英国史History of UK

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英美概况课件the History of UK

• Romans invaded Britain in 55BC to conquer the native Britons but retreated by 409. • First invasion - Caesar's first raid (55BC) • Second invasion - Caesar's second raid (54BC) • Third and final invasion - in 43 A.D. Emperor Claudius organized the final and successful Roman invasion of Britain
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The Anglo-Saxons established many kingdoms based on their tribes. The many small kingdoms gradually combined into seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. They were generally given the name of Heptarchy. In the early 9th century, Wessex became the dominant kingdom.
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Between the 5th and 7th centuries, Germanic people form Europe ----- the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes ----arrived in massive members, who have come to constitute Britain’s present predominant stock. Their language became the foundation of the basic, short, everyday words in modern English.

英语国家概况Unit History UK

Viking Invasion
The name 'Viking' comes from my language which is called 'Old Norse'. It means 'a pirate
raid'.
Alfred the Great
• Father of British Navy; • the Danelaw (eastern part of
• The Romans remained in Britain from 55 BC to 410 AD, almost four hundred years (four centuries). They imposed their own way of life and culture. And they brought Christianity to England.
How long was Hadrian's Wall?
It was 117 kilometers (73 miles) long across the narrow neck of England, from the North Sea to the Irish Sea.
Roman Civilization
Stuart Britain 1603 Georgian Britain Victorian Britain
1714
1837
Modern Britain 1902 +
Romans
Saxons Vikings Normans Tudors
Victorians
WW ll
I. Early Britain (Before 1066)

英语国家概况Unit3--History1(UK)PPT课件

world wars
.
2
A brief timeline of British history
Prehistoric Britain Roman Britain 43 Anglo Saxon
55BC
AD
Britain 450
Viking Britain 793 Medieval Britain Tudor Britain 1485 1066
Unit 3 The History of UK
.
1
Objectives
Be familiar with the history before the Norman Conquest
Understand the feudal system after the Norman Conquest
Learn about the history of the English Reformation and Renaissance
Questions:
5. The three Teutonic groups began to migrate from the region of Denmark and Low Countries (Holland, Belgium and Luxemburg) and settled in Britain. The three groups are _____, _____ and _____. From the ________ conquerors came the name “England” and “English”.
.
7
The Romans remained in Britain from 55 BC to 410 AD, almost four hundred years (four centuries). They imposed their own way of life and culture. And they brought Christianity to England.

《英国历史英文版》课件

World War II saw Britain stand
economic changes in the
alone against Nazi Germany, and
subsequent years.
the country's bravery in the face of
the Blitz remains an enduring
Stuart Era
James I and the Gunpowder Plot
King James I faced numerous challenges during his reign, including the infamous Gunpowder Plot in 1605.
Charles I and the English Civil War
Innovation and technological advancements led to a seismic shift in the way goods and services were produced, transforming the British economy and society adernize the country.
The decision to leave the European
Union in 2016 has plunged Britain
into years of uncertainty and
debate, as the country grapples
Victorian Era
Queen Victoria and the British Empire
Queen Victoria's reign marked the height of British power and influence, as the country enjoyed unprecedented prosperity and global supremacy.

英国历史简介

英国历史简介英国历史简介（一）：英国历史简介英国历史是一部征服与合并的历史。

英国全称为大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，由英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰和北爱尔兰组成，而整个英国的历史也就是由这四个区域的历史交织组成。

1535年威尔士成为英格兰王国的一部分，1707年苏格兰与英格兰正式合并为大不列颠王国，1800年大不列颠王国和爱尔兰合并成为大不列颠与爱尔兰联合王国，1922年爱尔兰共和国独立，爱尔兰北部仍留在联合王国内。

英国历史文化简介英国经济实力的发展，使其成为当时世界上第一个工业革命国家，在世界上持续第一强国。

并且在19世纪时，到达了全盛时期，由于国家实力的雄厚，使得其领土不断扩张，以至于之后其殖民地的面积到达了本土面积的111倍，成为了但是世界上头号殖民大国，也就是日不落帝国。

由于第一次世界大战的爆发，对经济产生了重大的打击，使得英国逐渐瓦解。

迫于压力，在1920年设立北爱兰郡，并于1921年至1922年允许爱尔兰南部脱离其统治，成立独立国家。

同样，对于英国来说，在其经济还未完全复苏时，第二次世界大战又爆发了，无疑又是一次雪上加霜的打击，因此其政治地位开始下降。

随着1947年印度和巴基斯坦的相继独立，到60年代，英帝国殖民体系瓦解。

1973年1月英国加入欧洲共同体。

文化英国历史文化，从日不落开始，便称为世界的中心，此刻英国文化中，以大本钟为其所独特的名片而被全世界理解，华丽的外形设计和清脆悦耳的声音，吸引着全世界的游客，至今已经有一个世纪之久。

在建筑方面，白金汉宫、西敏寺、议会大厦还有伦敦塔等都称为游客必去的地方，豪华的设计加上独特的造型与功能，映衬着强大地历史背景，成为世界瞩目的旅游胜地。

作为英国文化的符号，莎士比亚是不可忽视的，不仅仅仅是在英国，就连全世界，莎士比亚的影响也是有目共睹的，其浓厚的文化氛围与影响侵入到每一个世界人的血液中，温暖着，流动着，成为英国人的骄傲，也成为全世界的骄傲。

英国历史文化在全世界的影响，就如每个人所看到的一样，深远而长久，值得每一个人身临其境的了解。

the history of the UK英国历史汇总

throne(王位)，it broke out the Wars of the Roses
Hundred Years’ War
(1337——1453)
During the war
1. British nobles were in power
2.Nobles tried to control the government
invaders in the early 6th century.
The most popular edition
• Artorius (Roman) • an illegitimate child • Arthur is the
bastard(私生子) of King Britain Uther and heir(继承人) to the throne. • raised in a secret place
Merlin
• Merlin is a legendary figure best known as the wizard featured in the Arthurian legend.
• born of a mortal woman, sired (fathered) by an incubus (梦魇).
• “Whose pullet out this sword from this stone and anvil is duly born King of all England!!”
• ——凡能从石台上拔出此剑者，即为英格兰的天命之王。
• Each nobleman tried to pull the sword out of the stone but in vain.
Leaving in around 410 A.D.

history of uk 英国简史

The Origins of the United Kingdom(5000BC-1066)I.Early Settlers （5000BC-55BC）1.The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.2.At about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now known as Holland and Rhineland.3. The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.II. Roman Britain (55BC-410AD)1.British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. In 55BC and 54BC, Julius Caesar, a Roman general, invaded Britain twice. In 43, the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years, Britain was under the Roman occupation, though it was never a total occupation.2. Roman’s influence.The Roman built many towns, road, baths, temples and buildings. They make good use of Britain’s natural resources. They also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain.3.Reasons for limited Roman influence.First, the Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class. Second, never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry. Third, the Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.III. The Anglo-Saxons (446-871)1. Basis of Modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons.In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons and Angles, three Teutonic tribes, came to Britain.2.The early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity.The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. Christianity soon disappeared. In 579 St. Augustine was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility to Christianity, but the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north.IV.Viking and Danish invasions1.The invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. By the middle of 9th century, the Viking and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex.2.King Alfred (849-899) and his contributionsAlfred was a king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879. He also converted some leading Danes into Christians.He founded a strong fleet and is known as “the father of the British navy”. He reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He translated a Latin book into English. He also established schools and formulated a legal system. All this earns him the title “Alfred the Great.”V.The Norman Conquest (1066)1.Reasons for William’s invasion.It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William, but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the importantbattle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. One Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.2.ConsequencesThe Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.。

History of UK

Unit 2 History of the UKA Brief History--1st century AD: Celtic people55 -54BC,Julius Caesar/43 BC, Claudius I410, Germanic invasion/Angles and Saxons8th century, the invasion of Vikings11th century: Norman invasionThe Hundrend Years¡¯War (1337-1453)The Wars of the Roses (1455-1485)The Civil War(1642-1649)The Glorious RevolutionThe Rise and Fall of the British EmpireEarlier residents:Celt, Celts凯尔特人（Celt，拉丁文称Celtae或Galli，希腊文Keltoi）盖尔特人、克尔特人、塞尔特人、居尔特人Celtic culture-- a powerful culture originating产生于in central Europe, 2000 BCBritain → Briton, a Celtic tribeCeltic culture– legend and folk tales/a/20080320/000059.htmFirst invasion:55 BC, 54 BC–twice invaded byJulius Caesar (history undocumented before 55 BC)43 AD was invaded againby Roman army under theleadership of Claudius I 克劳迪亚斯Britain became a Roman province until the 5th centuryNative Celts were driven to Scotland and WalesSecond invasion:In 410, Germanic日耳曼人barbarians异族人attacked RomeSoon after Roman armies left,Germanic warriors landed on the island–Angles and SaxonsBritons → driven to mountains→ remained as slaves奴隶The language of Angles (English)–dominant languageEngland→“the land of Angles”The legend of King Arthur亚瑟–“round table” assemblyThird invasion:In the 8th century, Vikings 维京人invaded the northern and eastern sea coastThey were called by other Europeans as “Northman”北方来客, while they called themselves as “Viking¡”, meaning first “travel”, second “rob”抢夺.Distinguish the northern people from the southern peopleFourth invasion: Normans诺曼人from northern France/ descendants后裔of VikingsUnder the leadership of William the Conqueror, they crossed the English Channel in 1066.William defeated King Harold哈洛德and took the English throne王位, became William the First of England.He built the Tower of London, a castle in the centre of London.The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453):百年战争a series of wars fought between England and France over trade, territory, security抵押品and the throne宝座Edward III, Philip VIthe King of England vs the head of the Valois House瓦罗王朝1st stage阶段1337 - 13601337, English army led by Edward III attacked French army, which was the beginning of the Hundred Years’ War1340, English army took over接管English Channel1346. English took over接管Normandy诺曼底1347, English took over Calais加来1348,黑死病（Black Death, Black Plague ) took away 1/3 of the population in Europe, the war stopped for 10 years1356, 普瓦捷Poitiers, the French king, Jean II was captured俘获by English army1360, a peace treaty条约was signed, French territory in south west France was taken over by England2nd stage1360 - 14001364, Prince Charles took the throne→ Charles V 查尔斯五世1369, started the war again, took back most of the lost land1396, ceasefire convention停火协议was signed, to stop fire for 20 years3rd stage1415 - 14291415, Charles VI took the French throne, power struggle inside French, King of England, Henry V took the chance to attack France again1420, peace treaty, Henry V was entitled the privilege to inherit继承the throne in France, marriage between Henry V & daughter of Charles VI.1422, Henry V & Charles VI died in the same yearFight between new French King, Charles VII and new King of England, Henry VI, for French throneWar started again4th stage 1429 - 1453French people fought against English invadersJoan of Arc (1431)贞德Calais (1558)加来/programs/view/1J_vz9cJSNA/The significant有意义的，重大的impact of the Hundred Years’ War1) it promoted the concept观念of English nationalism民族主义;2) it promoted the development of the textile纺织工业industry because it reduced the export of English wool;3) it raised the social position of the bourgeois资产阶级class.4) Urged the centralization of authority中心机构The Wars of the Roses (1455-1458)玫瑰战争the House of York约克角, white rose→the House of Lancaster卡兰斯特, red roseRichard, duke公爵of York (south & east)→ the Lancastrian king Henry VI (north & west)for power, wealth and ultimately the throneAlmost all the noble贵族的families involved, great loss of life and property财产lasted for 30 yearsthe House of Lancaster wonHenry Tudor → King Henry VII (1485-1509)1458 –1603Medieval / Feudalism→ modern countryThe Civil War南北战争Stage 1:Parliamentary clashes over monopolies, 17th century 议会对于垄断持有不同的意见 Parliament declared monopolies without its consent illegal1629, King Charles I dissolved融化the parliament11 years, no parliament国会Demands for a new government increased要求增加一个新的政府相关电影：《亨利六世》、《理查三世》Stage 21642, the Civil War broke outthe Royalists → the Cavaliers保王党人vsParliamentarians 国会议员→ the Roundheads圆颅党人Oliver Cromwell克伦威尔(1599-1658) , the New Model Army 新模范军1649, the king was captured and executed 处决The monarchy君主制度was abolisheda commonwealth联邦was declaredStage 3Cromwell gradually became unpopular:不得人心的* conservative in social reforms* Led an army to Ireland* Killed many royalists保皇主义者* Restricted the freedom of Catholic 天主教的* Tax were increased to keep the army supplied1658, Cromwell died and was succeeded by his son, Richard1660, Parliament decided to restore Charles II to the throne of EnglandThe Glorious Revolution 光荣革命Stage 1Charles II was crowned on April 23, 1661he tried to restore the old social order1685, James II, Charles II¡¯s brother, a Catholicsoon showed his readiness意愿to reestablish重建Catholicism天主教in England, against the English bourgeoisie’s willWilliam, head of the United Netherlands and his wife Mary, James II’s daughter were asked backThe invitation was acceptedStage 2November, 1688, William landed in England with an army, James II fled to FranceA new Parliament declared the throne vacant and appointed William and Mary joint sovereigns. This was called the Glorious Revolution光荣革命.Stage 31689, Bill of Rights 人权法案limited the power of the monarchguaranteed the authority of parliament.The Glorious Revolution was complete, in which Parliament succeeded in removing a ruling monarch they did not like and establishing a system known as constitutional monarchy君主立宪制.The Rise and Fall of the British Empire1583, Newfoundland(纽芬兰),the first British colony overseasin 1837Queen Victoria(1837-1901) ascended the throne, the First British Empire: Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India and many small states in the West Indies→individual business people for the purpose of trade.WWI, the world’s largest colonial empire:33.5 m sq.km → 137 times the size of Britain393.5 m people→ 8 times the population of BritainAn empire on which the sun never setsWWII, colonies demanded for independence.1947, India and Pakistan1948, Burma and Malaya1956, Egyptin the 1960s, an independece movement swept the entire British Empire. More than 20 countries won their independence.The Empire had been replaced by the British Commonwealth of Nations, a loosely organized community of former British colonies.。

(2)history of the UK

House of Windsor (1910)
Prehistoric Britain
BC 500,000 6500 3000 3000 2100
Britain
People migrate to Britain from Europe. The land bridge joining Britain to Europe is flooded as the sea level rises. Britain becomes an Island. New Stone Age begins: farming people arrive from Europe. First stone circles erected. Bronze Age begins
• “So very thoroughly did he have the enquiry carried out that
not even one ox or one cow or one pig escaped notice”.--Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
God’s Final Day of Judgment: Every soul would be assessed and against which there could be no appeal
straight roads central heating concrete aqueducts (bridges for water)
Roman houses
Roman clothes
Roman bath in the city of Bath
A Strigil
Anglo-Saxon Britain
British History

英国历史的英语介绍带翻译

English history is rich and ancient, playing a significant role in understanding the culture and traditions of this country. Starting from the ancient Roman period, England has experienced numerous important historical events and cultural transformations. In this article, we will delve into the significant periods of English history, important events, and factors that have influenced English culture.
通过对英国历史的英语介绍，我们可以理解这个国家的文化和传统的形成过程。对于学习英国文化和了解世界历史的人来说，深入了解英国历史是非常有价值的。无论是古罗马时期、盎格鲁-撒克逊时期、诺曼底征服时期，还是宪法发展和工业革命，这些重要的时期和事件塑造了英国的现代社会和文化面貌。
二、盎格鲁-撒克逊时期 Anglo-Saxon Period
5世纪至11世纪是盎格鲁-撒克逊时期。在这一时期，来自日耳曼地区的盎格鲁-撒克逊人占领了不列颠，并建立了七主要王国。这段时期见证了英国基督教的传入，以及英语作为主要语言的形成。盎格鲁-撒克逊文化对英国文化产生了深远的影响，英国的传统节日和习俗中仍可以看到其痕迹。
五、工业革命 Industrial Revolution
18世纪的英国经历了工业革命，这次革命对英国和世界产生了深远的影响。领导着全球工业变革的英国通过发明和创新推动了工业化进程，从而带动了经济繁荣。工业革命改变了英国社会结构，也引发了许多社会问题。然而，这段时期同时也催生了现代科学、技术和制度的重大进步。

英国历史演变过程英语作文

英国历史演变过程英语作文The United Kingdom has a rich and storied history that spans centuries. From its humble beginnings as a collection of disparate kingdoms to its rise as a global superpower, the history of Britain is one of resilience, innovation, and unwavering determination. In this essay, we will explore the fascinating evolution of British history, tracing the key events and milestones that have shaped the nation we know today.The earliest inhabitants of the British Isles were the Celtic tribes, who settled in the region thousands of years before the arrival of the Romans. These ancient peoples left an indelible mark on the cultural and linguistic landscape of the islands, with their unique customs, beliefs, and traditions. The Roman conquest of Britain, which began in the 1st century AD, was a pivotal moment in the country's history. The Romans brought with them advanced technology, infrastructure, and a system of governance that would lay the foundations for the development of the British state.Following the withdrawal of the Romans in the 5th century, Britaindescended into a period of political instability and social upheaval. The Anglo-Saxons, a collection of Germanic tribes, gradually established control over much of the island, introducing their own language, customs, and systems of government. This era saw the emergence of the first recognizable kingdoms, such as Wessex, Mercia, and Northumbria, each vying for dominance.The Norman conquest of England in 1066 marked another significant turning point in British history. The Norman invaders, led by William the Conqueror, brought with them a new ruling class, a more centralized system of government, and a cultural and linguistic influence that would shape the country for centuries to come. The Norman era saw the construction of grand castles, the development of a feudal system, and the establishment of a strong monarchy.The medieval period in Britain was a time of great social, political, and religious upheaval. The Crusades, the Magna Carta, the Wars of the Roses, and the Hundred Years' War all left their mark on the country. The power of the monarchy continued to grow, with the rise of figures like Edward I, Edward III, and Henry V, who expanded the reach and influence of the British crown.The Tudor dynasty, which spanned the 16th century, was a particularly eventful and transformative period in British history. The reign of Henry VIII, with its religious reforms and the establishmentof the Church of England, had a profound impact on the social and cultural fabric of the country. The Elizabethan era, marked by the rule of Queen Elizabeth I, saw a flourishing of the arts, the expansion of trade and exploration, and the emergence of Britain as a major global power.The 17th century was a tumultuous time in British history, with the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution reshaping the political landscape. The Restoration of the monarchy under Charles II was followed by the Glorious Revolution of 1688, which cemented the power of Parliament and laid the foundations for the development of a constitutional monarchy.The 18th and 19th centuries saw the rise of Britain as a global superpower, with the expansion of the British Empire and the Industrial Revolution. The Victorian era, marked by the long reign of Queen Victoria, was a time of tremendous social, economic, and technological change, with the growth of cities, the development of the railway system, and the emergence of a powerful middle class.The 20th century was a tumultuous time for Britain, with the two World Wars and the gradual decline of the British Empire. However, the country also saw the emergence of a welfare state, the rise of the National Health Service, and the growth of a vibrant cultural and artistic scene. Today, the United Kingdom remains a significantglobal player, with a rich heritage and a bright future.In conclusion, the history of Britain is a testament to the resilience, adaptability, and ingenuity of the British people. From the ancient Celtic tribes to the modern-day United Kingdom, the story of this island nation is one of constant evolution and transformation. As we look to the future, it is clear that the legacy of British history will continue to shape the course of this remarkable country.。

HistoryofUK英国历史

In the process of resisting the Vikings, the 7 Anglo-Saxons kingdoms in England gradually became united and Alfred the Great became the king in 871.(hp2,P3)
2. The suffix “-caster” or “-chester”, in English place names, derives from “castra”, the Latin word for “camp”.(hP2) eg. Manchester, Rochester, Lancaster
2. The Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class. (The true slave society was introduced into England.) The Romans and the Britons never intermarried during the 4 centuries.
Alfred defeated them through many great battles. But he thought it impossible to drive all of them out of England, so he made an agreement with Vikings in 878. The Vikings kept the north and east of England, known as the “Danelaw”丹法国; while Alfred ruled the rest.

英国历史简介Intro to EuroAm UK History

• different linguistic influences
• information that may help us better understand that culture’s taboos, stereotypes, etc. • about what that culture’s “common knowledge” is
• English people have mixed ancestry and now have an ethnically diverse population
• Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland have all tried to rebel against England throughout history (unsuccessfully) but now have their own quasi-independent parliaments and parliamentary presence in English parliament
Northern Ireland: History cont./Points to Remember
• Northeastern Ireland developed a population where the majority saw themselves as British subjects, and Northern Ireland partitioned off from Ireland and became part of UK • Northern Irish minority (ethnically Irish and religiously Catholic) saw themselves as different than British (ethnically Anglo-Saxon/Norman and religiously Protestant) and did not want to be part of UK • Political unrest has dominated since, with bloody conflict coming from both sides • “Great hatred, little room” - W.B. Yeats

The History Of Britain英国史

J. In 41 ad, king of the kingdom of the death of Kuno Bailey Noons Wheeler cartew
H. Ad 43, Rome emperor Claudius Thi conquest of Britain
Chapter Two Anglo Saxon England
A. Germanic invasion
B. King Arthur
C. Conversion to Christianity
D. Bede
The early works of Bede is some of the "Bible" notes. 731 or 732 years to complete the work of Englis in Latin "church history". The history of the United Kingdom from 54 BC to 731 ad.. This book mainly records the spread of Christianity in the United Kingdom.
Chapter Three Norman period
E. The invasion of Denmark And Alfred King
Chapter Four House of Plantagenet
Chapter Five Thirteenth Century Henry Irsity of Cambridge.
Chapter Six Fourteenth Century
Chapter Seven Lancaster and the house of York

abriefhistoryofBritain英国历史简述（精选五篇）

abriefhistoryofBritain英国历史简述（精选五篇）第一篇：a brief history of Britain 英国历史简述A Brief History of Britainby Pam BarrettWhen French and British construction workers met beneath the English Channel in 1990, Britain became linked to Continental Europe for the first time in 7,000 years.For it was then, when the last Ice Age ended, that melting ice flooded the low-lying lands, creating the English Channel and the North Sea and turning Britain into an island.This fact of being “set apart” was one of the two seemingly contradictory factors which would affect every aspect of the country’s subsequent history.The other was a genius for absorbing every invader and immigrant, creating a mongrel breed whose energies would establish an empire incorporating a quarter of the population of the planet.Early settlers: Stone Age people arrived, probably from the Iberian peninsula, in around 3000 BC.They lived by farming but left few traces.The most dramatic ancient monument is Stonehenge in Wiltshire, built during the next 1,000 years.How and why it was built was a mystery, but it must have had religious and political significance.The Beaker people, named after their pottery, were next to arrive.But a more importance wave of immigration, in 700 BC, was that of the Celts from eastern and central Europe.The ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Welsh and the Irish, they left behind a rich legacy of intricate and beautiful metalwork.The Romans: British recorded history began when Julius Caesar first crossed the English Channel in 55 BC.Roman rule continued for nearly 400 years, failing to subjugate only Scottish tribes, whose raiding parties were contained by Emperor Hadrian who built adefended wall right across the north of England.Eventually, threatened by barbarians at the gates of Rome, they abandoned Britain, leaving behind them a network of towns, mostly walled, a superb road system, and a new religion, Christianity.The next wave of invaders from central Europe – Angles, Saxons and Jutes – gradually pushed the native Celts west into Wales and north into Scotland.Anglo-Saxon dominance, too, lasted for four centuries, though it did not extend to Scotland, where a separate kingdom was forged by the Picts and the Scots.Although the Anglo-Saxons were a ferocious bunch, constantly squabbling, they laid the foundations of the English state, dividing the country into shires and devising an effective farming system.Their Teutonic religion, worshipping gods such as Woden and Thor, eclipsed Christianity until, at the end of the 6th century, the monk Augustine(once heard to remark “O Lord, make me chaste, but not yet”)converted the kings and the nobles.Monasteries sprang up, becoming places of learning.Treasures contained in the monasteries were a lure for the Vikings, whose ruthless raids from across the North Sea began in the 9th century.Initially they were defeated at sea by Alfred the Great, founder of the British Navy, but eventually they too were assimilated.Canute, the Danish leader, became king of Britain.The Norman Conquest: Links with Normandy, the part of France settled by the Vikings, were strong, and in 1066 William, Duke of Normandy, claimed the English throne.His triumph at the battle of Hastings decisively changed English history.As W.C.Sellar and R.J.Yeatman put it in their classic humorous history 1066 And All That: “The Norman Conquest was a Good Thing, as from this time onwards England stopped being conquered and thus was able to become top nation.”William parceled out the land to barons in return for their loyalty, and the barons parceled out land in turn to lesser nobles in return for goods and services.At the bottom were the peasants, whose feudal status resembled slavery – hence the potency of the Robin Hood legend, celebrating the Nottingham outlaw who stole from the rich to give to the poor.Although much of the Norman kings’ energies were devoted to protecting their borders, there was a great flowering of Norman culture, producing many erudite historians and scholars.In 1167 Oxford University was founded.Thanks to the influence of William Shakespeare’s history plays, much of the next period of English history is popularly remembered through his view of the shifting alliances of the Plantagenet and Tudor kings who ruled from 1154 to 1547.During this period of conflict and disease –the Black Death alone killed nearly half the population in 1348-49 –the royal succession was by no means assured.Power struggles propelled to the throne those who could command the greatest military backing from the majority of the rival barons, a process vividly illustrated by the Wars of Roses, the tussles between the House of Lancaster and York between 1455 and 1485.Frequent strife with France(including the intermittent Hundred Years’ War from 1337 to 1453)dominated international relationships.Internally, Wales was subjugated by 1288, though Scottish independence was recognized when Robert Bruce defeated English forces at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314.Britain’s most famous king, Henry VIII, is remembered not only for his six wives(two of whom he had beheaded)but also for bringing about the Reformation, making England a Protestant rather than a Catholic countr y.His quarrel centred on the Pope’s refusal to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, who couldnot oblige him with a male heir.Doctrinal differences aside, however, Henry capitalized on a growing distaste for the church’s excessive privilege and wealt h, and was thus able to get away with seizing enough monastic lands and property to finance his rule.Under Henry, Wales was formally united with England in 1536.The Age of Elizabeth: England entered its Golden Age under Elizabeth I, Henry’s daughter by Ann e Boleyn.The Elizabethan Age has a swashbuckling ring to it: the Virgin Queen and her dashing courtiers;the defeat of the Spanish Armada;Sir Walter Raleigh’s discovery of tobacco in Virginia;Sir Francis Drake’s circumnavigation of the world.Poetry, plays a nd pageantry flourished during her 45-year reign.When Elizabeth, the “Virgin Queen”, died without an heir, the throne passed to James VI of Scotland, who became James I of England, inaugurating the Stuart dynasty and effectively joining together the two kingdoms.The Stuart period was one of conflict between Crown and Parliament.James I, a staunch believer in the Divine Right of Kings, would have preferred no Parliament at all, and Charles I dissolved Parliament and initiated an 11-year period of absolute rule.The upshot was a civil war from 1622 to 1649;Charles lost and was beheaded.A period of republicanism followed, under the rule of Oliver Cromwell, but after his death the monarchy was restored and prospered under Charles II.His brother, who succeeded him as James II, was less circumspect and tried to restore absolute monarchy and the Catholic religion.The newly emerging political parties, growing in confidence, forced him to flee and invited his daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, Prince William of Orang e, to take the throne.This “Glorious Revolution”, although bloodless, was nonetheless a revolution and paved the way for Parliament’s permanent dominance overthe Crown.In 1707 an Act of Union united England and Scotland, although Scotland was allowed to retain its own Church and legislature.Many Scots felt that the union was bulldozed through by English politicians’ intent on improving their international trade prospects, and Scottish pressure to unravel the union is still a political issue.Political pragmatism triumphed again in 1714 when, a reliable Protestant monarch being needed in a hurry, a search through the family tree came up with George I of Hanover in Germany.Although he spoke no English and had little interest in his subjects, he founded a dynasty which was to span 115 years and encompass an expanding empire and an industrial revolution.The age of empire: Despite the loss of its American colonies in 1783, Britain’s trade-driven adventurism was undiminished, giving it control of West Africa and India, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, some Caribbean island, and Australia and New Zealand.At home, farmers embraced more efficient and profitable methods, which led to the eviction of many peasant farmers who either emigrated to the New World, carrying with them a resentment that would bequeathed to future generations, or left the land to find work in the towns, which rapidly became overcrowded.This combination of landowners with surplus capital to invest and laborers in search of a living was one reason why British became the first country to industrialize.Political stability helped too, as did the security of being an island, natural resources, good trade arrangements and a native genius for inventing things.The Scottish inventor James Watt modified and improved the steam engine in the 1770s, opening the way for the efficient powering of trains, ships and factory machinery.The invention of the Spinning Jenny and the power loom created mass production in textiles.The smelting ofiron with coke, instead of charcoal, hugely increased the production of iron.A massive building program of railways, roads and canals created a new class of industrialist, whose fortunes rivaled those of the aristocracy.But it also created abominable working conditions in mines and factories, conditions which led to the slow and painful development of trade unionism.Political reforms, seized elsewhere in Europe by revolution, came gradually in Britain.Parliamentary seats were distributed more fairly among the growing new towns, but voting was still based on property ownership and universal suffrage didn’t come until 1918(and even then was scarcely universal since it excluded women under 30).The problem that dominated parliamentary debate during this period was the intractable Irish Question.The resentment over centuries of British rule in Ireland bubbled to the surface after the potato famines of the mid-1840s, when about 20 percent of Ireland’s population died of starvation and more than a million people emigrated to escape a similar fate.Demands for Irish independence grew but they were demands which many English politicians, conscious of the security problems of having an independent and possibly none-too-friendly neighbor to their west, were reluctant to grant.As with today’s IRA campai gn, the debate had a backdrop of violence.T oday, however, the Victorian Age is remembered as a time of exuberant self-confidence, symbolized by the building in London of the Crystal Palace to showcase Britain’s industrial and technical achievements in the Great Exhibition of 1851.But many of London’s inhabitants might well have wondered when they would benefit from all these accomplishments.For them, the squalor and crime which Charles Dickens portrayed so evocatively in his novels were all too real.Working-class lifeimproved considerably during the last quarter of the 19th century.Many homes had gas lighting and streets were cleaned by the new municipal councils.A new police force contained crime.The music hall provided inexpensive entertainment in towns.Bicycles became a common method of transport, and a trip by train to seaside resorts was for many a highlight of summer.In London, trains in the world’s first underground railway began puffing their way through smoke-filled tunnels between Paddington and Farrington in 1863.Art and drama flourished.By the time of Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee in 1897, the country was feeling quite pleased with itself.Britannia ruled the waves, and anything seemed possible.The 20th century: But all good things come to an end.The Boer War of 1900 ended in victory for the British in South Africa but damaged its international reputation.France, Germany and America were becoming powerful competitors for world markets.The newly united German state was flexing its military muscles.The Edwardian era of the early 20th century, seemingly an idyllic time, was built on shifting sands.Dragged into World War I by a complex web of international alliances, Britain faced unimaginable carnage in which more than a million of its young men died.Social unrest at the end of the war, though less devastating than in the defeated Germany, gave more power to women(who had shouldered a heavy burden while the men were at war)and led to a General Strike by dissatisfied workers in 1926.The Irish Question was partly answered with the creation of an independent Irish free State, but six Protestant-dominated counties in the north stayed under UK rule – a time bomb which exploded in 1969.The shock waves from the 1929 New York Stock Market crash plunged Britain into depression, throwing millionsout of work, especially in the industrial areas of northern England, south Wales and Clydeside in Scotland.The monarchy was rocked by crisis in 1936 when Edward VIII, who had just become king, decided to marry the twice-divorced Mrs Wallis Simpson.His family, the church and the government opposed the match, forcing him to abdicate.His brother, a reluctant George VI, restored the monarchy’s popularity, not least through the support which he and his wife Elizabeth(later the Queen Mother)gave to their subjects during the German air raids of World War II.Although Britain’s island status saved it from invasion, this war involved civilians in an unprecedented way.Cities like Coventry were devastated by bombing and the Blitz radically changed the face of London for the first time since the Great Fire of 1666.Many children were sent to live in the countryside.Most social inequalities were set aside during the war and, when peace returned in 1945, voters turned to the Labour party in hope that it could develop an even greater egalitarianism.It laid the basis of a welfare state, providing free medical care for everyone as well as financial help for the old, the sick and the unemployed.But the war had left Britain broke.While Germany and Japan rebuilt their industries almost from scratch, helped by international aid, Britain was left to patch together a severely damaged economy.It could no longer sustain an empire, and gradually its colonies became independent.Many former subjects, especially from the Caribbean and the Indian sub-continent, settled in Britain, raising fears of racial conflict that, despite some serious tensions, were never(quite)fulfilled.As the austere 1950s gave way to the ’60s, things started to look up.New universities were built, a motorway network launched, and a reinvigorated culture promoted by a group of writersdubbed “the angry young men”.Much of the explosion of new talent came from the north of England: actors like Albert Finney, playwrights like Alan Sillitoe, and pop groups galore, led by the Beatles.The swinging Sixties, powered by a newly affluent youth, had arrived.Britain’s heavy industry might be in trouble, but in fashion and pop music it led the world.The good times died in the 1970s as inflation and unemployment soared and labour unrest led to endless strikes.Joining the European Community in 1973 seemed to produce few obvious economic benefits and revenues from North Sea oil were quickly spent rather than invested.Margaret Thatcher came to power in 1979 promising tough new policies.Her popularity quickly faded, but was revived in 1982 by the Falklands War when an invading Argentinean force was beaten off the South Atlantic islands, remnants of the old empire.Although she went on to win two further elections convincingly, by 1990 her popularity, always firmer abroad than at home, was so shaky that her party, fearing that she would not win them the next election, replaced her with a less combative leader, John Major.He duly won the 1992 election, but a reinvigorated Labour Party under T ony Blair won in 1997.The overall problems did not change, though.The economy remained weak, distrust of the European Community did not abate, nationalism simmered in Wales and Scotland, the conflict in Northern Ireland dra gged on, and the Royal Family’s private life continued to obsess the tabloid press.It was business as usual, in fact – which, in a country obsessed by continuity, was immensely reassuring.第二篇：材料学的历史简述姓名：何莞晨学号：2014012075材料学的历史简述1.按材料划分的时代生活离不开材料，人类的一切生产活动所需的工具都建立在合适的材料的基础上。

uk history英国历史(英语国家概况)

• Victory over France
– The Battle of Waterloo – The Battle of Trafalgar
中弹阵亡。
1815 1805，英军在这场海战中击败了拿破仑的
法国西班牙联合舰队,法国海军司令被俘虏,英国海军司令纳尔逊海军上将
• The Industrial Revolution
Bloody Mary
Elizabeth Ⅰ
Tudor Dynasty • Henry Ⅶ 1485--1509 • Henry Ⅷ 1509--1547 • Edward Ⅵ 1547--1553 • Mary 1553-1558 • Elizabeth Ⅰ 1558—1603
Queen Elizabeth Ⅰ
Back
The Black Death
• 3 plagues
• 在1348年，一场瘟疫或者黑死病通过从亚洲来的商人来到欧洲，并被在那些商人的商船里的老鼠传播开来。黑死病在1348年到 1353年这短短的五年时间里夺去了欧洲大陆近三分之一的人口。
The 16th Century
• The Wars of the Roses • A New Monarchy • The Reformation Movement / Protestant Movement Bloody Mary The Reign of Queen Elizabeth I)
Return
The Crusades 十字军东征
• A series of wars (from 11th to 14th centuries) in which armies from all over Europe tried to snatch the “Holy Land” (i.e. Palestine, where Jesus Christ once lived) from the “Infidels”异教徒；不信正统宗教者 (i.e. the Back Muslims).

history of UK

The British Isles have a rich history going back thousands of years. And for this history guide, we shall divide the period of British history into five main chunks, and point out some events on different periods respectively.Early BritainFrom 4000 BC to 1800 BC, man migrated to Britain whilst it was still joined to the rest of Europe by a land bridge. Stone Age man possessed great skills, but left behind no literature, except his archeology, which including its burial chambers, monuments and artifacts. Stonehenge, Silbury Hill and Avebury Ring are the most spectacular monuments from this period.After about 1800 BC, metal tools started to be made by mixing copper and tin, which marking that the Stone Age had been progressed to the Bronze Age and Iron Age. Farming became n economic proposition. Extended families lived in hill forts that they could defend. Then the Romans arrived and invaded Britain in force, along with the first Roman invasion in 55 BC under Julius Caesar.Britain had been under Roman rule for a long time until the Roman army departed and the breakdown of Roman law and civilization in AD 410. Then the Angles, Saxons and Jute, invaded south Britain. In the 7th century, they developed seven separate kingdoms known as the Heptarchy in the so-called “Angle-land”(England). But competing Anglo Saxon kingdoms and a mighty Viking presence led eventually to the Norman invasion in 1066.Medieval BritainWith the Normans, England became a unified country for the first time since the Romans left 600 years earlier. The Norman kings consolidated their hold on England, and then took control of Wales and Ireland.There followed a long period during the Middle Ages of squabbling over the throne. For example, Henry II，Henry III，and Richard I who was regarded as “the Lion Heart”. Afterwards it culminated with the Wars of the Roses which erupted in 1455 and did not end until 1485, the house of Lancaster against the house of York. The result was a new royal house - the Tudors. Henry VII seized the throne on winning the battle of Bosworth and England was to enter a new period of history.Transition to the Modern AgeHenry VII was the first monarchs of the House of Tudor that turned England from a medieval backwater to a powerful Renaissance state in the coming centuries. The crucial and difficult task for Henry VII was to reassert the Crown’s authority. By the time Henry VII died in 1509, England was on good track to a modern state but for one great problem, the Church. It was left for his son and successor, Henry VIII, to overcome.Henry VIII, who came to the throne in 1509, was a man who left his stamp on history. His six marriages in search of a male heir led to two daughters (Mary and Elizabeth) and a son Edward (who died young). Henry's need for a divorce led to a row with the pope who refused to grant Henry one. Henry countered by dissolving the Roman Catholic Church in Britain, and setting up the Church of England.And Henry's elder daughter Mary was a Catholic- and a militant Catholic at that. her efforts as queen to restore Catholicism to England made her the most unpopular queen in British history, and the means that she used to pursue her aims earned her the nickname "bloody Mary".After Mary died, British history entered the reign of Elizabeth I in 1558, and her reign brought in one of the glorious eras of British history. Exploration, colonization, victory in war prevailed. The Arts flourished, this was the age of Shakespeare and Bacon. It was the age of the sea dog, Drake and Raleigh, Hawkins and Frobisher.After Elizabeth I died in 1603, James Stuart and his son Charles I reign. They were Scottish Catholic who believed in the "Divine Right" to rule as he pleased. This brought them into conflict with the English Parliament. And the conflict eventually led to the English Civil War.In 1660, the pro-royal Convention Parliament was called for and Charles II was invited to restore the House of Stuart.But in 1688, Mary II and her husband William III were asked to rule England jointly by the Convention Parliament. This is so-called Bloodless or Glorious Revolution.The Age of EmpireUnder the Stuarts, Scotland and England had been under personal union of the crowns. During Queen Anne’s late reign, Scotland threatened to declare a successor to its throne other than the head of House of Hanover, whom the English parliament had chosen to succeed Anne. Instead of war, the resultant solution was the Act of Union in1707, which abolished England and Scotland as separate kingdoms and created the United Kingdoms of Great Britain with a single Parliament.After Anne, for over a century until 1830, Great Britain was ruled by four kings of George from the House of Hanover in Germany. And this was the so-called Georgian Britain, a period that was a time of immense social change, most notably with the beginning of the Industrial Revolution which first started in Britain in its age-old wool textile industry, a shift in social structure, chronic warfare, and imperial expansion and loss.Late Georgian Britain was powerful to solve the issue of Ireland,. The Act of Union of 1800 formally assimilated Ireland within the British political process, and created a new state, “The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland”. Since then, Britain has become a kingdom made up of four distinct entities.Later, Victoria Britain had come. From 1837 to 1901, Queen Victoria had the longest reign in British history, she was the symbol of her age, and it was an age of steam and iron. During the Victorian period, the full effects of the industrialization were most felt, leading to the mass society of the 20th century. On that time, many celebrities occurred, Charles Darwin, Robert Stephenson, and Florence Nightingale and so on. And the Victorian era also marked the apex of British Empire attained through constant wars and colonial consolidation worldwide. But by her death in1901, Britain was being challenged militarily by Germany.Britain Since 1901During the first years of the 20th century, basically the Edwardian period, the British class system was most rigid, but paradoxically, there was rising interest in socialism, attention to the plight of the poor and the status of women, anyway, different social problems occurred. But what really changed society was the Two World Wars which caused heavy loss in Britain. On the other hand, disastrous it was, the war helped pull the nation together closely.Since the Two World Wars, Britain dismantled of the British Empire peacefully. The result has been that Britain has struggled to come to terms with its new place in the world order. Consequently, Britain has been being in a united Europe since the 1970s.。