英语演讲的艺术week five
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• Follow the visual framework used in the preparation outline. • Make sure the outline is legible. • Keep the outline as brief as possible. • Give yourself cues for delivering the speech.
Graphs
• Graph: a visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns. • Line graph: a graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time or space.
Follow the Visual Framework Used in the Preparation Outline
• Use the same visual framework as your preparation outline. • See instantly where you are in the speech at any given moment while you are speaking.
• Pie graph: a graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns. • Bar graph: a graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items.
• Preparation outline: a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech.
Labedy, and Conclusion
Use a Consistent Pattern of Symbolization and Indentation
• See APS page 120. • Visual framework: the pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that show the relationships among the speaker’s ideas.
Make Sure the Outline Is Legible
• It should be readable at a distance. • Use large lettering, leave extra space between lines, provide ample margins, and write or type on only one side of your paper or note card.
Attach a Bibliography
• Bibliography: a list of all the sources used in preparing a speech. • It shows all the books, magazines, newspapers, and Internet sources consulted, as well as any interviews or field research you conducted.
• It should contain key words or phrases, essential statistics and quotations. • It should also include cues to direct and sharpen your delivery.
Guidelines for the Speaking Outline
Photographs and Drawings
• Neither will work effectively unless they’re large enough for the audience to see without straining. • The most effective way to show drawings and photographs is with PowerPoint. • View an excerpt from “Machu Picchu: City of the Gods.
State Main Points and Subpoints in Full Sentences
• A skimpy preparation outline is of little value. • Stating main points and subpoints in full sentences will ensure that you develop your ideas fully.
• Another way: jot down on the outline explicit cues such as “pause”, “repeat”, “slow down”, “louder”, and so forth. • See APS pages 126-127: Sample Speaking Outline With Commentary.
Using Visual Aids
• As the old saying goes, one picture can be worth a thousand words. • Visual images can make a speaker’s message more interesting, make the audience grasp it more easily , and retain it longer.
Label Transitions, Internal Summaries, and Internal Preview
• Usually they’re not incorporated into the system of symbolization and indentation. • They’re labeled separately and are inserted in the outline where they’ll appear in the speech.
Give Yourself Cues for Delivering the Speech
• Delivery cues: directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how he or she wants to deliver key parts of the speech. • One way: by underlining or highlighting key ideas that you want to be sure to emphasize.
Kinds of Visual Aids
• • • • • • • Objects and models. Photographs and drawings. Graphs. Charts. Video. The speaker. PowerPoint.
Objects and Models
• Model: an object, usually built to scale, that represents another object in detail. • View an excerpt from “CPR”: rescue breathing, presented on Video 12.1.
• The specific purpose statement and the central idea should be separate units that appear before the text of the outline itself. • How well you have constructed the speech to accomplish your purpose and to communicate your central idea.
Give Your Speech a Title
• Three requirements for a good speech title: (1) be brief; (2) attract the attention of your audience; (3) encapsulate the main thrust of your speech. • See APS pages 122-124. Sample Preparation Outline With Commentary.
The Speaking Outline
• Speaking outline: a brief outline used to jog a speaker’s memory during the presentation of a speech. • It helps you what you want to say. • A condensed version of your preparation outline.
Guidelines for the Preparation Outline
• State the specific purpose and central idea. • Label the introduction, body, and conclusion. • Use a consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation. • State main points and subpoints in full sentences.
• It helps you prepare the speech. • Decide what you’ll say in the introduction, how you will organize the main points and supporting materials in the body, and what you’ll say in the conclusion.
Keep the Outline as Brief as Possible
• It should contain key words or phrases. • It should be the minimum you need to jog your memory and keep you on track.
• Label transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews. • Attach a bibliography. • Give your speech a title.
State the Specific Purpose and Central Idea
Outlining the Speech
• Preparation outline: very detailed, for the planning stage. • Speaking outline: very brief, for the delivery of the speech.
The Preparation Outline
Graphs
• Graph: a visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns. • Line graph: a graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time or space.
Follow the Visual Framework Used in the Preparation Outline
• Use the same visual framework as your preparation outline. • See instantly where you are in the speech at any given moment while you are speaking.
• Pie graph: a graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns. • Bar graph: a graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items.
• Preparation outline: a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech.
Labedy, and Conclusion
Use a Consistent Pattern of Symbolization and Indentation
• See APS page 120. • Visual framework: the pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that show the relationships among the speaker’s ideas.
Make Sure the Outline Is Legible
• It should be readable at a distance. • Use large lettering, leave extra space between lines, provide ample margins, and write or type on only one side of your paper or note card.
Attach a Bibliography
• Bibliography: a list of all the sources used in preparing a speech. • It shows all the books, magazines, newspapers, and Internet sources consulted, as well as any interviews or field research you conducted.
• It should contain key words or phrases, essential statistics and quotations. • It should also include cues to direct and sharpen your delivery.
Guidelines for the Speaking Outline
Photographs and Drawings
• Neither will work effectively unless they’re large enough for the audience to see without straining. • The most effective way to show drawings and photographs is with PowerPoint. • View an excerpt from “Machu Picchu: City of the Gods.
State Main Points and Subpoints in Full Sentences
• A skimpy preparation outline is of little value. • Stating main points and subpoints in full sentences will ensure that you develop your ideas fully.
• Another way: jot down on the outline explicit cues such as “pause”, “repeat”, “slow down”, “louder”, and so forth. • See APS pages 126-127: Sample Speaking Outline With Commentary.
Using Visual Aids
• As the old saying goes, one picture can be worth a thousand words. • Visual images can make a speaker’s message more interesting, make the audience grasp it more easily , and retain it longer.
Label Transitions, Internal Summaries, and Internal Preview
• Usually they’re not incorporated into the system of symbolization and indentation. • They’re labeled separately and are inserted in the outline where they’ll appear in the speech.
Give Yourself Cues for Delivering the Speech
• Delivery cues: directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how he or she wants to deliver key parts of the speech. • One way: by underlining or highlighting key ideas that you want to be sure to emphasize.
Kinds of Visual Aids
• • • • • • • Objects and models. Photographs and drawings. Graphs. Charts. Video. The speaker. PowerPoint.
Objects and Models
• Model: an object, usually built to scale, that represents another object in detail. • View an excerpt from “CPR”: rescue breathing, presented on Video 12.1.
• The specific purpose statement and the central idea should be separate units that appear before the text of the outline itself. • How well you have constructed the speech to accomplish your purpose and to communicate your central idea.
Give Your Speech a Title
• Three requirements for a good speech title: (1) be brief; (2) attract the attention of your audience; (3) encapsulate the main thrust of your speech. • See APS pages 122-124. Sample Preparation Outline With Commentary.
The Speaking Outline
• Speaking outline: a brief outline used to jog a speaker’s memory during the presentation of a speech. • It helps you what you want to say. • A condensed version of your preparation outline.
Guidelines for the Preparation Outline
• State the specific purpose and central idea. • Label the introduction, body, and conclusion. • Use a consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation. • State main points and subpoints in full sentences.
• It helps you prepare the speech. • Decide what you’ll say in the introduction, how you will organize the main points and supporting materials in the body, and what you’ll say in the conclusion.
Keep the Outline as Brief as Possible
• It should contain key words or phrases. • It should be the minimum you need to jog your memory and keep you on track.
• Label transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews. • Attach a bibliography. • Give your speech a title.
State the Specific Purpose and Central Idea
Outlining the Speech
• Preparation outline: very detailed, for the planning stage. • Speaking outline: very brief, for the delivery of the speech.
The Preparation Outline