四六级段落写作指导
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第三讲：段落 写作训练
• 段落(设计好一个段落) • 一般说来, 一个段落由三部分组成: 主题句, 扩展句和结论句.主题句提出的论述的主题, 扩展句利用必要的细节对主题加以论证说 明,结论句总结全文,在论证的基础上得出结 论. 这三者是段落的必要成分,他们相辅相成, 构成一个完整的段落. 有些段落还有过渡句, 它起到段与段之间的顺利过渡.
连贯性: 段落中各扩展句前后衔接,条理清楚,合乎 逻辑, 使读者很容易抓住段落的中心思想. 首先, 其次, 然后 1)first, second, third, last 2)firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally 3)the first, the second, the third, the last 4)to begin with, then, furthermore, finally 5)to start with, next, in addition,/besides, last but not least 6)on the one hand, on the other hand 7)for one thing, for another thing
Different countries and different races have different manners.
• 2) ____________________________________. • Before entering a house in Japan, it is a good manner to take off your shoes. In European countries even though shoes sometimes become very muddy, this is not done. A guest in a Chinese house never finishes a drink. He leaves a little to show that he has had enough. In a Malaysian house, too, a guest leaves a little food. In England, a guest always finishes a drink to show that he has enjoyed it. It seems that manners in different countries are never the same.
• 2)写好主题句, 有两条原则 • 1.主题句要明确, 句中须有一个词,词组,或从句让 读者一目了然本段的确切主题, 明确本段的重点或 观点. 例如: This paragraph will talk about birds.这句作为主题句就太笼统, 不确切. 试比较 以下几句, 下列几个主题句就确切地阐明了段落的 主题: • a. Birds have a great sense of direction. • b. Pet owners prefer certain species of birds. • c. In my opinion, a bird makes a better pet than a cat does. • d. Birds are suffering from air-pollution.
扩展句
扩展句的作用是丰富,支持,扩展主题 句的内涵. 他们是段落的血和肉. 扩展句 的表达形式是多种多样的, 可以按时间或 空间顺序, 从整体到局部从局部到整体的 方法叙述,描写, 说明或议论, 也可用比较, 对比, 比喻, 推导,归纳,演绎的手段来展现.
通常对扩展句的要求有两个 : 单一性和连贯性 单一性: 一个段落只说明一个问题, 讲述一件事, 扩 展句必须紧紧地围绕着主题句, 不偏离中心思想.
找出一个违背单一性的句子.
③
百度文库①China has made great progress in reducing its population growth. ②China has already cut its rate of population growth by about one half since 1970. ③It is wrong of the western governments to find fault with its policies of elimination of poverty. ④China now urges each family to have no more than one child. ⑤And it hopes to reach zero population growth, the number of birth equaling the number of death, by the year 2000.
• 2.主题句要概括, 陈述重点和观点,句中必须包含 有可扩展主题的词,词组或从句. 他应该是你将进 一步表明你的态度和看法的概括. 同时, 主题句有 利于控制作者本人的主题的扩展. • 例如: The young girl studied Chinese History. • (Not good) • Revised: • a. The young girl eagerly studied Chinese History. • b. The young girl studied Chinese History under a famous historian. • c. The young girl found three reasons for studying Chinese History.
Be careful with fire because it does not always do us good.
• 3) ________________________________. Fire can heat water, cook, give out light and keep your house warm. Sometimes, however, big fires can burn down houses and forests. For example, the big fire caused by Yuanmingyuan Palace, a famous palace in Qing Dynasty, ruined completely. So we must be very careful with matches, burning cigarettes, faulty electric appliances or unquenched(未扑灭 的) fires.
• Albert Einstein, one of the world’s greatest scientists, failed in his university entrance exam on his first attempt. William Faulkner, one of America’s famous writers, never finished college because he could not pass his English courses. Sir Winston Churchill, who is considered one of the masters of the English language, was very poor in English during middle school. These few examples show that school does not always predict failure in life.
• 1.主题句 • 1) 主题句的位置 : 请找出段落的主题句 • Smoking is harmful to your health. Experiment show that smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious disease cancer, smoking can also cause other health problems. For example, it gives one a “smoker’s cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or the terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it?
• Karaok, which was invented by a Japanese, one of the greatest wonders of modern technology. Needless to say, Karaok is a good way of rest. You can learn a new song easily. It’s also a good way to make your friends happy. Nearly every body has a chance to be a singing star. However, everything has two sides, so does Karaok. It’s noisy to your neighbors. Besides, if you sing badly, they will feel uncomfortable. In fact, you are sure to make a sound pollution.
练习:根据所给的主题句和提示, 写好段落的扩展句 (1) 主题句: How excited we were when we learned that we were going to have a spring tour. ①after—discussion—agree—climb—out of the city ②we—often pass by –mountain—the first time—think of—climb it ③set out—early—morning ④about—an hour—begin—tired—still a long way—go ⑤short break—go on—climb ⑥lunch time—get to the top—mountain ⑦our beautiful city—below us—happy—very tired 结尾句: It proves that many things are just like climbing a mountain; they look attractive, but they are not easy to do.
• 2. 下面各段没有主题句,请根据全段内容拟定一个 主题句. • 1) Everyone lives by selling something. For _____________________________. example teachers live by selling knowledge, philosophers by selling wisdom and priests by selling spiritual comfort. Though it may be possible to measure the value of material goods in terms of money, it is very difficult to calculate the true value of services which people perform for us. The conditions of society are such that skills have to be paid for in the same way that goods are paid for at shop. Everyone has something to sell.
• 段落(设计好一个段落) • 一般说来, 一个段落由三部分组成: 主题句, 扩展句和结论句.主题句提出的论述的主题, 扩展句利用必要的细节对主题加以论证说 明,结论句总结全文,在论证的基础上得出结 论. 这三者是段落的必要成分,他们相辅相成, 构成一个完整的段落. 有些段落还有过渡句, 它起到段与段之间的顺利过渡.
连贯性: 段落中各扩展句前后衔接,条理清楚,合乎 逻辑, 使读者很容易抓住段落的中心思想. 首先, 其次, 然后 1)first, second, third, last 2)firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally 3)the first, the second, the third, the last 4)to begin with, then, furthermore, finally 5)to start with, next, in addition,/besides, last but not least 6)on the one hand, on the other hand 7)for one thing, for another thing
Different countries and different races have different manners.
• 2) ____________________________________. • Before entering a house in Japan, it is a good manner to take off your shoes. In European countries even though shoes sometimes become very muddy, this is not done. A guest in a Chinese house never finishes a drink. He leaves a little to show that he has had enough. In a Malaysian house, too, a guest leaves a little food. In England, a guest always finishes a drink to show that he has enjoyed it. It seems that manners in different countries are never the same.
• 2)写好主题句, 有两条原则 • 1.主题句要明确, 句中须有一个词,词组,或从句让 读者一目了然本段的确切主题, 明确本段的重点或 观点. 例如: This paragraph will talk about birds.这句作为主题句就太笼统, 不确切. 试比较 以下几句, 下列几个主题句就确切地阐明了段落的 主题: • a. Birds have a great sense of direction. • b. Pet owners prefer certain species of birds. • c. In my opinion, a bird makes a better pet than a cat does. • d. Birds are suffering from air-pollution.
扩展句
扩展句的作用是丰富,支持,扩展主题 句的内涵. 他们是段落的血和肉. 扩展句 的表达形式是多种多样的, 可以按时间或 空间顺序, 从整体到局部从局部到整体的 方法叙述,描写, 说明或议论, 也可用比较, 对比, 比喻, 推导,归纳,演绎的手段来展现.
通常对扩展句的要求有两个 : 单一性和连贯性 单一性: 一个段落只说明一个问题, 讲述一件事, 扩 展句必须紧紧地围绕着主题句, 不偏离中心思想.
找出一个违背单一性的句子.
③
百度文库①China has made great progress in reducing its population growth. ②China has already cut its rate of population growth by about one half since 1970. ③It is wrong of the western governments to find fault with its policies of elimination of poverty. ④China now urges each family to have no more than one child. ⑤And it hopes to reach zero population growth, the number of birth equaling the number of death, by the year 2000.
• 2.主题句要概括, 陈述重点和观点,句中必须包含 有可扩展主题的词,词组或从句. 他应该是你将进 一步表明你的态度和看法的概括. 同时, 主题句有 利于控制作者本人的主题的扩展. • 例如: The young girl studied Chinese History. • (Not good) • Revised: • a. The young girl eagerly studied Chinese History. • b. The young girl studied Chinese History under a famous historian. • c. The young girl found three reasons for studying Chinese History.
Be careful with fire because it does not always do us good.
• 3) ________________________________. Fire can heat water, cook, give out light and keep your house warm. Sometimes, however, big fires can burn down houses and forests. For example, the big fire caused by Yuanmingyuan Palace, a famous palace in Qing Dynasty, ruined completely. So we must be very careful with matches, burning cigarettes, faulty electric appliances or unquenched(未扑灭 的) fires.
• Albert Einstein, one of the world’s greatest scientists, failed in his university entrance exam on his first attempt. William Faulkner, one of America’s famous writers, never finished college because he could not pass his English courses. Sir Winston Churchill, who is considered one of the masters of the English language, was very poor in English during middle school. These few examples show that school does not always predict failure in life.
• 1.主题句 • 1) 主题句的位置 : 请找出段落的主题句 • Smoking is harmful to your health. Experiment show that smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious disease cancer, smoking can also cause other health problems. For example, it gives one a “smoker’s cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or the terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it?
• Karaok, which was invented by a Japanese, one of the greatest wonders of modern technology. Needless to say, Karaok is a good way of rest. You can learn a new song easily. It’s also a good way to make your friends happy. Nearly every body has a chance to be a singing star. However, everything has two sides, so does Karaok. It’s noisy to your neighbors. Besides, if you sing badly, they will feel uncomfortable. In fact, you are sure to make a sound pollution.
练习:根据所给的主题句和提示, 写好段落的扩展句 (1) 主题句: How excited we were when we learned that we were going to have a spring tour. ①after—discussion—agree—climb—out of the city ②we—often pass by –mountain—the first time—think of—climb it ③set out—early—morning ④about—an hour—begin—tired—still a long way—go ⑤short break—go on—climb ⑥lunch time—get to the top—mountain ⑦our beautiful city—below us—happy—very tired 结尾句: It proves that many things are just like climbing a mountain; they look attractive, but they are not easy to do.
• 2. 下面各段没有主题句,请根据全段内容拟定一个 主题句. • 1) Everyone lives by selling something. For _____________________________. example teachers live by selling knowledge, philosophers by selling wisdom and priests by selling spiritual comfort. Though it may be possible to measure the value of material goods in terms of money, it is very difficult to calculate the true value of services which people perform for us. The conditions of society are such that skills have to be paid for in the same way that goods are paid for at shop. Everyone has something to sell.