2012年度职称英语“卫生类”新增阅读理解和完形填空全文翻译(3月3日)
2012职称英语考试阅读理解及翻译
一、职称英语阅读理解文章（理工类）译文(参加理工A、B、C级考试需要掌握文章) (3)第一篇福特放弃电动汽车 (3)Ford Abandons Electric Vehicles (3)第二篇世界原油产量可能提前十年达到峰值 (4)World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict (5)第三篇公民科学家 (5)Citizen Scientists (6)第四篇汽车技术 (6)Motoring Technology (7)第五篇深夜喝咖啡 (7)Late-night Drinking (8)第六篇编制灯光 (8)Weaving with Light (9)第七篇用糖为手机发电 (9)Sugar Power for Cell Phones (10)第八篇引人注目的埃菲尔铁塔 (10)Eiffel Is an Eyeful (11)第九篇埃及饱受饥饿折磨 (11)Egypt felled by famine (12)第十篇年轻雌猩猩学习优于她们的弟兄 (12)Young Female Chimps Outlearn Their Brothers (13)第十一篇申请个人域名的网上费用 (14)The Net Cost of Making a Name for Yourself (14)第十二篇纳佛罗里达遭受冷气团袭击 (15)Florida Hit by Cold Air Mass (15)第十三篇隐形环 (15)Invisibility Ring (16)第十四篇日本用来监视醉酒司机的新型概念车 (17)Japanese Car Keeps Watch for Drunk Drivers (17)第十五篇肋生双翅机器人学飞行 (18)Winged Robot Learns to Fly (18)第十六篇日本人的地心旅行 (19)Japanese Drilling into Core of Earth (19)第十七篇地球防晒霜 (20)A Sunshade for the Planet (20)第十八篇石油匮乏 (21)Thirst for Oil (21)第十九篇延长人类寿命 (22)Prolonging Human Life (22)第二十篇深海探索器 (23)Explorer of the Extreme Deep (23)第二十一篇植物，沼气的又一来源 (24)Plant Gas (24)第二十二篇雪花 (25)第二十三篇风力发电？轻而易举 (26)Powering a City? It‟s a Breeze (27)第二十四篇地下煤引发即将来临的灾难 (27)Underground Coal Fires a Looming Catastrophe (28)第二十五篇为了活着吃饭 (29)Eat to Live (29)第二十六篇男女飞行员引起飞行事故的差异 (30)Male and Female Pilots Cause Accidents Differently (30)第二十七篇分散注意力驾驶 (31)Driven to Distraction (32)第二十八篇睡眠促使记忆归档存储 (33)Sleep Lets Brain File Memories (33)第二十九篇古怪食物 (34)Food Fright (34)二、职称英语阅读理解文章译文(参加理工A、B级考试需要掌握文章) (35)第三十篇数码王国 (35)Digital Realm (36)第三十一篇卡特里娜飓风 (36)Hurricane Katrina (37)第三十二篇读心机 (37)Mind-reading Machine (38)第三十三篇专家呼吁局部和区域控制放射性废物地点 (39)Experts Call for Local and Regional Control of Sites for Radioactive Waste (39)第三十四篇病毒电池 (40)Batteries Built by Viruses (40)第三十五篇植物效能 (41)Putting Plants to Work (41)第三十六篇听觉仪器提供早期山崩预警 (42)Listening Device Provides Landslide Early Warning (43)第三十七篇不要在就餐时间以外饮酒有了新含义 (43)“Don‟t Drink Alone” Gets New Meaning (44)第三十八篇野生大象寿命更长 (45)Longer Lives for Wild Elephants (45)第三十九篇克隆农场 (46)Clone Farm (46)第四十篇污染云团在太平洋两岸均被测量 (47)Air Pollution Cloud Measured on Both Sides of Pacific (47)三、职称英语阅读理解文章译文(参加理工A级考试需要掌握文章) (48)第四十一篇全球变暖“缺油” (48)Too Little for Global Warming (49)第四十二篇可再生能源 (49)Renewable Energy Sources (50)第四十三篇天气预报的方法 (51)第四十四篇捍卫进化论仍必要 (52)Defending the Theory of Evolution Still Seems Needed (52)第四十五篇咸度味感因人而异 (53)Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others (54)第四十六篇不可思议的超材料 (55)Marvelous Metamaterials (55)第四十七篇倾听鸟鸣 (56)Listening to Birdsong (57)第四十八篇“隐种”可能令人惊叹地普遍存在 (57)"Hidden" Species May Be Surprisingly Common (58)第四十九篇美国科学家确认火星上有水 (59)U.S. Scientists Confirm Water on Mars (59)第五十篇手机增加交通行人死亡 (60)Cell Phones Increase Traffic, Pedestrian Fatalities (61)一、职称英语阅读理解文章（理工类）译文(参加综合A、B、C级考试需要掌握文章)第一篇福特放弃电动汽车分析人士评论，福特汽车公司放弃电动汽车的举动有力地证明了这种技术是行不通的。
2012职称英语卫生类新增文章,整理
阅读理解（注：+表示A级文章；*表示B级文章；其他为C级文章）第十九篇Prolonging Human LifeProlonging human life has increased the size of the human population. Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago. Because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time. In fact, it is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion.Prolonging human life has also increased the dependency load. In all societies, people who are disabled or too young or too old to work are dependent on the rest of society to provide for them. In hunting and gathering cultures, old people who could not keep up might be left behind to die. In times of famine, infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, whereas if the parents survived they could have another child. In most contemporary societies, people feel a moral obligation to keep people alive whether they can work or not. We have a great many people today who live past the age at which they want to work or are able to work; we also have rules which require people to retire at a certain age. Unless these people were able to save money for their retirement, somebody else must support them. In the United States many retired people live on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty. Older people have more illness than young or middle-aged people; unless they have wealth or private or government insurance, they must often "go on welfare" if they have a serious illness.When older people become senile or too weak and ill to care for themselves, they create grave problems for their families. In the past and in some traditional cultures, they would be cared for at home until they died. Today, with most members of a household working or in school, there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak person. To meet this need, a great many nursing homes and convalescent hospitals have been built. These are often profit-making organizations, although some are sponsored by religious and other nonprofit groups. While a few of these institutions arc good, most of them are simply "dumping grounds" for the dying in which "care" is given by poorly paid, overworked, and under-skilled personnel.十九延长人类生命人类生命的延长使人口增加了。
2012年度职称英语“卫生类”新增阅读理解和完形填空全文翻译(3月26日)
2012年职称英语卫生类新增阅读理解第八篇 Eat Healthy"Clean your plate!" and "Be a member of the clean-plate -club!" Just about every kid in the US has heard this from a parent or grandparent. Often，it's accompanied by an appeal:" Just think about those starving orphans in Africa!" Sure, we should be grateful for every bite of food. Unfortunately, many people in the US take too many bites. Instead of staying "clean the plate", perhaps we should save some food for tomorrow.According to news reports, US restaurants are partly to blame for the growing bellies. A waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer, with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. Americans traditionally associate quantity with value and most restaurants try to give them that. They prefer to have customers complain about too much food rather than too little.Barbara Rolls, a nutrition professor at Pennsylvania State University, told USA Today that restaurant portion sizes began to grow in the 1970s, the same time that the American waistline began to expand.Health experts have tried to get many restaurants to serve smaller portions. Now, apparently，some customers are calling for this too. The restaurant industry trade magazine QSR reported last month that 57 percent of more than 4,000 people surveyed believe restaurants serve portions that are too large;23 percent had no opinion; 20 percent disagreed. But a closer look at the survey indicates that many Americans who can't afford fine dining still prefer large portions. Seventy percent of those earning at least $150,000 per year prefer smaller portions; but only 45 percent of those earning less than $25,000 want smaller.It's not that working class Americans don't want to eat healthy. It's just that，after long hours at low-paying jobs，getting less on their plate hardly seems like a good deal. They live from paycheck to paycheck ，happy to save a little money for next year's Christmas presents.第八篇翻译健康饮食“把盘子里的东西吃完了!”“要成为一名清盘俱乐部的成员!”几乎每一个美国小孩都会听到父母亲或祖父母这样的唠叨。
2012年度职称英语“卫生类”新增阅读理解和完形填空完全缩减版
第八篇 Eat Healthy1. Parents in the United States tend to ask their childrenC. not to waste food.2. Why do American restaurants serve large portions?A. Because Americans associate quantity with value.3. What happened in the 1970s?D. The American waistline started to expand.4. What does the survey indicate?A. Many poor Americans want large portions.5. Which of the following is Not true of working class Americans?C. They don't want to be healthy eaters.第十九篇 Prolonging Human Life1.The writer believes that the population explosion results fromC a decrease in death rates.2. It can be inferred from the passage that in hunting and gathering culturesB infants could be left dead in times of starvation.3. According to the passage, which of the following statements about retired people in the United States is true?A Many of them have a very hard life.4. In Paragraph 3, the phrase “ this need” refers toD the need to take care of a sick and weak people.5. Which of the following best describes the writer’s attitude toward most of the nursinghomes, and convalescent hospitals?D Critical.第二十四篇 Sleep Lets Brain File Memories1. Which of the following statements is nearest in meaning to the sentence “To sleep. Perchance t o file?”?A. Does brain arrange memories in useful order during sleep?2. What is the result of the experiment with rats and mice carried out at Rutgers University?C. Somatosensory neocortex and hippocampus work together tin memory consolidation.3. What is the relation of memory to glucose tolerance, as is indicated by a research mentioned in paragraph 4?D. The poorer the memory, the poorer glucose tolerance.4. In what way is memory related to hippocampus shrinkage?B. The more hip pocampus shrinks, the poorer one’s memory.5. According to the last paragraph, what is the ultimate reason for going to the gym?D. To control glucose levels.+第三十四篇Who Want to Live Forever?1.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the things that living longer mightenable an individual to do?B. Having more education.2.Which of the following is implied in the sixth paragraph?A. Marriages in the US today are quite unstable.3.All of the following are possible effects living longer might have on working lifeEXCEPTB. More money would be used by employees in payment of their employees.4.An important feature of a society in which people live a long life is thatC. it lacks the curiosity to experiment what is new5.Which of the following best describes Callahan's attitude to anti-ageing technology ?C. Reserved.+第四十篇Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others1. In paragraph 2, John Hayes points out thatC. many people accept low-salt tasteless food reluctantly2. The fourth paragraph describes brieflyA. how to select subjects and what to do in the research.3. The article argues that supertastersB. like snack foods as saltiness is their primary flavor.4. Which of the following applies to supertasters in terms of bitter taste?C. They prefer high-salt cheese, which tastes less bitter.5. What message do the last two paragraphs carry'?A. Taste acuity is genetically determined.第二篇 Going on a diet1beating 2properly 3gains 4reduce 5principle 6 Unfortunately 7go off 8maintaining 9actually 10raise 11forms 12make 13climb 14partner 15Tight第十二篇 Dreams1claim 2just 3though 4aware 5after 6great 7senses 8known9see 10should 11in 12awoken 13day 14making 15as*第八篇 Old And Active1recent 2improvement3out 4learnt5 make 6 ingredient 7 beneficial 8 contributing 9 actually 10 doubled 11 facing 12 after 13 Raising 14 sense 15 roles+第十四篇 A Health Profile1 need to know2 at3 diet4 spend5 in6 whether7 To complete 8as 9 Once10 0n 11 job 12 by 13 thought 14 in 15 benefit+第十五篇Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred Years1 ages2 about3 span4 killers5 highly6 developed7 1ess deadly8 factors9 make 10 against 11 In addition 12 while 13 spread 14 older 15 leading to。
2012年度职称英语“卫生类”新增阅读理解和完形填空全文翻译(C级中文完全版)
Eat Healthy吃健康“清洁你的盘子！”和“清洁板俱乐部的成员！”只是在美国的每个孩子听到父母，祖父母或外祖父母。
通常情况下，它伴随着上诉：“试想想，在非洲的孤儿挨饿！”当然，我们应该感谢每一口食物。
不幸的是，在美国的许多人采取太多的叮咬。
而不是停留“清洁盘”，也许我们应该为明天保存一些食物。
据新闻报道，美国餐馆的部分原因归咎于日益增长的肚子。
一位服务员把一盘食物，在每个客户面前，用两到四倍由政府建议的数额，根据今日美国的故事。
美国人的传统与价值关联的数量和大多数餐馆尝试给他们。
他们喜欢有客户抱怨比太少而对过多的食物。
在宾夕法尼亚州立大学营养学教授芭芭拉·罗尔斯，告诉美国今天餐厅份量开始增长，在20世纪70年代，美国人的腰围开始扩大的同时。
健康专家们试图让许多餐馆为较小的部分。
显然，现在，一些客户要求这太。
餐饮业贸易杂志QSR品牌上个月公布的4000多名受访者中，有57％的人认为，餐厅服务，有过大的部分，23％没有意见，20％的受访者表示反对。
但仔细看看在调查表明，许多美国人谁买不起精美的餐饮还是比较喜欢大的部分。
70％的收入至少每年150,000元喜欢小部分，但只有45％的收入低于25000美元要小。
它不是工人阶级美国人不想吃的健康。
只不过，经过长时间的低薪工作，让他们的盘子少，似乎并不像一个很好的协议。
他们住的月光族，高兴地节省一点钱，为明年的圣诞礼物。
Prolonging Human Life延长人类生命人类生命的延长使人口增加了。
许多现在还活着的人，如果早出生100年的话，可能在幼年就得病死了。
因为活得长的人越多，在任何一个特定的时间里的人也就越多。
实际上导致人口爆炸的是死亡率的降低而不是出生率的增长。
延长人的生命同时也使要抚养的人数增长了。
在所有的社会里，残疾的、太小或太老的以至不能工作的人，要靠社会中其他人的救助。
在以狩猎和采集为生的时代，不能跟上其他人的老人会被甩在后面，任他死去。
2012年职称英语卫生类新增文章篇目
2012年职称英语卫生类新增文章篇目职称英语外语教育网2011-12-272012年职称英语卫生类新增文章篇目阅读理解第八篇Eat Healthy第十九篇Prolonging Human Life*第二十四篇Sleep Lets Brain File Memories+第三十四篇Who Want to Live Forever?+第四十篇Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others 完形填空第二篇Going on a diet (18)注：1、+表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章；2、完形填空请参见第#页；2第八篇Eat Healthy"Clean your plate!" and "Be a member of the clean-plate -club!" Just about every kid in the US has heard this from a parent or grandparent. Often，it's accompanied by an appeal:" Just think about those starving orphans in Africa!" Sure, we should be grateful for every bite of food. Unfortunately, many people in the US take too many bites. Instead of staying "clean the plate", perhaps we should save some food for tomorrow.According to news reports, US restaurants are partly to blame for the growing bellies. A waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer, with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. Americans traditionally associate quantity with value and most restaurants try to give them that. They prefer to have customers complain about too much food rather than too little.Barbara Rolls, a nutrition professor at Pennsylvania State University, told USA Today that restaurant portion sizes began to grow in the 1970s, the same time that the American waistline began to expand.Health experts have tried to get many restaurants to serve smaller portions. Now, apparently，some customers are calling for this too. The restaurant industry trade magazine QSR reported last month that 57 percent of more than 4,000 people surveyed believe restaurants serve portions that are too large;23 percent had no opinion; 20 percent disagreed. But a closer look at the survey indicates that many Americans who can't afford fine dining still prefer large portions. Seventy percent of those earning at least $150,000 per year prefer smaller portions; but only 45 percent of those earning less than $25,000 want smaller.It's not that working class Americans don't want to eat healthy. It's just that，after long hours at low-paying jobs，getting less on their plate hardly seems like a good deal. They live from paycheck to paycheck ，happy to save a little money for next year's Christmas presents.词汇:orphan /''?:f?n] / n.孤儿belly /'beli/ n.肚子3nutrition / nju:'tri??n / n.营养waistline / 'weistlain / n.腰围paycheck / 'pei't?ek / n.薪金支票注释:1. Be a member of the clean - plate club! 做清盘俱乐部的成员2. Just think about those starving orphans in Africa! 只要想想在非洲挨饿的孤儿们!3. take too many bites 吃得太多4. A Waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer，with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. 根据《今日美国》刊登的一个故事，服务员给每个顾客一盘饭菜，其量是政府推荐的2至4倍。
2012职称英语卫生类15篇完形填空译文(免费下载)
2012职称英语教材-卫生类15篇完形填空译文注：1、+表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章卫生类完型填空课文译文1.找到速效治疗剂可以更好控制结核病世界卫生组织估计全球有大约三分之一的人感染了导致结核病的病菌。
大多数时候，这种感染是不活跃的。
但是每年大约有八百万结核病病例，通常是在肺部。
两百万人因此丧命。
结核病发病率由于艾滋病的传播和抗药型结核病的出现而增加。
目前的治疗至少需要六个月。
患病者不得不每日服用多种抗生素药品。
许多人在稍感舒适后就停止使用药品，这么做可能导致抗药性感染。
公共卫生专家一致认为针对结核病的速效治疗剂将会更加有效果。
现在有一项研究评估这种速效治疗剂究竟效力有多大。
这项研究由美国哈佛大学国际卫生方面的教授率领。
Joshua Salomon说，疗程较短的治疗计划可能不仅仅意味着更多病人被治好，也意味着将感染传给别人的病人会更少。
研究者们设计了一个数学模型来检测两个月治疗计划的效果。
他们以东南亚目前的结核病情况来检验这个模型。
科学家们发现两个月的治疗可以防止大约20％的新病例，也可能防止大约5％因结核病引起的死亡。
这个模型表明，如果速效治疗剂可以在2012年前研发出来并大规模使用的话，减少结核病例在2012年到2030年间就可以实现。
世界卫生组织在1990年制定了DOTS计划，DOTS意指短期直接观察治疗。
卫生工作者监督结核病人每天服药，以确信他们继续治疗。
今年年初，一个国际组织同盟宣布了一项扩大DOTS的计划。
这个十年计划也旨在资助新结核药品的研究。
现在四种最常用的药品也有四十多年的历史了。
全球结核病药物开发联盟宣称它的长期目标是找到一种治疗方法，可以通过十次剂量就效果。
2.节食普通人每天需要大约1,800卡的热量才能生存下来。
这些热量使你的心脏跳动、肺呼吸、身体器官正常运转、大脑持续工作，并可以使你保持足够的体温。
一个人体重增加了是因为他或她每天摄入的卡路里比需要的多。
2012年职称英语阅读背诵版(卫生类含新增)
*第十九篇 （新增）Prolonging Human Life 新增）
*第二十篇 FDA: Human, Animal Waste Threatens Produce *第二十一篇 Early or Later Day Care *第二十二篇 Egypt Felled by Famine *第二十三篇 After-birth Depression Blamed for Woman's Suicide
Cooking Oil Fumes Cause Tumor
3．Cooking Oil Fumes Cause Tumor（卫C） ． （ ） 1）Patients with lung cancer become younger, especially females. 2）Lung cancer. 3）Irritated eyes and throat. 4）Surprised 5）Personal health and physical condition.
+第三十四篇
（新增）Who Want to Live Forever? （卫A） 新增）
+第三十五篇 Single-parent Kids Do Best +第三十六篇 Dangerous Sunshine to Children +第三十七篇 Hypertension Drugs Found to Cut Risk of Stroke +第三十八篇 Pregnancy Anomalies May Lower Breast Cancer Risk +第三十九篇 Pool Watch
2012职称英语A新增完形填空及阅读理解译文
+12 Dreams（新增）Everyone can dream．Indeed, everyone does dream．Those who claim that they never dream at all actually dream just as frequently as the rest of us, though they may not remember anything about it．Even those of us who are perfectly aware of dreaming night after night very seldom remember those dreams in great detail but merely retain an untidy mixture of seemingly unrelated impressions. Dreams are not simply visual-we dream with all our senses , so that we appear to experience sound, touch, smell, and taste．One of the world's oldest known written documents is the Egyptian Book of Dreams．This volume is about five thousand years old, so you can see that dreams were believed to have a special significance even then．Many ancient civilizations believed that you should never ask a sleeping person as, during sleep, the soul had left the body and might not be able to return in time if the sleeper were suddenly awoken .From ancient times to the present day ,people have been making attempts to interpret dreams and to explain their significance．There are many books available on the subject of dream interpretation．although unfortunately there are almost as many meanings for a particular dream as there are books．+14 A Health Profile （新增）A Health profile is a portrait of all of the factors that influence your health．To draw your health profile，you will need to know what diseases run in your family，what health hazards you may be exposed to at work,ow your daily diet compares to the recommended standards，how nluch time per week you spend exercising and what type of exercise you engage in ,how stressful your work and family environments are，what kinds of illnesses you get regularly,and whether or not you have any one of a number of addictions. To complete this portrait,you should have a checkup to determine how your blood，heart，and lungs are functioning.This checkup will serve as a baseline,to which you can then compare later tests．Once this profile is thoroughly drawn，you can begin to think about setting health priorities based on your particular portrait．For example，if you drink two martinis every evening,have a high-stress job ,are overweight，smoke a pack of cigarettes a day,and use marijuana occasionally on weekends，you should quit smoking first，followed by losing the excess weight，reducing the stress of your job，giving up your marihuana habit，and then finally giveing some thought to those martinis if you want to prevent first cancer，and then heart disease．Even for the youthful working person who has never been sick a day in his life,who is in excellent health．a good look at all health habits and at work and home environments may suggest changes that will benefit him in the future．+15 Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred Years （新增）A hundred years ago，life expectancy in developed countries was about 47: in the early 21st century, men in the United States and the United Kingdom can expect to live to about 74. Women to about 80, and these ages are rising all the time. What has brought about these changes? When we look at the life span of people l00 years ago, we need to look at the greatest killers of the time. In the early 20th century, these were the acute and often highly infectious diseases such as smallpox. Many children died very young from these diseases and others, and the weak and elderly were always at risk.In the developed world these diseases are far lessdeadly today, and in some cases have almost disappeared. A number of factors shave led to this: improvements in sanitation and hygiene, the discovery and use of antibiotics, which make bacterial diseases much less dangerous, and vaccinations against common diseases. In addition, people's general health has improved with improvements in our general environment: cleaner air, better means of preserving food，better and warmer housing，and better understanding of nutrition.Genetically，we should all be able to live to about 85 but while people do live longer today, there are still some big killers around that are preventing US from consistently reaching that age. The problems that affect people today are the more chronic illnesses, such as heart disease and strokes, and those spread by viruses, such as influenza and AIDS l. Of course, cancer is a huge killer as well. In most cases these diseases affect older people, but there are worrying trends in the developed world with problems such as obesity leadingto more heart disease and illnesses such as diabetes at younger ages.The killers today can be classed as "lifestyle diseases"，which means that it may be possible to halt their progress.第三十四篇谁想永生？如果你的医生能给你一种药，这个药能让你健康的活两倍长的时间，你会服用吗？好消息是我们离这一天越来越近了。
2012职称英语卫生A新增2阅读+3完型
卫生A级重点文章Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others咸度味感因人而异（卫生A）Low-salt foods may be harder for some people to like than others, according to a study by Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences food scientist. 宾州州立大学农学院食品科学家进行的一项研究表明，有些人很难喜欢含盐量低的食物。
The research indicates that genetic factors influence some of the difference in the levels of salt we like to eat. 该研究指出，基因因素导致我们对咸度的不同喜好。
Those conclusions are important because recent, well-publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food have left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others, pointed out John Hayes, assistant professor of food science, who was lead investigator on the study. 该研究负责人、食品科学副教授约翰·海斯指出，这些结论非常重要，因为近期对减少食物含盐量的大力宣传使得许多人挣扎着接受合适其他人而不合适自己口味的食物。
Diets high in salt can increase the risk of high blood pressure and stroke. 含盐最高的饮食会增加高血压和中风的风险。
2012职称英语卫生类新增文章
阅读理解第八篇Eat Healthy"Clean your plate!" and "Be a member of the clean-plate club1!’’ Just about every kid in the US has heard this from a parent or grandparent. Often, it's accompanied by an appeal：“Just think about those starving orphans in Africa!2" Sure, we should be grateful for every bite of food. Unfortunately, many people in the US take too many bites3. Instead of staying "clean the plate", perhaps we should save some food for tomorrow.According to news reports, US restaurants are partly to blame for the growing bellies.A waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer, with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story.4 Americans traditionally associate quantity with value and most restaurants try to give them that. They prefer to have customers complain about too much food rather than too little.Barbara Rolls, a nutrition professor at Pennsylvania State University； told USA Today that restaurant portion sizes began (o grow in the 1970s, the same time that the American waistline began to expand.Health experts have tried to get many restaurants to serve smaller portions. Now, apparently, some customers are calling for this too. The restaurant industry trade magazine QSR reported last month that 57 percent of more than 4,000 people surveyed believe restaurants serve portions that are too large； 23 percent had no opinion；20 percent disagreed. But a closer look at the survey indicates that many Americans who can't afford fine dining still prefer large portions. Seventy percent of those earning at least $150,000 per year prefer smaller portions； but only 45 percent of those earning less than $25,000 want smaller.It's not that working class Americans don't want to eat healthy. It's just that, "after long hours at low-paying jobs, getting less on their plate hardly seems like a good deal.5 They live frompaycheck to paycheck, happy to save a little money for next year's Christmas presents.词汇：orphan n.孤儿belly n.肚子nutrition n.营养waistline n.腰围paycheck n.薪金支票练习：1. Parents in the United States tend to ask their childrenA to save food.B to wash the dishes.C not to waste food.D not to eat too much.2. Why do American restaurants serve large portions?A Because Americans associate quantity with value.B Because Americans have big bellies.C Because Americans are good eaters.D Because Americans are greedy.3.What happened in the 1970s?A The US government recommended the amount of food a restaurant gave to a customer.B Health experts persuaded restaurants to serve smaller portions.C The United States produced more grain than needed.D The American waistline started to expand.4.What does the survey indicate?A Many poor Americans want large portions.B Twenty percent Americans want smaller portions.C Fifty seven percent Americans earn $150,000 per year.D Twenty three percent Americans earn less than $25,000 per year.5.Which of the following is Not true of working class Americans?A They work long hours.B They live from paycheck to paycheck.C They don't want to be healthy eaters.D They want to save money for their children.注释：1. Be a member of the clean -plate club!做清盘俱乐部的成员2. Just think about those starving orphans in Africa!只要想想在非洲挨饿的孤儿们！3. take too many bites 吃得太多4. A waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer, with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story.根据《今日美国》刊登的一个故事,服务员给每个顾客一盘饭菜,其量是政府推荐的2至4倍。
职称英语卫生A级 2012年新增 完形填空+3篇翻译
第十二篇梦之闲话人人都会做梦，也确实毎个人睡觉都做梦。
那些声称睡觉从来不做梦的人;其实都有做梦，而且做梦的频次与其他人一样，只是他们从来记不住己做的梦而已。
即使是那些能清楚地意到自己夜尨一夜都在做梦的人也很少能够把那些梦的细节都描述得淋漓尽致，能记住的也只是一些看起来奄无关联的印象与场景组成的一团混沌。
梦境不仅仅是视觉的，我们做梦的时候会牵动我们的各种感官，所以我们在梦里似乎能听到声音，能触摸到，还能嗅到气味，甚至尝到味道。
埃及的《梦幻书语》是目前肚界上所发现的最早的关于梦的文本记载。
这本书有大概5000年的历史，我们可以发现在那个年代，人们就已经相信梦特有的重要性。
在很多古老的文明中，人们都坚信不能惊醒睡梦中的人，因为在睡梦中，人的灵魂都会离开身体，如果被惊醒，灵魂也许就不能及时回到身体里。
从古到今，人们一直试图解析梦境以及其重要性。
目前市面上就有很多关于解梦的书，遗憾的是，对于同一个梦，有多少本书就会有多少种解释。
第十四篇健康概貌健康概貌是对所有影响健康的因索的一个概述。
要描述健康概貌，你要知进有过怎样的家庭病史，在T.作时你可能面临什么不利健康的因索，你每日的饮食和推荐的标准相比之下如何，一个星期当中冇多少时间锻炼，苻什么样的锻炼活动，你的工作和家庭环境给你造成的压力有多大, 你经常彳!Mt么样的病，有何不良嗜好。
为把这一切描述淸楚，你应该进行一次体检，以确定你的血液、心脏、肺功能是否正常。
把这个检测作为一个站点，将以后的检验结果和它做比较。
一旦有了这样一个完整的描述，你可以开始考虑根据这个健康概貌确立优先要做的事情。
比如，如果你每天喝两杯马提尼洒，T.作压力很大，过庶肥胖，每天抽一包烟，周末偶尔食用大麻, 你首先应该停止抽烟，然后减去多余的体重，减轻工作的ffi力，戒掉吸食大麻的习惯，最后如果你想首先预防癌症，其次预防心脏病的话，那么就该想想马提尼酒该不该喝。
即使对于那些从没得过病的年轻上班族来说，他们身体很好，但认攻.矜矜自己工作和家庭生活巾的全部健康习惯, 做出一些调整会使其在未来受益。
2012年医院职称英语考试
2012年职称英语综合类
新增文章篇目 注：
1、2012年职称英语卫生类新增阅读理解
1）2012年的阅读理解和完形填空的新增文章总数都是5篇，这5篇的分布情况阅读理解是1（C）+2（B）+2（A），完型是1（C）+1（B）+3（A）的分配规律。C级的这两种题型新增的均是1篇。
2）与去年（2011年新增文章）相比，新增文章替换数量的变化：阅读理解发生的变化是：去年A级和C级各新增1篇，B级新增两篇，比其他各个级别多新增一篇；今年整体数量上增加1篇，这一篇是A级新增，也就是今年A级比去年的新增数量多了一篇。完型填空发生的变化是：去年完形填空Ａ级新增１篇，Ｂ级新增2篇，C级新增1篇；今年不仅是整体数量上增加了一篇，在分布上也发生了改变，今年的A级新增了3篇文章，比去年新增文章多出了两篇，而B级的新增情况是减少了一篇，今年只是新增了一篇。整体的分析而言，不管是阅读理解和完形填空，C级文章在新增文章数量上都没有发生改变，而B级完形填空的新增文章数量均发生了变化，A级的阅读理解和完型填空在新增文章数量上都发生了变化。
2012年卫生类教材新增文章
今年卫生类的新增文章还是集中在阅读理解和完形填空两部分，共增加新增文章10篇。其中阅读理解的文章总共增加5篇，A级新增两篇，B级新增两篇，C级新增一篇；完形填空部分也是一共增加5篇，其中A级增加3篇，B级增加1篇，C级增加1篇。
1、 卫生类新增文章难度变化分析
1）阅读理解。去年的卫生类的新增文章的题目是比较难的，今年整体难度并没有增加。今年的C级的文章在难度上都没有太大的变化。A级和B级新增文章难度要大一些，难度主要体现在：第一点阅读理解的文章比较长，段落比较少的文章其段落很长。句子也是以长句子为主；第二点题面句子都比较长；第三点是阅读理解题目中，推断类和态度类的题目比较多，难度要大一些。
2012年职称英语卫生类A级新增文章-阅读理解(含练习解析及译文)
2012年职称英语卫生类A级新增文章-阅读理解(含练习解析及译文)Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like OthersLow—salt foods may be harder for some people to like than others，according to a study by a Penn State College of Agricultural Sciencesl food scientist．The research indicates that genetic factors influence some of the difference in the levels of salt we like to eat．Those conclusions are important because recent，well—publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food2 have left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others3，pointed out John Hayes，assistant professor of food science，who was lead investigator4 0n the study．Diets high in salt Can increase the risk of high blood pressure and stroke．That is why public health experts and food companies are working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intake through foods that are enjoyable to eat．This study increasesunderstanding of salt preference and consumption．The research involved 87 carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods such as soup and chips，on multiple occasions，spread out over weeks5．Test subjects were 45：men and 42 women, reportedly healthy，ranging in age from 20 t0 40 years．The sample was composed of individuals who were not actively modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettes．They rated the intensity of taste on a commonly used scientific scale，ranging from barely detectable to strongest sensation of any kind．“Most of us like the taste of salt．However，some individuals eat more salt，both because they like the taste of saltiness more，and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food,”said Hayes. “Supertasters, people who experience tastes more intensely, consume more salt than nontasters do. Snack foods have saltiness as their primary flavor, andbitter．”he said．“Response to bitter compounds is one of many ways to identify biological differences in food preference because supertastin7 is not limited to bitterness．词汇：Publicize v．引起公众对…的注意；(用广告)宣传Dietary adj．饮食的；规定食物的Ferment v．(使)发酵Geneticist n．遗传学家Acuity n．敏锐；尖锐注释：1．Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences：即Penn State University--College of Agricultural Sciences宾州州立大学农学院。
职称英语 卫生类 A 级 2012年阅读理解新增文章2篇翻译
第四十篇咸度味感因人而异宾州州立大学农学院食品科学家进行的一项研究表％，有些人很难喜欢含盐通低的食物。
该研究指出‟遗传因索导致我们对咸度的不同喜好。
该研究负贵人、食品科学副教授约翰海斯指出，这些结论非常ffi要，因为近期对减少食物含盐诳的大力宣传使得许多人努力去接受适合其他人而不适合自己口味的食物。
含盐最高的饮食会增加髙血压和中风的风险，这就是公共健康专家和食品公司共同努力、通过可口的食品帮助消费者减少盐摄入逊的原因。
该研究使人们更加理解对盐的喜好和摄人的差异。
该研究87名参与者经过了仔细筛选，他们在几周的不同时间品尝了汤和翦条等含盐食物。
参与者包括45名男性和42名女性，身体健蜞，年龄在20岁到40岁之间。
参与者不会主动改变自己的饮食习惯，且不吸烟。
他们通过一种常用的科学fit表来区别咸度，分为“最轻微味感"到“最强烈味感”等级别。
海斯说，“大部分人都喜欢盐的味道。
但是，有些人吃盐较多，这不仅是因为他们更喜欢咸味，也因为他们需要咸味来遮盖食物其他讨厌的味道。
口味超重的人比口味清淡的人消耗更多的盐。
因为快银食品的主要味道就是咸味，而且咸度越商，味道越好，所以口味超重的人更喜欢快银0”海斯还提到，口味超重的人还擗要盐来遮盖奶酪等食物中讨厌的苦味。
“例如，奶酪是发酵牛奶味和发酵苦味的完美结合，而盐可以遮盖苦味。
口味超重的人不喜欢低盐奶酪，因为苦味太明MT。
"海斯举出了化学家福克斯和迪传学家布雷克斯里75年前进行的研究，该研究表明，人们品尝特定化学制品的能力是不同的。
海斯解释说，由此我们知道每个人的味觉敏度是不同的，这一差异和头发眼膪颜色的差异一样正常。
海斯说，“口味超逋的人觉得苦味混合物非常之苦，而口味清淡的人会觉得同样的苦味混合物没有味道，或稍微有些苦。
对苦味混合物的反应是确定食物偏好生物差异的众多方法之一，因为口味超重的人不只是对苦味敏感。
第三十四篇谁想永生？如果你的医生能给你一种药，这个药能让你健康的活两倍长的时间，你会服用吗？好消息是我们离这一天越来越近了。
2012年职称英语卫生类教材新增内容详解——阅读理解篇4
2012年职称英语新教材各地已经陆续下发，从往年真题来看，教材新增内容常为考试的重点，考⽣不容忽视，⼩编整理了2012年职称英语教材新增内容详详解，祝⼤家学习愉快！Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others Low-salt foods may be harder for some people to like than others，according to a study by a Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences food scientist. The research indicates that genetic factors inf1uence some of the difference in the levels of salt we like to eat. Those conclusions are important because recent ，well-publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food have left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others，pointed out John Hayes，assistant professor of food science ，who was lead investigator on the study. Diets high in salt can increase the risk of high blood pressure and stroke. That is why public health experts and food companies are working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intake through foods that are enjoyable to eat. This study increases understanding of salt preference and consumption. The research involved 87carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods such as soup and chips，on multiple occasions ，spread out over weeks. Test subjects were 45 men and 42 women ，reportedly healthy ，ranging in age from 20 to 40 years. The sample was composed of individuals who were not actively modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettes. They rated the intensity of taste on a commonly used scientific scale，ranging from barely detectable to strongest sensation of any kind. "Most of us like the taste of salt. However，some individuals eat more salt ，both because they like the taste of saltiness more ，and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food. "said Hayes. "Supertasters，people who experience tastes more intensely ，consume more salt than do nontasters. Snack foods have saltiness as their primary flavor ，and at least for these foods， more is better ，so the supertasters seem to like them more. " However ，supertasters also need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in foods such as cheese，Hayes noted. "For example ，cheese is a wonderful blend of dairy flavors from fermented milk ，but also bitter tastes from ripening that are blocked by salt ," he said. "A supertaster finds low-salt cheese unpleasant because the bitterness is too pronounced." Hayes cited research done more than 75 years ago by a chemist named Fox and a geneticist named Blakeslee，showing that individuals differ in their ability to taste certain chemicals. As a result ，Hayes explained ，we know that a wide range in taste acuity exists ，and this variation is as normal as variations in eye and hair color. "Some people ，called supertasters，describe bitter compounds as being extremely bitter ，while others ，called nontasters，find these same bitter compounds to be tasteless or only weakly bitter. "he said. "Response to bitter compounds is one of many ways to identify biological differences in food preference because supertasting is not limited to bitterness. " 词汇: publicize v. 引起公众对…的注意;(⽤⼴告)宣传 dietary adj. 饮⾷的;规定⾷物的 ferment v. (使)发酵 geneticist n. 遗传学家 acuity n. 敏锐;尖锐 注释: 1. Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences: 即 Penn State University-College of Agricultural Sciences 宾州州⽴⼤学农学院。
2012年职称英语真题(卫生类C级原文及译文)
2012年职称英语卫生C真题阅读判断原文及译文Tiny Invaders微小的入侵者The human body is truly amazing.It allows us to sense the world around us,to do work and have fun,and to move from place to place.In fact,the human body does its work so well that most people don’t think about it very much—until they get sick.人类的身体真的令人惊讶，它让我们感觉到周围的世界，工作、娱乐和运动。
事实上，人体运行的如此良好，以致于到生病时，我们才意识到。
The germs（致病菌）that make people sick are everywhere. You can’t see them,but they’re there.They’re sitting on your desk.They’re hiding on your computer’s key board. They’re even in the air that you are breathing.There are two types of germs:viruses and bacteria（细菌）.Viruses are germs that can only live inside animals or plants.Viruses cause illnesses such as flu and measles（麻疹）.Bacteria are tinycreatures.Some bacteria are good.They can help your stomach break down food.Other bacteria aren’t so good.They can make you sick.Bacteria can cause sore throats（喉痛）and ear infections.使人们生病的致病菌无处不在。
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2012年职称英语卫生类新增阅读理解第八篇 Eat Healthy"Clean your plate!" and "Be a member of the clean-plate -club!" Just about every kid in the US has heard this from a parent or grandparent. Often，it's accompanied by an appeal:" Just think about those starving orphans in Africa!" Sure, we should be grateful for every bite of food. Unfortunately, many people in the US take too many bites. Instead of staying "clean the plate", perhaps we should save some food for tomorrow.According to news reports, US restaurants are partly to blame for the growing bellies. A waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer, with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. Americans traditionally associate quantity with value and most restaurants try to give them that. They prefer to have customers complain about too much food rather than too little.Barbara Rolls, a nutrition professor at Pennsylvania State University, told USA Today that restaurant portion sizes began to grow in the 1970s, the same time that the American waistline began to expand.Health experts have tried to get many restaurants to serve smaller portions. Now, apparently，some customers are calling for this too. The restaurant industry trade magazine QSR reported last month that 57 percent of more than 4,000 people surveyed believe restaurants serve portions that are too large;23 percent had no opinion; 20 percent disagreed. But a closer look at the survey indicates that many Americans who can't afford fine dining still prefer large portions. Seventy percent of those earning at least $150,000 per year prefer smaller portions; but only 45 percent of those earning less than $25,000 want smaller.It's not that working class Americans don't want to eat healthy. It's just that，after long hours at low-paying jobs，getting less on their plate hardly seems like a good deal. They live from paycheck to paycheck ，happy to save a little money for next year's Christmas presents.词汇:orphan /''?:f?n] / n.孤儿belly /'beli/ n.肚子nutrition / nju:'tri??n / n.营养waistline / 'weistlain / n.腰围paycheck / 'pei't?ek / n.薪金支票注释:1. Be a member of the clean - plate club! 做清盘俱乐部的成员2. Just think about those starving orphans in Africa! 只要想想在非洲挨饿的孤儿们!3. take too many bites 吃得太多4. A Waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer，with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. 根据《今日美国》刊登的一个故事，服务员给每个顾客一盘饭菜，其量是政府推荐的2至4倍。
5. It's just that, after long hours at low-paying jobs, getting less on their plate hardly seems like agood deal. 事情是这样的，美国工人觉得做许多个小时低收入的工作下来，盘子里的饭菜量小有点不合算。
第八篇翻译吃健康“清洁你的盘子！”和“清洁板俱乐部的成员！”只是在美国的每个孩子听到父母，祖父母或外祖父母。
通常情况下，它伴随着上诉：“试想想，在非洲的孤儿挨饿！”当然，我们应该感谢每一口食物。
不幸的是，在美国的许多人采取太多的叮咬。
而不是停留“清洁盘”，也许我们应该为明天保存一些食物。
据新闻报道，美国餐馆的部分原因归咎于日益增长的肚子。
一位服务员把一盘食物，在每个客户面前，用两到四倍由政府建议的数额，根据今日美国的故事。
美国人的传统与价值关联的数量和大多数餐馆尝试给他们。
他们喜欢有客户抱怨比太少而对过多的食物。
在宾夕法尼亚州立大学营养学教授芭芭拉·罗尔斯，告诉美国今天餐厅份量开始增长，在20世纪70年代，美国人的腰围开始扩大的同时。
健康专家们试图让许多餐馆为较小的部分。
显然，现在，一些客户要求这太。
餐饮业贸易杂志QSR品牌上个月公布的4000多名受访者中，有57％的人认为，餐厅服务，有过大的部分，23％没有意见，20％的受访者表示反对。
但仔细看看在调查表明，许多美国人谁买不起精美的餐饮还是比较喜欢大的部分。
70％的收入至少每年150,000元喜欢小部分，但只有45％的收入低于25000美元要小。
它不是工人阶级美国人不想吃的健康。
只不过，经过长时间的低薪工作，让他们的盘子少，似乎并不像一个很好的协议。
他们住的月光族，高兴地节省一点钱，为明年的圣诞礼物。
第十九篇 Prolonging Human LifeProlonging human life has increased the size of the human population. Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago. Because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time. In fact, it is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion.Prolonging human life has also increased the dependency load. In all societies, people who are disabled or too young or too old to work are dependenton the rest of society to provide for them. In hunting and gathering cultures, old people who could not keep up might be left behind to die. In times of famine, infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, whereas if the parents survived they could have another child. In most contemporary societies, people feel a moral obligation to keep people alive whether they can work or not. We have a great many people today who live past the age at which they want to work or are able to work; we also have rules which require people to retire at a certain age. Unless these people were able to save money for their retirement, somebody else must support them. In the United States many retired people live on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty. Older people have more illness than young or middle-aged people; unless they have wealth or private or government insurance, they must often "go on welfare" if they have a serious illness.When older people become senile or too weak and ill to care for themselves, they create grave problems for their families. In the past and in some traditional cultures, they would be cared for at home until they died. Today, with most members of a household working or in school, there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak person. To meet this need, a great many nursing homes and convalescent hospitals have been built. These are often profit-making organizations, although some are sponsored by religious and other nonprofit groups. While a few of these institutions arc good, most of them are simply "dumping grounds" for the dying in which "care" is given by poorly paid, overworked, and under-skilled personnel.词汇：dependency / di'pend?nsi/ n.依赖性contemporary / k?n'temp?r?ri / α.现代的obligation / ,?bli'ɡei??n / n. 义务insurance / in'?u?r?ns / n. 保险welfare / 'welfε? / n.福利senile / 'si:nail / αdj. 衰老的grave /ɡreiv / αdj. 严肃的convalescent /,k?nv?'les?nt/ αdj.康复的sponsor / 'sp?ns?/ v. 发起，资助institution /,insti'tju:??n / n. 机构注释:1. Prolonging human life has increased the size of the human population:延长人类生命的结果使得人口的数量有了增加。