Law of closure
国际私法专业术语
涉 外侵 权的法 律适 用 比较损害 方法 船舶碰撞 侵权行为 侵权行为 地法 双重可诉 原则 侵权行为 准据法 损害结果 发生地 规则 侵权行为 自体法
comparative-impairment approach collision tort law of the place of wrong rule of double actionability applicable law of tort place of impact rule proper law of the torts
冲 突规 范与准 据法 场所支配 行为 重叠适用 的冲突 规范 当事人合 意选择 的法律 定性 动态连结 点 法院地法 分类 附带问题 国际惯例 合同缔结 地法 静态连结 点 客观连结 点 连结点 连结对象 连结因素 旗国法 侵权行为 地法 人际法律 冲突 时际法律 冲突 实体规范 时效问题 属人法 单边冲突 规范 双边冲突 规范 外国法的 适用
autonomy of will choosing and picking, depecage the proper law of the Contract Characteristic Performance place of performance place of making Party Autonomy law of the place of the most significant relationship the Most Closest Connect Doctrine
中 文索 引
国际私法专业术语（中英文对照）
英 文索 引
国 际私 法概论 冲突法 冲突规范 法律适用 规范 法律选择 规范 法域 国际法律 冲突 国际交往 互利 国际私法 国际私法 规范 国际条约 国际统一 程序法 条约 国际统一 冲突法 条约 国际统一 实体法 条约 任意性惯 例 涉外因素 属地管辖 权 属人管辖 权 隐存的法 律冲突 直接调整 方法 间接调整 方法
承担法律后果_英文(3篇)
第1篇Introduction:Legal responsibility is an integral part of society, ensuring that individuals and organizations adhere to laws and regulations. When someone violates these laws, they must face the consequences. Thisarticle will discuss the concept of legal responsibility, its importance, and the various consequences that individuals and entities may face.I. Understanding Legal Responsibility:1. Definition:Legal responsibility refers to the obligation to comply with laws, regulations, and contractual agreements. It is the duty of individuals and organizations to act within the boundaries of the law, avoiding any illegal activities.2. Importance:Legal responsibility plays a crucial role in maintaining order, justice, and fairness in society. It ensures that everyone is accountable fortheir actions, promoting a sense of security and trust among individuals.II. Types of Legal Responsibility:1. Civil Responsibility:Civil responsibility pertains to the legal obligations betweenindividuals or entities. It involves the compensation or remedies awarded to the victim when someone violates a civil law. Examplesinclude breach of contract, defamation, and negligence.2. Criminal Responsibility:Criminal responsibility refers to the legal obligations imposed on individuals or organizations that commit criminal acts. It involves the punishment imposed by the state, such as fines, imprisonment, or probation.3. Administrative Responsibility:Administrative responsibility pertains to the legal obligations of government officials, public institutions, and private organizations. It involves the penalties imposed for violating administrative regulations or laws, such as fines or suspension of licenses.III. Consequences of Legal Responsibility:1. Civil Consequences:a. Compensation: The violating party may be required to compensate the victim for the damages caused, such as medical expenses, property damage, or emotional distress.b. Restitution: The violating party may be ordered to restore the victim to the position they were in before the violation occurred.c. Injunctions: The court may issue an injunction, preventing the violating party from engaging in certain activities that caused harm.2. Criminal Consequences:a. Fines: The violating party may be ordered to pay a monetary penalty as punishment for the offense.b. Imprisonment: Depending on the severity of the crime, theviolating party may face imprisonment as a form of punishment.c. Probation: The violating party may be placed on probation, requiring them to adhere to certain conditions and restrictions while under supervision.3. Administrative Consequences:a. Fines: Similar to criminal consequences, the violating party may be fined for violating administrative regulations.b. License suspension or revocation: Government officials, public institutions, and private organizations may have their licenses suspended or revoked for violating administrative laws.c. Disciplinary actions: Government officials may face disciplinary actions, such as demotion or termination, for violating administrative laws.IV. The Impact of Legal Responsibility:1. Deterrence:Legal responsibility serves as a deterrent, discouraging individuals and organizations from engaging in illegal activities. Knowing that theywill face consequences for their actions can prevent potential violations.2. Justice:Legal responsibility ensures that victims receive justice and that the violating party is held accountable for their actions. It helps maintain a sense of fairness and equality in society.3. Public Trust:By enforcing legal responsibility, authorities demonstrate their commitment to upholding the law, fostering public trust and confidence in the legal system.V. Conclusion:Legal responsibility is a fundamental aspect of society, ensuring that individuals and organizations adhere to laws and regulations. The consequences of legal responsibility serve as a deterrent, promoting justice and maintaining public trust. By understanding the importance of legal responsibility and its various consequences, society can work towards a more ordered and just world.第2篇In the realm of law, taking legal consequences is an essential aspect that everyone should understand and adhere to. Legal consequences refer to the penalties or outcomes that individuals or entities face as a result of violating laws or regulations. These consequences can range from fines and imprisonment to civil lawsuits and reputational damage.In this article, we will explore the importance of taking legal consequences, the types of legal consequences, and the implications of failing to accept responsibility.I. The Importance of Taking Legal ConsequencesTaking legal consequences is crucial for several reasons:1. Upholding the Rule of Law: Legal consequences ensure that laws are enforced and that everyone is held accountable for their actions. This principle is the foundation of a just society, where individuals and institutions are equal before the law.2. Deterrence: By imposing legal consequences, society sends a clear message that illegal activities will not be tolerated. This serves as a deterrent, discouraging individuals from engaging in criminal orunlawful behavior.3. Justice and Fairness: Legal consequences provide a mechanism for delivering justice and ensuring that victims receive appropriate remedies. This promotes fairness and prevents the perpetuation of injustice.4. Personal Responsibility: Taking legal consequences demonstrates personal accountability for one's actions. It encourages individuals to learn from their mistakes and make amends, fostering personal growth and rehabilitation.II. Types of Legal ConsequencesLegal consequences can vary depending on the nature of the offense and the jurisdiction. Some common types of legal consequences include:1. Criminal Penalties: These penalties are imposed for offensesclassified as crimes, such as theft, assault, or fraud. They can include fines, imprisonment, probation, parole, and mandatory counseling or rehabilitation programs.2. Civil Penalties: Civil penalties are imposed for breaches of contract, negligence, or other civil wrongs. They typically involve monetarydamages, restitution, or injunctions. Examples include paying compensation to a victim or ceasing harmful activities.3.行政处罚：行政处罚是指行政机关依法对违法行为人采取的行政制裁措施，如罚款、没收违法所得、吊销许可证等。
劳伦斯案——植物人法律人格终结制度
11of27DOCUMENTSCopyright©1992The Harvard Law Review Association.Harvard Law ReviewAPRIL,1992105Harv.L.Rev.1426LENGTH:3391wordsRECENT CASE:FAMILY LAW--MEDICAL CONSENT--INDIANA SUPREME COURT HOLDS THAT FAMILY MAY TERMINATE TREATMENT FOR NEVER-COMPETENT PATIENT IN PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE.--In re Lawrance,579N.E.2d32(Ind.1991).LEXISNEXIS SUMMARY:...In In re Lawrance,the court held that state law authorized the parents of Sue Ann Lawrance,a never-competent patient who was in a persistent vegetative state,to withdraw the artificially provided nutrition and hydration that had supported Sue Ann's life.The court further held that this could be done without prior court approval,as long as no family member or treating physician filed a petition in probate court that alleged that the decision was not in Sue Ann's "best interests"or was not made"in good faith."...The probate court granted the guardianship application and appointed the Christian Fellowship's attorney as temporary limited guardian for the sole purpose of seeking a stay of the superior court order pending any appellate review of the superior court's judgment....The court interpreted the HCCA provision that"a spouse,parent,adult child,or adult sibling"may consent to treatment for a patient who is unable herself to consent to mean that the family of a never-competent patient has legal authority to determine whether a health care provider should continue to provide artificial nutrition and hydration to the patient....They have defined factors by which to gauge the patient's best interest,have insisted that some other objective body review the family's termination decision,and have defined clear standards of review....TEXT:[*1426]Since the New Jersey Supreme Court decided the landmark case of In re Quinlan,n1courts and commentators have actively debated the proper conditions under which treatment may be withdrawn from an incompetent patient.n2The Indiana Supreme Court recently added one more voice to this debate.In In re Lawrance, n3the court held that state law authorized the parents of Sue Ann Lawrance,a never-competent patient who was in a persistent vegetative state,to withdraw the artificially provided nutrition and hydration that had supported Sue Ann's life.n4The court further held that this could be done without prior court approval,as long as no family member or treating physician filed a petition in probate court that alleged that the decision was not in Sue Ann's"best interests"or was not made"in good faith."n5In re Lawrance is not a positive addition to the debate.The court failed to recognize that families and physicians making termination decisions may not always take the best interest of the patient into account or may place too much emphasis on factors other than the patient's best interest.n6The court thus opted for an inappropriately deferential and vague standard of review.In the summer of1987,Sue Ann Lawrance,a thirty-nine year old woman who had been mentally handicapped since age nine,entered a persistent vegetative state.n7On March4,1991,wrance's parents petitioned thesuperior court for authority to remove the tube by which Sue Ann received nutrition and hydration.n8Sue Ann's treating physicians all concurred with the decision and agreed that there was little chance that her condition would improve.n9The superior court held that the Lawrances had the authority to withdraw[*1427]treatment,and it enjoined the State Board of Health and all health care providers from interfering with the family's decision.n10In an attempt to prevent the withdrawal of Sue Ann's treatment,the Christian Fellowship With the Disabled petitioned the probate court to obtain guardianship over wrance.n11The probate court granted the guardianship application and appointed the Christian Fellowship's attorney as temporary limited guardian for the sole purpose of seeking a stay of the superior court order pending any appellate review of the superior court's judgment.n12The superior court then granted the guardian's motion for a stay,and the guardian appealed the initial ruling.n13Chief Judge Shepard,writing for the supreme court,addressed three questions:whether the provisions of the Indiana Health Care Consent Act(HCCA)n14authorize the family of a never-competent patient in a persistent vegetative state to withdraw artificially-provided nutrition and hydration;whether court proceedings are required to effectuate decisions under the HCCA;and whether individuals other than family members and physicians have standing to challenge decisions made pursuant to the HCCA.n15On the first issue,Chief Justice Shepard concluded that the artificial provision of nutrition and hydration constitutes "treatment"under the HCCA.n16The court then read the HCCA in the context of Indiana's constitutional,statutory, and common law,each of which,the court stated,reflects a commitment both to patient self-determination and to family decisionmaking when a patient is not competent to make decisions on her own.n17The court interpreted the HCCA provision that"a spouse,parent,adult child,or adult sibling"n18may consent to treatment for a patient who is unable herself to consent to[*1428]mean that the family of a never-competent patient has legal authority to determine whether a health care provider should continue to provide artificial nutrition and hydration to the patient.n19 The court next held that a family does not need court approval to terminate treatment.n20The legislature promulgated the HCCA,the court wrote,"for a society in which health care decisions are routinely made by families on advice of physicians."n21The legislature intended the HCCA to empower families to resolve health care decisions without resorting to court proceedings.n22The court insisted that it would be"hubris"to presume that courts are better able to make treatment decisions than are families.n23Finally,the court decided that the HCCA authorized only family members and health care providers to challenge termination decisions.n24Because the HCCA states that"[a]health care provider or any interested individual"n25 may challenge a termination decision in probate court,the court concluded that the legislature had not intended to allow third parties with no direct interest in the case to challenge individual treatment decisions.n26 In justifying its holdings,the court asserted that its decision did not"irresponsibly place helpless patients in a position of unusual risk."n27Chief Justice Shepard argued that many safeguards constraining the family's decision to terminate exist."[T]he first line of defense against abuses in withdrawal of treatment,"he wrote,"[is]the ethical guidelines of the medical profession."n28He also reasoned that the close relationship between the patient and the decisionmaker protects incapacitated patients:"'family members are generally most concerned with the welfare of a patient.It is they who provide for the patient's comfort,care,and best interests,and they who treat the patient as a person,rather than a symbol of a cause.'"n29The court further noted[*1429]that the HCCA requires the family to "act in good faith and in the best interest of the individual incapable of consenting,"n30or else"[a]health care provider or any interested individual"may challenge the health care decisions in probate court.n31 The court's protestations aside,In re Lawrance fails to protect effectively the best interests of the patient.Although families and doctors will generally attempt to keep the patient's best interests in mind,both family members and doctors may have substantial incentives to disregard the best interest of the patient or to unconsciously consider inappropriate factors.The court should therefore have followed the lead of jurisdictions that have adopted a more definite set of criteria to guide the family and a more rigorous process of review to ensure that families follow those criteria.Families of incompetent individuals frequently have pressing emotional and financial concerns that may be in tension with the patient's best interest.For example,family members may need to achieve closure of a painful period. n32They may also feel that they themselves would not want treatment continued if they were in that situation.The often staggering cost of hospitalization and treatment may further influence their calculations.n33It is unrealistic to assume that all families will act in the best interest of incompetent patients.n34Even when the family seeks to act in the best interest of the patient,the difficulty and complexity of the decision and the lack of court-defined criteria may lead the family to consider factors other than the patient's best interest.Doctors also face incentives to terminate treatment even when termination may not be in the patient's best interest. Most commentators argue that institutional constraints and professional mores make it more likely that doctors will improperly continue treatment than wrongfully terminate treatment.n35However,a doctor may be overly[*1430] deferential to a family's termination decision because she seeks to avoid tough ethical choices,n36because of her own personal values,n37or because of a need to generate additional hospital revenue.n38Even if most doctors try to be conscientious about serving their patient's best interests,not all will do so,and the checks that the court expects to protect patients in such cases--such as ethics committees and review boards--are not always present.n39 The Lawrance court implicitly relies on families to determine responsibly what is in the best interest of the patient. n40The court assumes that families will make termination decisions in good faith and will base their decisions on factors that fit within the range of reasonable considerations.n41As explained above,these assumptions do not necessarily comport with reality.The court failed to provide for this fact.It should have limited the family's and doctors'decisionmaking authority or provided the probate courts or other review bodies with meaningful standards with which to assess termination decisions.[*1431]Furthermore,In re Lawrance increases the probability that incorrect termination decisions will be made because it discourages doctors from disagreeing with family decisions to terminate.Under the court's system,if the family decides to terminate and the doctor disagrees,the doctor herself must petition the court to prevent the family from carrying out its decision.By not requiring any additional mechanism of review and by excluding third parties from the decisionmaking process,the Lawrance court inadvertently reinforced the existing pressures on the doctor to comply with the family's termination decision.For the doctor to challenge the decision,she must overcome not only the cost and inconvenience of going to court and the danger of earning a reputation for disregarding the wishes of her patients'guardians,but also the awkwardness of arguing publicly that the family is deciding either in bad faith or against the patient's best interest without any standards as to what those terms mean.Under Lawrance,if the doctor decides to defer to the family decision,despite its inappropriateness,she will be protected from liability by a combination of three factors.First,Indiana law exempts doctors from liability if they act in good faith reliance on the instructions of someone with apparent authority to give such instructions.n42Second,there are no standards by which to judge whether the doctor acted wrongly.Third,because of the decision in Lawrance,no one other than a treating physician or family member has standing to contest a termination decision.n43 Courts in other states have approached termination cases far more effectively than the Lawrance court.These states have developed standards by which to evaluate a family's termination decision.They have defined factors by which to gauge the patient's best interest,n44have insisted that some other objective body review the family's termination decision,n45and have defined clear standards of review.n46Unfortunately,the Lawrance court turned its back on these formulations of how best to implement the best interests of the patient standard.Although the Lawrance court may have been correct to carve out some room for private family decisions,it nonetheless went too far and abrogated its responsibility to protect incompetent patients.Legal Topics:For related research and practice materials,see the following legal topics:Estate,Gift&Trust LawProbateProcedures in ProbateJudicial ReviewFamily LawParental Duties&RightsTerminationof RightsGeneral OverviewHealthcare LawTreatmentEnd-of-Life DecisionsLife SupportFOOTNOTES:n1355A.2d647(N.J.),cert.denied,429U.S.922(1976).n2See,e.g.,In re Conservatorship of Drabick,245Cal.Rptr.840(Cal.Ct.App.),cert.denied,488U.S.958(1988);In re Westchester County Medical Ctr.,531N.E.2d607(N.Y.1988);Developments in the Law--Medical Technology and the Law,103HARV.L.REV.1519(1990)[hereinafter Developments].n3579N.E.2d32(Ind.1991).n4See id.at41.n5Id.at43;cf.IND.CODE ANN.§16-8-12-4(d)(Burns1990)("An individual authorized to consent for another under this section shall act in good faith and in the best interest of the individual incapable ofconsenting.").n6Incompetent persons in persistent vegetative states continue to have determinable interests distinguishable from the interests of their families and of society,and it is the responsibility of the state toprotect those interests.n7See In re Lawrance,579N.E.2d at35-37.n8See id.at35.n9See id.at35&n.1.n10See id.at36.n11See id.n12See id.n13See id.Between the time the superior court granted the request by Christian Fellowship for a stay and the guardian appealed the judgment of the superior court,the Christian Fellowship's attorney was replaced by an attorney from the National Legal Center for the Mentally Disabled and Dependent.See id.In addition,Sue Ann died after the Lawrances transferred the case to the Indiana Supreme Court but before the argument date.The court ruled,however,that the case fell within a state law exception to the mootness rule because the caseinvolved"questions of great public interest."Id.at37.n14See IND.CODE ANN.§§16-8-12-1to16-8-12-12(Burns1990).Indiana is the only state to have adopted the Uniform Model Health-Care Consent Act.The only significant change Indiana made was to add a section stating that"[n]othing in this chapter may be construed to authorize euthanasia."See id.§16-8-12-12;cf. UNIFORM MODEL HEALTH-CARE CONSENT ACT,9U.L.A.453(1988)(containing the original language).n15See In re Lawrance,579N.E.2d at37-38.n16See id.at41.n17See id.at38-39.n18IND.CODE ANN.§16-8-12-4(Burns1990).n19See In re Lawrance,579N.E.2d at41.In dissent,Justice DeBruler argued that the HCCA was intended to be a procedural statute,and was intended to have no effect on the substantive law of Indiana.He therefore argued that because Indiana's substantive law forbids both suicide and euthanasia and requires that health-care facilities provide for their patients'basic nutritional needs,the HCCA could not be read to authorize the termination of Sue Ann's treatment.See id.at45-47(DeBruler,J.,dissenting).n20See579N.E.2d at41-43.n21Id.at41.n22Id.n23Id.at42.But cf.Superintendent of Belchertown State Sch.v.Saikewicz,370N.E.2d417,434-35 (Mass.1977)(requiring prior judicial approval for any termination of life-sustaining treatment).n24See In re Lawrance,579N.E.2d at43-44.n25IND.CODE ANN.§16-8-12-7(Burns1990)(emphasis added).n26See In re Lawrance,579N.E.2d at44.n27Id.at42.n28Id.n29Id.at39(quoting In re Jobes,529A.2d434,445(N.J.1987)).n30IND.CODE ANN.§16-8-12-4(d)(Burns1990).n31Id.§16-8-12-7.Under Lawrance however,only members of the patient's family and treating physicians are included in the definition of"interested individual."See supra p.1428.n32See Nancy K.Rhoden,Litigating Life and Death,102HARV.L.REV.375,440(1988) ("Unfortunately,the same closeness that renders family members the most natural proxies may also give them the greatest conflict of interest.");Developments,supra note2,at1651.n33See Rhoden,supra note32,at440;Developments,supra note2,at1651&n.60.n34See Cruzan v.Director,Mo.Dep't of Health,110S.Ct.2841,2853(1990)("Not all incompetent patients will have loved ones available to serve as surrogate decisionmakers.And even where family members are present,'[t]here will,of course,be some unfortunate situations in which family members will not act to protect a patient.'"(quoting In re Jobes,529A.2d434,477(N.J.1987))).n35See,e.g.,Rhoden,supra note32,at420-29;Sydney H.Wanzer,S.James Adelstein,Ronald E. Cranford,Daniel D.Federman,Edward D.Hook,Charles G.Moertel,Peter Safar,Alan Stone,Helen B.Taussig &Jan van Eys The Physician's Responsibility Towards Hopelessly Ill Patients,310NEW ENG.J.MED.955, 956(1984)[hereinafter Physician's Responsibility].n36See David Hilfiker,Allowing the Debilitated to Die,308NEW ENG.J.MED.716,717(1983) (admitting that the author chose not to use"heroics"to save a patient,in part because the duty nurse was "impatient"with such actions).n37See Linda C.Fentiman,Privacy and Personhood Revisited:A New Framework for Substitute Decisionmaking for the Incompetent Incurably Ill Adult,57GEO.WASH.L.REV.801,811(1989)("[A] physician might argue against treatment because the physician views her role as one of easing suffering and comforting the dying....");Physician's Responsibility,supra note35,at956;Developments,supra note2,at 1660n.126.n38See Developments,supra note2,at1660&n.126.n39Some jurisdictions have mandated types of review that the Lawrance court takes for granted.See,e.g., In re Guardianship of Barry,445So.2d365,372(Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1984)(requiring approval by the family, the treating physicians,and two additional doctors);In re Colyer,660P.2d738,746-51(Wash.1983)(en banc) (requiring approval by a hospital ethics committee).Others have required extra procedural protection in situations in which the profession's own enforcement mechanisms are weakest.See,e.g.,In re Conroy,486A.2d1209,1241-42(N.J.1985)(requiring approval by the State Ombudsman for the Institutionalized Elderly before treatment may be terminated for a nursing home patient).n40By giving families such discretion,the court moves in the direction advocated by commentators who recommend a presumptive right of families to exercise discretion over treatment decisions.See Susan R.Martyn and Henry J.Bourguignon,Coming to Terms with Death:The Cruzan Case,42HASTINGS L.J.817,846(1991);Rhoden,supra note32,at441.Even these commentators,however,would not leave the family as utterly without guidelines as the court does in Lawrance.See Martyn&Bourguignon,supra,at827;Rhoden, supra note32,at440.n41The court does not say so,but there must be limits on what factors it considers reasonable.These factors would likely include"the patient's current condition,degree of pain,loss of dignity,prognosis,and the risks,side effects,and benefits of each treatment option."Developments supra note2,at1652.It is less certain, however,whether the court would consider two other more controversial factors,the patient's"quality of life," and the good of the family,as legitimate parts of the calculus.For more on these factors,see PRESIDENT'S COMMISSION FOR THE STUDY OF ETHICAL PROBLEMS IN MEDICINE AND BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH,DECIDING TO FOREGO LIFE-SUSTAINING TREATMENT134-36,181-86 (1983);Developments,supra note2,at1652-53;and Suzanne Levant,Case Comment,Natural Death:An Alternative in New Jersey,73GEO.L.J.1331,1336-39(1985).n42See IND.CODE ANN.§16-8-12-9(Burns1990).n43See supra p.1428.n44See supra note41.n45See cases cited supra note39.n46See generally Developments,supra note2,at1647-49(discussing the standard to be used in deciding whether to withhold or withdraw life sustaining treatment).。
只有严格的法律才能阻止交通事故英语作文
只有严格的法律才能阻止交通事故英语作文In the modern era, traffic accidents have become a significant cause of concern, claiming numerous lives and causing immense suffering to families and communities. Despite advancements in technology and safety measures, these accidents continue to occur due to various reasons, such as reckless driving, speeding, and driving under the influence of alcohol. Therefore, it is imperative to recognize that strict laws are necessary to address this pressing issue.Strict laws play a pivotal role in deterring reckless behavior on the roads. When there are stringent laws that enforce strict penalties for traffic violations, drivers are more likely to adhere to the rules and regulations. This is because they fear the consequences of breaking the law, which could range from fines to imprisonment. Consequently, roads become safer, and the number of accidents decreases.Moreover, strict laws ensure that drivers are properly trained and licensed. Many accidents occur due toinexperienced or unqualified drivers. By implementingstrict laws that require thorough driver training and testing, we can ensure that only competent drivers are allowed on the roads. This measure significantly reduces the chances of accidents caused by inexperienced or unqualified drivers.Additionally, strict laws promote public awareness and education about traffic safety. When there are strict laws, the government and other organizations are more likely to invest in traffic safety education and awareness campaigns. These campaigns educate the public about the importance of safe driving, such as wearing seatbelts, following traffic signals, and avoiding distractions while driving. By increasing public awareness, we can create a culture of safe driving that reduces the occurrence of accidents.Furthermore, strict laws encourage victims of traffic accidents to seek justice. When there are laws that provide for compensation and punishment for those responsible for accidents, victims are more likely to come forward and seek justice. This not only brings closure to their trauma butalso serves as a deterrent to others who might commit similar violations.However, it is crucial to note that strict laws alone cannot solve the problem of traffic accidents entirely. Other measures, such as improving infrastructure, enhancing traffic management systems, and promoting public awareness through education and campaigns, must also be implemented.A comprehensive approach that combines strict laws with other measures is necessary to effectively address this issue.In conclusion, strict laws play a crucial role in preventing traffic accidents. They deter reckless behavior, ensure proper training and licensing of drivers, promote public awareness and education about traffic safety, and encourage victims to seek justice. Although strict laws cannot solve the problem entirely, they are an essential part of a comprehensive strategy to make our roads safer.It is imperative that we prioritize the implementation of strict laws to reduce the number of traffic accidents and protect the lives of everyone on our roads.**严格的法律是阻止交通事故的关键**在现代社会，交通事故已成为一个令人严重关切的问题，它不仅夺去了无数生命，还给家庭和社会带来了巨大的痛苦。
交互设计七大定律案例
交互设计七大定律案例一、菲茨定律（Fitts's Law）案例：手机屏幕上的APP图标。
你有没有发现手机屏幕上的APP图标都不是特别小，而且间距也比较合适呢？这就和菲茨定律有关啦。
比如说，我们想要打开微信这个APP，如果图标设计得超级小，而且周围还有好多其他特别小又挨得近的图标，那我们就很容易点错，对吧？就像你要去打一只特别小又到处乱窜的小老鼠一样困难。
但是现在呢，图标大小适中，周围也有一定的空间间隔，我们的手指就可以很轻松地从屏幕上的任何位置快速准确地点击到微信图标，就像打一个行动缓慢又体积庞大的怪兽一样简单。
这就是菲茨定律在起作用，它让目标（APP图标）越大，距离越近，我们操作起来就越容易、越快。
二、席克定律（Hick's Law）案例：餐厅的菜单。
想象一下你走进一家餐厅，拿到一份菜单。
如果菜单上密密麻麻列了上百道菜，每道菜下面还有各种配料、做法的选项，你是不是瞬间就懵了？这就违背了席克定律。
我有次去一家西餐厅，那菜单简直是灾难，什么前菜就有几十种，主菜更是让人眼花缭乱。
我站在那儿看了半天，服务员都等得不耐烦了。
而有些聪明的餐厅呢，就遵循这个定律。
他们会把菜单简化，比如分成几个简单的板块，像“招牌推荐”“人气菜品”“今日特供”之类的，每个板块里就放几道精选的菜。
这样我们选择起来就快多了，就像在一条只有几个岔路口的小路上走路，而不是在迷宫里乱转。
三、米勒定律（Miller's Law）案例：电话号码的记忆。
我们都知道电话号码一般是7 11位数字，这其实就和米勒定律有关哦。
你看，一般人的短期记忆一次能记住的信息块大概是7±2个。
电话号码如果太长，我们就很难一下子记住。
比如说，要是电话号码是20多位，像念一篇小短文一样，那谁能记得住啊？但是7 11位数字就比较合适。
就像我们把这些数字分成几个小的信息块，比如前面的区号是一个块，中间几位是一个块，后面几位是一个块，这样就比较容易记忆，就像把一堆水果分成几个小篮子装，而不是把所有水果都堆在一起。
心理学英文术语
感觉记忆（SM）—sensory memory短期记忆（STM）—short-term M.长期记忆（LTM）—long-term memory复诵——rehearsal预示（激发）——priming童年失忆症——childhood amnesia视觉编码（表征）——visual code（representation）听觉编码—acoustic code运作记忆——working memory语意性知识—semantic knowledge记忆扫瞄程序—memory scanning procedure竭尽式扫瞄程序-exhaustive S.P.自我终止式扫瞄—self-terminated S.程序性知识—procedural knowledge命题（陈述）性知识——propositional（declarative）knowledge 情节（轶事）性知识—episodic K.讯息处理深度—depth of processing精致化处理—elaboration登录特殊性—coding specificity记忆术—mnemonic位置记忆法—method of loci字钩法—peg word（线）探索（测）（激发）字—prime关键词——key word命题思考——propositional thought心像思考——imaginal thought行动思考——motoric thought概念——concept原型——prototype属性——property特征——feature范例策略——exemplar strategy语言相对性（假说）—linguistic relativity th.音素——phoneme词素——morpheme（字词的）外延与内涵意义—denotative & connotative meaning （句子的）表层与深层结构—surface & deep structure语意分析法——semantic differential全句语言—holophrastic speech过度延伸——over-extension电报式语言—telegraphic speech关键期——critical period差异减缩法——difference reduction方法目的分析——means-ends analysis倒推——working backward动机——motive自由意志——free will决定论——determinism本能——instinct种属特有行为——species specific驱力——drive诱因——incentive驱力减低说——drive reduction th.恒定状态（作用）—homeostasis原级与次级动机—primary & secondary M. 功能独立—functional autonomy下视丘侧部（LH）—lateral hypothalamus 脂肪细胞说——fat-cell theory.下视丘腹中部（VMH）—ventromedial H 定点论——set point th.CCK———胆囊调节激素第一性征——primary sex characteristic第二性征——secondary sex characteristic自我效能期望—self-efficiency expectancy内在（发）动机—intrinsic motive外在（衍）动机—extrinsic motive成就需求——N. achievement需求层级—hierarchy of needs自我实现——self actualization冲突——conflict多项仪——polygraph肤电反应——GSR（认知）评估——（cognitive appraisal）脸部回馈假说——facial feedback hypothesis（生理）激发——arousal挫折-攻击假说——frustration-aggression hy.替代学习——vicarious learning短期记忆（STM）—short-term M.长期记忆（LTM）—long-term memory复诵——rehearsal预示（激发）——priming童年失忆症——childhood amnesia视觉编码（表征）——visual code（representation）听觉编码—acoustic code运作记忆——working memory语意性知识—semantic knowledge记忆扫瞄程序—memory scanning procedure竭尽式扫瞄程序-exhaustive S.P.自我终止式扫瞄—self-terminated S.程序性知识—procedural knowledge命题（陈述）性知识——propositional（declarative）knowledge 情节（轶事）性知识—episodic K.讯息处理深度—depth of processing精致化处理—elaboration登录特殊性—coding specificity记忆术—mnemonic位置记忆法—method of loci字钩法—peg word（线）探索（测）（激发）字—prime关键词——key word命题思考——propositional thought心像思考——imaginal thought行动思考——motoric thought概念——concept原型——prototype属性——property特征——feature范例策略——exemplar strategy语言相对性（假说）—linguistic relativity th.音素——phoneme词素——morpheme（字词的）外延与内涵意义—denotative & connotative meaning （句子的）表层与深层结构—surface & deep structure语意分析法——semantic differential全句语言—holophrastic speech过度延伸——over-extension电报式语言—telegraphic speech关键期——critical period差异减缩法——difference reduction方法目的分析——means-ends analysis倒推——working backward动机——motive自由意志——free will决定论——determinism本能——instinct种属特有行为——species specific驱力——drive诱因——incentive驱力减低说——drive reduction th.恒定状态（作用）—homeostasis原级与次级动机—primary & secondary M. 功能独立—functional autonomy下视丘侧部（LH）—lateral hypothalamus 脂肪细胞说——fat-cell theory.下视丘腹中部（VMH）—ventromedial H 定点论——set point th.CCK———胆囊调节激素第一性征——primary sex characteristic第二性征——secondary sex characteristic 自我效能期望—self-efficiency expectancy 内在（发）动机—intrinsic motive外在（衍）动机—extrinsic motive成就需求——N. achievement需求层级—hierarchy of needs自我实现——self actualization冲突——conflict多项仪——polygraph肤电反应——GSR（认知）评估——（cognitive appraisal）脸部回馈假说——facial feedback hypothesis（生理）激发——arousal挫折-攻击假说——frustration-aggression hy.替代学习——vicarious learning 发展——development先天——nature后天——nurture成熟——maturation（视觉）偏好法——preferential method习惯法——habituation视觉悬崖——visual cliff剥夺或丰富（环境）——deprivation or enrichment of env. 基模——schema同化——assimilation调适——accommodation平衡——equilibrium感觉动作期——sensorimotor stage物体永久性——objective permanence运思前期——preoperational st.保留概念——conservation道德现实主义——moral realism具体运思期——concrete operational形式运思期——formal operational st.前俗例道德——pre-conventional moral俗例道德——conventional moral超俗例道德——post-conventional moral气质——temperament依附——attachment性别认定——gender identity性别配合——sex typing性蕾期——phallic stage恋亲冲突—Oedipal conflict认同——identification社会学习——social learning情结——complex性别恒定——gender constancy青年期——adolescence青春期—— -puberty第二性征——secondary sex characteristics 认同危机——identity crisis定向统合——identity achievement早闭型统合——foreclosure未定型统合——moratorium迷失型统合——identity diffusion传承——generativity心理动力——psycho-dynamics心理分析——psychoanalysis行为论——behaviorism心理生物观——psycho-biological perspective 认知——cognition临床心理学家-clinical psychologist谘商——counseling人因工程——human factor engineering组织——organization潜意识——unconsciousness完形心理学——Gestalt psychology感觉——sensation知觉——perception实验法——experimental method独变项——independent variable依变项——dependent V.控制变项——control V.生理——physiology条件化——conditioning学习——learning比较心理学——comparative psy.发展——development社会心理学——social psy.人格——personality心理计量学—psychometrics受试（者）——subject 实验者预期效应—experimenter expectancy effect 双盲法——double—blind实地实验——field experiment相关——correlation调查——survey访谈——interview个案研究——case study观察——observation心理测验——psychological test纹理递变度——texture gradient注意——attention物体的组群——grouping of object型态辨识—pattern recognition形象-背景——figure-ground接近律——proximity相似律——similarity闭合律——closure连续律——continuity对称律——symmetry错觉——illusion幻觉——delusion恒常性——constancy大小——size形状——shape位置—— location单眼线索——monocular cue线性透视——linear- perspective 双眼线索——binocular cue深度——depth调节作用——accommodation 重迭——superposition双眼融合——binocular fusion 辐辏作用——convergence双眼像差——binocular disparity向度—— dimension自动效应——autokinetic effect运动视差—— motion parallax诱发运动—— induced motion闪光运动—— stroboscopic motion上下文、脉络-context人工智能——artificial intelligence A.I. 脉络关系作用-context effect模板匹配——template matching整合分析法——analysis-by-synthesis 丰富性——redundancy选择性——selective无意识的推论-unconscious inferences 运动后效——motion aftereffect特征侦测器—feature detector激发性——excitatory抑制性——inhibitory几何子——geons由上而下处理—up-down process由下而上处理——bottom-up process连结者模式——connectionist model联结失识症——associative agnosia脸孔辨识困难症——prosopagnosia意识——conscious（ness）意识改变状态——altered states of consciousness无意识——unconsciousness前意识——preconsciousness内省法——introspection边缘注意——peripheral attention多重人格——multiple personality午餐排队（鸡尾酒会）效应—lunch line（cocktail party）effect 自动化历程——automatic process解离——dissociate解离认同失常——dissociative identity disorder快速眼动睡眠——REM dream非快速眼动睡眠—NREM dream失眠——insomnia显性与隐性梦——manifest & latern content心理活动性psychoactive冥想——meditation抗药性——tolerance戒断——withdrawal感觉剥夺——sensory deprivation物质滥用——substance abuse成瘾——physical addiction物质依赖——sub. dependence戒断症状——withdrawal symptom兴奋剂——stimulant幻觉（迷幻）剂——hallucinogen镇定剂——sedative抑制剂——depressant酒精中毒引起谵妄—delirium tremens麻醉剂——narcotic催眠——hypnosis催眠后暗示——posthypnotic suggestion 催眠后失忆posthypnotic amnesia超心理学——parapsychology超感知觉extrasensory perception ESP 心电感应——telepathy超感视——clairvoyance预知——precognition心理动力—psycokinesis PK受纳器——receptor绝对阈——absolute threshold 差异阈——difference threshold 恰辨差——-JND韦伯律——Weber''s law心理物理——psychophysical 费雪纳定律——Fechner''s law 频率——frequency振幅——amplitude音频——pitch基音——fundamental tone倍音——overtone和谐音——harmonic音色——timbre白色噪音——white noise鼓膜——eardrum耳蜗——cochlea卵形窗—oval window圆形窗——round window前庭——vestibular sacs半规管——semicircular canals角膜——cornea水晶体——lens虹膜——iris瞳孔——pupil网膜——retina睫状肌——ciliary muscle调节作用——accommodation脊髓——spinal cord反射弧——reflex arc脑干——brain stem计算机轴性线断层扫描——CAT或CT PET——正子放射断层摄影MRI——磁共振显影延脑——medulla桥脑——pons小脑——cerebellum网状结构——reticular formation RAS——网状活化系统视丘——thalamus下视丘——hypothalamus大脑——cerebrum脑（下）垂体（腺）—pituitary gland脑半球——cerebral hemisphere皮质——cortex胼胝体——corpus callosum边缘系统——limbic system海马体——hippocampus杏仁核——amygdala中央沟——central fissure侧沟——lateral fissure脑叶——lobe同卵双生子——identical twins异卵双生子—fraternal twins古典制约——classical conditioning操作制约——operant conditioning非制约刺激—（US unconditioned stimulus 非制约反应—（UR）unconditioned R.制约刺激——（CS）conditioned S.制约反应——（CR）conditioned R.习（获）得——acquisition增强作用——reinforcement消除（弱）——extinction自（发性）然恢复——spontaneous recovery前行制约—forward conditioning同时制约——simultaneous conditioning回溯制约——backward cond.痕迹制约——trace conditioning延宕制约—delay conditioning类化（梯度）——generalization（gradient）区辨——discrimination（次级）增强物——（secondary）reinforcer嫌恶刺激——aversive stimulus试误学习——trial and error learning效果率——law of effect正（负）性增强物—positive（negative）rei.行为塑造—behavior shaping循序渐进——successive approximation自行塑造—autoshaping部分（连续）增强—partial（continuous）R定比（时）时制—fixed ratio（interval）schedule FR或FI变化比率（时距）时制—variable ratio（interval）schedule VR或VI 逃离反应——escape R.回避反应—avoidance response习得无助——learned helplessness顿悟——insight学习心向—learning set隐内（潜在）学习——latent learning 认知地图——cognitive map生理回馈——biofeedback敏感递减法-systematic desensitization 普里迈克原则—Premack''s principle 洪水法——flooding观察学习——observational learning 动物行为学——ethology敏感化—sensitization习惯化——habituation联结——association认知学习——cognitional L.观察学习——observational L.登录、编码——encoding保留、储存——retention提取——retrieval回忆——（free recall全现心像、照相式记忆——eidetic imagery、photographic memory . 舌尖现象（TOT）—tip of tongue再认——recognition再学习——relearning节省分数——savings外显与内隐记忆——explicit & implicit memory记忆广度——memory span组集——chunk序列位置效应——serial position effect起始效应——primacy effect新近效应——recency effect心（情）境依赖学习——state-dependent L.无意义音节—nonsense syllable顺向干扰——proactive interference逆向干扰——retroactive interference闪光灯记忆——flashbulb memory动机性遗忘——motivated forgetting器质性失忆症—organic amnesia阿兹海默症——Alzheimer''s disease近事（顺向）失忆症—anterograde amnesia旧事（逆向）失忆—retrograde A.高沙可夫症候群—korsakoff''s syndrome 凝固理论—consolidation。
锻造术语中英文对照-(3)
锻造术语中英文对照-(3)锻造术语中英文对照锻压forging and stamping金属塑性加工metal plastic working金属压力加工mechanical metal working体积成形bulk forming锻造forging / hot forging锻造技术forging technology / forging technique锻造工艺forging technology / forging process锻工forger / blacksmith / hammer man / hammer smith / hammerer塑性plasticity超塑性superplasticity可锻性forgeability切削性能machinability最小阻力定律the law of minimum resistance体积不变条件constance(y) of volume / incompressibility锻造流线grain flow / forging flow line滑移线sliding line / slip-line模锻die forging / closed-die forging / impression die forging开式模锻closed-die forging / impression die forging闭式模锻no-flash die forging / flashless die forging锤模锻closed-die forging / impression die forging / drop forging / stamping锻压机模锻mechanical press forging平锻upsetting / heading无飞边模锻no-flash forging无拔模斜度模锻no-draft forging模锻件forging / workpiece锻件重量forging weight普通锻件conventional forging精确（公差）锻件close-tolerance forging锻造工序卡forging process chart工序operation / process / procedure工步process step打击blow / strike锻件图forging drawing加工余量machining allowance镦锻、顶锻upsetting / heading镦粗upsetting压扁flattening去氧化皮scale-breaking拔长工步drawing / elongating / fullering拔夹钳头tong-hold drawn / tagging滚压工步edging / edge rolling / gathering弯曲工步bending制坯工步pre-forming平锻聚料gathering / pushing up / upsetting锥形镦粗taper upsetting / coning粗（初）锻blocker-type forging预锻pre-forging / blocking终锻finish-forging返回锻模校正re-striking分模线parting line模锻斜度、拔模角、拔模斜度draft angle外拔模角outside draft内拔模角inside draft自然拔模角natural draft相配拔模角matching draft外圆角corner内圆角fillet未注明圆角all radii not specified尺寸按交点注all dimensions specified form intersections 模锻方案forging form一料多件multi-forging on one billet (bar)一模两件two at a time一模多件multi at a time调头锻turn-end forging一火多件multi-forging in one heat打零件号、炉号码及模具号处raise part No. heat code and die No. here除注明处外unless otherwise noted冲孔、切边、校正冲连皮punching the wad / punching the slug冲孔pierce盲孔non-penetrated hole / blind hole连皮wad / recess / slug切边clipping / trimming飞边flash残余飞边、残余飞刺flash extension / residual flash切边线、飞边线flash line / trim line整形forming to size校平flattening / planishing校直straightening精压、压印coining / sizing校正sizing / setting冷校正cold sizing / cold setting锻造公差、锻造缺陷及检查锻造公差forging tolerance / tolerance for impression die forging 确定公差的因素information required in determining tolerance锻件形状复杂系数shape complexity factor of forging材质系数difficulty of material分模线形状shape of die line公差等级tolerance grad锻件公称尺寸nominal dimension of forging厚度公差thickness tolerance模具闭合公差die closure tolerance长度、宽度、高度公差length 、width and height tolerance模具磨损公差die wear tolerance错差、错差公差mismatch / match tolerance中心距公差tolerance for centre to centre dimensions平面度公差platness tolerance直线度公差straightness tolerance残余飞边及切入深度公差residual flash and trimmed flat tolerance 顶杆压痕公差ejector mark tolerance表面缺陷公差surface tolerance壁厚差difference in wall thickness冲孔公差pierced hole tolerance同轴度公差axiality tolerance折叠、折纹lap / overlap / fold缺肉、未充满under-fill模锻不足under-pressing表面缺陷surface imperfection氧化皮坑scale pit变形distortion / deformation毛刺、飞刺burr / fin凹陷void出气孔金属柱vent plug偏心eccentricity中间检查intermediate inspection流动检查patrol inspection外观检查visual inspection最后检查final inspection抽检random inspection其他锻造方法多向模锻multi-ram forging / multidirectional die forging 精密模锻precision forging闭塞模锻croe forging合锻combination forging挤压锻造extrusion forging挤压extrusion正挤压forward extrusion / direct extrusion反挤压backward extrusion / indirect extrusion复合挤压combined extrusion辊锻roll forging / reducer rolling制坯辊锻roll forging of blank成形辊锻finishing roll forging辗环ring rolling楔横轧cross wedge rolling / transverse rolling超塑成形superplastic forming等温锻造isothermal forging冷锻cold forging温锻warm forging无屑加工chipless working粉末锻造powder metal forging / powder forging液态模锻melted metal squeezing电热镦electric upset forging摆辗swing-rolling / rock rolling / tambling转动辗压turn-rolling / rotary-rolling径向锻造radial forging自由锻自由锻open die forging / flat die forging胎模锻loose tooling forging送进量feed延伸系数coefficient of stretching高径比ratio of height to diameter锻造比forging ratio镦粗upsetting局部镦粗local upsetting拔长drawing out / stretching / swaging / fullering芯棒拔长drawing out with the core bar滚圆、摔圆rolling倒棱chamfering压痕、克印indentation压肩necking错料offset弯曲bending扭转twisting切割、切断cutting冲孔punching / piercing扩孔expanding冲头扩孔expanding with a punch马杠扩孔、码圈saddle forging / saddling锻接forging welding空冷air cooling堆冷cooling in heap(pile)坑冷cooling in hole(box、pit)灰砂冷cooling in dust or sand炉冷furnace cooling塌角rollover / shear droop龟裂crazing角裂chink中心裂纹chevron crack发纹hairline cracks / hair-crack铁砧anvil花砧swage block冲子punch剁刀triangular chisel摔子tups / swager / swaging die胎模loose tooling马架mandrel supporter芯轴、马杠mandrel手锤hand hammer大锤sledge hammer夹钳tong自紧吊钳self closing crane tong锻压设备及装置锻锤forging hammer落锤drop hammer单作用锤drop hammer双作用锤double-action hammer重力落锤gravity-drop hammer夹板锤board drop hammer / board drop gravity hammer 皮带锤belt drop hammer链条锤chain drop hammer模锻锤die forging hammer蒸汽-空气模锻锤steam or air dir forging hammer锤头ram砧座anvil-block下砧座、砧套、夹持器anvil cap / sow block对击锤counter-blow hammer高速锤high energy rate forging hammer液压机hydraulic press快速锻造液压机high speed forging hydraulic press机械压力机mechanical press曲柄压力机crank press热模锻压力机、锻压机forging press楔式锻压机wedge-tyoe mechanical press开式压力机c-frame press / gap frame press闭式压力机straight side press单点压力机single point press双点压力机two point press单动压力机single action press双动压力机double action press滑块slide / ram导轨guide工作台table / bed顶出器ejector平锻机horizontal forging machine / forging machine / upsetter切边压力机trimming press校正压力机restriking press精压机、肘杆式精压机coining press / knuckle joint coining press 液压曲柄扭转机、扭转机hydraulic twister for crank-shaft / twister 多工位自动热锻机multistage automatic hot forging machine / automatic forging-pressing machine哈德堡热成形机HATEBUR metal-forming equipment / HATEBUR hotmatic 螺旋压力机screw press摩擦压力机friction screw press液压螺旋压力机hydraulic screw press径向锻轴机radial forging machineGFM自动模锻机GFM automatic die forging machine感应抛丸机stress abrator抛丸清理室shot blasting cleaning chamber抛丸机wheel abrator / throw shot machine喷丸机shot blasting machine / peening machine起重机crane桥式起重机overhead traveling crane / bridge type crane塔式起重机tower crane起重葫芦hoist电动葫芦electric hoist气动葫芦pneumatic hoist磁粉探伤机magnetic particle detector荧光磁粉探伤机fluorescent magnetic particle detector无损探伤机non-destructive inspection machine硬度计hardness tester布式硬度计Brinell hardness tester洛式硬度计Rockwell hardness tester金属材料试验机metallic material testing machine非金属材料试验机non-metallic material testing machine拉力试验机tensile testing machine压力试验机compression testing machine扭转试验机torsion testing machine疲劳试验机fatigue testing machine冲击试验机impact testing machine弯折试验机reverse bend tester显微镜microscope金相显微镜metallographic microscope试样（样品）specimen辊锻机forging roll扩孔机ring rolling machine瓦格纳环轧机WAGNER ring roll摆辗机rotary forging press快速换模装置quick die change device换模翻转装置tool changing and turnover fixture锻造自动线automated forging line机械手manipulator / mechanical hand / mechanical operated arm 除氧化皮装置descaler高压水去氧化皮high pressure hydro-peening传送装置transfer equipment悬挂输送链suspension conveyer chain链式传送带chain conveyer板式传送带pallet conveyer毛坯滑道stock guide工件箱parts gondola / work bin飞边箱flash gondola / flash bin型号type / model公称压力capacity / nominal force锻造吨位forging tonnage落下部分重量droping weight / weight of falling每分钟打击次数blow per minute / strick per minute打击速度blow speed打击效率blow efficiency滑块行程stroke of ram行程次数number of stroke滑块行程调节量adjustment of ram stroke下死点lower dead point / bottom dead centre上死点upper dead point / top dead centre寸动inching最大装模高度maximum die set height最大封闭高度maximum shut height空气锤pneumatic hammer / air hammer锻件热处理锻件热处理forging heat-treatment加热规范heating schedule正火normalizing淬火quench-hardening / hardening / quenching回火tempering调质quenching and tempering / hardening and tempering 退火annealing等温退火isothermal annealing形变热处理thermomechanical treatment (TMT)锻件余热淬火quenching from forging heat残余应力residual stress消除残余应力stress relieving淬火裂纹quenching crack / hardening flaw淬火应力quenching stress / hardening stress淬火介质quenching medium拉长淬火机stretch-quench machine硬度hardness布式硬度试验Brinell hardness test / Brinelling洛式硬度试验Rockwell hardness test锻件清理抛丸清理shot-blasting / peening抛丸室（机）shot-blast chamber(machine)喷砂清理sand blast cleaning酸洗pickling / dipping滚筒清理tumbling / roller cleaning磨毛刺grinding / burring设备分类工艺设备manufacturing equipment标准设备standard equipment非标准设备non-standard equipment通用设备vniversal equipment专用设备special equipment热处理设备heat treatment equipment热处理主要设备main equipment for heat treatment热处理辅助设备auxiliary equipment for heat treatment热处理成套设备（热处理生产线）complete set of heat treatment equipment热处理炉heat treatment furnace燃料炉fuel-fired furnace燃气炉gas-fired furnace燃油炉oil-fired furnace燃煤炉coal-fired furnace电热设备electro-heat installation电热装置electro-heat equipment工作温度working temperature工作区尺寸working space dimensions生产率production rate额定温度rated temperature炉温自动控制automatic control of furnace temperature炉温程序控制program control of furnace temperature炉温的时间比例控制time ratio control of furnace temperature 风室wind chamber连续式炉continuous furnace多区域炉multi-zone furnace感应加热设备表面加热surface heating感应加热induction heating工频mains frequency低频low frequency中频medium frequency超音频ultrasonic frequency高频high frequency超高频ultrahigh frequency感应加热设备induction heating equipment。
心理学专业英语词汇（L1）_教学英语词汇
la belle indifference 泰然漠视lab 实验室labefaction 衰落label 标记label coding 标记编码label symbol 标记符号labeled leucine 标记亮氨酸labeled sodium ion 示踪钠离子labeling 标记labeling 定名labeling control 标号控制器labeling response 标定反应labeling theory 标记论labial stop 唇音labialism 唇音滥用labile 易变的labile determination 不稳定决定labile factor 不稳定因素labile gene 易变基因labile state 不稳定状态lability 不稳定性lability of nervous process 神经过程的灵活性labilitzation 易变作用labiochorea 唇舞病labiology 唇运动学labiomancy 唇读法labor 劳动labor aptitude 工作适应性labor capacity 劳动能力labor condition 劳动条件labor efficiency 劳动效率labor environment 工作环境labor exchange 职业介绍所labor force 劳动力labor force statistics 劳动力统计资料labor force survey 劳动力调查labor hygiene 劳动卫生labor index 劳动指标labor intensity 劳动强度labor management 劳动管理labor physiology 劳动生理学labor power 劳动力labor protection 劳动保护labor psychology 劳动心理学labor quota 劳动定额labor research 劳工研究labor science 劳动科学labor time 劳动时间labor time standard 工时定额labor turnover 工作调换labor turnover 员工离职labor union 工会labor variance 人工差异laboratory 实验室laboratory animal 实验动物laboratory design 实验室设计laboratory equipment 实验室设备laboratory experiment 实验室实验laboratory manual 实验手册laboratory method 实验法laboratory observation 实验观察laboratory technique 实验室技术laboratory training 实验室训练labored breathing 困难呼吸laborer 劳动者labor management committee 劳动管理委员会labor management co operation 劳动管理合作labor management relations 劳动管理关系labour 劳动labyrinth 迷路labyrinth apparatus 迷路器官labyrinth disorder 迷路失调labyrinth test 迷路测验labyrinthectomy 迷路切除术labyrinthine 迷路的labyrinthine pathway 迷路小径labyrinthine system 迷路系统labyrinthitis 迷路炎labyrinths membranaceus 膜迷路labyrinthus 迷路labyrinthus oticus 耳迷路lachrymal 泪的lachrymal gland 泪腺lachrymation 流泪lachrymose 爱哭的lack 缺乏lack frustation 缺乏挫折lack of balance 不平衡lack of identification 识别不足lack of invariance 不变性欠缺lackluster 无生气lactation 生乳lacuna 空白lacuna of superego 超我缺陷lacunar amnesia 间隙性遗忘lacunar dementia 间隙性痴呆lad 男孩lad 语言掌握装置ladd franklin color theory 拉德佛兰克林颜色学说ladd franklin theory 拉德佛兰克林学说ladd franklin theory of color vision 拉德佛兰克林色觉说lafora s bodies 拉福拉体lafora s disease 肌阵挛性癫痫lag 延迟lag in technology 技术落后lag phase 停滞期lag phase 延缓期lagena 蜗管顶盲端laggard 落后者lagged effort 延迟产生的影响lagger 囚犯lagging 延迟lagneuomania 色情狂lagnosis 色情laissez faire 放任laissez faire atmosphere 放任气氛laissez faire family 放任型家庭laissez faire group 放任团体laissez faire leader 放任型领袖laissez faire leadership 放任性领导laissez faire parents 放任型父母laitmatophobia 深渊恐怖症laliatry 言语病学laliopobia 言语恐怖症lallation 重复无意义者lallation 喃语lalling 喃语lalognosis 言语理解laloneurosis 精神性言语障碍lalopathy 言语障碍lalophobia 谈话恐怖症laloplegia 言语器官麻痹lalorrhea 多言癖lambert 朗伯lambert s law 朗伯定律lambert s treatment 朗伯特疗法lamella 板lamella 层lament 悲伤lamina 层状体lamprophonia 语音清晰land effect 兰德颜色效应land of childhood 童年领域landolt c 兰道环视标landolt ring 兰道环landouzy grasset law 蓝杜兹格腊塞定律landscaped office 环境优美办公室language 语言language acquisition 语言习得language acquisition device 语言掌握装置language and speech 语言和言语language barrier 语言障碍language center 语言中枢language competence 语言表达能力language contact 语言接触language defect 语言缺陷language development 语言发展language development of children 儿童语言发展language disability 语言缺陷language engineering 语言工程学language family 语系language handicap 语言障碍language in great apes 猿类语言language laboratory 语言实验室language learning 语言学习language localization 语言区位化language master 语言教师language modalities test for aphasia 失语症语态测验language of image 形象语言language of information 信息语言language performance 语言表达language pictorial display apparatus 语图仪language processor 语言处理程序language redundancy 语言冗余度language sense 语感language situation 语境language skill 语言技能language translation 语言翻译language acquisition device 语言获得装置language acquisition system 获取语言系统language behavior 语言行为language disordered children 语言障碍儿童language game 语言游戏languor 倦怠languor 无力lannet 大型人造神经网络lantern 幻灯lantern slide 幻灯片lapse 失误lapse 癫痫小发作lapsus calami 笔误lapsus linguae 失言lapsus memoriae 记错larceny 偷窃larch key children 钥匙儿large artificial nerve network 大型人造神经网络large group 大群体large group discussion method 大组讨论法large muscle motor skill 大肌肉运动技能large number of observation 大量观察法large sample 大样本large for date infant llarge for gestational age infantlarge sample distribution 大样本分布large sample estimation 大样本估计large sample test 大样本检验large sample testing method 大样本检验法large scale experiment 大规模试验large scale survey 大规模调查large unit method 大单位法larithmics 人口学larithmics 种群增长因素学larval development type 幼体发育类型larval masturbation 隐蔽性手淫laryngeal plexus 喉神经丛laryngeal tone 喉音laryngemphraxis 喉阻塞laryngendoscope 喉内镜laryngismus 喉痉挛laryngismus stridulus 喘鸣性喉痉挛laryngitis 喉炎laryngograph 喉动描记器laryngography 喉描记术laryngology 喉科学laryngoparalysis 喉麻痹laryngoscope 喉镜laryngoscopy 喉镜检查laryngospasmus 喉痉挛laryngostroboscope 喉动态镜laryngoxerosis 喉干燥症larynx 喉larynx sound source 喉头原音lascivia 色情狂lasegue s disease 拉塞路病lasegue s disease 迫害狂laser 激光laser irradiation 激光照射lashley jumping box 拉士利跳箱lashley jumping stand 拉士利跳台lassitude 疲乏latah 谵妄症late adolescence 青春晚期late bloomer 成熟晚的人late childhood 童年晚期late component of evoked potential 诱发电位晚成分late developer 发育迟缓者late maturer 迟熟者late receptor potential 迟发感受器电位late replicating 延迟复制late selection model 晚期选择模型latency 潜伏状态latency of response 反应潜在能力latency period 潜伏期latency stage 潜伏阶段latent 潜伏的latent class analysis 潜伏组分析latent class model 潜在组模型latent content 潜性内容latent defect 潜在缺点latent demand 潜在要求latent distance model 潜在距离模型latent dream 潜性梦latent dream content 潜伏梦意latent epilepsy 隐性癫痫latent extinction 潜在消退latent force 潜力latent homosexuality 潜隐型同性恋latent image 潜象latent learning 潜伏学习latent need 潜性需求latent of energy 潜能latent paranoia 潜隐型偏执狂latent period 潜伏期latent premise 潜在前提latent process 潜在过程latent psychosis 隐性精神病latent schizophrenia 潜隐型精神分裂症latent stage 性欲潜伏期latent structure analysis 潜在结构分析latent time 潜伏时间latent trait 潜在特质latent trait model 潜在特质模型latent trait theory 潜在特质理论latent unemployment 潜在失业lateral acceleration 侧向加速度lateral column 侧柱lateral dominance 边利lateral dominance 一侧优势lateral fissure 外侧裂lateral geniculate body 外侧膝状体lateral geniculate nucleus 外侧膝状核lateral horn 侧角lateral hypothalamus 外侧下丘脑lateral hypothalamus area 外侧下丘脑区lateral inhibition 一侧抑制lateral inhibition mechanism 一侧抑制机制lateral lemniscus 外侧丘系lateral masking 边缘掩蔽lateral nerve cord 侧神经索lateral olfactory tract 外侧嗅束lateral phototropism 侧屈光性lateral sulcus 外侧沟lateral symmetry 两侧对称lateral thinking 水平思维lateral transfer 水平迁移lateral ventricle 侧脑室lateral vestibulospinal tract 外侧前庭脊髓束laterality 边利性laterality 一侧优势laterality preference schedule 利侧表lateralization 单侧化lateralization of brain 大脑机能一侧化laterodeviation 侧向偏斜lateroposition 偏侧变位latin square 拉丁方latin square design 拉丁方设计latin square experiment 拉丁方实验法latin square stratification 拉丁方分层latin square test 拉丁方测验lattice experimental design 格点实验设计lattice sampling 格点抽样lattice group model 格点群模式laughter 大笑laumonier s ganglion 颈动脉神经节laurence biedl syndrome 劳伦斯比德尔综合症law 定律law 规律law and order orientation 顺从权威取向law of action and reaction 作用与反作用定律law of advantage 优势法则law of all or none 全或无律law of analogy 类比律law of assimilation 同化律law of association 联想律law of asymmetry 不对称律law of autonomic affective 自律情感性定律law of avalanche 爆发定律law of avalanche 雪崩定律law of average 平均法则law of belongingness 相属律law of biogenetic mental 心理生物发生律law of causality 因果律law of causation 因果律law of chance 机遇律law of closure 闭合法则law of coexistence 并存律law of cognition 认识规律law of cohesion 附着律law of color mixture 颜色混合律law of color preference 颜色偏爱法则law of comparative judgment 比较判断法则law of compensation 补尝法则law of complementary colors 补色律law of conditioned 条件律law of conditioning relations 条件关系律制约关律law of contemporaneity 同时性法则law of contiguity 时近律law of continuity 连续律law of contradiction 矛盾律law of contraposition 逆反律law of contrast 对比律law of contrast innervation 颉顽神经支配定律law of denervation 神经去除定律law of development 发展规律law of developmental direction 发展方向规律law of difference 差异律law of diffusion 扩散律law of diminishing returns 效果递减法则law of disharmony 不调和律law of displacement 位移律law of disuse 失用律law of dominance 显性定律law of dominance 优势定律law of effect 效果律law of equality 均等律law of error 误差律law of exercise 练习律law of filial regression 后裔归法则law of fixation 固着律law of frequency 频次律law of good pattern 良好模式律law of good shape 良形法则law of great number 大数法则law of growth 增长律law of higher nervous activity 高级神经活动规律law of identical direction 同向法则law of identical visual direction 同视向律law of identity 同一律law of imitation 模仿律law of independent assortment 独立分配律law of individual variability 个体变异定律law of inertia 惯性律law of intermediary color 中间色律law of large numbers 大数定律law of learning 学习律law of limiting factor 限制因素律law of logarithmic 对数定律law of logarithmic function 对数函数定律law of mass action 质量作用定律law of motion 运动定律law of nature 自然律law of parsimony 简约律law of part activity 部分活动法则law of participation 参与律law of piecemeal activity 片断活动律law of possibility 或然律law of power function 幂函数定律law of pragnanz 趋完形律law of precision 精确律law of pregnancy 趋完满律law of primacy 初始法则law of primacy 首因律law of prior entry 先入律law of probability 概率律law of progression 渐进律law of readiness 准备律law of recapitulation 重演律law of recency 近因律law of regeneration 再生律law of reinforcement 强化律law of repetition 重复律law of resemblance 类似律law of retrogression 退行律law of satisfaction 满足律law of shifting 转移律law of sign 符号律law of similarity 类似律law of similitude 相似律law of situation 情境律law of small numbers 小数定律law of somatopsychic development 身心发展规律law of specific energy of sensation 感觉特殊能力说law of specific sense energy 特殊感觉能力说law of stimulus summation 刺激加算法则law of substitution 代替律law of symmetry 对称性定律law of tension 紧张律law of thought 思维律law of use 使用律law of vision 视觉法则law of vision angle 视角法则law of “unity of opposites"矛盾统一律lawful age 法定年龄laws of vibrate 奥尔贝特法则law abiding psychology 守法心理学lay analyst 非医科专业心理分析家lay off 解雇layer of rods and cones 网膜棒锥层layer of structure 结构层次lay off rate 解雇率laziness 懒惰lazy sabotage 怠工ldg 无领导讨论小组le 职业介绍所lead 领先lead lag control 提前量控制leader 领导者leader behavior description questionnaire 领导者行为描述问卷leader effectiveness 领袖效率leader opinion questionnaire 领导者意见问卷leader reward and punishment questionnaire 领导者奖惩问卷leader status 领导地位leader style 领导风格leaderless discussion group 无领导讨论小组leadership behavior 领导行为leadership behavior description questionnaire 领导行为详目问卷leadership functions 领导功能leadership opinion questionnaire 领导意见问卷leadership patterns 领导模式leadership skills 领导技能leadership style 领袖风格leadership training 领导训练leader s position 领导的地位leader follower relationship in animals 动物首领与随从关系leader member exchange theory 领导者成员交换理论leader member relations 领导者与部下关系leader participation model 领导参与模式leading 领导leading eye 主眼leading question 引导性问题leading role 主导作用leading schedule 主要表格leading variable 前项变量leakage 泄漏leapfrog 跳背游戏leapfrog test 跳步测验learned behavior 习得行为learned fear 学得的恐惧learned goal 习得目标learned helplessness 学得无助感learned industriousness 习得勤奋性learned reinforcement 学得性强化learned response 习得反应learned specific hunger 习得的特异性饥饿learner 学习者learning 学习learning ability 学习能力learning activity 学习活动learning and maturation 学习与成熟learning and memory 学习与记忆learning and motivation 学习与动机learning assumption 学习假设learning by association 联想学习learning by contract 合同学习learning by doing 从做中学learning by imitation 模仿学习learning by insight 顿悟学习learning capacity 学习能力learning coefficient 学习系数learning collective 学习集体learning contrast 学习对比learning criterion 学习准则learning curve 学习曲线learning cycle 学习周期learning difficulty 学习困难learning dilemma 学习困境learning disability 学习不能learning disturbance 学习障碍learning drive 学习内驱力learning effect 学习效果learning efficiency 学习效率learning environment inventory 学习环境调查表learning evaluation 学习评价learning function 学习函数learning goals 学习目的learning guide 学习指导learning hierarchy 学习层次learning how to think 学会学习learning in attitude formation 态度形成学习learning in invertebrate 无脊椎动物的学习learning incentive 学习的诱因learning initiative 学习积极性learning interest 学习兴趣learning method 学习方法learning model 学习模式learning motivation 学习动机learning of evaluation 学习评价learning of learn 学会学习learning of problem solving 解决问题的学习learning of structure 构造学习learning organization 学习型组织learning outcome 学习结果learning plateau 学习高原learning potential assessment device 学习潜能测定法learning procedure 学习程序learning process 学习过程learning psychology 学习心理学learning readiness 学习准备learning retention 学习记忆保持learning sequence 学习顺序learning set 学习定势learning simulation 学习模拟learning situation 学习情景learning strategy 学习策略learning style 学习类型learning target 学习目标learning theory 学习理论learning therapy 学习治疗learning through insight 顿悟学习法learning through living 从生活中学习learning through trial and error 尝试错误学习learning to learn 学会学习learning to master 掌握学习learning track 学习途径learning transfer 学习迁移learning types 学习类型learning with alteration problem 交替问题学习learning with discrimination versa problem 辨别颠倒学习learning with oddity problem 奇偶问题学习learning with whole hearted devotion 专心致志learning without responding 无反应的学习leary interpersonal check list 利里人际检核表least absolute error 最小绝对误差least absolute value 最小绝对值least action 最小作用量least effort principle 最省力原则least energy 最小能量least energy principle 省能原则least error 最小误差least perceptible difference 最小可觉差最小可觉差least perceptible duration 最短可觉时间最短可觉时间least preference co worker scale 最不喜欢的共事者量表least preferred coworker 最差同事least preferred coworker questionnaire 最难共事者问卷least preferred coworker scores 最差同事得点least significant difference 最低显著性差异least square 最小平方least square analysis 最小平方分析least square equations 最小平方方程least square estimation 最小平方估计least square method 最小平方法least square normal equation 最小平方常规方程least square principle 最小平方原理least square solution 最小平方解least waist circumference 最小腰围leaving method 留置调查法leaving the field 逃避现实leber s congenital amaurosis 勒伯尔先天性黑蒙leber s disease 勒伯尔病leber s optic atrophy 勒伯尔神经萎缩lecture 演讲lecture method 演讲法lee boot effect 李布特效应lee clark reading readiness test 李克二氏阅读具备测验left handedness 左利手left hemisphere 左半球left visual acuity 左视敏度left brain dominance 左脑优势left brained 左脑性的left eared 善用左耳的left eyed 善用左眼的left hand dominance 左手优势left handedness 左利手left hander 左撇子leg 腿leg length 小腿长leg of preferential side 利腿leg skill 腿部技能leg strength 腿力legal authority 法定权威legal consciousness 法律意识legal guarantee 法律保证legal liability 法律责任legal prevention 法律预防legal psychology 法律心理学legal psychology 法制心理legal regulation 法律条例legal responsibility 法律责任legal rights 法定权力legal sanction 法律制裁legal separation 合法分居legal time 合法时间legal validity 法律效力legibility 易读性legibility 字迹清晰性legibility of display 显示易读性legislative psychology 立法心理学legitimacy 合法性legitimacy 正统性legitimate birth rate 合法出生率legitimate claim 合法要求legitimate inference 合理推断legitimate political behavior 合法政治行为legitimate power 合法权力leichtenstern s encephalitis 出血性脑炎leichtenstern s sign 莱希敦斯坦症leipopsychia 失神leipzig laboratory 莱比锡实验室leisure 闲暇leisure time 休闲时间leiter adult intelligence scale 利特成人智力量表leiter international performance scale 雷特国际通用操作量表lek display 列克展示lemniscal pathway 丘索通路lemniscus 丘系length and area estimation apparatus 长度和面积估计器length conservation 长度守恒length illusion 长度错觉length of upper extremity 上肢长length of working cycle 工作周期leniency effect 仁慈效应leniency error 宽容评价误差lennox syndrome 雷诺克斯综合症lens 水晶体lens model 水晶体模式lenticonus 圆锥形晶状体lenticular 晶状体的lenticular aphasia 豆状核性失语lenticular astigmatism 晶状体性散光lenticular nucleus 晶状体核lenticular stereoscope 透镜式实体镜lentiform nucleus 豆状核lentiglobus 球形晶状体lentitis 晶状体炎lentoid 透镜状结构leptocephalia 狭长头畸形leptokurtic 尖峰的leptokurtic distribution 高狭峰分配leptophonia 声弱leptosome 瘦弱型lerch s percussion 落槌叩诊lerema 儿稚样言语leresis 冗谈lermoyez s syndrome 莱尔马耶综合症lesbian 女性同性恋lesbianism 女性同性恋lesch nyhan syndrome 李乃氏综合症lesion 病变lesion 损伤leter international performance scale 雷特国际操作量表lethal 致命的lethal catatonia 致命性紧张症lethal factor 致死因素lethargic 昏睡的lethargy 嗜睡症lethargy by inducing 诱导性迷睡letheomania 麻醉药癖letheral 记忆缺失的lethologica 词性遗忘letter 字母letter code 字母代码letter string 字母串letter sequence 词序leucine 白氨酸leucitis 巩膜炎leucotomy 脑白质切除术leudet s tinnitus 勒代耳鸣leukaemia 白血病leukencephalitis 脑白质炎leukodystrophy 脑白质营养不良leukoecephalopathy 脑白质病leukoma 角膜白斑leukoscope 色光光度计leukotomy 脑白质切除术leuko encephalitis 脑白质炎levator 提肌level 层次level 水平level i ability 第一层能力level ii ability 第二层能力level indicator 水平仪level of ability 能力水平level of abstraction 抽象程度level of achievement 成就水平level of activation 活动水平level of aggregation 综合水平level of anticipation 预期层次level of aspiration 抱负水平level of aspiration 志趣水平level of confidence 信心程度level of consciousness 意识水平level of development 发展水平level of intelligence 智力水平level of living 生活水平level of modernization 现代化水平level of operation 作业水平level of optimization 最优化水平level of processing 加工水平level of processing hypothesis 加工水平说level of significance 显著性水平level of significance test 显著性检验水平leveling 平抑作用leveling style 平稳型levels of processing theory 处理层次论levels of processing theory of memory 记忆加工层次论level of processing model 加工水平模型levophobia 左位恐怖症lewin s personality theory 勒温个性理论lexical 词汇lexical access 词汇接触lexical memory 字汇记忆lexicology 词汇学lgn 外侧膝状核lh 黄体生长激素lh 外侧下丘脑外侧下视丘lha 外侧下丘脑区lhrf 黄体生成素释放因子liability 责任liaisons 联络人libel 诽谤liberal education 文科教育liberomotor 随意运动的liberty 意志自由libidinal object 力对象libidinal phases 欲力期libidinal transference 力转移libidinal type 欲力类型libido analog 欲力取代libido fixation 力比多固着license 证书lichtheim s aphasia 利希海姆氏失语症lichtheim s plaque 利希海姆斑lichtheim s test 利希海姆测验。
英文法律术语
法律术语雅思口语8.5分经验分享冬日不出门家中一对一口语马上提高0.5-1分看这里 draft 法案,草案Government bill 政府议案to pass a bill, to carry a bill 通过议案to enact a law, to promulgate a law 颁布法律ratification, confirmation 批准law enforcement 法律的实施to come into force 生效decree 法令clause 条款minutes 备忘录report 判例汇编codification 法律汇编legislation 立法legislator 立法者jurist 法学家jurisprudence 法学legitimation 合法化legality, lawfulness 法制,合法legal, lawful 合法的,依法的to contravene a law, to infringe a law, to break a law 违法outlaw, outside the law 超出法律范围的offender 罪犯to abolish 废止,取消rescission, annulment 废除,取消repeal, revocation, annulment 废除(法律)cancellation, annulment, invalidation 废除(合同) cancellation (支票)作废annulment 撤消(遗嘱)repeal rescission 撤消(判决)revocation 撤消immunity 豁免,豁免权disability, legal incapacity 无资格nonretroactive character 不溯既往性prescription 剥夺公权attainder 公民权利的剥夺和财产的没收constitutional law 宪法canon law 教会法规common law 习惯法criminal law 刑法administrative law 行政法civil law 民法commercial law, mercantile law 商法law of nations 万国公法,国际法international law 国际法natural law 自然法labour laws 劳工法fiscal law 财政法Civil Suit Law, Code of civil law 民事诉讼法Criminal Law 刑事诉讼法Military Law 军法Conscript Law 兵役法Copyright Law 著作权法penal code 刑法典code of mercantile law 商法典civil rights 民事权利,公民权利right of asylum 避难权human rights, rights of man 人权(customs) duties 关税death duty, death tax 遗产税royalties 版税律师词汇(a b)案件受理费 court acceptance fee案情重大、复杂 important and complicated case案由 cause of action案子 case包揽诉讼 monopolize lawsuits被告 defendant(用于民事、行政案件); the accused (用于刑事案件) 被上诉人 appellee被诉人 respondent; defendant本案律师 councel pro hac vice本地律师 local counsel毕业证 diploma; graduation certificate辩护词 defense; pleadings辩护律师 defense lawyer辩护要点 point of defense辩护意见 submission29元外教VIP雅思口语课程冬日不出门家中一对一口语马上提高0.5-1分看这里律师词汇(c d)财产租赁 property tenancy裁定书 order; ruling; determination（指终审裁定）裁决书 award（用于仲裁）裁决书 verdict（用于陪审团）采信的证据 admitted evidence; established evidence草拟股权转让协议 drafting agreement of assignment of equity interests查阅法条 source legal provisions产权转让 conveyancing出差 go on errand; go on a business trip出国深造 further study abroad出具律师意见书 providing legal opinion出示的证据 exhibit出庭 appear in court传票 summons; subpoena答辩状 answer; reply代理词 representation代理房地产买卖与转让 agency for sale and transfer of real estate代理公证、商标、专利、版权、房地产、工商登记 agency for notarization, trademark, patent, copyright, and registration of real estate and incorporations代理仲裁 agency for arbitration代写文书 drafting of legal instruments待决案件 pending case当事人陈述 statement of the parties第三人 third party吊销执业证 revocation of lawyer license调查笔录 investigative record调查取证 investigation and gathering for evidence调解 mediation调解书 mediation外教VIP 十天口语提高一分冬日不出门家中一对一口语马上提高0.5-1分看这里律师词汇(e f)二审案件 case of trial of second instance发送电子邮件 send e-mail法律顾问 legal consultants法律意见书 legal opinions法律援助 legal aid法律咨询 legal counseling法庭 division; tribunal法学博士学位 LL.D (Doctor of Laws)法学会 law society法学课程 legal courses法学硕士学位 LL.M (Master of Laws)法学系 faculty of law; department of law法学学士学位 LL.B (Bachelor of Laws)J.D ( juris doctor缩写，美国法学学士)法学院 law school法院公告 court announcement反诉状 counterclaim房地产律师 real estate lawyer; real property lawyer非合伙律师 associate lawyer非诉讼业务 non-litigation practice雅思口语8.5分经验分享冬日不出门家中一对一口语马上提高0.5-1分看这里律师词汇(g h)高级合伙人 senior partner高级律师 senior lawyer各类协议和合同 agreements and contracts公安局 Public Security Bureau公司上市 company listing公诉案件 public-prosecuting case公证书 notarial certificate国办律师事务所 state-run law office国际贸易 international trade国际诉讼 international litigation国内诉讼 domestic litigation合伙律师 partner lawyer合伙制律师事务所 law office in partner-ship; cooperating law ofice 合同审查、草拟、修改 contract review, drafting and revision会见当事人 interview a client会见犯罪嫌疑人 interview a criminal suspect雅思口语8.5分经验分享冬日不出门家中一对一口语马上提高0.5-1分看这里律师词汇(j k l)兼职律师 part-time lawyer监狱 prison; jail鉴定结论 expert conclusion缴纳会费 membership dues举证责任 burden of proof; onus probandi决定书 decision勘验笔录 record of request看守所 detention house抗诉书 protest控告人 accuser; complainant跨国诉讼 transnational litigation劳动争议 labor disputes劳动争议仲裁委员会 arbitration committee for labor disputes 劳改场 reform-through-labor farm; prison farm利害关系人 interested party; party in interest律管处处长 director of lawyer control department律师 lawyer attorney; attorney at law律师惩戒 lawyer discipline律师法 Lawyer Law律师费 lawyer fee律师函 lawyer’s letter律师见证 lawyer attestation/authentication律师见证书 lawyer certification/authentication/witness律师卷宗 lawyer’s docile; file律师刊物 lawyer’s journal律师联系电话 contact phone number of a lawyer律师事务所 law office; law firm律师收费 billing by lawyer律师网站 lawyer website律师协会 National Bar (Lawyer) Association律师协会会员 member of Lawyer Association律师协会秘书长 secretary general of Bar (Lawyer) Association 律师协会章程 Articles of Lawyer Assocition律师业务室 lawyer’s office律师执业证 lawyer license律师助理 assistant lawyer律师资格考试 bar exam; lawyer qualification exam律师资格证 lawyer qualification certificate雅思口语8.5分经验分享冬日不出门家中一对一口语马上提高0.5-1分看这里律师词汇(m p q)民事案件 civil case民事调解 civil mediation民事诉讼 civil litigation派出所 local police station; police substation判决 judgement(用于民事、行政案件);determination(用于终审);sentence(用于刑事案);verdict(由陪审团作出)旁证 circumstantial evidence企业章程 articles of association; articles of incorporation; bylaw 企业重组 corporate restructure起诉状 information; indictment取消律师资格 disbar全国律师代表大会 National Lawyer Congress缺席宣判 pronounce judgement or determination by default雅思口语8.5分经验分享考前口语热身大讲堂口语马上提高0.5-1分看这里律师词汇(r s)人民法院 People’s Court人民检察院 People’s Procuratorate认定事实 determine facts上诉案件 case of trial of second instance; appellate case上诉人 appellant上诉状 petition for appeal涉外律师 lawyers specially handling foreign-related matters申请复议 administrative reconsideration petition申请加入律师协会 application for admission to Law Association申请人 petitioner; claimant申诉案件 appeal case申诉人（仲裁） claimant; plaintiff申诉书 appeal for revision, petition for revision实习律师 apprentice lawyer; lawyer in probation period实习律师证 certificate of apprentice lawyer视听证据 audio-visual reference material适用法律 apply law to facts受害人 victim书证 documentary evidence司法部 Ministry of Justice司法建议书 judicial advise司法局 Judicial Bureau司法局副局长 deputy director of Judicial Bureau司法局局长 director of Judicial Bureau司法统一考试 uniform judicial exam送达 service of process诉讼 litigation; action; lawsuit诉讼当事人 litigation party; litigious party诉讼业务 litigation practice诉状 complaint; bill of complaint; statement of claim 外教VIP 十天口语提高一分冬日不出门家中一对一口语马上提高0.5-1分看这里律师词汇(t w)推销法律服务 promote/market legal service外国律师事务所 foreign law office委托代理合同 authorized representation contract委托代理人 agent ad litem; entrusted agent委托授权书 power of attorney物证 material evidence嫌疑人 criminal suspect项目融资 project financing项目谈判 project negotiating刑事案件 criminal case刑事诉讼 criminal litigation行政诉讼 administrative litigation休庭 adjourn the court; recess外教VIP 十天口语提高一分冬日不出门家中一对一口语马上提高0.5-1分看这里律师词汇(x y z)宣判 pronounce judgement; determination宣誓书 affidavit业务进修 attendance in advanced studies一审案件 case of trial of first instance与国外律师事务所交流 communicate with foreign law firms 原告 plaintiff证券律师 securities lawyer证人证言 testimony of witness; affidavit执行笔录 execution record执业登记 registration for practice执业范围 scope of practice; sphere of practice; practice area 执业申请 practice application执业证年检 annual inspection of lawyer license仲裁 arbitration仲裁案件 arbitration case仲裁机构 arbitration agency专门律师 specialized lawyer专职律师 professional lawyer; full-time lawyer撰写法律文章 write legal thesis资信调查 credit standing investigation自诉案件 private prosecuting case雅思口语8.5分经验分享冬日不出门家中一对一口语马上提高0.5-1分看这里法律专业词汇中英对照(a,b)action of debt 债务诉讼acquit 无罪adjourn 暂时停止执行administrative decision 行政判决结果ad damnum 主张一定数额的赔偿金adverse judgement 不利的判决affidavit 传票送达人所写的切结书affirm 确定原判决affirm defence 积极的抗辩agency stage 行政机关的裁决agency hearing 听证会allegation 主张的事实american law 美国法an ex parte hearing 一方当事人到庭说明an adversary hearing 双方当事人到庭辩论answer 答辩状appellate jurisdiction 上诉管辖权appeal 上诉appellant 上诉人appellee 被上诉人appropriate 永久占有arrest the judgement 暂时终止法院判决结果arraignment 刑事案件法官与当事人之间安排案件的程序assigned counsel 公设辩护人assumpsit 承诺履行bailment 寄托制度bail 保释beyond the reasonable doubt 超越合理的怀疑bill of Middlesex 早期诉讼当事人向国王秘书处申请的令状，同意发给后才能到国王法院进行诉讼bailliff 法庭内的法警bias 偏见bench of conference 到法官室或法官面前进行会议bond 提供担保burden of proof 举证责任雅思口语8.5分经验分享冬日不出门家中一对一口语马上提高0.5-1分看这里 case law 案例法cause of action 起诉理由chancellor 衡平法官chancery division 衡平法庭circuit court 巡回法院civil law 大陆法civil right act 人权法案civil procedure 民事诉讼法clerk 书记官closing argument 诉讼结论co－defedant 共同被告common law 普通法、习惯法、一致法、共同法compurgation 宣誓采证法compurgatory 宣誓采证法中的证人complaint 起诉状concurrent jurisdiction 竞合管辖权consideration 约因consortium 婚姻生活权；配偶权；亲权contempt of court 藐视法庭罪contract under seal 封印契约contributory negligence 加工过失corpus juris secundum 美国法律百科全书counterclaim 反诉court of common pleas 民诉法院court of king's bench 王室法院court of exchequer 财务法院court of exchequer chamber 财务上诉法院country court 乡镇法院court of common bench 民诉法院court of chancery 衡平法院court of justice of the peace 地方治安法院court of probate 遗嘱继承法院court of divorce 婚姻法院court of appeal in chancery 衡平上诉法院court of crown cases reserved 皇室上诉法院court of assize 巡回法院court of outside the united kingdom 英国境外各法院court of first instance 第一审法院court of second instance 第二审法院court of the international trade 国际贸易法院court of appeals for the federal circuit 联邦巡回上诉法院covenant 封印契约赔偿令状cross claim 被告间诉讼cross examnation 复向对方提出之证人curia regis 国王的法院damages 损害赔偿debt 返还确定金钱的令状decree 衡平法院作成的判决deductive reasoning 演绎法default judgement 一造判决defendant 被告defendant in error 被上诉人demurrer 驳回deposition 诘问内容作成的笔录detinue 非法留置的动产回复令状dialectical reasoning 论理（辩证）方法direct examination 诘问自己提出辩证direct verdict 法官指示陪审团作出直接判决discovery process 发现程序dismiss 驳回dissenting opinion 不同意见书district court 地方法院diversity jurisdiction 多元管辖权docket 案件登陆dual system 双轨并行制度due process 正当程序雅思口语8.5分经验分享考前口语热身大讲堂口语马上提高0.5-1分看这里 ejectment 不动产侵害令状en banc 法院全体法官共同审理equatible right衡平上的权利equatible defence 衡平抗辩estate 遗产ex post facto 溯及既往expert witness 专家证人express mention 明示其一排除其他原则expressio unius est exclusio alterius 明示其一排除其他原则exclusive jurisdiction 排他的管辖权exclusionary rule 证据排除法则eyre system 巡回制度felony 重罪foreman of jury 陪审团主席forms of action 严格的诉讼形式forum 法院fountain of all justices 正义的源泉freehould interest in land 对土地有完全权利者general assumpsit 不当得利令状general jurisdiction 一般管辖权geografhic jurisdiction 地域管辖权grand jury 大陪审团雅思口语8.5分经验分享冬日不出门家中一对一口语马上提高0.5-1分看这里 habeas corpus 人身保护令状hearsay evidence 传闻证据high court of justice 高级法院holding 法院判决house of lords 上议院house of commons 下议院hearing 听证会impeach 质疑证人的可信度impleader 第三人诉讼implied promise 默示承诺in personam jurisdiction 对人诉讼independent source rules 独立咨询取得的证据indictment 起诉inductive reasoning 归纳法inevitable discovery rule 当然发现原则inferior court 美国联邦法院第一级法院统称小法院information 检察官的起诉状in good faith 诚信善意原则injunction 禁止命令instruction 法官向陪审团作指示interlocutory appeal 中间上诉intermediate appellate court 中间上诉法院inerrogatory 诘问的问题issues 争点joint and several liability 连带赔偿责任judicial act 司法法案judicial committee of the privy council 枢密院司法委员会judgement on the verdict 确定原判决judgement notwithstanding the verdict 自行判决jurisdiction over the subjuct matter 对物诉讼jury 陪审团juvenile court 青少年法院judgement 法官作成的判决king's bench division 王室法庭king's council国王的咨询会议外教VIP 十天口语提高一分冬日不出门家中一对一口语马上提高0.5-1分看这里民商法学与经济法学专业词汇Civil Laws, Commercial Laws and Economic Laws按照出资比例：in proportion to one’s respective contributions to the investment 办理注销登记：cancel the registration被代理人：the principal被侵权人 the infringed本人名义：in one’s name标的subject matter补偿制度compensation system不动产登记制Lot and Block System财产法 property law财产的添附 accretion of property; property accession财产抵押权 property mortgage财产继承权：the right of inheritance财产关系和人身关系：property relationships and personal relationships财产管理人 property administrator; custodian of property财产混同 confusion; hotchpot财产留置权 encumbrance采用书面形式：in writing仓单 warehouse voucher草签合同 initial a contract; sign a referendum contract; ad referendum contract 长期合同 long-term contract偿付能力 solvency capability of reimbursement超越代理权：beyond the scope of one’s power of agency撤消合同cancellation of contract撤销合同 cancel a contract; rescind a contract; avoid a contract撤销权 right of rescission; right of revocation撤销要约 revocation of offer; revoke an offer撤销遗赠 cancellation o will; revocationi of will承运人 actual fault of the carrier承运人的留置权 carrier’s lien诚信原则 principle of good faith诚实信用原则：principle honesty and credibility; principle of honestry and good faith; good faith principle ; bona fide principle船舶承租人 charterer船舶抵押权 right of mortgage with respect to a ship; mortage of the ship; ship mortgage船舶抵押权的设定 establishment of mortgage of the ship船舶抵押的消灭 extinguishments of the mortgage of the ship船舶抵押权登记 registration of ship mortgage船舶留置权 possessory lien; lien of ship村民委员会：the village committee惩罚性的损害赔偿 punitive damages乘人之危：take advantage of one’s unfavorable position处分财产 dispose of properties处分权 act of disposition处分原则 principle of disposition代理民事活动：be represented in civil activities by代理权终止：the expiration of one’s power of agency单独承担的责任 undivided responsibility单方法律行为unilateral obligation单方行政行为 unilateral administrative act等价有偿：making compensation for equal value对等原则principle of reciprocity对价consideration对抗措施counter measure对人权right in personam; personal right对世权 real right; right in rem恶意串通：conspire maliciously恶意行为ill will mala fides法人 judicial person; legal body法人的权利能力 legal capacity of juristic person法人的责任能力 capacity for responsibility of juristic person法人权限 corporate power法人人格 corporate personality法人身份 status of a legal person法人团体 corporation法人资格 corporate capacity法人组织章程：the articles of association of the legal person负共同连带责任 liable jointly and severally负全部责任 bear all responsibilities; in all charge负有解释的义务 accountable负有连带义务的每个债务人：each of the joint debtors附带的条件 incident附带要求 contingent claim附带原因 contributory cause; inherent cause附条件的民事法律行为：conditional civil juristic acts附条件的权利 conditional right赋予权力 entitle个体工商户：individual businesses个人合伙：individual partnership各尽所能，按劳分配 from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs 给付定金：leave a deposit with the other party工商行政管理机关：the administrative agency for industry and commerce公民基本义务 fundamental duties of citizens合同contract合同法contract law合同副本 copies of the contract合同规定 contract provisions/stipulations合同履行地法 lex loci contractus合同期限contract period (or contract term)合同条款contract terms (or contract clause)合同有效期contract life合同正本 originals of the contract合伙人：partners合议制 collegial system核准登记的经营范围：within the range approved and registered恢复原状recovery of original state; restitution; restoration of he original conditions; retitutio in integrum集体所有制企业：an enterprise under collective ownership技术合同纠纷案件 controversy over a technology contract监护人：guardian经主管机关核准登记：approved and registered by the competent authority居民委员会：the neighborhood committee履行监护职责：fulfill duty of guardianship埋藏物、隐藏物：buried or concealed object买卖、出租、抵押、转让：be sold, leased, mortgaged or transferred农村承包经营户：leaseholding farm households平等主体：civil subjects with equal status企业法人被撤销：the dissolution of an enterprise as legal person企业法人分立、合并：the division and merger of an enterprise as legal person企业法人解散：disbanding of an enterprise as legal person契约自由 liberty of contract取得不当得利：profits acquired improperly and without a lawful basis取得法人资格：be qualified as a legal person全民所有制企业：an enterprise owned by the whole people让与 alien; alienate; assign; cede让与的利益 benefit of cession让与权 benefit of cessioni设定义务的规则 rule of imposing duty设立、变更、终止民事关系：establish, change or terminate civil relationship所有权 ownership书面合同 a written contract双倍返还定金：repay the deposit in double双方法律行为 bilateral legal transaction擅自变更或者解除（民事法律行为）：alter or rescind one’s act arbitrarily他物权 right over the property of another提供一定的财产作为抵押物：offer a specific property as a pledge违反合同breach of contract委托代理：entrusted agency委托代理人：an entrusted agent无过错责任 liability without negligence无民事行为能力人：a person having no capacity for civil conduct无因管理：act as manager or provide services in order to protect another person’s interests when he is not legally or contractually obligated to do so下落不明 one’s whereabouts have been unknown限制民事行为能力人：a person with limited capacity for civil conduct享有连带权利的每个债权人：each of the joint creditors行使代理权：exercise the power of agency宣告为无（限制）民事行为能力人：declare … to be a person to be without or with limited capacity for civil conduct遗失物、漂流物：lost-and-found objects, flotsam以抵押物折价或者以变卖抵押物的价款优先得到偿还：to keep the pledge to offset the debt or have priority in satisfying his claim out of the proceeds from the sale of the pledge以合法形式掩盖非法目的：perform under the guise of legitimate acts which conceal illegitimate purposes以欺诈、胁迫的手段：as a result of cheating or coercion意思表示 show one’s intention意思表示真实：the intention expressed is genuine优先购买的权利：a right of pre-emption优先权 priority, preemptive right有过错的一方：the erring party有连带责任的 conjunctly and severally有权向债务人追偿：have the right to claim repayment from the debto造成财产损失：cause any property loss责任能力 capacity for responsibility责任年龄 capacity of responsibility; year of discretion债的标的 object of obligation债的发生 creation of obligation债的消灭 extinction of obligation占有人有权留置该财产：the possessor shall have a lien on the property指定代理：appointed agency执行合同 carry out a contract, execute/implement/fulfill/perform a contract 主要办事机构：the main administrative office追偿：claim compensation from住所：domicile雅思口语8.5分经验分享冬日不出门家中一对一口语马上提高0.5-1分看这里刑法学和行政法学专业词汇Criminal Laws and Administrative Laws帮助当事人毁灭、伪造证据罪 crime of aiding a client to destroy or forge evidence 绑架妇女儿童罪 crime of kidnapping women and children包庇、纵容黑社会性质组织罪 crime of harboring a mafia-style syndicate包庇毒品犯罪分子罪 crime of harboring drug criminals报复陷害罪case of retaliation and frame-ups必要共同犯罪 indispensable joint crime并科原则 doctrine of cumulating punishments剥夺权利deprival of rights不能犯 impossibility; unrealized offense参加恐怖活动组织罪 crime of taking part in an organization engaged in terrorist activities超越管辖权 excess of jurisdiction超越职权范围 overstep one’s authority惩办和宽大相结合combine punishment with leniency惩办少数、改造多数的原则 principle of punishing the few and reforming the many 惩罚措施 punitive measure惩罚性制裁 punitive sanction惩罚与教育相结合 combination of punishment and education处以刑罚 inflict punishment处以有期徒刑 sentence to fixed-term imprisonment触犯法律 break the law; violate the law抽逃出资罪 crime of flight of capital contribution抽象行政行为 abstract administrative act出口骗税犯罪活动 criminal activities of cheating out of tax rebates in export出售伪造发票罪 crime of selling counterfeit currency出于对法律的无知 from ignorance of law出于恶意 from malevolence从轻处罚 gie a lesser punishment从重处罚 give a severer punishment单位受贿罪 crime of bribe taken by a unit单一犯罪构成 single constitution of crime盗伐林木罪 crime of illegally chopping down trees; crime of illegally felling trees 盗窃、抢夺枪支、弹药、爆炸物罪 crime of stealing or seizing guns, ammunition or explosives盗窃犯 theft act; larcenist渎职犯罪案件case of dereliction of duty对象不能犯 object impossibility多次作案 repeatedly commit crimes罚不当罪 punishment does not fit the crime犯意 criminal intent; mens real犯罪低龄化 lowering ages of criminal offenders犯罪动机 criminal motive犯罪构成 constitution of a crime; constitutive elements of a crime犯罪构成要件 special constitutive elements of crime犯罪故意 criminal intent; guilty intent; meas rea犯罪集团 criminal gang; criminal group犯罪客观要件 objective circumstances of a crime犯罪客体 criminal object; object of a crime犯罪实行终了 completion of a criminal act犯罪学 criminology犯罪预防 crime prevention犯罪中止 discontinuance of crime; desistance of crime犯罪主观方面要素 subjective elements of crime犯罪主体 subject of crime犯罪着手 initiate a crime犯罪组织 criminal organization贩卖毒品罪 drug offense; crime of drug trafficking防卫过当 unjustifiable self-defense防卫挑拨 instigation of defense; provocation of defense防卫限度 limit of defense防止类似事件重演 prevent the recurrence of similar incidents妨碍公务罪 crime of disrupting public service妨害公共安全罪 crime of impairing public security放弃权利 withdraw a claim; waive a right非法持、私藏枪支、弹药罪 crime of illegally holding or hiding a firearm or ammunition 非法持有毒品罪 crime of illegally holding drugs非法干涉 illegal intervention非法干预 unlawful interference非法出售增值税专用发票罪 crime of illegal selling invoice for exclusive use of VAT 非法活动 unlawful activities非法利益 unlawful interests非法手段 illegal means非强制性行政行为 non-coercive form of administrative action非正式的 informal; irregular非政府机关 non-governmental organization非主要条件 non-essential stipulation非专业的 non-professional诽谤罪 crime of defamation隔地犯 offense of segregation by location隔时犯 offense of segregation by time工具不能犯 impossibility of instruments故意犯罪 calculated crime; intentional crime故意杀人罪 crime of intentional homicide故意伤害罪 crime of willful and malicious injury管辖：jurisdiction惯犯 habitual criminal惯例 custom and usage过失犯罪 criminal negligence; involuntary crime; negligent crime国家赔偿案件 case of state compensation国家赔偿的归责原则 principle of culpability for state compensation国家赔偿的双重过错原则 principle of dual faults for state compensation国家赔偿法 state compensation law国家赔偿主体 subject of state compensation国家权力机关 state authority国际审判机关 state judicial organs国家行政机关 state administrative organs国家意志 state’s will国家职能 function of the state国民待遇 national treatment黑社会性质的犯罪集团 gangland criminal syndicate; mafia-style criminal gang缓期二年执行 with a two-year reprieve缓刑 probate cessat executio集合犯 aggregate offense; collective offense既遂犯 accomplished crime继承法 inheritance law继续犯 continuous crime加重处罚 give an aggravated punishment beyond the maximum prescribed假冒他人注册商标罪 crime of counterfeiting the registered trademark of another 假释 parole假想防卫 imaginative defense假想数罪 imaginatively several crimes简单共同犯罪 simple joint crime间接故意 indirect intent; indirect iintentino教唆未遂 attempt of solicitation劫持船只、汽车罪 crime of hijacking a ship or an automobile劫持航空器罪 crime of skyjacking结果犯 consequential offen结果加重犯 aggregated consequential offense结合犯 combinative crime; integrated offense se拒不执行人民法院判决、裁定罪 crime of refusing o execute judgments or orders of the People’s Court具结悔过 make a statement of repentence具体行政行为 specific administrative act具体罪名concrete accusation绝对不确定法定刑 absolutely indeterminate statutory punishment军人违反职责罪 crimes of soldiers violating military dutie抗税罪 offense of resisting taxes客体不能犯 object impossibility空白罪状 blank facts about a crime滥伐林木罪 crime of illegal denudation累犯 recidivist; repeat offender; cumulative offense连续犯罪 continuing crime量刑 criterion for sentencing; sentencing criterion量刑不当 criterion for sentence量刑幅度 extent for discretionary action of sentencing虐待罪 crime of abusing member of one’s family挪用公款案 case of misappropriation of public funds偶犯 casual offender; casual offense情节加重犯 aggravated offense by circumstances情节特别严重 when the circumstances are particularly wicked情节严重、构成犯罪的 when the circumstances are so serious as to constitute a crime 取保候审 post a bail and await trial with restricted liberty of moving扰乱公共场所秩序罪 crime of disturbing order at public places刑法 criminal law刑罚 penalty; punishment刑事责任能力 criminal capacity行政法 administrative law; executive law行政法规 administrative laws and regulations行政法学 administrative jurisprudence行政解释 administrative interpretation行政救济 administrative remedy预防犯罪 anti-crime治安管理 security administration治安条例 security regulations雅思口语8.5分经验分享考前口语热身大讲堂口语马上提高0.5-1分看这里汉英法律专业词汇（法理、法制史、宪法学）Jurisprudence, History of Legal Systems and Constitution按照法律规定according to law按照确定的份额分享权力：be entitled to rights in proportion to his proper share of the credit按照确定的份额分担义务：assume obligations in proportion to his proper share of the debt案例教学法case system案例汇编case book; case report; law report柏拉图 Plato《保护人权与基本自由公约》(1950) Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950 （罗）被视为be deemed as被宣布为非法be outlawed; be declared illegal比较法comparative law比较法学comparative jurisprudence比较法学派school of comparative jurisprudence比较法制史 comparative legal history比较分析法method of comparative analysis比较刑法comparative penal law比较刑法学comparative penal jurisprudence必然因果关系positive causal relationship边缘法学borderline jurisprudence变通办法adaptation; accommodation补充规定supplementary provision补救办法remedial measures不成文法unwritten law不成文宪法unwritten constitution不动产所在地法律 law of the place where the real property is situated; lex loci rei immobilisci不可分割的权利impartible right不可抗力 force majuere不可侵犯性inviolability不可让与性inalienability不履行法律义务non-performance of obligation不要式行为informal act不要因的法律行为non-causal juristic act不因实效而丧失的权利imprescriptible right不作为abstain from an act; act of omission部门法department law部门规章regulation参照 consult参照具体情况 in the light of actual conditions参照原文 consult the original查士丁尼法典 Code Justinian; Codex Justinianus查士丁尼法规汇编 Authenticum超出法律范围的 outside of law超出法律权限的 extralegal超过权限 exceed authority; beyond jurisdiction成文法 written law成文宪法written constitution冲突法 conflict of laws; rules of conflict冲突规则 conflict rule; rule of conflict除（本法）另有规定外 except for otherwise stipulated (by this law)除外条款 provisory clause除外责任条款 exclusion clause触犯公共利益 encroach on the public interests触犯国际利益 go against the state’s interests触犯人民利益 encroach on the interests of the people; go against the people’s interests传统法律观念 traditional ideas of law纯粹法学 pure theory of law次要法规 by law次要规则 secondary rule从宽解释原则 doctrine of liberal construction从权利 accessory right达到法定年龄 come of age大法 the fundamental law大法官Lord High Chancellor大法官法院Court of Chancery大陆法系Continental Legal System大律师barrister《大明律》Criminal Law of the Ming Dynasty （中）大陪审团 grand jury《大清律例》the Criminal Laws of the Qing Dynasty (中)《大宪章》(1215) Great Charter, 1215(英)单行法规specific regulations单一法律体系unitary legal system单一制政府unitary government但书proviso当代法学动向current trend of jurisprudence当然解释 natural interpretation党纪国法party discipline and the law of the country道德规范norm of morality道德义务 moral obligation《德国民法典》German Civil code德拉古 Draco地方各级人民代表大会 local people’s congresses at different levels地方各级人民法院local people’s courts at different levels地方各级人民检察院local people’s procuratorates at different levels地方各级人民政府local people’s governments at different levels第二读second reading第三读 third reading二元论the dualistic theory二元君主立宪制 dual constitutional monarchy system二元论 the dualistic theory。
律所营业执照注销流程
律所营业执照注销流程Closing a law firm can be a complex and emotional process. There are various steps that need to be taken to properly close a law firm and cancel its business license. The first step in this process is to notify all relevant parties of the closure, including clients, employees, and other stakeholders. This can be a difficult and emotional task, as it may involve letting go of staff and closing long-standing client accounts.关闭律师事务所可能是一个复杂而情感化的过程。
有许多步骤需要采取来正确关闭律所并注销其营业执照。
这个过程的第一步是通知所有相关方关闭，包括客户、员工和其他利益相关者。
这可能是一项艰难且情感化的任务，因为它可能涉及解雇员工和关闭长期存在的客户账户。
Once all parties have been notified, the next step is to begin the process of canceling the law firm's business license. This typically involves submitting a formal request to the appropriate government agency, along with any necessary documentation. The agency will then review the request and may require additional information before approving the cancellation. This process can be time-consuming and bureaucratic, adding to the stress of closing a law firm.一旦所有相关方均已收到通知，下一个步骤就是开始取消律所营业执照的过程。
常见法律法规名称的英文翻译
常见法律法规名称的英文翻译（1）中华人民共和国宪法修正案 AMENDMENT FOURTH TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF C HINA)中国银行业监督管理委员会关于中国银行、中国建设银行公司治理改革与监管指引 (Guidelines on Corporate Governance Reforms And Supervision of Bank of China and Constru ction Bank of China)外国保险机构驻华代表机构管理办法(Rules on Administration of Representative Offices of Foreign Insurance Institutions )商业银行资本充足率管理办法(Regulation Governing Capital Adequacy of Commercial Banks)金融机构衍生产品交易业务管理暂行办法(Provisional Administrative Rules Governing Derivatives Activities of Financial Institutions)中华人民共和国银行业监督管理法(Law of the People’s Republic of China on Banking Regulation and Supervision)境外金融机构投资入股中资金融机构管理办法(Administrative Rules Governing the Equity Investment in Chinese Financial Institutions by Over seas Financial Institutions )汽车金融公司管理办法实施细则(Implementing Rules for the Administrative Rules Governing the Auto Financ ing Company)汽车金融公司管理办法(Administrative Rules Governing the Auto Financing Company )新化学物质环境管理办法 (Provisions on the Environmental Administration of New Chemical substances )人民币银行结算账户管理办法(Administrative Rules for RMB Bank Settlement Accounts)中国人民银行假币收缴、鉴定管理办法(Administrative Rules of the People’s Bank of China for the Seizure and V erification of Counterfei t Currency)中华人民共和国中外合作办学条例(Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Cooperation in Running Scho ols )上海市营业性危险货物道路运输管理办法(Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of Road Transportation of DangerousGoods of a Business Nature)人民币大额和可疑支付交易报告管理办法(Administrative Rules for the Reporting of Large-value and Suspicious RMB Payment Transactio ns)上海市新建住宅配套建设与交付使用管理办法(Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on The Administration of All Necessary Accessory Constru ctions of Newly Built Residences and Making Newly Built Residences A vailable to Users )上海市公共信息图形标志标准化管理办法 (Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of the Standardization of the Grap hic Signs of Public Information )上海市民防工程建设和使用管理办法 (Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on Administration of Construction and Use of Civil Defe nse Projects )外汇指定银行办理结汇、售汇业务管理暂行办法(Provisional Procedures for Designated Bank’s Purchase and Sale of Foreign Exchange)金融统计管理规定(Administrative Rules for Financial Statistics )上海市促进行业协会发展规定 (Provisions of Shanghai Municipality on Promoting the Development of Trade Association ) 金融机构反洗钱规定(Rules for Anti-money Laundering by Financial Institutions )中华人民共和国商标法实施条例(2002)(Implementing Regulations of the Trademark Law of the People's Republic of China)危险化学品安全管理条例(Regulations on the Control over Safety of Dangerous Chemicals)上市公司治理准则(Code of Corporate Governance for Listed Companies in China)金融机构撤销条例(Regulations on Closure of Financial Institutions)关于中华人民共和国加入的决定(ACCESSION OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA) 中华人民共和国加入议定书(Protocol on the Accession of the People's Republic of China)中国在过渡性审议机制中提供的信息2(Annex 1A: Information to be Provided by China in the Context of the Transitional Review Mec hanism)根据《补贴与反补贴措施协定》第25条作出的通知(Annex 5A: Notification Pursuant to Article XXV of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervaili ng Measures)总理事会依照《中国加入议定书》第18条第2款处理的问题(Annex 1B: Issues to be Addressed by the General Council in Accordance with Section 18.2 of Ch ina's Protocol of Accession)需逐步取消的补贴(Annex 5B: Subsidies to be Phased Out)中国加入工作组报告书(Report of the Working Party on the Accession of China )中华人民共和国著作权法 (2001)(Copyright Law of the People''s Republic of China(2001) )中华人民共和国职业病防治(Code of Occupational Disease Prevention of PRC)中华人民共和国商标法(2001） (Trademark Law of the People''s Republic of China(2001) )中华人民共和国防沙治沙法 (Law of the People's Republic of China on Desert Prevention and Transformation)专利法实施细则(2001)(Implementing Regulations of the Patent Law (2001))中华人民共和国婚姻法(2001)(Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China )集成电路布图设计保护条例(Regulations on the Protection of Layout-Designs of Integrated Circuits)互联网站从事登载新闻业务管理暂行规定(Interim Provisions for Administration of Internet Websites’ Publishing News)互联网信息服务管理办法(Measures for Administration of Information Service via Internet)中华人民共和国境内外国人宗教活动管理规定实施细则(Rules on Administration of Religious Activities of Aliens in China)中华人民共和国专利法(2000年修订版)(Patent Law of the People's Republic of China (Revised on 8/25/2000))中华人民共和国飞行基本规则(The Basic Regulations of A viation of the People’s Republic of China)中华人民共和国产品质量法 (Product Quality Law of the People's Republic of China (Amended on 7/8/2000))中华人民共和国大气污染防治法(2000)(Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Poll ution(2000))中华人民共和国水污染防治法实施细则 (Rules for Implementation of the Law on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution (Amen ded on 3/20/2000))个人存款账户实名制规定 (Provisions on the Real Name of Individual Deposit Account)中华人民共和国立法法 (Legislation Law)保险公司管理规定 (Regulations on the Administration of Insurance Companies )中华人民共和国森林法实施条例(Regulations for the Implementation of Forestry Law of the People's Republic of China)银行条例(BANKING ORDINANCE)中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法(2000) (Marine Environment Protection Law of the People's Republic of China(2000))统一域名争议解决办法补充规则(Supplemental Rules for Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy )关于适用《中华人民共和国合同法》若干问题的解释（一）(The Supreme People's Court's Interpretations of Certain Issues Concerning the Application of Th e Contract Law)国务院关于国家行政机关和企业事业单位社会团体印章管理的规定(The Rules on the Administration of the Seals of the State Administrative Departments, Enterprise s and Institutions and the Social Organizations of the State Council)中华人民共和国会计法(The Law on Accountancy of the People's Republic of China)中华人民共和国气象法(Meteorology Law of the People's Republic of China)统一域名争议解决办法程序规则(Rules for Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy) 商用密码管理条例(Regulations on the Commercial Passwords)中华人民共和国个人独资企业法(Sole Proprietorship Enterprise Law of the People's Republic of China )中华人民共和国植物新品种保护条例实施细则(林业部分)(RULES FOR THE REGULA TIONS OF THE PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON PROT ECTION OF NEW V ARIETIES OF PLANTS)价格违法行为行政处罚规定(Rules of Administrative Sanctions on Price Offense)关于价格违法行为行政处罚规定(Administrative Rules on the Penalties for Price Offense)中华人民共和国植物新品种保护条例实施细则（农业部分）(Implementing Rules for the Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of N ew V arieties of Plants (Agriculture Part) )计算机软件保护条例(REGULA TIONS FOR THE PROTECTION OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE)上海市拆除违法建筑若干规定 (Provisions of Shanghai Municipality on the Demolition of Illegal Building )上海市村民委员会选举办法 (Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on the Election of the Villagers' Committee)饲料和饲料添加剂管理条例(Administrative Regulations on Feed and Feed Additive)中华人民共和国行政复议法(Law of the People's Republic of China on Administrative Reconsideration)上海市体育竞赛管理办法 (Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on Administration of Sports Contests )中华人民共和国合同法(CONTRACT LA W OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA )中华人民共和国澳门特别行政区第九届全国人民代表大会代表的产生办法 (Procedures for the Election of delegates of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the Pe ople’s Repubilc of China to the Ninth National People’s Congress)金融违法行为处罚办法(Methods of Punishment against Financial Malfeasance)上海市空中飞行器广告管理若干规定 (Provisions of Shanghai Municipality on the Control of Aerial Advertising by Measures of Airc raft )上海市失业保险办法 (Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on Unemployment Insurance )上海市户外广告设置规划和管理办法 (Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on the Installation, Planning and Administration of Outd oor Advertisements )上海市燃气管理条例(Regulations of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of Fuel Gas ) 失业保险条例 (Regulations on Unemployment Insurance )社会保险费征缴暂行条例 (Interim Regulations on the Collection and Payment of Social Insurance Premiums)国家外汇管理局、海关总署关于使用进出口报关单联网核查系统有关问题的通知(NOTIFICA TION ON HOW TO USE THE 'VERIFICA TION SYSTEM FOR IMPORT AND EX PORT CUSTOMS DECLARA TION FORM NETWORK' )上海市公有住房差价交换试行办法(Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on Public Housing Exchange With Price Differences (For T rial Implementation) )中华人民共和国政府和厄立特里亚国政府文化协定一九九九、二○○○、二○○一年执行计划(EXECUTIVE PROGRAMME OF THE CULTURAL AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVER N- MENT OF THE STA TE OF ERITREA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE'S REP UBLIC OF CHINA FOR 1999,2000,2001 EXECUTIVE PROGRAMME OF THE CULTURAL A GREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE STA TE OF ERITREA AND THE GO VERN- MENT OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA FOR 1999, 2000, 2001)全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于《中华人民共和国国籍法》在澳门特别行政区实施的几个问题的解释 (Interpretations of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress Concerning Ques tions on the Impelmentation of the Nationality Law of the People’s Republic of China in the Maca o Special Administrative Region)中华人民共和国证券法 (Securities Law of the People’s Republic of China)全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于惩治骗购外汇、逃汇和非法买卖外汇犯罪的决定(Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on the Punishment of Cri mes of Purchase of Foreign Currencies by Deceitful Means, Foreign Exchange Evasion and Illegal Buying and Selling of Foreign Currencies)中华人民共和国土地管理法实施条例(Regulations on the Implementation of the Land Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China (1998))基本农田保护条例(Regulations on the Protection of Basic Farmland (1998))上海市政府采购管理办法 (Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of Government Purchasing )上海市产权交易管理办法(Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of Transactions in Property Rights ) 国务院关于建立城镇职工基本医疗保险制度的决定 (The Decision of the State Council on Setting up Basic Medical Insurance System for Staff Me mbers and Workers in Cities and Towns)上海市海塘管理办法 (Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of Seawalls )上海市门弄号管理办法 (Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of House and Lane Numbers )国务院关于1993年12月31日前批准设立的外商投资企业有关税收政策问题的批复 (Official Written Reply of the State Council to Subordinates on Problems of Tax Collection Pol icy on Enterprises with Foreign Investment the Establishment of which was Approved before Dec ember )(Interim Procedures for the Experiment of Travel Services with Chinese and Foreign Investments)建设项目环境保护管理条例(Regulations on the Administration of Construction Project Environmental Protection)国内交通卫生检疫条例 (Regulations on Domestic Communications Health Quarantine)上海市产品准产证管理办法 (Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of Production Permit )上海市居民同外国人、华侨、香港特别行政区居民、澳门地区居民、台湾地区居民婚姻登记和婚姻咨询管理若干规定 (Provisions of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of Matrimonial Registration and C onsultation for Its Residents with Foreigners, Overseas Chinese, the Residents in Hongkong Speci al Administrative Area, and the Residents in Macao and Taiwan )全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于补选出缺的香港特别行政区第九届全国人民代表大会代表的决定 (Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on by-Election to Fill t he V acancies of Delegates to the 9th National People’s Congress from the Hong Kong Special Ad ministrative Region)民办非企业单位登记管理暂行条例(Provisional Regulations for the Registration Administration of People-Run non-Enterprise Units)中华人民共和国文化部和爱沙尼亚共和国文化部１９９８－２０００年文化交流计划 (CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM BETWEEN THE MINISTRY OF CULTURE OF TH E PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA AND THE MINISTRY OF CULTURE OF THE REPUBLI C OF ESTONIA FOR THE YEARS 1998-2000)国务院办公厅关于加强对外商投资企业升挂和使用国旗管理的通知 (the Management of the Hoisting and Use of National Flag by Enterprises with Foreign Invest ment)上海市城镇企业退休人员门诊急诊医疗保险暂行办法 (Interim Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on Medical Insurance on Outpatient and Emerge ncy Treatment for Retired Persons in Town Enterprises )关于赋予私营生产企业和科研院所自营进出口权的暂行规定 (Interim Provisions for the Granting of Rights of Self-Managed Import and Export to Privately-Owned Production Enterprises and Scientific Research Academies and Institutes)上海市地名管理条例 (Regulations of Shanghai Municipality on Place-name Administration )中华人民共和国文化部和立陶宛共和国文化部１９９８、１９９９、２０００年文化交流计划(CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAMME FOR 1998, 1999, 2000 BETWEEN THE MINISTR Y OF CULTURE OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA AND THE MINISTRY OF CULT URE OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA)中华人民共和国政府和秘鲁共和国政府海运协定(AGREEMENT ON MARITIME TRANSPORT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THEPEO PLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF PERU)中华人民共和国高等教育法 (Higher Education Law of the People’s Republic of China)国务院关于进一步整顿和规范期货市场的通知 (Circular of the State Council Concerning the Further Consolidation and Standardization of Fut ures Markets)上海市房地产登记资料查阅暂行规定 (Interim Provisions of Shanghai Municipality on Inquiry of Real Estate Registration Materials )城市房地产开发经营管理条例(Regulations on Urban Real Estate Development and Management Control)中华人民共和国政府和圭亚那合作共和国政府关于互免公务旅行签证协定(AGREEMENT ON THE MUTUAL EXEMPTION OF VISAS FOR OFFICIAL TOUR BETWE EN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA AND THE GOVERN- M ENT OF THE COOPERA TIVE REPUBLIC OF GUY ANA)非法金融机构和非法金融业务活动取缔办法 (Measures for the Banning of Illegal Financial Institutions and Illegal Financial Business Opera tions)上海市文化教育事业建设费征收办法 (Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on Collecting the Construction Dues for Cultural and Ed ucational Undertakings )上海市陆家嘴金融贸易中心区综合管理暂行规定(Interim Provisions of Shanghai Municipality on the Comprehensive Administration of Lujiazui Fi nance and Trade Center Zone )国务院办公厅关于清理整顿非试点外商投资商业企业情况的通知(Circular of the General Office of the State Council Concerning the State of Sorting out and Conso lidation of Non-experimental Foreign Business Invested Commercial Enterprises)中华人民共和国政府与美利坚合众国政府关于在中国实施美国志愿者项目的协议(AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STA TES OF AMERICA A ND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA CONCERNING THE U NITED STA TES VOLUNTEER PROGRAM IN CHINA)中华人民共和国执业医师法(Law of the People’s Republic of China on Medical Practitioners)中华人民共和国专属经济区和大陆架法 (Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Exclusive Economic Zone and the Continental S helf)中华人民共和国专属经济区和大陆架法(1998) (Law on the Exclusive Economic Zone and the Continental Shelf of the People's Republic of China)中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅关于转发《财政部、国家发展计划委员会、监察部、公安部、最高人民检察院、最高人民法院、国家工商行政管理局关于加强公安、检察院、法院和工商行政管理部门行政性收费和罚没收入收支两条线管理工作的规定》的通知(Circular of the General Office of the Chinese Communist Party Central Committee and the Gener al Office of the State Council Concerning Transmitting Provisions of the Ministry of Finance, the Development Planning Commission, the Ministry of Supervision, the Ministry of Public Security, the Supreme Peo ple’s Procuratorate, the Supreme People’s Court and the State Administration for Industry and Commerce on Strengthening the Administration of Administrative Charges and Inco mes From Fines and Confi)关于安巴在香港设立总领事馆协议备案函 (EMBASSY OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA)中华人民共和国核两用品及相关技术出口管制条例(Regulations of the People’s Republic of China for Export Control on Nuclear Dual-purpose Good s and Related Technologies)国务院办公厅转发科学技术部卫生部《人类遗传资源管理暂行办法》的通知 (Interim Procedures for Human Genetic Resources Management)中华人民共和国政府和意大利共和国政府科学技术合作协定(AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE ITALIAN REPUBLIC ON SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOL O- GICAL CO-OPERA TION)上海市养老机构管理办法 (Procedures Of Shanghai Municipality On Managing Old-Age Care Institutions )上海市印章刻制业治安管理办法 (Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of Chop and Seal Engraving Busi ness for Public Security Purpose )国务院关于在国有中小企业和集体企业改制过程中加强金融债权管理的通知 (Circular of the State Council Concerning Strengthening the Administration of Financial Credit or’s Rights in the Structural Reform of Medium- and Small-sized State-owned Enterprises and Col lective Enterprises)国务院办公厅转发民政部关于进一步加强公墓管理意见的通知 (Circular of the General Office of the State Council Concerning Transmitting Suggestions Sub mitted by the Ministry of Civil Affairs on Further Strengthening the Management of Cemeteries)中华人民共和国政府和苏里南共和国政府贸易协定 (TRADE AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME)中华人民共和国政府和国际清算银行关于国际清算银行在中华人民共和国香港特别行政区设立代表处和代表处地位的东道国协定(HOST COUNTRY AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE BANK FOR INTERNA TIONAL SETTLE- MENTS AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA RELA TING T O THE ESTABLISHMENT AND STA TUS OF A REPRESENTA TIVE OFFICE OF THE BANK FOR INTERNA TIONAL SETTLEMENTS IN THE HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRA TIV E REGION OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA)中华人民共和国消防法 (Fire Prevention Law of the People’s Republic of China)中华人民共和国森林法 (1998)(Forest Law of the People's Republic of China(1998))中华人民共和国消防法(1998)(Control Law of the People's Republic of China (another version))上海市教学成果奖励办法 (Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on Incentives for Teaching Achievements )中华人民共和国政府和葡萄牙共和国政府关于对所得避免双重征税和防止偷漏税的协定(AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PORTUGUESE REPUBLIC FOR THE A VOIDANCE OF DOUBLE TAXA TION AND THE PREVENTION OF FISCAL EV ASION WITH RESPECT TO TAXES ON INCOME)国务院关于禁止传销经营活动的通知 (Circular of the State Council Concerning the Banning of Operational Activities of Pyramid Sal es)中华人民共和国政府和坦桑尼亚联合共和国政府关于坦桑尼亚联合共和国在中华人民共和国香港特别行政区设立名誉领事馆的协定(AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA ON THE ESTABLI SH- MENT OF AN HONORARY CONSULA TE BY THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA IN THE HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRA TIVE REGION OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLI C OF CHINA)企业法人法定代表人登记管理规定 (Rules for the Registration Administration of Legal Representatives of Legal Entities)国务院关于机构设置的通知 (Circular of the State Council Concerning Organizational Structure)国务院关于部委管理的国家局设置的通知(Circular of the State Council Concerning the Organizational Structure of State Bureaux (Administ rations) under the Management of Ministries and Commissions)国务院关于议事协调机构和临时机构设置的通知 (Circular of the State Council Concerning the Organizational Structure of Advisory and Coordi nating Organs and Provisional Organs)国务院办公厅关于部委联系公司的通知(Circular of the General Office of the State Council Concerning Maintaining Contact With Compa nies by Ministries and Commissions)国务院关于加强依法治税严格税收管理权限的通知 (Circular of the State Council Concerning Strengthening Tax Administration by Law and Reaffi rming Taxation Powers)国务院关于进一步加强麻黄素管理的通知 (Circular of the State Council Concerning Further Strengthening Ephedrine Control)第九届全国人民代表大会第一次会议关于国务院机构改革方案的决定附：国务院机构改革方案 (Decision of the First Session of the Ninth National People’s Congress Regarding the State Cou ncil’s Institutional Restructuring Plan)矿产资源勘查区块登记管理办法 (Measures for the Area Registration Administration of Mineral Resources Exploration and Surv ey )矿产资源开采登记管理办法(Measures for the Registration Administration of Mineral Resources Exploitation)探矿权采矿权转让管理办法 (Measures for the Administration of Transfer of Mineral Exploration Right and Mining Right)中华人民共和国政府和缅甸联邦政府关于互免持外交和公务（官员）护照者签证协定(AGREEMENT ON MUTUAL EXEMPTION ON VISAS BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNION OF MY ANMAR FOR HOLDERS OF DIPLOMA TIC OR SERVICE (OFFICIAL) PASSPORTS)国务院关于酸雨控制区和二氧化硫污染控制区有关问题的批复通知 (Official Reply of the State Council Concerning Acid Rain Control Areas and Sulphur Dioxide Pollution Control Areas)当前国家重点鼓励发展的产业、产品和技术目录 (Current Catalogue of Key Industries, Products and Technologies the Development of Which Is Encouraged by the State (Provisional))外商投资产业指导目录 (Catalogue for the Guidance of Foreign Investment Industries)上海市宗教印制品管理办法 (Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of Religious Presswork )中华人民共和国防震减灾法 (THE Law of the People’s Republic of China on Precautions Against Earthquake and Relief of Disaster)国务院关于调整进口设备税收政策的通知 (Circular of the State Council Concerning the Adjustment in the Taxation Policy of Import Equi pment)中华人民共和国价格法 (Price Law of the People’s Republic of China)中华人民共和国献血法 (Blood Donation Law of the People’s Republic of China)中华人民共和国防震减灾法(1997)(Law of the People's Republic of China on Protecting Against and Mitigating Earthquake D isasters)证券、期货投资咨询管理暂行办法 (Interim Measures for the Administration of Securities and Futures Investment Consultancy)计算机信息网络国际联网安全保护管理办法 (Measures for Security Protection Administration of the International Networking of Computer Information Networks)国务院关于香港特别行政区简称及在全国行政区划中排列顺序的通知 (Circular of the State Council Concerning the Abbreviation of the Hong Kong Special Administ rative Region and Its Place in the Order of Precedence in the National Administrative Division)上海市地下铁道管理条例(Regulations of Shanghai Municipality on the Underground Railway Administration )上海市特种行业和公共场所治安管理条例(Regulations of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of Peace and Order in Special Trade s and Public Places )证券交易所管理办法(Measures for the Administration of Stock Exchanges)国务院关于发布芦芽山等国家级自然保护区名单的通知 (Circular of the State Council Concerning the Promulgation of the List of Luyashan Mountain National Nature Reserve and Other National Nature Reserves)上海市危棚简屋改造地块居住房屋拆迁补偿安置试行办法 (Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on Compensation and Resettlement for Demolition and Relocation of Residential Houses on Land-Plots Clustered With Shaky Sheds and Crude Shacks D esignated to be Reconstructed (for Trial Implementation) )关于下发不征收营业税的收费（基金）项目名单（第二批）的通知 (Circular on Issuing the Second List of Items for the Collection of Fees(funds) Exempt From B usiness Tax)上海市商业连锁企业若干规定 (Provisions of Shanghai Municipality on Commercial Chain Enterprises )中华人民共和国合伙企业登记管理办法 (Measures of the People’s Republic of China for the Administration of Partnership Enterprise R egistration)罚款决定与罚款收缴分离实施办法(Measures for the Implementation of Separation of Penalty Decisions From Collection of Penalty Payments )罚款决定与罚款收缴分离实施办法 (Implementing Measures on Separation of Fine Decisions from Fine Collections)上海市机动车维修和检测管理办法 (Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of Motor V ehicle )上海市人民广场地区综合管理暂行规定 (Interim Provisions of Shanghai Municipality on the Comprehensive Administration of the Peo ple's Square Area)证券投资基金管理暂行办法(Interim Measures for the Administration of Securities Investment Funds)国有独资商业银行监事会暂行规定 (Interim Provisions on Boards of Supervisors in Solely State-owned Commercial Banks) (Regulations of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of Waters )中华人民共和国建筑法(Construction Law of the People’s Republic of China)中华人民共和国节约能源法 (Energy Conservation Law of the People’s Republic of China)中华人民共和国节约能源法(1997)(Law of the People's Republic of China on Conserving Energy (another version))中华人民共和国建筑法(1997)(Construction Law of the People's Republic of China)水利产业政策(Water Conservancy Industrial Policy)国务院办公厅关于尽快落实《刑事诉讼法》有关条款规定的通知(Circular of the General Office of the State Council Concerning the Implementation at an Early Da te of the Provisions of Relevant Clauses of the Criminal Procedure Law)中华人民共和国军品出口管理条例(Regulations of the People’s Republic of China Governing Export Control of Military Goods)中华人民共和国审计法实施条例 (Regulations for the Implementation of the Audit Law of the People’s Republic of China)国务院关于地方税务机构管理体制问题的通知 (Circular of the State Council Concerning the Question of Local Tax Authorities Management System)中华人民共和国民用航空器国籍登记条例(Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on the Nationality Registration of Civil Aircraft)中华人民共和国民用航空器权利登记条例 (Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Civil Aircraft Rights Registration)中华人民共和国民用航空器权利登记条例(1997)(Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Registration of Rights in Civil Aircraft(a nother version))上海市酒类商品产销管理条例(Regulations of Shanghai Municipalityon the Administration of Production and Marketing of Win e Commodities )上海市实施《中华人民共和国教师法》办法(Procedures of Shanghai Municipality for the Implementation of Teachers Law of the Poeple's Re public of China)上海市建筑市场管理条例 (Regulations of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of Construction Market )上海市水路运输管理条例(Regulations of Shanghai Municipality on Administration of Waterway Transportation )《中外合资经营企业合营各方出资的若干规定》的补充规定 (Supplementary Provisions to Several Provisions Concerning the Investment Made by the V ari ous Parties to Chinese-foreign Equity Joint V entures)上海市公共文化馆管理办法 (Procedures of Shanghai Municipalityon the Administration of Public Cultural Centers )中华人民共和国核出口管制条例(Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Nuclear Export Control)中华人民共和国防洪法 (Flood Control Law of the People’s Republic of China)中华人民共和国防洪法(1998)(Flood Control of The People's Republic of China (another version))票据管理实施办法(Measures for the Implementation of Administration of Negotiable Instruments)上海市劳动保护监察条例(Regulations of Shanghai Municipality on the Supervision of Labor Protection )上海市殡葬管理条例(Regulations of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of Funeral and Interment )广播电视管理条例(Regulations on Broadcasting and Television Administration)营业性演出管理条例 (Regulations Governing Performances for Business)上海市电影发行放映管理办法 (Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of Release and Showing of Film )国务院行政机构设置和编制管理条例 (Regulations on Administration of the Establishment and Staffing of the Administrative Agenci es of the State Council)保税区海关监管办法 (Measures for Customs Supervision and Control of the Bonded Areas)上海市旧机动车交易管理规定 (Provisions of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of Used Motor V ehicle Trading )社会力量办学条例 (Regulations on the Running of Educational Institutions With Social Resources)国务院办公厅关于对在我国境内举办对外经济技术展览会加强管理的通知(Circular of the General Office of the State Council Concerning Strengthening the Administration of Holding of Foreign Economic and Technological Exhibitions Within the Territory of China)殡葬管理条例(Regulations on Funeral and Interment Control)国务院批转国家计委等部门关于进一步加强汽车工业项目管理意见的通知 (Circular of the State Council on the Approval and Transmission of the Suggestions Concernin g Further Strengthening Project Management of the Automotive Industry of the State Planning Co mmission and Other Departments)文化事业建设费征收管理暂行办法 (Interim Measures for the Administration of the Levying of Construction Fee for Cultural Unde rtakings)中华人民共和国契税暂行条例 (Provisional Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Deed Tax)上海市升挂使用国旗管理办法 (Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on Displaying and Using the National Flag )上海市技术市场条例（修正）(Regulations of Shanghai Municipality on Technology Market )全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于批准全国人民代表大会香港特别行政区筹备委员会结束工作的建议的决定 (Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress Concerning Approval of the Suggestion on the Conclusion of the Work of the Preparatory Committee of the Hongkong S pecial Administrative Region of the National People’s Congress)中华人民共和国公路法 (Highway Law of the People’s Republic of China )中华人民共和国烟草专卖法实施条例 (Regulations for the Implementation of the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Tobacco Monopoly)中华人民共和国动物防疫法(Animal Epidemic Prevention Law of the People’s Republic of China)全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于《中华人民共和国香港特别行政区基本法》附件三所列全国性法律增减的决定 (Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress Concerning Addition a nd Deletion of National Laws in Annex Iii to the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administra tive Region of the People’s Republic of China)中华人民共和国香港特别行政区行政区域图(THE Maps of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China)中国公民自费出国旅游管理暂行办法(Interim Measures for the Administration of Chinese Citizens Going Abroad on Tours at Own Exp enses。
法律英语词汇大全(完美打印版)
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法律英语 合伙型联营 （coordinated management in partnership） 协 作 型 联 营 （ cooperation-type coordinated management） 合作社 （cooperative） 民事法律行为 （civil legal act） 单 方 民 事 法 律 行 为 （ unilateral civil legal act） 双 方 民 事 法 律 行 为 （ bilateral civil legal act） 多方民事法律行为（joint act civil legal act） 有偿民事法律行为 （civil legal act with consideration） 无 偿 民 事 法 律 行 为 （ civil legal act without consideration）; （civil legal act without award） 实践性民事法律行为 （practical civil legal act） 法律翻译公司 诺 成 性 民 事 法 律 行 为 （ consental civil legal act） 要式民事法律行为 （formal civil legal act） 不 要 式 民 事 法 律 行 为 （ informal civil legal act） 要 因 民 事 法 律 行 为 （ causative civil legal act） 不要因民事法律行为（noncausative civil legal act） 主民事法律行为 （principal civil legal act） 从民事法律行为 （accessory civil legal act） 附条件民事法律行为 （conditional civil legal act） 附期限民事法律行为 （civil legal act with term） 生 前 民 事 法 律 行 为 （ civil legal act before death） 死后民事法律行为（civil legal act after death） 准民事法律行为 （quasi-civil legal act） 无效行为 （ineffective act） 可撤销民事行为 （revocable civil act） 违法行为 （illegal act） ;（unlawful act） 侵权行为 （tort） 欺诈 （fraud） 胁迫 （duress） 乘人之危 （taking advantage of others’ precarious position） 以合 法形 式掩盖 非法目 的 （legal form concealing illegal intention） 恶意串通 （malicious collaboration） 重大误解 （gross misunderstanding） 显失公平 （obvious unjust） 误传 （misrepresentation） 代理 （agency） 本人 （principal） 被代理人 （principal） 受托人 （trustee） 代理人 （agent） 本代理人 （original agent） 法定代理人 （statutory agent）; （legal agent） 委托代理人 （agent by mandate） 指定代理人 （designated agent） 复代理人 （subagent） 再代理人 （subagent） 转代理人 （subagent） 代理权 （right of agency） 授权行为 （act of authorization） 授权委托书 （power of attorney） 代理行为 （act of agency） 委托代理 （agency by mandate） 本代理 （original agency） 复代理（subagency） 次代理（subagency） 有权代理 （authorized agency） 表 见 代 理 （ agency by estoppel ） ; （apparent agency） 律师代理 （agency by lawyer） 普通代理 （general agency） 全权代理 （general agency） 全 权 代 理 委 托 书 （ general power of attorney） 共同代理 （joint agency） 独家代理 （sole agency）
法律英语核心术语-第二章
第二章法律英语术语draft 法案，草案Government bill 政府议案to pass a bill, to carry a bill 通过议案to enact a law, to promulgate a law 颁布法律 ratification, confirmation 批准law enforcement 法律的实施to come into force 生效decree 法令clause 条款minutes 备忘录report 判例汇编codification 法律汇编legislation 立法legislator 立法者jurist 法学家jurisprudence 法学legitimation 合法化legality, lawfulness 法制，合法legal, lawful 合法的,依法的to contravene a law, to infringe a law, to break a law 违法 outlaw, outside the law 超出法律范围的offender 罪犯to abolish 废止，取消rescission, annulment 废除，取消repeal, revocation, annulment 废除(法律)cancellation, annulment, invalidation 废除(合同)cancellation (支票)作废annulment 撤消(遗嘱)repeal rescission 撤消(判决)revocation 撤消immunity 豁免，豁免权disability, legal incapacity 无资格 nonretroactive character 不溯既往性 prescription 剥夺公权attainder 公民权利的剥夺和财产的没收 constitutional law 宪法canon law 教会法规common law 习惯法criminal law 刑法administrative law 行政法civil law 民法commercial law, mercantile law 商法 law of nations 万国公法，国际法international law 国际法natural law 自然法labour laws 劳工法fiscal law 财政法Civil Suit Law, Code of civil law 民事诉讼法 Criminal Law 刑事诉讼法Military Law 军法Conscript Law 兵役法Copyright Law 著作权法penal code 刑法典code of mercantile law 商法典civil rights 民事权利，公民权利right of asylum 避难权human rights, rights of man 人权(customs) duties 关税death duty, death tax 遗产税royalties 版税Aabsolute proof 绝对证明absolute property 绝对财产（权）abstract of title 产权书摘要acceleration clause 提前（偿还）条款acceptance 承诺accident report 事故报告accident insurance 意外保险accusation 指控；控告accusatorial procedure 控告程序accusatorial process of proof 控告证明过程（程序） accusatorial system 控告或诉讼程序accused 被指控者accuser 控告人acknowledgement 认知(书)acquittal 无罪判决act 条例；作为Act for the prevention of Frauds and Perjuries 《预防诈欺和伪证条例》 action 诉讼；作为actual losses 实际损失adjudication 裁决；裁定administrative law 行政法administrative law judge 行政法法官administrative procedure 行政程序administrator 管理人；监管人admissible 可采的admissibility 可采性admit 采用；允许adoption 收养adulterous conduct 通奸行为ad valorem property tax 从价财产税adversarial hearing 对抗式听证会adversarial process 对抗式程序adversary 对手adversary trial system 对抗式（或抗辩）审判制度 advocacy 出庭辩护；诉讼代理advocate 辩护人；诉讼代理人affidavit 正式书面陈述affirm 维持（原判）affirmation 保证书；证词affirmative 确保的agency （行政）机关agency action 机关（行政）机关agreed upon remedies 补救协议agreement 协议agreement-as-written 书面协议agreement -in-fact 事实协议alibi 阿里白（不在犯罪场的证明）alienation of affection 离间夫妻关系 allegation 声称；指控allege 诉称；指控alleged offense 所控罪行alternate juror 替补陪审员amendment 修正案American Bar Association 美国律师协会 American Law Institute 美国法学会analogy 类推Anglo-American Legal System 英美法系 anonymous accusation 匿名控告appeal 上诉appear 出庭appellant 上诉人appellate action 上诉行为 appellate court 上诉法院 appellee 被上诉人appealer 上诉人appropriate 拨款appurtenant 附属物arbiter 仲裁人arbitrary武断的arbitration仲裁arraignment初审array 陪审员名单arrest 逮捕arrest warrant 逮捕令（证）arrestee 被捕人article 条款，文章article of authority 授权条款articles of confederation 《联帮条例》articles of incorporation 公司组织章程artificial person 法人Asian American legal defense and education fund亚裔美国人法律辩护与教育基金会 assault 意图或威胁伤害assert 主张，宣称asset 资产assistant attorney 助理法官associate judge 副法官associate justice 副大法官assumption 违约合同，违约赔偿之诉assumption 假定attempt 意图，企图attempted escape 逃脱未遂attestation 证词attorney 代理人，律师attorney at law 律师attorney general 检察长authentication 鉴定authority 权力，法源，权威性依据 automobile insurance 机动车保险 automobile tort 机动车侵权行为 autonomy 自治（权）Bban 禁令，禁止banishment 流放bankruptcy 破产bankruptcy discharge 破产债务解除 bankruptcy judge 破产法官bar 律师职业bar association 律师协会barrister 出庭律师battery 殴打bench trial 法官审beneficiary 受益人benefit 收益，福得bigamy 重婚罪bill of lading 提单bill of right 《人权法案》bind over 具保，具结binder 临时保险单binding 有约束力binding contract 有约束力的合同binding force 约束力binding interpretation 有约束力的解释black-letter law （普通接受之基本原则的）黑体字法 black nation bar association 全美黑人律师协会blue sky law 蓝天法（关于股票买卖控制的法律）Board of Governors（ABA）（美国律师协会的）董事会 body of law 法体bond 债券；保释金bond instrument 债券契据branding 鞭笞breach 违约；破坏bride 贿赂bribery 贿赂（罪）bright-line test 明显界限检验标准broker 中间人brokerage fee 佣金；中介费brother-sister corporation 兄弟公司；姊妹公司Bulk Sales Act《大宗销售条例》burden 责任burden of going forward with the evidence 先行举证责任 burden of persuasion 说服责任；证明责任burden of producing evidence 举证责任burden of proof 证明责任burglary入室盗窃（罪）business corporation实业公司business law 实业法business organization 实业组织buy-out agreement（股权）承买协议buy-sell agreement（股权）买卖协议bylaws（内部）章程CCalifornia Penal Code《加州刑法典》capital account 资本帐户 capital crime 可判死刑罪capital punishment 死刑capital surplus 资本盈余capitation tax 人头税career criminal 职业罪犯career judiciary 职业法官case briefing 案情摘要case-in-chief 主诉case law 判例法case method 案例教学法case report 判决报告case reports 判例汇编casualty insurance （意外伤害）保险catalog 商品目录（单）certificate 证书certificate of existence 实体存在证明（书） challenge 置疑；挑战challenge for cause有理回避chancery court 衡平法院charging instrument 控告文件checks and balances 制衡（原则）chief judge 首席法官chief justice 首席大法官child abuse 虐待儿童circuit court 巡回法院circuit judge 巡回法官circumstantial evidence 旁证；情况证据 citation 引证cite 援引；传讯civil court 民事法civil forfeiture 民事罚没civil law 民法Civil Law Legal System 民法体系civil liability 民事责任civil Liberty 民事自由civil Litigation民事诉讼civil procedure 民事诉讼程序civil suit民事诉讼Civil trial 民事审判Civil right 民权Civil right law 民权法Civil War Income Tax Act 《内战所得税条例》 Claim 诉讼请求，索赔Classification of law 法律分类Close corporation内部持股公司Closely held corporation 内部持股公司Closing 终结，成交，结帐Closing argument 最后论述Closing statement成交声明Code 法典Code of Judicial Conduct 《法官行为准则》 Codify 编成法典Co-felon 共同重罪犯Cohabitation 同居Collateral contract 附属合同Collegiate bench 合议席Collegiate panel 合议庭Commercial clause 商务条款，贸易条款Commercial law 商法Commercial paper 商务文件Commission佣金Commit 交托，犯（罪）Commitment 犯罪，许诺，委托Commitment of financing 融资许诺Common law 普通法Common law damages 普通法赔偿金Common law legal system(family) 普通法法系 Common law marriage 普通法婚姻Common property 共同财产Common stock 普通股票Community property 共同财产Comparative law 比较法Comparative negligence 比较过失Compensation 赔偿（金）Compensatory damage 应予赔偿之损害Competence 管辖权限Competency 有效性Complaint 控告，申诉Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act 《滥用毒品的综合预防与控制条例》Compulsory license 强制性许可Concur附条件地同意Concurring opinion 并存（判决）意见Confer 授与Conference 协商会议Confidential information 保密信息Confiscation 没收Conflict law 冲突法Congress 国会Consent 同意，认可Consideration 对价，约因Constitution 宪法Constitutional Convention 制宪会议Constitutional law 宪法Constitutional tort 宪法性侵权Constitutionality 合宪性Construction （法律的）结构，解释Construe 解释，分析Consultation 磋商Consumer protection statute 消费者保护法律Consumption tax 消费税Continental Law Legal System(or Family) 大陆法系Contingent fee 胜诉酬金Continuance 诉讼延期Contract 合同Contract dispute 合同纠纷Contract formation 合同构成Contract interpretation 合同解释 Contract law 合同法Contract performance 合同履行contractor 承包商contravence 触犯;违犯contributory negligence 共同过失 controlling law 应适应之法律conversion 非法占有convey 转让conveyance 转让convertible bond 可转换债券conviction 有罪判决convincing evidence 使人信服的证据copyright 版权;著作权corporal punishment肉体刑corporate camsel 公司法律顾问corporate excise tax 公司执照税corporate law 公司法corporation 公司corporation aggregate 合有公司corporation code 公司法典corporation law 公司法corporation sole 独有公司corpus 尸体;本金Council on legal Education Opportunities 法律教育机会委员会counselor (法律)顾问;律师counselor-at-law 律师court 法院;法官court decision 法院判决court fee 诉讼费court of appeals 上诉法院court of chancery 衡平法法院court of claims 索赔法院court of customs and Patent Appeals 关税及专利上诉法院 court of domestic relations 家庭关系法院court opinion 法院判决意见courtroom 法庭coverage 保险范围crime 犯罪crime code 刑法典crime homicide 有罪杀人crime justice system 刑事司法系统crime law 刑法crime liability 刑事责任crime procedure 刑事诉讼程序cross-examination 交叉盘问;盘诘cruel and unusual punishment 残忍和非常的刑罚 cumulative evidence 累计证据curative 临时监护的curriculum guide 课程指南custody 监护custom duty 关税customary law 习惯法customary practice 惯例customs court 关税法院Ddamage 损害;损伤damage claim 损害赔偿请求 damages 损害赔偿金deadlocked jury 僵局陪审团 death penalty 死刑death tax 遗产税debenture 债单(券)debt securities 债权证券 decide a case 判案deed 契约deed book 文契汇编defamation 诽谤default 不履行;违约defendant 被告人defence 辩护defence attorney 辩护律师defense's case-in-chief 辩护方主讼deficiency judgment 不足额判决degrees of murder (恶意)杀人罪的等级delegation 授权delegated legislation 授权立法deliberate intention 故意deliberation (陪审团)评议demonstrative evidence 示意证据deprivation 剥夺derogatory treatment of the work 对作品的贬毁性处理(或使用) designs 设计detract 毁损;贬低developer (土地)开发商dicta 判决附带意见dignity 尊严direct evidence 直接证据direct examination 直接盘问direct tax 直接税disa bility insurance 残疾保险disabled dependent child 无谋生能力的残疾儿童discharge 解雇;释放discount 贴现;折扣discovery 要求告知discrete risk transfer product 离散性风险转移(保险)产品 discretion 自由裁量权discriminatory 歧视性税收dispense 执行;施行dispute 争议;纠纷disposition 处置(权)dissent 异议;反对dissenting opinion 异议;反对意见dissolution 解散distort 歪曲;误解district attorney 地区检查官database right 数据权dividend 股息division of title 产权分割divorce 离婚docket 备审案件目录doctrine 法则;原则doctrine of constitutional supremacy 宪法至上原则 doctrine of Maranda Warnings 米兰达忠告原则document 文件;文书document of title 产权证书domant Commerce Clause 休眠的"贸易条款" domicile 住所地double jeopardy 一罪二审draft 起草;草拟draftman 起草者drug trade 毒品交易drug trafficking 毒品交易dry run 干转;排练due diligence 适当努力due process 正当程序Due Process Clause 正当程序条款due process test 正当程序检验标准duration 期限duress 强迫;胁迫duty 义务;关税duty of care 照看义务Eearnest money 定金easyment 地役权ecclesiastical court 宗教法庭 economic law 经济法effective date 生效日期effective time 生效时间element of crime 犯罪要素(件) empower 授权enact 制定;颁布en banc 全体法官出庭审判encroachment 侵占encumbered property 抵押财产enforce 实施；执行enforceable 可强制执行的enforceability 可执行性enforcement of Law 执法English-American Legal System (or Family) 英吉利法系 enjoin(衡平）强制令entail 限定继承entity 实体environmental impact statement 环境影响报告environmental Law 环境保护法Environmental protection Agency(EPA) 环境保护局environmental quality 环境质量equal protection clause 平等保护条款equitable relief 衡平救济equity 衡平法equity Law 衡平法equity precedent 衡平法判例equity securities 产权证券；衡平证券 error 过错 escape 逃走；逃脱escrow 第三者保存合同essential justice 实质公正estate 财产；遗产estate tax 遗产税ＥＵ Directive 欧盟指令evaluate 评价evict 逐出（租户）evidence 证据evidentiary presumption 证据推定evidentiary rule 证据规则ex aequo at bono 公平且善良examine 检查；盘问examination 检查；盘问exception 例外exception clause 例外条款excise tax 执照税exclude 排除exclusive listing 读家上市exclusive right 排他性权利exclusive tax situs 唯一征税地点 excusable homicide 可宽恕之杀人 execute 执行；签属execution 执行executive acts 行政条例executive branch 行政部门executive order 行政命令executor (遗嘱）执行人executor of estate 遗产执行人exemption 免除；豁免exhibit 展示物（证）exigent circumstance 紧急情况existing securities 上市证券exparte 单方面的expectation damages 预期赔偿金expert 专家（证人）expert testimony 专家证言expert witness 专家证人express contract 明示合同express statutory provision 法律明文规定 express warranty 明示保证（保修）ex rel 依据告发face amount 面颊face value 面植facilitate 促使：利于fact 事实fact in issue 争议事实factor 因素；代理商Factors Lien Act 《代理商留置权条例》Fair trial 公平审判false imprisonment 非法拘禁family law 家庭法fault 过错fault principle 过错原则feasibility study 可行性研究Federal Administrative Procedure Act 《联邦行政程序》 Federal Antitrust Law 《联邦犯托拉斯法》federal convention 联邦制宪会议federal crime of murder 联邦杀人罪Federal Housing Act 《联邦住房条例》Federal Income Tax Act 《联邦所得税条例》federal judge 联邦法官Federal rules of civil procedure 《联邦民事诉讼规则》Federal rules of criminal procedure 《联邦刑事诉讼规则》 Federal rules of evidence 《联邦证据规则》Federal securities act 《联邦证券条例》federal supremacy 联邦至上（原则）Federal tort claims act 《联邦侵权索赔条例》felon 重罪犯felony 重罪felony-murder 重罪杀人fiduciary 受托人file 档案；注册file a petition 呈交诉状；提出请求 fine 罚金fingerprint 手印fire insurance 火灾保险fire protection 消防first degree murder 一级谋杀first instance 一审fixture （不动产）附属物flogging 烙印force of law 法律效力forcible felony 暴力性重罪foreign exchange risk 外汇风险forfeiture 没收；罚没form contract 格式合同form of evidence 证据的形式formal adjudication 正式裁决 formal rulemaking 正式规则制定。
法律英语词汇大全(完美版)
法律渊源source of law制定法statute判例法case law; precedent普通法common law特别法special law固有法native law; indigenous law继受法adopted law实体法substantial law程序法procedural law原则法fundamental law例外法exception law司法解释judicial interpretation习惯法customary law公序良俗public order and moral自然法natural law罗马法Roman Law私法private law公法public law市民法jus civile万民法jus gentium民法法系civil law system英美法系system of Anglo-American law 大陆法系civil law system普通法common law大陆法continental law罗马法系Roman law system衡平法equity; law of equity日尔曼法Germantic law教会法ecclesiastical law寺院法canon law伊斯兰法Islamic law 民法法律规范norm of civil law授权规范authorization norm禁止规范forbidding norm义务性规范obligatory norm命令性规范commanding norm民法基本原则fundamental principles of civil law平等原则principle of equality自愿原则principle of free will公平原则principle of justice等价有偿原则principle of equal value exchange诚实信用原则principle of good faith行为act作为ac不作为omission合法行为lawful act违法行为unlawful act民事权利权利能力civil right绝对权absolute right相对权relative right优先权right of priority先买权preemption原权antecedent right救济权right of relief支配权right of dominion请求权right of claim物上请求权right of claim for real thing形成权right of formation撤销权right of claiming cancellation否认权right of claiming cancellation解除权right of renouncement代位权subrogated right选择权right of choice承认权right of admission终止权right of termination抗辩权right of defense一时性抗辩权momentary right of defense永久性抗辩权permanent counter-argument right不安抗辩权unstable counter-argument right 同时履行抗辩权defense right of simultaneous performance既得权tested right期待权expectant right专属权exclusive right非专属权non-exclusive right人身权利personal right人权human right人格权right of personality生命健康权right of life and health姓名权right of name名称权right of name肖像权right of portraiture自由权right of freedom名誉权right reputation隐私权right of privacy私生活秘密权right of privacy贞操权virginity right身份权right of status亲权parental power; parental right 亲属权right of relative探视权visitation right配偶权right of spouse荣誉权right of honor权利的保护protection of right公力救济public protection私力救济self-protection权利本位standard of right社会本位standard of society无责任行为irresponsible right正当防卫justifiable right; ligitimate defence 防卫行为act of defence自为行为self-conducting act紧急避险act of rescue; necessity自助行为act of self-help不可抗力force majeure意外事件accident行为能力capacity for act意思能力capacity of will民事行为civil act意思表示declaration of intention意思表示一致meeting of minds; consensus 完全行为能力perfect capacity for act限制行为能力restrictive capacity for act准禁治产人quasi-interdicted person保佐protection自治产人minor who is capable of administering his own capacity无行为能力incapacity for act禁治产人interdicted person自然人natural person公民citizen住所domicile居所residence经常居住地frequently dwelling place户籍census register监护guardianship个体工商户individual business农村承包经营户leaseholding rural household 合伙partnership合伙人partner合伙协议partnership agreement合伙财产property of partnership合伙债务debt of partnership入伙join partnership退伙withdrawal from partnership合伙企业partnership business establishment 个人合伙partnership法人合伙partnership of legal person特别合伙special partnership普通合伙general partnership有限合伙limited partnership民事合伙civil partnership隐名合伙sleeping partnership; dormant partnership私营企业private enterprise; proprietorship法人legal person企业法人legal body of enterprise企业集团group of enterprise关联企业affiliate enterprise个人独资企业individual business establishment 国有独资企业solely state-owned enterprise 中外合资企业Sino-foreign joint venture enterprise中外合作企业Sino-foreign contractual enterprise社团法人legal body of mass organization财团法人legal body of financial group联营joint venture法人型联营association of legal persons合伙型联营coordinated management in partnership协作型联营cooperation-type coordinated management合作社cooperative民事法律行为civil legal act单方民事法律行为unilateral civil legal act 双方民事法律行为bilateral civil legal act多方民事法律行为joint act civil legal act有偿民事法律行为civil legal act with consideration无偿民事法律行为civil legal act without consideration; civil legal act without award实践性民事法律行为practical civil legal act 法律翻译公司诺成性民事法律行为consental civil legal act 要式民事法律行为formal civil legal act不要式民事法律行为informal civil legal act 要因民事法律行为causative civil legal act 不要因民事法律行为noncausative civil legal act主民事法律行为principal civil legal act从民事法律行为accessory civil legal act附条件民事法律行为conditional civil legal act附期限民事法律行为civil legal act with term 生前民事法律行为civil legal act before death 死后民事法律行为civil legal act after death 准民事法律行为quasi-civil legal act无效行为ineffective act可撤销民事行为revocable civil act违法行为illegal act; unlawful act侵权行为tort欺诈fraud胁迫duress乘人之危taking advantage of others’precarious position以合法形式掩盖非法目的legal form concealing illegal intention恶意串通malicious collaboration重大误解gross misunderstanding显失公平obvious unjust误传misrepresentation代理agency本人principal被代理人principal受托人trustee代理人agent本代理人original agent法定代理人statutory agent; legal agent委托代理人agent by mandate指定代理人designated agent复代理人subagent 再代理人subagent转代理人subagent代理权right of agency授权行为act of authorization授权委托书power of attorney代理行为act of agency委托代理agency by mandate本代理original agency复代理subagency次代理subagency有权代理authorized agency表见代理agency by estoppel; apparent agency 律师代理agency by lawyer普通代理general agency全权代理general agency全权代理委托书general power of attorney共同代理joint agency独家代理sole agency居间brokerage居间人broker行纪commission; broker house信托trust时效time limit; prescription; limitation时效中止suspension of prescription/limitation 时效中断interruption oflimitation/prescription时效延长extension of limitation取得时效acquisitive prescription时效终止lapse of time; termination of prescription期日date期间term涉外民事关系civil relations with foreign elements冲突规范rule of conflict准据法applicable law; governing law反致renvoi; remission转致transmission识别identification公共秩序保留reserve of public order法律规避evasion of law国籍nationality国有化nationalization法律责任legal liability民事责任civil liability/responsibility行政责任administrative liability/responsibility 刑事责任criminal liability/responsibility违约责任liability of breach of contract; responsibility of default有限责任limited liability无限责任unlimited liability按份责任shared/several liability连带责任joint and several liability过失责任liability for negligence; negligent liability过错责任fault liability; liability for fault单独过错sole fault共同过错joint fault混合过错mixed fault被害人过错victim’s fault第三人过错third party’s fault 推定过错presumptive fault恶意bad faith; malice故意deliberate intention; intention; willfulness 过失negligence重大过失gross negligence疏忽大意的过失careless and inadvertent negligence过于自信的过失negligence with undue assumption损害事实facts of damage有形损失tangible damage/loss无形损失intangible damage/loss财产损失property damage/loss人身损失personal damage/loss精神损失spiritual damage/loss民事责任承担方式methods of bearing civil liability停止侵害cease the infringing act排除妨碍exclusion of hindrance; removal of obstacle消除危险elimination of danger返还财产restitution of property恢复原状restitution; restitution of original state赔偿损失compensate for a loss; indemnify for a loss支付违约金payment of liquidated damage消除影响eliminate ill effects恢复名誉rehabilitate one’s reputation赔礼道歉extend a formal apology物权jus ad rem; right in rem; real right物权制度real right system; right in rem system一物一权原则the principal of One thing, One Right物权法定主义principal of legality of right in rem物权公示原则principal of public summons of right in rem物权法jus rerem物property生产资料raw material for production生活资料means of livelihood; means of subsistence流通物res in commercium; a thing in commerce限制流通物limited merchantable thing禁止流通物res extra commercium; a thing out of commerce资产asset固定资产fixed asset流动资产current asset; floating asset动产movables; chattel不动产immovable; real estate特定物res certae; a certain thing种类物genus; indefinite thing可分物res divisibiles; divisible things不可分物res indivisibiles; indivisible things 主物res capitalis; a principal thing从物res accessoria; an accessory thing原物original thing 孳息fruits天然孳息natural fruits法定孳息legal fruits无主物bona vacatia; vacant goods; ownerless goods遗失物lost property漂流物drifting object埋藏物fortuna; hidden property货币currency证券securities债券bond物权分类classification of right in rem/real right自物权jus in re propria; right of full ownership 所有权dominium; ownership; title所有权凭证document of title; title of ownership占有权dominium utile; equitable ownership使用权right of use; right to use of收益权right to earnings; right to yields处分权right of disposing; jus dispodendi善意占有possession in good faith恶意占有malicious possession按份共有several possession共同共有joint possession他物权jus in re aliena用益物权real right for usufruct使用权right to use; right of use土地使用权right to the use of land林权forest ownership采矿权mining ownership经营权managerial authority; power of management承包经营权right to contracted management相邻权neighboring right; relatedright地上权superficies永佃权jus emphyteuticum; right to landed estate granted in perpetuity through a contract 地役权servitude; easement人役权servitus personarum; personal servitude 担保物权real right for security物的担保security for thing物的瑕疵担保warranty against defect of a thing抵押权hypotheca; hypothecation; right to mortgage抵押权的设定creation of right to mortgage抵押人mortgagor抵押权人mortgagee抵押标的物collateral; estate under mortgage 抵押权的效力deffect of right to mortgage抵押权的次序sequence of right to mortgage 抵押权的抛弃abandonment of right to mortgage抵押权的让与alienation of right to mortgage 抵押权的实现materialization of right to mortgage抵押权的消灭extinction of right to mortgageregistration of estate under mortgage 抵押物登记registration of estate under mortgage抵押优先权priority of mortgage 留置权lien一般留置权general lien特别留置权special lien质权hypotheque; pledge; right of pledge佃权tenant right债权jus in personam; right to give or procure; claim; creditor’s right债权人creditor债务人debtor相对人counterpart; offeree给付give; pay债务debt; liability; obligation债务的偿还payment of debt债务的偿清discharge of debt债务的担保guarantee of debt债务的合并consolidation of debt债务的给付日期debt maturity债务的免除exemption of debt债的分类obligatio; obligation法定之债legal obligation任意之债voluntary obligation简单之债simple obligation选择之债alternative obligation主债prime/principal obligation从债accessory obligation单一之债single obligation按份之债several obligation连带之债joint obligation特定之债certain obligation种类之债indefinite obligation合同之债contractual obligation侵权行为之债tort obligation损害赔偿之债obligation of compensation for injury; obligation of damages人身损害damage to person精神损害moral/mental/spiritual damage医药费hospital treatment expense医疗费medical charge抚恤金pension慰问金consolation money产品瑕疵defect of product不当得利unjust enrichment无因管理voluntary service债的担保guarantee of obligation财产担保property guarantee信用担保credit guarantee让与担保alienation guarantee保证guaranty明示保证express guaranty默示保证implied guaranty保证人guarantor保证合同contract of guaranty/suretyship保证金guaranty bond; security deposit押金deposit; foregift预付款advanced payment定金earnest money; deposit违约金liquidated damages法定违约金liquidated damages by law约定违约金liquidated damages by agreement 债的履行performance of obligation实际履行原则doctrine of specific performance情事变更原则doctrine of change of circumstances不当履行misfeasance清偿discharge; satisfaction提存debtor’s submission of the subject matter of obligation to competent authority抵销setoff知识产权intellectual property知识产权国际保护international protection of intellectual property国民待遇原则doctrine of national treatment 优先权原则 a right of priority doctrine自动保护原则doctrine of automatic protection 特许权使用费royalties智力成果intellectual property著作权copyright版权copyright著作权人copyright owner创作creation作品opus; product; work著作人格权right of personality of copyright 发表权right of publication署名权right of authorship; right of paternity修改权right of modification; right of revision 完整性保持权right to maintain integrity不可侵犯权inviolability收回权right of recall; right of retrieval自费出版publish a book at the author’s own expense著作财产权property right in work使用收益分享权right to share usufruct利用权right to make use of获得报酬权right to get payment重播权right of rebroadcasting录制权right of fixation机械复制权right of mechanograph; right of mechanical reproduction著作邻接权neighboring right of copyright 剽窃plagiary; plagiarism盗版pirate盗版VCD pirated VCD伪造forge工业产权industrial property专利权patent right优先权日priority date申请在先原则prior application rule使用在先priority of use新颖性novelty创造性creativity实用性practicability发明创造invention and creation实用新型utility model外观设计design; industrial design发明权right of invention发现权right of discovery专利申请patent application专利异议objection to a patent专利公告patent gazette专利续展费renewal fee of patent专利许可协议patent licensing agreement 技术诀窍know-how专有技术know-how专利证书certificate of patent专利事务所patent office专利代理patent agency中华人民共和国专利局Patent Office of the People’s Republic of China商标权trademark right商标国际注册international registration of trademark商品商标commodity trademark服务商标service trademark驰名商标reputed trademark广告商标advertisement trademark近似商标similar trademark商标评审委员会trade review and appraisal board商标审查trademark examination商标侵权trademark infringement商标注册registered trademark商标公告trademark gazette注册商标使用许可licensing of registered trademark注册商标转让assignment of registered trademark商标使用许可协议trademark licensing agreement商标事务所trademark office商标代理trademark agency婚姻、家庭、继承、收养marriage, family,inheritance, adoption婚姻法marital law; marriage law包办婚姻arranged marriage财产分割partition; dismemberment of property重婚bigamy独生子女only child法律婚legal marriage非婚生子女illegitimate child夫妻共同财产community property夫妻关系conjugal relationship夫妻分居divorce a mensa et thoro; divorce from bed and board复婚resumption of marriage感情破裂incompatibility婚后财产公证notarization of postnuptial properties婚姻登记marriage registration婚生子女ligitimate child计划生育birth control结婚marry离婚divorce买卖婚姻mercenary marriage拟制血亲blood relations in fiction of law 旁系血亲collateral relation blood relation 涉外婚姻marriage with foreign elements 配偶spouse事实婚de facto marriage诉讼离婚divorce by litigation探视权visitation right同居cohabitation 晚婚late marriage无效婚姻void marriage协议离婚divorce by agreement一夫一妻制monogamy早婚early marriage直系血亲lineal descent自然血亲natural blood relation收养法adoption law收养协议adoption agreement收养人adoptive parent送养人person or institution placing out a child for adoption涉外收养adoption with foreign elements继承法inheritance law; law of succession法定继承legal seccession遗嘱继承intestate succession遗赠继承succession by devise自然继承natural succession代位继承representation; succession by subrogation世袭继承hereditary succession间接继承indirect succession转继承subsuccession共同继承joint succession单独继承single succession继承人heir; successor第二顺序继承人successor second in order第一顺序继承人successor first in order继承参与人succession participant遗产inheritance; heritage遗产继承人heir to property; inheritor遗言last will and testament遗书last words遗赠bequest; legacy; devise遗赠抚养协议legacy-support agreement会计法accounting law税法tax law; taxation law反不正当竞争法anti-unfair competition law 消费者权益保护法consumer’s interest protection law产品责任法production liability law消费者权益法consumer rights and interests law公司法company law; corporate law公司company; corporation有限责任公司limited liability company股份有限公司company limited by shares无限公司unlimited company股份两合公司joint stock limited liability partnership两合公司joint liability company控股公司holding company集团公司group company合资公司joint venture company联营公司associated company; affiliated company国营公司state-own company国有公司state-owned company民营公司civilian-run company本国公司national/domestic company外国公司foreign company 上市公司listed company母公司parent company子公司subsidiary皮包公司briefcase company; fundless company募集设立incorporation by stock floatation发起人floater; initiator公司名称name of company公司住址domicile of company出资contribution; capital subscription现金出资investment in cash实物出资investment in kind工业产权出资investment in industrial property right非专有技术出资investment in non-patent technology劳务出资investment in labor高新技术成果出资investment in hi-tech achievements注册资本registered capital实缴资本paid-in capital验资报告capital verification report会计师事务所certified public accountants注册会计师certified public accountant资本三原则three doctrine of capital资本确定原则doctrine of capital determination资本维持原则doctrine of capital maintenance 资本不变原则doctrine of unchanging capital 最低资本额制度minimum capital system公司章程articles of association; articles ofincorporation; bylaw公司登记incorporation; corporate registration 公司存续existence of company公司合并分立merger and split of company 公司并购corporate merger and acquisition公司管理corporate governance; company management公司法律顾问corporate counsel公司整顿company rectification公司歇业closure of business公司和解company composition公司解散company dissolution公司清算company liquidation公司清理company winding-up竞业禁止non-commpete; competition prohibition招股章程prospectus股本stock capital股东shareholder股东大会shareholders’meeting股东大会决议resolution of shareholders’meeting股东大会议事规则rule of procedure of shareholders’meeting表决权voting right; right to vote董事director董事长president/chairman of the board首席执行官chief executive officer(CEO)首席运营官chief operation officer(COO)执行董事executive director常务董事managing director 董事会board of directors董事会领导下的经理负责制responsibility system of the chief executive officer under the leadership of the board of directors经理独立负责制manager independent responsibility system监事supervisor监事会board of supervisors股share; stock普通股common stock特别股special stock资格股qualification stock优先股preferred stock劣后股inferior stock表决权股stock with voting power溢价股premium stock折价股converting stock国家股state-owned share集体股collective share法人股corporate share企业股enterprise share个人股individual share股息dividend红股bonus stock; dividend stock法定公积金legal accumulation fund资本公积金capital accumulation fund盈余公积金surplus accumulation fund任意公积金optional accumulation fund公司犯罪corporate crime证券法securities law证券发行issuance of securities证券上市list securities; float an issue证券交易所stock exchange证券商securities dealer证券公司securities company证券承销商consortium of underwriters证券承销合同underwriting contract证券经纪人securities broker披露制度disclosing system交割日closing date风险投资基金venture capital fund上海证券交易所Shanghai Stock Exchange 深圳证券交易所Shenzhen Stock Exchange 证券监督委员会securities supervision committee票据法law of negotiable instrument票据notes; bills; commercial instruments商业票据bill; commercial instrument远期票据time bill;; long-dated bill到期票据matured bill即期票据sight bill记名票据bill payable to order; note to order 不记名票据bearer instrument本票promissory note支票cheque汇票bill of exchange发票日ticket day出票日date of draft/issue发票地place of draft/issue票据到期日bill to mature票据金额sum of bill 票面价额face value票据出票人drawer票据持票人bill holder票据承兑人bill acceptor票据行为act on commercial paper承兑票据honor a bill票据议付negotiation拒付票据protest a bill票据付款人drawee票据支付人payer on commercial instrument 票据收款人bill collector票据背书人endorser/indorser of a bill被背书人endorsee票据保证人bill guarantor票据被保证人bill pledgee/warrantee再追索人renewed recourser前手remote holder后手subsequent endorser票据权利right of bill票据期限term of bill; tenor票据债务人debtor of commercial instrument 追索权right of recourse票据抗辩exception to bill票据丧失loss of bill票据时效prescription of exchanges票据贴现discount of bill再贴现rediscount of bill恩惠期间term of benevolence票据代理agency for notes/bills/commercial instruments海商法maritime law船舶国籍证书certificate of registry; certificate of ship’s nationality船棋国flag country船舶所有权证书certificate of ship ownership 船舶检验register of ship船舶保险insurance on hull船舶保险单hull insurance policy船舶登记证书certificate of registry船舶丈量tonnage measurement of ships船舶进港费groundage船舶抵押ship mortgage船舶租赁ship chartering船舶转租ship subchartering船舶所有人责任限制limitation of liabilities of ship owners船舶碰撞ship collision船舶遇难maritime distress海上灾难perils of the sea海上拖航marine towage船舶扣押detention of ship船舶债权ship’s credit船级社classification society船级证书certificate of class海上留置权maritime lien船舶留置权maritime lien船舶抵押权maritime mortgage海上优先请求权priority claim to seagoing ships救助优先权priority claim to salvage共同海损优先权priority claim to general average服务优先权priority claim to service货物损害优先权priority claim to cargo damage传播抵押借款和货物抵押借款优先权priority claim to ship credit and goods credit海运合同shipping contract提单bill of lading(B/L)空舱费dead freight租船费charterage租船合同charter-party contract of affreightment期租船合同time charter-party; time CP航次租船合同voyage charter-party定期租船合同time charter-party光船租船合同bareboat charter-party; bareboat CP包租运输合同shipping charter-party海上旅客运输合同contract for carriage of passengers by sea远洋拖带合同contract of ocean towage港内拖带合同contract of port towage海难救助合同salvage contract海事报告master’s protest;; sea protest海事声明书sea protest海事争议maritime dispute海事法院maritime court;; admiralty court海事诉讼程序maritime proceedings船舶碰撞案件的民事管辖权civil jurisdiction of sea collision船舶碰撞案件的刑事管辖权criminaljurisdiction of sea collision海事争议的审理hearing/trial of maritime disputes海事诉讼保全措施measures for maritime attachment海事优先请求权preferential right top maritime claim海事请求保全申请书application/petition for maritime attachment海事诉讼法律文书送达service of legal instruments in maritime action/proceedings涉外海事诉讼管辖权jurisdiction of maritime action involving for elements强制变卖被扣押船舶compulsory realization of the distrained ship海事仲裁程序规则rules of maritime arbitration procedure保险法insurance law自愿保险voluntary insurance强制保险compulsory insurance商业保险commercial insurance财产保险property insurance人身保险personal insurance人寿保险life insurance健康保险health insurance意外保险accident insurance社会保险social insurance养老保险endowment insurance医疗保险medical insurance失业保险unemployment insurance 信用保险credit insurance保证保险guaranty insurance保险合同insurance contract保险人insurer; underwriter被保险人the insured受益人benificiary投保人applicant for insurance;; policy holder 保险单insurance policy保险标的insurance object保险费premium保险期限time limit of insurance保险利益insurable interest保险金额insurance; insurance compensation 保险事故insurance accident保险赔偿insurance indemnity保险代理人insurance agent保险经纪人insurance broker索赔claim代位索赔claim by subrogation理赔settlement of claim代位求偿权right of subrogation委付abandonment退保cancellation/discharging of insurance。
国际私法英文名词解释
1.涉外因素（foreign element）指该民商事关系的主体、客体或内容至少有一项涉及本法域外因素2.法域(law district, legal unit, legal region)，是指适用独特法律制度的特定地理区域3.国际私法中法律冲突（Conflict of Laws）两个或两个法域不同内容的法律竞相调整同一民事法律关系而导致的矛盾。
4.统一实体规范（uniform substantive rule）是指在国际条约和国际惯例中具体规定法律关系当事人之间权利与义务关系的法律规范。
5.国际私法的名称：法则区别说（theory of statutes）、私国际法（private international law）、国际私法（international private law）、冲突法（conflicts law）6.冲突规范（Conflict Rules）指明某一类涉外民商事关系应当适用哪个国家或地区的法律的规范。
7.冲突规范的结构之一范围（Category）：冲突规范所要调整的涉外民商事关系8.冲突规范的结构之二系属（Attribution）：指调整涉外民商事关系应适用的法律9.连结点（Point of Contact）连结点又称连结因素（Connecting Factor），是指冲突规范就范围中所要解决的问题指定应适用何国法律所依据的一种事实因素，也就是冲突规范借以确定涉外民商事关系应适用什么法律的根据、桥梁或纽带。
10.单边冲突规范Unilateral Conflict Rules11.双边冲突规范Bilateral Conflict Rules12.重叠适用的冲突规范Double Rules for Regulating the Conflict of Laws13.选择适用的冲突规范Alternative Conflict Rules14.系属公式（Formula of Attribution）指双边冲突规范的系属经过各国长期的立法与司法实践，逐渐抽象归类后形成的比较固定的系属类型。
承认法律英语作文
承认法律英语作文Title: The Importance of Acknowledging Legal Responsibility。
Introduction:In today's society, acknowledging legal responsibility is of utmost importance. It serves as a cornerstone for maintaining justice, upholding the rule of law, and ensuring a harmonious coexistence among individuals and communities. This essay will explore the significance of recognizing legal responsibility, examining its implications in various aspects of life, and emphasizing the need for individuals to take accountability for their actions.Body:1. Upholding Justice:Acknowledging legal responsibility is essential for upholding justice. When individuals recognize their legal obligations, they contribute to the fair and impartial functioning of the legal system. By acceptingresponsibility for their actions, they enable the proper administration of justice, ensuring that those who violate the law are held accountable. This not only deterspotential wrongdoers but also provides closure to victims and promotes a sense of justice in society.2. Maintaining Social Order:Acknowledging legal responsibility plays a vital role in maintaining social order. When individuals recognize and accept their legal obligations, they contribute to the stability and well-being of their communities. By adhering to laws and regulations, they avoid engaging in activities that may disrupt social harmony. This fosters a sense of trust and cooperation among community members, leading to a safer and more secure environment for all.3. Preserving Individual Rights:Acknowledging legal responsibility is crucial for preserving individual rights. By recognizing the legalrights of others, individuals ensure that their own rights are protected in return. When people acknowledge theirlegal obligations, they respect the boundaries set by the law, preventing encroachment upon the rights of others.This fosters a culture of mutual respect and consideration, enabling individuals to coexist peacefully and harmoniously.4. Promoting Ethical Conduct:Acknowledging legal responsibility promotes ethical conduct. When individuals recognize the legal consequencesof their actions, they are more likely to engage in ethical behavior. By adhering to legal standards, individuals prioritize honesty, integrity, and fairness in their interactions with others. This not only contributes to the betterment of society but also cultivates a sense of personal integrity and moral responsibility.5. Fostering Personal Growth:Acknowledging legal responsibility is an essential component of personal growth. When individuals take accountability for their actions, they demonstrate maturity and self-awareness. By recognizing the impact of their choices and behaviors, individuals can learn from their mistakes and strive to make better decisions in the future. This self-reflection and personal growth contribute not only to the individual's own well-being but also to the overall development of society.Conclusion:In conclusion, acknowledging legal responsibility is crucial for the functioning of a just and orderly society. By upholding justice, maintaining social order, preserving individual rights, promoting ethical conduct, and fostering personal growth, individuals contribute to the well-being of themselves and their communities. It is imperative that we all recognize our legal obligations and take responsibility for our actions, as this is the foundation upon which a fair and harmonious society is built.。
法律后果_英语(3篇)
第1篇Introduction:Legal consequences refer to the outcomes or penalties that individuals or entities face as a result of violating the law. These consequences can vary depending on the nature of the offense and the jurisdiction in which it occurs. This article aims to provide an overview of the different types of legal consequences, their implications, and the importance of understanding the legal system.I. Types of Legal Consequences1. Criminal Consequences:Criminal consequences are imposed on individuals who commit crimes. These consequences can include:a. Fines: Financial penalties imposed on the offender as a form of punishment or to compensate the victim.b. Imprisonment: Incarceration in a jail or prison for a specified period, depending on the severity of the crime.c. Probation: Conditional release from prison, under strict supervision, with certain requirements and restrictions.d. Community Service: Obligations to perform unpaid work for the benefit of the community as a form of punishment.e. Restitution: Compensation paid to the victim for any financial losses incurred as a result of the offense.2. Civil Consequences:Civil consequences arise from breaches of contract or tortious acts, where the injured party seeks compensation. These consequences include:a. Monetary Damages: Financial compensation awarded to the victim for losses or injuries suffered.b. Injunctions: Orders issued by a court to prevent further harm or to enforce compliance with a legal obligation.c. Restitution: Compensation paid to restore the victim to the position they were in before the offense occurred.3. Administrative Consequences:Administrative consequences are imposed by government agencies or regulatory bodies for violations of specific laws or regulations. These consequences can include:a. Fines: Monetary penalties imposed by the relevant authority.b. License Suspension or Revocation: Loss of the right to engage in certain activities or professions due to non-compliance.c. Civil Penalties:行政处罚，如警告、没收非法所得等。
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Law of closure————格式塔的基本理论
不要以为格式塔是一座建筑物，也不要认为它是什么国外著物的人物名字;格式塔是德文Gestalt的译音，意思就是“模式、形状、形式”。
格式塔是一个著名的心理学派，基于这个学派的格式塔视觉原理还有一个小名：完形心理学。
最简单的格式塔：在上图中并不存在三角形，然而由于视觉系统不断的进行完形计算，让人们的视觉认为“存在一个完整的三角形”
核心理论
冠冕堂皇的解释：
不是用主观方法把原本存在的碎片结合起来的内容的总和，或主观随意决定的结构。
它们不单纯是盲目地相加起来的、基本上是散乱的难于处理的元素般的“形质”，也不仅仅是附加于已经存在的资料之上的形式的东西。
相反，这里要研究的是整体，是具有特殊的内在规
律的完整的历程，所考虑的是有具体的整体原则的结构……
总结成三句话：
人们总是先看到整体，然后再去关注局部;
人们对事物的整体感受不等于局部感受的加法;
视觉系统总是在不断的试图在感官上将图形闭合;
格式塔学派断言
在一个格式塔(即一个单一视场，或单一的参照系)内，眼睛的能力只能接受少数几个不相关联的整体单位。
这种能力的强弱取决于这些整体单位的不同与相似，以及它们之间的相关位置。
格式塔中的视觉关系
在一个格式塔中，通常存在以下视觉关系：
和谐Harmony
变化Changes
冲突Conflict
混乱Confusion
下面我们分别举例描述。
和谐Harmony 的来源
组成整体的每个局部，它们的形状、大小、颜色趋近一致，并且排列有序，这时产生整体视觉感官就是“和谐”。
和谐来自所有局部的感官接近
变化Changes 的来源
在“和谐”的基础上，局部产生了形状、大小、颜色的变化，但这种变化没有改变所有局部的同一性质，这就是“变化”。
变化来自和谐基础上局部的外观改变
冲突Conflict 的来源
在“和谐”的基础上,局部不仅仅产生了形状、大小、颜色的“变化”，而且产生了性质上的改变，与整体中的其他局部“格格不入”。
冲突来自某个局部与整体其他部分性质的格格不入
混乱Confusion 的来源
整体当中包含太多性质不相关的局部，视觉系统很难判断出整体到底是什么，这个时候就产生了“混乱”。
大量局部互不相干，让视觉系统看不懂整体，无法接受整体，你能马上说出图中是什么吗？
格式塔视觉流程
眼脑作用是一个不断组织、简化、统一的过程，正是通过这一过程，才产生出易于理解、协调的整体。
观看这张图的时候，你先看到了什么，后看到了什么？
下面我们举例讲解格式塔视觉原理的具体应用。
格式塔视觉原理的应用
官方：格式塔学派最基本的规则是
蕴涵律(prägnanz)
闭合律Law of Closure
相似律Law of Similarity
相似律接近律Law of Proximity
对称律Law of Symmetry
连续律Law of Continuity
民间:格式塔原理在视觉设计中的应用形式包括：删除、贴近、结合、接触、重合、格调与纹理、闭合。
下面我们详细举例描述。
删除
删除就是从构图形象中排除不重要的部分，只保留那些绝对必要的组成部分，从而达到视觉的简化。
去掉那些与保留内容无关的设计元素
简洁来自于删除原理，视觉的删除来自对内容的精选;判断那些是必要内容，哪些是非必要内容，保留与必要内容有关的视觉单元，其他的可以删除。
贴近
当各个视觉单元一个挨着一个，彼此靠得很近的时候，可以用“贴
近”这个术语来描绘这种状态，通常也把这种状态看作归类。
海报的设计使用贴近原理，让人感觉通透、有条理、不拥挤
将表达同一信息，或者意义相近的设计元素，按照贴近关系进行设计;视觉系统可以非常容易的区分各个部分的内容，突出了整体中的小集合，让重点内容更被关注。
设计师根据贴近原理给页面的视觉单元以4个比较大的集合
那些老练的视觉设计师非常善于使用辅助线和栅格系统对复杂的设计元素进行分类，最后达到视觉的统一。
接合
在构图中，结合就是指单独的视觉单元完全联合在一起，无法分开。
这可以使原来并不相干的视觉形象自然而然地关联起来。
将熊猫的黑眼圈与狼的脸结合在一起，实现异形同构
简单的说：“结合”就是把一块嚼过的口香糖用电熨斗熨在衣服上，让它们无法分离。
比如常用的一种设计手法——异形同构：把两种或几种不同的视觉形象结合在一起，在视觉表达上自然而然地从一个视觉语义延伸到
另一个视觉语义。
接触
接触是指单独的视觉单元无限贴近，以至于它们彼此粘连。
这样在视觉上就形成了一个较大的、统一的整体。
接触的形体有可能丧失原先单独的个性，变得性格模糊。
接触与结合的区别是：接触的两个视觉单元仍然是相对独立的，而结合的两个视觉单元再也无法分开。
溅落的饮料与杯子接触，融合为一个视觉整体
视觉设计中相互接触的不同形状的单元形在视觉感受上是如此相近，在视觉上融为一体(而实际上是相互独立的)。
重合
“重合”是“结合”的一种特殊形式。
如果所有的视觉单元在色调或纹理等方面都是不同的，那么，区分已被联结的原来各个视觉单元就越容易;相反，如果所有的视觉单元在色调或纹理等方面都是一样的，那么，原来各个视觉单元的轮廓线就会消失，从而形成一个单一的重合的形状。
简单的说：“重合”就是把墨水滴进水池中，彻底完全的“结合”，达到血浓于水的境界。
绝对伏特加的广告，将品牌与各种事物进行了视觉重合
重合各个不同视觉形象的时候，如果我们看到这些视觉形象的总体外形具有一个共同的、统一的轮廓，那么这样的重合成功了。
格调与纹理
“格调”与“纹理”是由大量重复的单元构成的。
两者的主要区别在于视觉单元的大小或规模，除此之外，它们基本上是一样的。
这种格调叫做“初夏的杨树林”
格调是视觉上扩大了的纹理，而纹理则是在视觉上缩减了的格调。
因此，在不需要明确区别的情况下，我们可以同时解释格调和纹理。
这种纹理叫做“濒海红树林”
当数量很大，以至不能明显地看出单独视觉单元时，这种现象就
可能发生，比如透过窗户看到的不远处的树林是足够大的，可以构成一种格调;但是，如果在飞机上俯瞰一整片树林，恐怕就只能将其作为一种纹理来看了。
闭合
有一种常见的视觉归类方法基于人类的一种完形心理：把局部形象当作一个整体的形象来感知。
这种知觉上的特殊现象，称之为“闭合”。
简单的说：“闭合”就是不在视场中展现设计的全貌，而只给关键的局部，让人们通过完形去延伸和理解整体，比如“一叶知秋”
使用了闭合原理的设计总给人以巨大的想象空间
当然，我们由一个形象的局部而辨认其整体的能力，是建立在我们头脑中留有对这一形象的整体与部分之间关系的认识的印象这一基础之上的。
如果某种形象即使在完整情况下我们都不认识，则可以肯定，在其缺乏许多部分时，我们依然不会认识。
如果一个形象缺的部分太多，那么可识别的细节就不足以汇聚成为一个易于认知的整体形象。
而假如一个形象的各局部离得太远，则知觉上需要补充的部分可能就太多了。
在上述这些情况下，人的习惯知觉就会把各局部完全按其本来面目当作单独的单元来看待。
小结
格式塔原理是视觉设计中普遍采用的一种构图方法，是在格式塔心理学派完形心理学基础上发展而来的;广大设计师朋友在参考本文的过程中，应当做到活学活用，而不要被一种理论禁锢。