英语句子成分及结构专题

一、句子成分(Members of a Sentence)

英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。（可以熟记为：主谓宾，定状补）除了这六种主要成分之外，还有“表语”、“同位语”和“独立成分”的说法。但表语和系动词一起作谓语，因此划分成分时，划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语，属于主语或宾语的一部分。独立成分与句子的其他成分没有语法上的联系，能用作独立成分的有：感叹词、呼语和插入语。

1.主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。可以作主语的词性或语法结构有：①名词②代词③数词④名词化的形容词（如the rich）⑤不定式⑥动名词⑦主语从句等表示。例如：Tom is a clever boy.（专有名词人名作主语）

画出句子的主语，并说明其构成方式：

①During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.

①We often speak English in class.

①One-third of the students in this class are girls.

①To swim in the river is a great pleasure.

①Smoking does harm to the health.

①The rich should help the poor.

①When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.

①It is necessary to master a foreign language.

①That he isn’t at home is not true.

正确运用主语的各种形式

2.谓语：谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：

（1）简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。例如：

He practises running every morning.（动词practise作谓语）

We usually listen to the music on weekends.（动词短语listen to作谓语）

（2）复合谓语：

①由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。例如：

You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold.

①由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。例如：

We are students.Your idea sounds great.

画出句子的谓语，并说明其构成方式：

①My sister is crying over there.

①I have been waiting for you all the time.

①I would stay at home all day.

正确运用主语的各种形式

3.表语：表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, keep, stay,

remain, seem, appear, look, smell, sound, feel, taste, become, get, grow, go, turn, prove等）之后。可以作表语的词性或语法结构有：①名词②代词③数词④分词⑤不定式⑥动名词⑦介词短语⑧副词⑨表语从句等表示。例如：She is very beautiful.（形容词作表语）

画出句子的表语，并说明其构成方式：

①Our teacher of English is an American.

②Is it yours?

③The weather has turned cold.

④The speech is exciting.

⑤Three times seven is twenty one.

⑥His job is to teach English.

⑦His hobby is playing football.

⑧The machine must be under repair.

⑨The truth is that he has never been abroad.

正确运用主语的各种形式

4.宾语：宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语，分别构成动宾结构和介宾结构。可以作表语的词性或语法结构有：①名词②代词③数词④名词化的分词⑤不定式⑥动名词⑦宾语从句等表示。例如：They went to see an exhibition yesterday.（名词作动宾）

画出句子的表语，并说明其构成方式：

①They planted many trees yesterday.

①-- How many dictionaries do you have? --I have five.

①They helped the old with their housework yesterday.

①I wanted to buy a car.

①He pretended not to see me.

①I enjoy listening to popular music.

①I think（that）he is fit for his office.

正确运用主语的各种形式

5.补语：

（1）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等）+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。可以作表语的词性或语法结构有：①名词②形容词③可作表语的副词④不定式⑥分词⑦介词短语⑧从句等表示。例如：

Disney called it Mickey Mouse.（专有名词作宾补）

画出句子的表语，并说明其构成方式：

①His father named him Dongming.

②They painted their boat white.

③Let the fresh air in.

④You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.

⑤We saw her entering the room.

⑥We found everything in the lab in good order.

⑦We will soon make our city what your city is now.

⑧I want your homework done on time.

正确运用主语的各种形式