中国民间工艺美术造型浅析中国民间工艺美术造型浅析中...

中国民间工艺美术造型浅析

A Brief Introduction to the Models in Chinese Folk Arts and Crafts

一、民间工艺美术造型溯源Tracking Back to the Source of Folk Arts and Crafts

原始美术是劳动人民在生产、生活中创造的美术形式。原始美术真挚淳朴，注重情感表达。绝假纯真，尤似童心，以最初一念之本心进行创作。民间工艺美术是直接脱胎于原始美术的艺术样式。惟有它，至今依然保留着原始美术“真挚与淳朴”的特色。The primeval art is the artistic form that was created by laboring people when they work and live. It is sincere and simple, focusing on the expression of love and emotions. It is also pure and childlike innocent, which was created with the original idea. The folk arts and crafts directly emerged from the womb of primeval art’s artistic styles, which is the only art that still keep the “sincere and simple” features of the primeval art.

1、民间工艺美术源于原始宗教与图腾崇拜Folk Arts and Crafts Originated from Religion and Totem Worship

在人类童年时期，原始宗教与原始文化混沌一体。原始美术初始，宗教是其直接的动因。原始美术是在原始宗教的母腹在孕育、诞生的。The primeval art and the primeval culture were mixed together when human beings just appeared on the earth. Religion was the direct driving force of primeval art when it is just created. The primeval art was emerged from the womb of primeval religion.

*安顺傩戏面具Masks in Anshun Nuo Show

*岩画Rock painting 剪纸Scissor-cut

*彩陶Painted pottery 剪纸Scissor-cut

*剪纸Scissor-cut

2、民间工艺美术源于原始神话与传说Folk Arts and Crafts Originated from Primeval Fairy

Tales and Legends

神话与传说产生于远古时代。包含着原始人的信仰、哲学、审美等多种意识因素。民间工艺美术创造中许多神奇美妙的题材，怪诞可爱的形象，与原始神话有着极密切的渊源关系。Fairy tales and legends were created in the remote antiquity, which have a number of awareness factors of primeval people, such as, believe, philosophy, aesthetic conception, etc. There are a lot of magical and wonderful topics, as well as many fantastic and lovely looks in the creations of folk arts and crafts, all of which are very closely related with primeval fairy tales in the sense of their origins.

*蜡染Wax printing ——神话故事Fairy tales

*苗绣The Miaos’ Embroidery ——神话故事Fairy tales

*泥塑Clay Sculpture ——兔爷A clay figurine with the head of a rabbit, 兔王The rabbit king

*河南淮阳泥泥狗Henan Huaiyang Clay Dog

*剪纸猪八戒背媳妇Scissor-cutting “Pigsy carrying his wife”

*织锦老鼠嫁女Brocade “Mice get married”

二、民间工艺美术造型形态是原始美术造型的延续The Model Formations of Folk Arts and

Crafts are the Extension of Primeval Art Models

原始人类的物质生活和精神生活经常交织，原始美术的特征表现为实用功能和审美功能的相互融合。造型亦相应的出现多种形态。民间工艺美术延续原始美术的造型形态，可归纳为以下四类：The material lives and the spiritual lives of primeval people are mingled, and the obvious features of primeval art are the fusion between its practical functions and aesthetic conception functions. Also, there are also many forms arose. The folk arts and crafts extend the forms of primeval art, and they can be categorized into the following four types.

1、影象形Portrait ——多见于岩画和彩陶。平涂剪影手法，略去细节，只注意外形。

Often seen on rock painting and painted pottery. Sketch method, ignoring details, only

paying attention to the appearance.

*彩陶盆与剪纸Painted Pottery Pot

2、抽象形Abstract ——原始彩陶的“几何纹样”或以色块对比，或以线条组织，相互补充。Primeval painted potteries’ “geometrical grain patterns”, some are contrasted with color pieces, some are weaved with lines, complementary with each other.

*彩陶纹与土家织锦纹样Painted Pottery Grain and the Tus’ Brocade Grain Patterns

*土家织锦纹样The Tus’ Brocade Grain Patterns

3、夸张形Exaggerating ——多见于新石器时代雕塑，以夸张手法强化被表现对象，效果强烈。Often seen on the sculptures of Neolithic, objects are highly expressed with the exaggerating method, the results are strong.

*剪纸Scissor-cut 泥泥狗Clay Dog

*布艺Embroidery ——绣龙Embroidered Dragon

*皮影Leather Silhouette

4、复合形Composite ——由两个以上物象组合而成，马家窑与仰韶文化最为多见。Compsed of more than two objects, often seen in the Majiayao and Yangshao culture.

*半坡“人面鱼纹”与现代“人面鱼”Banpo “Basin painted with the design of human face and fish” and contemporary “Human Face Fish”

*马家窑“人形蛙纹”陶罐Majiayao “Human-frog grain” pottery

瑶族挑花“老虎”The Yaos’ cross-stitched “Tiger”

剪纸Scissor-cut

三、民俗事象与民间工艺美术造型Folk Custom and Folk Arts and Crafts Models

民间工艺美术是民俗现象的反映。人们祈求丰收、祈望平安，渴望幸福，由是祭祀活动、婚丧嫁娶、游艺娱乐等民俗现象不断发展，民间工艺美术造型也逐渐丰富。吉祥题材是民间工艺美术造型的主体。明清以来民间工艺美术形成“凡图必有意，有意必吉祥”。吉祥造型可分为如下几类：The folk arts and crafts are the reflections of folk custom. People pray for bumper harvest, safety, eager for happiness. As the folk custom activities of offering sacrifices to gods or ancestors, marriages, recreation develop, the folk arts and crafts forms have also been increased. Lucky is the main body of folk arts and crafts forms. Since the Ming period and Qing period, the formation of folk arts and crafts is “Any painting has a meaning, any meaning has the lucky theme”. And the lucky forms can be categorized into the following types.

（1）、驱灾辟邪类：Disaster- exorcising: 民间年画里的“门神”最具代表性。*吞