibble the sacred cheese of life? It is preposterous. If this old ninny woman, Fate, cannot do better than this, she should be deprived of the management of men’s fortunes. She is an old hen who knows not her intention. If she has decided to drown me. why did she not do it in the beginning and save me all this trouble. The whole affair is absurd....But, no, she cannot mean to drown me. She dare not drown me. She cannot drown me. Not after all this work.”Key: The following outburst is a desperate one which shows the speaker’s rebellions and resentfulness to the seven gods of sea. He thinks that he would be unfairly treated if he is drowned. Through the story, the struggle between manand the natural world is the most apparent theme. In fact, the speaker knows that nature is powerful and ruthless, and it will not show sympathy nor punish anyone, so, he thinks that he must survive by his own efforts. He must save himself.3. In what way could the survivors be interpreters?Key: The survivors can be interpreters to interpret the relationships between man and nature. They went through the hard struggles with nature, so they would have a better understanding of nature and man.。

陶洁《美国文学选读》（第3版）笔记和课后习题详解（第13单元凯萨琳

陶洁《美国⽂学选读》（第3版）笔记和课后习题详解（第13单元凯萨琳第13单元凯萨琳?安?波特13.1复习笔记I.Introduction to author（作者简介）1.Life（⽣平）Katherine Anne Porter(1890-1980)was born in Indian Greek,Texas.She began her life as a news reporter and sometimes as an actress and ballad /doc/0a7395332.htmlter she stayed in Europe and Mexico which proved very valuable for her writing.She was basically a short-story writer.Her Collected Stories won her both a Pulitzer Prize and a National Book Award.She lectured at various universities and received honorary doctorates from various institutions.She was vice president of the National Institute of Arts and Lettersfrom1950to1952.凯萨琳·安·波特(1890—1980)出⽣于德克萨斯州印第安河市。

她曾做过报社记者，演员和民谣歌⼿。

后来她到过欧洲和墨西哥。

这段经历对她⽇后的写作很有帮助。

她主要是短篇⼩说家。

她的《短篇⼩说集》获得了普利策奖和全国图书奖。

她曾到许多⼤学做讲座，收到了许多机构授予的荣誉博⼠学位。

从1950年到1952年她担任美国国家艺术与⽂学协会副主席。

2.Major Works（主要作品）The Flowering Judas(1930)《开花的紫荆树》Pale Horse,Pale Rider(1939)《灰⾊骑⼠灰⾊马》Old Mortality(1939)《修墓⽼⼈》The Leaning Tower(1944)《斜塔》The Old Order(1944)《旧秩序》A Ship of Fools(1962)《愚⼈船》II.Selected works（选读作品）◆The Jilting of Granny Weatherall《被背弃的⽼祖母》The Granny in this story is a very strong and hardy woman.At first,her lover abandoned her,and then her husband died at an early age,but she was confronted with frustrations bravely and took care of farm all by herself and successfully brought up her children.However,the Granny also has weaknesses.She has always been trying to forget about the shame and anguish brought about by her lover’s abandon,but unfortunately,she couldn’t dismiss them form her mind until she died.On her deathbed,she was hurt again;because that God did not come to her to take her to the heaven as her religious belief meant,but her life was took away by Death before she was ready to die.故事中的⽼祖母是⼀位坚强的⼥性。

陶洁《美国文学选读》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(本杰明富兰克林)【圣才出品】

第1单元本杰明•富兰克林1.1 复习笔记I. Introduction to author（作者简介）Benjamin Franklin (1706—1790) was a rare genius in human history. He became everything: a printer, postmaster, almanac maker, essayist, scientist, inventor, orator, statesman, philosopher, political economist, ambassador, —“Jack of all trades.”本杰明·富兰克林(1706—1790)是人类历史上少有的天才。

他是出版家、邮政总长、历书作者、散文家、科学家、发明家、演说家、政治家、哲学家、政治经济学家、大使等等。

1. Life（生平）He was born into a poor family. He was a voracious reader. At 16 he published essays under the pseudonym Silence Dogood. At 17 he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune. He became a printer. He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital, an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania, and the American Philosophical Society. He was a preeminent scientist of his day. He signed the Declaration of Independence. He was one of the makers of the new nation.富兰克林出生于一个贫穷的家庭。

陶洁《美国文学选读》(第3版)考研真题精选-名词解释及作品分析题【圣才出品】

三、名词解释1.Edgar Allan Poe（北航2007研）Key:Edgar Allan Poe(1809—1849)was an American writer,poet,editor and literary critic,considered part of the American Romantic Movement.Best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre,Poe was one of the earliest American practitioners of the short story and is considered the inventor of the detective-fiction genre.He is further credited with contributing to the emerging genre of science fiction.He was the first well-known American writer to try to earn a living through writing alone,resulting in a financially difficult life and career.2.Santiago（北航2009研）Key:Santiago is the protagonist of The Old Man and the Sea,written by American novelist Ernest Hemingway.He is an old man who hasn’t caught any fishes for eighty-four days.On the final journey he has a fight with sharks.This character depicted by Hemingway is a typical“tough guy”.Santiago embodies Hemingway’s definition of courage as“grace under pressure”.He never loses dignity in the face of death.The glory and honor Santiago comes not from the battle itself but from his pride and determination to fight.His famous words are “A man is not made for defeat...a man can be destroyed but not defeated.”3.Walt Whitman and Leaves of Grass（南开大学2010研）Key:Walt Whitman(1819—1892)was a great American poet in the19th century. He added to the literary independence of the new nation and devoted all his life to the creation of the“single”poem,Leaves of Grass.In this giant work, openness,freedom,and above all,individualism are all that concern him. Whitman broke from the traditional iambic pentameter and wrote“free verse”. His long“catalogs”of lines gave free rein to his imagination in his life-long attempt to celebrate life in the new life.4.The Southern Renaissance in American Literature（四川大学2011研；北航2008研）Key:The Southern Renaissance(also known as Southern Renascence)was the reinvigoration of American Southern literature that began in the1920s and1930s with the appearance of writers such as William Faulkner,Tennessee Williams,and Robert Penn Warren and so on.Before the Southern Renaissance,the Southern literature was dominated by writers who supported the“Lost Cause”—the heroism of the Confederate army and civilian population during the Civil War and the supposedly“idyllic culture”that existed in the South before the war.The Southern Renaissance changed this by addressing three major themes in their works.they are1)The burden of history in a place where many people still remembered slavery,Reconstruction,and a devastating military defeat,2)theSouth’s conservative culture,specifically on how an individual could exist without losing a sense of identity in a region where family,religion,and community were more highly valued than one’s personal and social life,3)the South’s troubled history in regards to racial issues.They also brought new modernistic techniques such as stream of consciousness and complex narrative techniques to their works(as Faulkner did in his novel As I Lay Dying).5.Transcendentalism（南开大学2008研，北二外2010研；北航2010研）Key:Transcendentalism is a New England movement,which flourished from about1835to1860.It had its roots in romanticism and in post-Kantian idealism by which Coleridge was influenced.It had a considerable influence on American art and literature.Basically religious,it emphasized the role and importance of the individual conscience,and the value of intuition in matters of moral guidance and inspiration.The actual term was coined by opponents of the movement,but accepted by its members.The group of people was also social reformers.Some of the members,besides Emerson,were famous,including Bronson Alcott,Henry David Thoreau and Nathaniel Hawthorne.6.Henry James（四川大学2009研）Key:Henry James(1843-1916)is a famous American writer and one of the key figures of19th century literary realism.In his novels,he usually describes the upper class of the American society.He is also famous for psychological realism.His major works include:The Portrait of a Lady,The Ambassadors,Daisy Miller etc.7.Imagism（北外2009研；南开大学2009研；北京邮电大学2010研）Key:Imagism is a literary movement which came into being in Britain and U.S. around1910as a reaction to the traditional English poetry to express the sense of fragmentation and dislocation.The imagists,with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold that the most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of one dominant image.Imagism is characterized by the following three poetic principles:i)direct treatment of subject matter;ii) economy of expression;iii)as regards rhythm,to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase,not in the sequence of metronome.Ezra Pound’s“In a Station of the Metro”is a well-known imagist poem.8.Black humor（厦门大学2010研）Key:It is a kind of writing that places grotesque elements side by side with humorous ones in an attempt to shock the readers,forcing him or her to laugh at the horrifying reality of a disordered world.It is a humor out of despair and laughter out of tears.Black humor conveys anguish and fury at conditions in which institutionalized absurdity gets the upper hand.It intends to satirize hypocrisy,racial prejudice,and above all the dehumanization of the individual by a modern society.Black humor prevails in modern American Literature.JosephHeller’s Novel Cater-22is considered a superb example of the use of Black humor.Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse Five is also a case in point.9.Avant-Garde（上海交大2007研）Key:Avant-garde,the French military and political term for the vanguard of an army or political movement,extended since the late19th century to avant-garde that body of artists and writers who are dedicated to the idea of art as experiment and revolt against tradition.Ezra Pound’s view that‘Artists are the antennae of the race,is a distinctly modern one,implying a duty to stay ahead of one’s time through constant innovation in forms and subjects.10.Ezra Pound and The Cantos（南开大学2009研）Key:Ezra Weston Loomis Pound(1885–1972)was an American expatriate poet, critic and intellectual who was a major figure of the Modernist movement in the first half of the20th century.His significant contributions to poetry begin with his promotion of Imagism.The Cantos by Ezra Pound is a long,incomplete poem in120sections,each of which is a canto.Most of it was written between1915and1962,although much of the early work was abandoned and the early cantos,as finally published, date from1922onwards.Strong claims have been made for it as the most significant work of modernist poetry of the twentieth century.The most striking feature of the text,to a casual browser,is the inclusion of Chinese characters aswell as quotations in European languages other than English.11.“Self-reliance”（北二外2009研）Key:“Self-Reliance”is an essay written by American Transcendentalist philosopher and essayist,Ralph Waldo Emerson.It contains the most solid statement of one of Emerson’s repeating themes,the need for each individual to avoid conformity and false consistency,and follow his or her own instincts and ideas.Emerson’s ideas are considered a reaction to a commercial identity;he calls for a return to individual identity.12.First-person narrative（上海交大2003研）Key:First-person narrative is also called first person point of view,which is used in the analysis and criticism of fiction to describe the way in which the writer presents the reader with the materials of the story.The first person point of view relates events as they are perceived by a single character,“I”.The narrator“I”may be part of the action or an observer,a major or minor participant in the action.As readers,we cannot know or witness anything the narrator does not tell us.We therefore share all the limitations of the narrator.This technique has the advantage of a sharp and precise focus.Moreover,you feel part of the story because the narrator’s“I”echoes the“I”already in your own mind”.Mark Twain’s novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is presented from the first person viewpoint.四、作品分析题Passage1（人大2007研）“Prophet!”said I,“thing of evil!—prophet still,if bird or devil!—Whether tempter sent,or whether tempest tossed thee here ashore,Desolate yet all undaunted,on this desert land enchanted—On this home by horror haunted—tell me truly,I implore—Is there—is there balm in Gilead?—tell me—tell me,I implore!”Questions:1.Give the title of the work and the full name of the author.2.Explain the implications of the underlined parts.Key:1.“The Raven”by Edgar Allan Poe2.Prophet:The speaker here calls the raven as a prophet,who can give him someclues to his puzzle of his beloved one.Implore:This word means that the speaker appeals the raven to tell him whether there are ways to cure his pain.Balm in Gilead:This sentence is quoted from the Bible,which means that whether there are some medicines to reduce the speaker’s pain.Passage2（北二外2009研）The following poem is written for the mourning of the Assassination of President Abraham Lincoln.Read it and answer the questions.O Captain!My CaptainO Captain!My Captain!Our fearful trip is done,The ship has weather’d every rack,the prize we sought is won,The port is near,the bells I hear,the people all exulting,While follow eyes the steady keel,the vessel grim and daring;But O heart!heart!heart!O the bleeding drops of red!Where on the deck my Captain lies,Fallen cold and dead.O Captain!My Captain!Rise up and hear the bells;Rise up—for you the flag is flung—for you the bugle trills,For you bouquets and ribbon’d wreaths—for you the shores crowding,For you they call,the swaying mass,their eager faces turning;Here,Captain!Dear father!This arm beneath your head;It is some dream that on the deckYou’ve fallen cold and dead.My Captain does not answer,his lips are pale and still,My father does not feel my arm,he has no pulse nor will;The ship is anchor’d safe and sound,its voyage closed and done;From fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won;Exult,O shores!And ring,O bells!But I,with mournful tread,Walk the deck my captain lies,Fallen cold and dead.1.The writer of this famous poem is one of the most influential poets at the age of romanticism.Can you give out his name and present his contribution in literature briefly?2.Can you enlist at least two major figures of speech used in this poem and illustrate their functions respectively?Key:1.The author of this poem is Walt Whitman.Whitman’s influence over modern poetry is great in America as well as in the world.His best works have been part of the common property of Western culture.Many poets in England,France,Italy and Latin America are in his debt.Modern American poets like T.S.Eliot and Ezra Pound would not have been what they were without Whitman.Contemporary American poetry,whatever school or form,bears witness to his great influence. For his innovations in diction and versification,his frankness about sex,his inclusion of the commonplace and the ugly and his censure of the weaknesses of the American democratic practice—these have paved his way for a share of。

陶洁《美国文学选读》（第3版）笔记和课后习题详解（第18单元尤金

陶洁《美国⽂学选读》（第3版）笔记和课后习题详解（第18单元尤⾦第18单元尤⾦?格拉斯通?奥尼尔18.1复习笔记I.Introduction to author（作者简介）1.Life（⽣平）Eugene Glastone O’Neill(1888-1953)was the greatest playwright of US.He was born in New York.His father was a famous actor and O’Neill traveled around with his father’s group and took a year in Princeton,from which he was expelled because of misbehavior.Then he began his experience of wandering and loafing about which stand him in good stead.In the winterof1912-13he developed tuberculosis and was sent to a sanitarium.In this period he read widely in the world’s dramatic literature.In1916his one-act play Bound East for Cardiff was staged.The event marked the beginning of O’Neill’s long and successful dramatic career and ushered in the modern era of the American Theater.O’Neill was a prize-winning playwright.He received the Pulitzer Prize for his Beyond the Horizon and Anna Christie between1920and1922,and the Nobel Prize in1936.尤⾦·格拉斯通·奥尼尔(1888—1953)是美国最伟⼤的剧作家。

陶洁《美国文学选读》笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解（斯蒂芬克莱恩）【圣才出品】

陶洁《美国⽂学选读》笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解（斯蒂芬克莱恩）【圣才出品】第10单元斯蒂芬?克莱恩10.1 复习笔记I. Introduction to author（作者简介）1. Life（⽣平）Stephen Crane was an American novelist, short story writer, poet and journalist. Prolific throughout his short life, he wrote notable works in the Realist tradition as well as early examples of American Naturalism and Impressionism. He is recognized by modern critics as one of the most innovative writers of his generation.斯蒂芬·克莱恩是美国⼩说家、短篇⼩说家、诗⼈、记者。

他在短暂的⼀⽣中著作颇丰，在现实主义传统下写了许多著名作品，也成为美国⾃然主义和印象主义的早期范例。

他被当代批评家认为是同时代最具有创意的作家。

2. Major Works（主要作品）Maggie: A Girl of the Street (1893) 《街头⼥郎麦姬》The Red Badge of Courage (1895) 《红⾊英勇勋章》“The Open Boat” (1897) 《海上扁⾈》The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky (1898)《新娘来到黄天镇》The Blue Hotel (1898) 《蓝⾊旅店》Ⅱ. Selected works（选读作品）◆The Open Boat《海上扁⾈》This story is based on Crane’s personal experiences. While traveling to Cuba to work as a newspaper correspondent during the Cuban insurrection against Spain, Crane was stranded at sea after his ship the Commodore sank off the coast of Florida. Stephen Crane and three others endured the rage of the sea for thirty hours. Billy Higgins a friend of Cranes drowned while swimming to shore. This realistic story of their life-threatening ordeal captures the emotions of four men in a fight against nature.Th e most significant aspect of this struggle lies in the men’s attempts to help one another survive when they are confronted with danger and disaster.故事取材于克莱恩真实的个⼈经历。

陶洁《美国文学选读》(第3版)笔记和课后习题详解(第8单元马克

第8单元马克•吐温8.1复习笔记I.Introduction to author（作者简介）1.Life（生平）Mark Twain(1835-1910)is the pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens.He was an American novelist and humorist.Twain grew up in Missouri,which would later provide the setting for Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer.He apprenticed with a printer.He also worked as a typesetter and contributed articles to his older brother Orion’s newspaper.After toiling as a printer in various cities,he became a master riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River before heading west to join Orion.He was a failure at gold mining, so he next turned to journalism.While a reporter,he wrote a humorous story,"The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County,"which became very popular and brought nationwide attention.His travelogues were also well received.He achieved great success as a writer and public speaker.His wit and satire earned praise from critics and peers,and he was a friend to presidents,artists, industrialists,and European royalty.马克·吐温(1835—1910)是萨缪尔·朗赫恩·克莱门斯的笔名。

陶洁《美国文学选读》(第2版)笔记和课后习题详解-第1~13单元【圣才出品】

第1单元本杰明•富兰克林1.1 复习笔记I. Introduction to author（作者简介）Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) was a rare genius in human history. He became everything: a printer, postmaster, almanac maker, essayist, scientist, inventor, orator, statesman, philosopher, political economist, ambassador,—“Jack of all trades.”富兰克林是人类历史上少有的天才。

他是出版家、邮政总长、历书作者、散文家、科学家、发明家、演说家、政治家、哲学家、政治经济学家、大使、业务员等等。

1. Life（生平）He was born into a poor family. He was a voracious reader. At 16 he published essays under the pseudonym Silence Do good. At 17 he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune. He became a printer. He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital, an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania, and the American Philosophical Society. He was a preeminent scientist of his day. He signed the Declaration of Independence. He was one of the makers of the new nation.富兰克林出生于一个贫穷的家庭。

陶洁《美国文学选读》(第3版)笔记和课后习题详解(第10单元斯蒂芬

第10单元斯蒂芬•克莱恩10.1复习笔记I.Introduction to author（作者简介）1.Life（生平）Stephen Crane was an American novelist,short story writer,poet and journalist. Prolific throughout his short life,he wrote notable works in the Realist tradition as well as early examples of American Naturalism and Impressionism.He is recognized by modern critics as one of the most innovative writers of his generation.斯蒂芬·克莱恩是美国小说家、短篇小说家、诗人、记者。

他在短暂的一生中著作颇丰，在现实主义传统下写了许多著名作品，也成为美国自然主义和印象主义的早期范例。

他被当代批评家认为是同时代最具有创意的作家。

2.Major Works（主要作品）Maggie:A Girl of the Street(1893)《街头女郎麦姬》The Red Badge of Courage(1895)《红色英勇勋章》“The Open Boat”(1897)《海上扁舟》The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky(1898)《新娘来到黄天镇》The Blue Hotel(1898)《蓝色旅店》II.Selected works（选读作品）◆The Open Boat《海上扁舟》This story is based on Crane’s personal experiences.While traveling to Cuba to work as a newspaper correspondent during the Cuban insurrection against Spain, Crane was stranded at sea after his ship the Commodore sank off the coast of Florida.Stephen Crane and three others endured the rage of the sea for thirty hours. Billy Higgins a friend of Cranes drowned while swimming to shore.This realistic story of their life-threatening ordeal captures the emotions of four men in a fight against nature.The most significant aspect of this struggle lies in the men’s attempts to help one another survive when they are confronted with danger and disaster.故事取材于克莱恩真实的个人经历。

陶洁《美国文学选读》(第3版)笔记和课后习题考研真题详解

陶洁《美国文学选读》（第3版）笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解攻重浩精研学习网提供资料第1单元本杰明•富兰克林1.1复习笔记I.Introduction to author（作者简介）Benjamin Franklin(1706—1790)was a rare genius in human history.He became everything: a printer,postmaster,almanac maker,essayist,scientist,inventor,orator,statesman, philosopher,political economist,ambassador,—“Jack of all trades.”本杰明·富兰克林(1706—1790)是人类历史上少有的天才。

他是出版家、邮政总长、历书作者、散文家、科学家、发明家、演说家、政治家、哲学家、政治经济学家、大使等等。

1.Life（生平）He was born into a poor family.He was a voracious reader.At16he published essays under the pseudonym Silence Dogood.At17he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune. He became a printer.He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital,an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania,and the American Philosophical Society.He was a preeminent scientist of his day.He signed the Declaration of Independence.He was one of the makers of the new nation.富兰克林出生于一个贫穷的家庭。

陶洁《美国文学选读》（第3版）笔记和课后习题详解（第25单元约瑟夫

陶洁《美国⽂学选读》（第3版）笔记和课后习题详解（第25单元约瑟夫第25单元约瑟夫?海勒25.1复习笔记I.Introduction to author（作者简介）1.Life（⽣平）Joseph Heller(1923-1999)was born into an immigrant Jewish family in Coney Island,Brooklyn.During the WWII he was listed in US Air Force,and performed his bombing mission for60times in France and Italy.He is the most prominent American novelist of the absurd in the postwar period.He wrote a book about his experience in the war.This is the famous Catch-22,the title of which has become a new addition to the English language.约瑟夫·海勒(1923—1999)出⽣于布鲁克林的⼀个移民犹太家庭。

⼆战中参加美国空军，曾在法国和意⼤利执⾏过60次轰炸任务。

他是美国⼆战后最杰出的荒诞派⼩说家。

他写了⼀部关于他的战争经历的书，这就是著名的《第⼆⼗⼆条军规》，其标题已经成为英语语⾔中的⼀个新的词汇。

2.Major Works（主要作品）Catch-22(1961)《第⼆⼗⼆条军规》We Bombed in New Haven(1968)《我们轰炸纽⿊⽂》Something Happened(1974)《出了⽑病》Good as Gold(1979)《好的不得了》God Knows(1984)《上帝知道》II.Selected works（主要作品分析）◆Catch-22《第⼆⼗⼆条军规》(1)Catch-22was the first book in America to treat the absurdity theme with absurdist techniques.It protests against the absurdity of modern America as embodied by the military power structure it describes.(2)The protagonist,Yossarian,is afraid of death.He has lost faith in God,and feels no sense of security any more.Along with his fellow pilots,he is horrified as the sight of death and absurdity around him.(3)The world of Yossarian is an absurd one,and the way Heller exposes it is through burlesque,the ruthless burlesque of the military unreason as best represented by its three major features:the structured chaos of the military build-up,the military logic,one symbol of which is a“rule”known as“Catch-22”, and the widespread absurdity on all level of existence.(4)Joseph Heller uses an absurd linguistic surface to reflect the depth of the absurdity of the modern world.Devices suchas“circular conversations”, constructions with their comic,unexpected responses,the“wrenched cliché”which results from the change of“a key word in an otherwise hackneyed expression,”juxtaposed incongruities,sudden tonal changes from seriousness to triviality—all these are skillfully employed to convey the illogicality and the unpredictability of a mad world.（1）《第⼆⼗⼆条军规》是美国第⼀部以荒诞技巧表现荒诞主题的著作，它以对军队情景的具体描述抗议现代美国社会的荒诞性。

陶洁《美国文学选读》(第3版)笔记和课后习题详解(第12单元舍伍德·安德森)【圣才出品】

第12单元舍伍德·安德森12.1复习笔记I.Introduction to author（作者简介）1.Life（生平）Sherwood Anderson(1876-1941),a novelist,was born in Camden,Ohio,the third of seven children of his family.After his father’s business failed,the family was forced to move frequently,finally settling down at Clyde,Ohio,in1884.Partly as a result of these misfortunes,young Sherwood found various odd jobs to help his family,which earned him the nickname"Jobby."He left school at age14.Anderson moved to Chicago near his brother’s home and worked as a manual laborer until near the turn of the century,when he enlisted in the United States Army.He was called up but did not see action in Cuba during the Spanish-American War.After the war,in1900,he enrolled at Wittenberg University in Springfield,Ohio. Eventually he secured a job as a copywriter in Chicago and became more successful.舍伍德·安德森(1876—1941)是一位小说家，出身于俄亥俄州卡姆丹镇，在七个孩子中排行第三。

陶洁《美国文学选读》(第3版)章节题库-第八章至第九章【圣才出品】

第8单元马克·吐温I.Fill in the blanks.1.The best work that Mark Twain ever produced is_____,which was a success from its fast publication in1884,and has always been regarded as one of the great books of western literature and western civilization.（人大2006研）【答案】Adventures of Huckleberry Finn【解析】马克·吐温的最著名的代表作是《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》。

2.One of Samuel Langhorne Clemens’best books_____is built around his experiences as a steam boat pilot.【答案】Life on the Mississippi【解析】马克·吐温的凭着年轻时驾驶河船的经验,写成了脍炙人口的自传《密西西比河上的生活》。

以密西西比河及沿岸的城镇为背景，生动地写下作者的生活体验、童年岁月以及他所热爱的乡土。

3.Mark Twain once described the theme of a book as the struggle between a healthy heart and a deformed conscience,and he attributed this description to the character_____in that book.（首师大2008研）【答案】Huckleberry Finn【解析】马克吐温曾说《哈克贝利·费恩》这部小说的主题是健康的心灵与扭曲的良心之间的斗争，他这段描述是针对小说主人公哈克贝利·费恩而言的。

陶洁《美国文学选读》(第3版)笔记和课后习题详解(第24单元索尔

第24单元索尔•贝娄24.1复习笔记I.Introduction to author（作者简介）1.Life（生平）Saul Bellow was about the best-known writer of his generation.He was born into a Russian Jewish family in Canada,he grew up in Chicago.His first book, Dangling Man,was published in1944,and for over a half a century,he wrote a good number of novels,short stories and plays,and won a good number of awards. His career reached its exciting climax in1976when he was awarded the Pulitzer Prize and the Nobel Prize for Literature.索尔·贝娄(1915—2005)是当代美国最著名的小说家。

他出生于加拿大一个俄国犹太移民家庭。

他在芝加哥长大。

他的第一部小说《摇来晃去的人》发表于1944年。

在接下来的半个多世纪，他创作了大量的长篇小说、短篇小说和剧本，赢得了众多的奖项。

1976年他的创作事业到达巅峰，他同时被授予普利策奖和诺贝尔文学奖。

2.His Themes（主题）Saul Bellow’s basic themes are essentially Three-fold:first,he views contemporary society as a threat to human life and human integrity.Then living in such an environment,people tend to become paranoid,high-strung,and impotent, and so lose their sanity.Finally,there is the quest motif,a quest for truth and values,difficult,excruciating,but successful in a way.索尔·贝娄的主题主要是如下三方面：首先，他认为当代社会对人们的生活和独立人格是个威胁。

陶洁《美国文学选读》课后习题详解(马克吐温)【圣才出品】

第8单元马克•吐温1. Why do you think Mr. Wheeler is so eager to tell these stories?Key: Because Mr. Wheeler regards these stories as really important matters, and he admires the two heroes of these stories very much. He is really eager to share his stories with others.2. Does his audience share his enthusiasm in telling the stories?Key: No, his audience does not share his enthusiasm nor has any interest in his stories. Although the narrator tells his stories in a very earnest and sincere way, his audience shows no interest, because that it has nothing to do with his preoccupation. As an educated man, the audience cannot understand the way of laborers for joy, and he will not bother himself to understand it. So, in the end, when the audience gets a chance, he flees away.3. Do you think the narrator and his listener ever suspect the presence of humor? Why? How do you interpret their interactions?Key: No, I don’t think that the narrator and his listener ever suspect the presence of humor. Because both the narrator and the listener show no special response and emotion to these stories, that is, the narrator tells his stories for the story-telling sake, and the listener listening to it for the listening sake. There is nocommunication between them, which causes the failure of interaction.。

陶洁《美国文学选读》(第3版)笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解-第1~6单元【圣才出品】

他是出版家、邮政总长、历书作者、散文家、科学家、发明家、演说家、政治家、哲学家、政治经济学家、大使等等。

陶洁《美国文学选读》(第3版)笔记和课后习题详解(第11单元薇拉

第11单元薇拉•凯瑟11.1复习笔记I.Introduction to author（作者简介）1.Life（生平）Willa Cather(1873-1947)was an American woman author who achieved recognition for her novels of frontier life on the Great Plains,in works such as O Pioneers!,MyÁntonia and The Song of the Lark.In1923she was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for One of Ours(1922),a novel set during World War I.Cather grew up in Nebraska and graduated from the University of Nebraska.She lived and worked in Pittsburgh for ten years,and then at the age of33she moved to New York,where she lived for the rest of her life.薇拉·凯瑟(1873—1947)是一位美国女作家，她对边疆生活的描写获得广泛认可，主要体现在《啊，拓荒者》、《我的安东尼亚》和《云雀之歌》等作品中。

1923年，她凭借《我们中的一个》获得普利策奖，该作品取材于一战。

凯瑟在内布拉斯加州长大，毕业于内布拉斯加大学。

她在匹兹堡生活工作了十年，随后在她33岁时移居到纽约，直至终老。

2.Major Works（主要作品）O Pioneers!(1913)《啊，拓荒者》The Song of the Lark(1915)《云雀之歌》MyÁntonia(1918)《我的安东尼亚》One of Ours(1922)《我们中的一个》A Lost Lady(1923)《一个沉沦的女人》The Professor’s House(1925)《教授的住宅》Death Comes for the Archbishop(1927)《死神迎接大主教》II.Selected works（选读作品）◆Miss Jewett《朱厄特小姐》It is a prose about the writer’s memories of her literary guide,Sarah Orne Jewett.Cather had deep feelings towards her.Jewett is a woman writer who had her own specific features.When Cather recalls her,she must talk about Jewett’s literary achievement.So,this article will focus on both emotional personal feelings and sharp writings of literary criticism.这是一篇凯瑟回忆文学领路人莎拉·奥恩·朱厄特的散文。

陶洁《美国文学选读》课后习题详解(19世纪美国诗人)【圣才出品】

第7单元19世纪美国诗人“I Shot an Arrow”1. Why did the speaker lose sight of his arrow and song?Key: Because that the arrow flew so swiftly and the song was invisible and no one had so knee and strong sight to catch them, he lost sight of his arrow and song.2. In what circumstances did he find them again?Key: After a long, long time, he found the arrow still unbroken in an oak, and the song, from beginning to end, in the heart of a friend. They were both well-preserved after a very long time.3. What do arrow and song stand for in this poem?Key: Arrow and song stand for friendship, affections and true sentiments towards friends in this poem.“A Psalm of Life”1. What kind of person is the speaker of this poem?Key: The speaker of the poem is an optimistic person. He loves life and is enthusiastic about life. He is encouraging and invigorative. He encourages those who encountered hardships and were suffering. He is also a doer who always actsrather than yearns for future and makes plan for it. He knows that a person should “be up and doing, with a heart for any fate” and keep achieving and pursuing, and learning to labor and wait.2. According to the poem, how should our lives be led to overcome the fact that each day brings us nearer to death?Key: According the poem, “life is real, life is earnest! And the grave is not its goal.” Although we go towards death every day, it is not our destination, for the aim of life of ours is to pursue, achieve and improve ourselves. That is, “but to act, that each tomorrow / Find us farther than today.” So, we should“Be a hero in the strife” and “act in the living present!”3. Interpret the metaphor of “Footprints on the sand of time” (line 28).Key: “The sand of time”refers to the lifetime of a man. If a man has done nothing and achieved nothing, his whole life would be empty and worthless. There was no any “footprints”. “Footprints on the sand of time” refers a person’s traces of struggle and his ac hievement recognized by others.“Sonnet-To Science”1. What kind of image does science have in this poem?Key: According to the poem, science is “the daughter of Old Time” and changes all things with its “peering eyes”. It becomes formidable adversary toimagination and poetry, because it stops the poets’ wandering in the jeweled shies.2. According to Poe, what will a poet do, if he is free from the bondage of science? Key: If a poet is free from the bondage of science, he will wander in the jeweled skies to seek treasure, that is, writing materials, for his poems, and have the summer dream beneath the tamarind tree so as to send his imaginations fly.3. What might science deprive the speaker of?Key: Science might deprive the speaker of “wandering” and “the summer dream beneath the tamarind tree”, because science, like a vulture, preys “upon the poet’s heart” and it also ruins many beautiful legends. Science explains everything in a scientific way, leaving poets no place to imagine and wander. In the end, the speaker even cannot dream under the tamarind tree.“To Helen”1. Why does the poet compare Helen’s beauty to “those Nicean barks of yore”? Key: Because the poet thinks that Helen is a classical beauty and “those Nicean barks of yore” implies the same kind of beauty, which is gentle, dreamy and heart-shaking.2. What have brought the wayfaring speaker home?Key: Helen’s “hyacinth hair, classic face and Naiad airs” have brou ght the wayfaring speaker home.3. In what form does Helen appear in the final stanza? Why does she carry a lamp in her hands?Key: She stands “in yon brillia nt window-niche” like a statue.Because now, she appears in the incarnation of Psyche, who was very curious about his husband and carried a lamp to see him. And here, the poet reproduces the classic scene of the mythology so as to make Helen mysterious.One’s Self I Sing1. What is th e significance of singing about one’s, self?Key: Singing about one’s self is celebrating human beings’ individual spirit, which is typical of American people. This exaltation puts mankind at the first place and increases their confidence and self-esteem.2. What is the difference between physiology and physiognomy?Key: Physiology is a science that deals with the functions and life process of human beings, whereas physiognomy refers to an art of judging character from contours of face itself or the appearance of a person.3. What does Whitman mean by the term of “the Modern Man”?Key: He means that “the Modern Man” should be free from any prejudice and pride, totally different from the traditional one who is full of bias. The life of “the Modern Man” is full of passion, pulse and power, and people’s action are cheerful and freest under the divine laws.“O Captain! My Captain!”1. Why is the word “Captain” capitalized throughout the poem?Key: Because, in this poem, the word “Captain” especially refers to Abraham Lincoln, president of the United States.2. What overall metaphor does the poet employ in this poem?Key: The poet compares America to be the ship on the sea, and the sea symbolizes the Civil War of America. President, Abraham Lincoln, is compared to be the “Captain”, who is killed just before the victory.3. Why do people on the shores exult and bells ring while the speaker remains so sad?Key: Because people on the shore welcome the ship returning from its hard trip, whereas the speaker is sad because the captain fails to receive his own honor.“To Make a Prairie”1. What things are needed to “make” a prairie? In what sense can one really do it?Key: It needs grass and insects. One can really do it by imagination.2. How can “revery alone” create a prairie?Key: By imagination, everything on a prairie can come into our mind, and thus, we can create a prairie.“Success Is Counted Sweetest”1. W hy is success “counted sweetest by those who never succeed”?Key: Because those who never succeed have a strong desire to succeed and they think that being successful is the most meaningful and worthy thing that they pursue. For them, success is the most attractive goal and is counted sweetest.2. Who are “the purple host”?Key: “The purple host” refers to those so-called successful people in the world.3. Who is “he” in the last stanza?Key: “He” refers to anyo ne who is pursuing his success.“I’m Nobody!”1. Who are the “pair of us” and “they” in this poem?Key: The “pair of us” refers to the speaker in the poem and the reader. “They” refers to the public, especially those in power.。

陶洁《美国文学选读》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(亨利詹姆斯)【圣才出品】

第9单元亨利•詹姆斯9.1 复习笔记I. Introduction to author（作者简介）1. Life（生平）Henry James (1843—1916), born into a very rich and well-bred family in New York, was an outstanding realistic novelist. When he was young, he traveld a lot with his father to European countries. His parents didn’t pay attention to formal education in school but invited personal tutors to teach him and his brother and sister with European countries’ languages and culture. When he was 19 years old, he entered Law School of Harvard, however, he quit law study when he began to be attracted by literature because of the effect of Howells and others on him.He is primarily known for the series of novels in which he portrays the encounter of Americans with Europe and Europeans.亨利·詹姆斯(1843—1916)斯出生于纽约市的一个富裕而又有教养的家庭，是一位出色的现实主义小说家。

年小时候的他，经常跟随父亲周游欧洲。

陶洁《美国文学选读》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(马克 吐温)【圣才出品】

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