语用学重要术语英汉对照解释
语言学专业词汇中英文对照版
语言学术语（英-汉对照）表Aabbreviation 缩写词，略语ablative 夺格，离格accent 重音（符）accusative 宾格achievement test 成绩测试acoustic phonetics 声学语音学acquisition 习得acronym 缩略语action process 动作过程actor 动作者address form 称呼形式addressee 受话人addresser 发话人adjective 形容词adjunct 修饰成分附加语adverb 副词affix 词缀affixation词缀附加法affricate 塞擦音agreement 一致关系airstream 气流alliteration 头韵allomorph 词/语素变体allophone 音位变体allophonic variation 音位变体allophony音位变体现象alveolar ridge 齿龈alveolar 齿龈音ambiguity 歧义analogical creation 类推造字anapest 抑抑扬格anaphor 前指替代anaphoric reference 前指照应animate 有生命的annotation 注解antecedent 先行词前在词anthropologicallinguistics 人类语言学anticipatorycoarticulation 逆化协同发音antonomasia 换称代类名antonym 反义词antonymy 反义(关系)appellative 称谓性applied linguistics 应用语言学applied sociolinguistics应用社会语言学appropriacy 适宜性appropriateness 适宜性得体性approximant 无摩擦延续音aptitude test 素质测试Arabic 阿拉伯语arbitrariness 任意性argument 中项中词主目article 冠词articulation 发音articulator 发音器官articulatory phonetics 发音语音学artificial speech 人工言语aspect 体aspirated 吐气送气assimilation 同化associative 联想associative meaning 联想意义assonance 准压韵半谐音attributive 属性修饰语定语auditory phonetics 听觉语音学authentic input 真实投入authorial style 权威风格authoring program 编程autonomy 自主性auxiliary 助词auxiliary verb 助动词Bbabbling stage 婴儿语阶段back-formation 逆构词法base component 基础部分behavioural process 行为过程behaviourism 行为主义bilabial 双唇音bilabial nasal 双唇鼻音bilateral opposition 双边对立bilingualism 双语现象binary division 二分法binary feature 二分特征binary taxonomy 二分分类学binding 制约binding theory 制约论blade 舌叶舌面前部blank verse 无韵诗blending 混成法borrowing 借用借词bound morpheme 粘着语素bounding theory 管辖论bracketing 括号法brevity maxim 简洁准则bridging 架接broad transcription 宽式音标broadening 词义扩大Brown corpus 布朗语料库Ccalculability 可计算性calque 仿造仿造词语cancellability 可删除cardinal numeral 基数cardinal vowel 基本元音case 格case grammar格语法case theory格理论category 范畴categorical component 范畴成分causative 使役的使投动词center 中心词central determiner 中心限定词chain relation 链状关系chain system 链状系统choice 选择choice system 选择系统circumstance 环境因子class 词类class shift 词性变换clause 小句从句click 吸气音咂音clipping 截断法closed class 封闭类closed syllable 闭音节cluster 音丛coarticulation 协同发音coda 结尾音节符尾code 语码信码cognitive psychology 认知心理学cognitive system 认知系统coherence 相关关联cohension 衔接co-hyponym 同下义词colligation 类连结collocative meaning 搭配意义color word 色彩词color word system 色彩词系统command 指令common core 共核common noun 普通名词communication 交际communicative competence 交际能力communicative dynamism, CD 交际性动力communicative language teaching, CLT 交际语言教学法communicative Sentence Pattern, CSP 交际性句子模式communicative syllabus 交际教学大纲communicative test 交际性测试communicative-grammatical approach 交际-语法教学法compact disk 激光盘comparative degree 比较级competence 能力complement 补语complementary antonym 互补反义词complementary antonymy 互补反义关系complementary distribution互补分布complex predicate 复合谓语component 成分componential analysis 成分分析composite proposition 复合命题compositionality 复合性compound 复合词复合句comprehension 理解computation 计算computational linguistics 计算语言学computational system 计算系统computer-assisted learning,CAL 计算机辅助学习computer corpus 计算机语料库computer hardware 计算机硬件computer literacy 计算机操作能力computer networks 计算机网络computer system 计算机系统computer-assistedinstruction, CAI 计算机辅助教学computer-assistedlearning,CALL 计算机辅助语言学习conative 意动的concept 概念conceptual meaning 概念意义concord 一致（关系）concordance 共现关系concrete noun 具体名词concurrent 同时发生的conjugation 词形变化conjunct 连接副词conjunction 连接词conjunction buttressing 连接词支撑connotation 内涵consequent 跟随成分consonance 辅音韵consonant辅音constant opposition 不变对立constative 表述的constituent command 成分指令constituent proposition 成分命题constituent structure analysis 成分结构分析constituent 成分construct 编制construct validity 编制效度construction 构建constructivism 构建主义content analysis 内容分析content validity 内容效度content word 实义词context dependent 语境依赖的context of situation 情景语境context 语境contextual analyses 语境分析contextual meaning 语境意义contrastive analysis 对比分析control theory 控制理论controlled language 有控制的语言convention 常规规约conventional meaning 常规意义规约意义conventionality 常规性规约性conversational implicature会话含义conversational maxim 会话准则converse antonymy 相反反义现象conversion 变换cooperative principle, CP 合作原则coordinate construction 并列结构coordination 并列coreferential 互参的coronal 舌面前音corpus data 语料库语料corpus (pl corpora) 语料素材corpus linguistics 语料库语言学context 上下文countable 可数（名词）counterfactual proposition反事实命题couplet 对句对联creativity 创造性原创性Creole 克里澳尔语混和语cross-cultural communication跨文化交际cross-linguistic 跨语言的culturally-specific 文化特异的curriculum 教学大纲customizing 定制的Ddactyl 扬抑抑格Dani language 达尼语data retrieval, DR 资料检索database 数据库dative (case) 与格dative movement 与格移动declarative 陈述句decoding 解码deductive 演绎的deep structure 深层结构defeasibility 消除可行性definite 有定的degenerate data 无用的语料deixis 指称delicacy 精密阶denotation 外延指称dental 齿音dentalization 齿音化derivation 衍生derivational affix 衍生词汇derivational morphology 派生形态学descriptive adequacy 描写充分性descriptive linguistics 描写语言学design feature 结构特征determiner 限定词developing grammar 发展语法deviant 变体deviation 偏离变异devoicing 清音化diachronic linguistics 历时语言学diachronic 历时的diacritic 附加符号变音符diagnostic test 诊断性测试dialect 方言dialectology 方言学digitized sound 数字化语音dimetre 二音步诗行diphthong 二合元音双元音direct object 直接宾语direct speech, DS 直接言语direct thought, DT 直接思想directionality 方向性discourse 语篇话语discourse analysis 语篇分析话语分析discourse interpretation 语篇理解discrete 分离的离散的discrete-point grammar 离散语法discrete point test 分立性测试disjunction 分离关系displacement 移位dissimilation 异化（作用）distinctive feature 区别性特征distinguisher 辩义成分do-insertion rule do 添加规则domain 范围领域dorsal 舌背音舌中音dorsum 舌背（音）double comparative 双重比较drill-and-practice software操练软件D-structure D结构dual 双数dualistic view 二分观点duality 二重性Eearly Modern English 早期现代英语economy 经济性简洁性ejective 爆发音electronic mail 电子邮件Elizabethan English 伊利莎白时期英语ellipsis 省略（法）elliptical sentencestructure 省略句子结构embedded element 嵌入成分emic 位学的emotive 感情的empirical 经验主义的empirical data 经验主义的语料empirical validity 经验效度empiricism 经验主义empty category, EC 空范畴enabling skills 使成技能化encoding 编码end rhyme 末端韵endocentric construction 内向结构entailment 蕴涵entry condition 入列条件epenthesis 插音增音equipollent opposition 均等对立equivalence 相等equivalence reliability 相等信度error analysis 错误分析EST 科技英语ethnicity identity 民族认同ethnography of communication 交际民族学etic 非位的素的event process 事件过程example-based machine translation 基于例句的机器翻译exchange error 交换错误exchange sequence 交际序列exchange structure 交际结构exhaustive 穷尽的彻底的existent 存在物existential 存在句existential process 存在过程existential quantifier 存在数量词exocentric 外向的exocentric construction 外向结构experiential 经验的experiential function 经验功能experimentalpsycholinguistics 实验心理语言学explanatory adequacy 解释充分性explicit grammar instruction,EGI 明显的语法教学法expression minimization 表达最底程度expressive 表达的extended standard theory, EST扩展标准理论extensive 引申的扩展的extent-condition format 程度条件格式external evaluation 外部评估external qualifier 外部修饰语extrinsic sources of error 外在的错误来源eye movement 眼部移动Fface validity 卷面效度facilitation 便利促进Fasoldfeasibility 可行性feature 特征feedback 反馈felicity condition 适宜性条件恰当条件feminine 阴性fiction 小说figurative language 比喻性语言象征性语言figures of speech 修辞手段修辞格finite element 有定成分finite 有定的有限的finite state grammar 有限状态语法first-person narrator 第一人称叙述者Firthian phonology 弗斯音系学flap 闪音flexibility 灵活性变通性floppy disk 软盘focus 焦点中心folk etymology 俗词源学民间词源foregrounded features 突出特征foregrounding 突出前景话foreign language teaching 外语教学form 形式formal difference 形式差异formalization 形式化formation 形成formative 构形成分构词成分free form 自由形式free indirect speech, FIS 自由间接言语free indirect thought, FIT 自由间接思想free morpheme 自由语素free root morpheme 自由词根语素free variant 自由变体free verse 自由韵文French 法语frequency effect 频率效应fricative （摩）擦音friction 摩擦front 舌面前舌前的fully automatic high qualitytranslation, FAHQT 全自动高质量翻译function word 功能词function 功能functional grammar 功能语法functional linguistics 功能语言学functional sentenceperspective, FSP 功能句子观functions of language 语言功能fusion 溶合fuzzy 模糊的Ggender difference 性别差异general linguistics 普通语言学generalisation 概括generative grammar 生成语法generative semantics 生成语言学genitive 属格所有格genre 体裁语类German 德语given (information) 已给信息global task 整体任务glottal 喉音glottal stop 喉塞音goal 目标government theory 支配理论government 支配grammatical analysis 语法分析grammaticalfunction ; ;grammatical structure 语法结构gradable antonymy 分等级的反义关系gradual opposition 渐次对立grammatical category 语法范畴grammatical concept 语法概念grammatical description 语法描写grammatical form 语法形式grammatical marker 语法标记grammatical meaning 语法意义grammaticalorganization 语法组成grammatical pattern 语法类型grammatical process 语法过程grammatical rule 语法规则grammatical sentence pattern,GSP 语法句形grammatical structure 语法结构grammatical subject 语法主语grammatical system 语法系统grammatical word 语法词graphitic form 文字形式Gricean maxim Grice准则group 词组guttural 腭音Hhalf-rhyme 半韵hard palate 硬腭head 中心词中心成分headed construction 中心结构heptameter 七音步诗行hierarchical structure 等级结构hierarchical system 等级系统hierarchy 等级体系high 高（元音）historical linguistics 历史语言学holophrastic stage 单词句阶段homonym 同音/形异议词Hopi Hopi语horizontal relation 链状关系Horn scale 霍恩阶human cognitive system 人类认知系统human language 人类语言human speech 人类言语human translation 人译hypercorrection 矫枉过正hyponym 下义词hyponymy 下义关系hypothesis 假设hypothesis-deduction 假设-演绎Iiamb 抑扬格iambic pentameter 抑扬格五音步诗行IC analysis 直接成分分析法ICALL (intelligent CALL) 智能计算机辅助语言学习ideational (function) 概念功能identifying 认同的idiom 成语习语idiomatically-governed 习语支配的ill-formed sentences 不合适的句子illocutionary act 话中行为施为性行为illocutionary force 言外作用施为作用imaginative (function) 想象功能immediacy assumption 即时假定immediate constituent analysis 直接成分分析法imperative rule 祈使规则imperative 祈使语气命令的implicate 意含implication 蕴涵含义implication connective 蕴涵连接implicature 含义言外之意implied meaning 蕴涵意义implosive 内破裂音内爆音inanimate 无生命的inclusiveness relation 内包意义indefinite 不定的，无定的indicative 陈述式陈述语气indirect object 间接宾语indirct speech, IS 间接言语indirect thought, IT 间接思想Indo-European languages 印欧语言inference 推论推理inference drawing 推论inferential communication 推论交际infinitive不定式infix 中缀inflection 屈折（变化）inflectional affix 屈折词缀inflectional morphology 屈折形态学inflective endings 屈折结尾information retrieval 信息检索information structure 信息结构informative (function) 信息功能innateness 先天性innateness hypothesis （语法）天赋假设input 输入input hypothesis 语言输入说instrumental (function) 工具功能integrative test 综合性测试intensifier 强调成分intensive 强调的增强的interactional (function) 交互功能interdental 齿间音interface 界面interference 干扰interjection 感叹词interlanguage 中介语interlingua 国际语interlingual approach 语际法interlocutor 会话者internal evaluation 内部评估internal structure 内部结构international phoneticalphabet, IPA 国际音标internet 互联网interpersonal 人际的interpersonal function 人际功能interpretation 解释interrogative sentence 疑问句intonation 语调intra-linguistic relation 语言内关系intransitive 不及物的intrinsic sources of error 错误的内源invariable word 不变词invention 新创词语inversion 倒置，倒装IPA chart 国际音标图IPS symbol 国际音标符号irony 讽刺反话isolated opposition 孤立对立Italian 意大利语JJapanese 日语jargon 黑话行语Jesperson,OttoJohnson & JohnsonJohnsonJones,DanielKkernel sentence 核心句keyword关键词knowledge 知识known information 已知信息KrashenKruszewski, MikolajKuno, SusumoLlabel 标示标记labial 唇音labiodental 唇齿音language 语言language acquisition device, LAD 语言习得机制language attitude 语言态度language choice 语言选择language comprehension 语言理解language data 语言素材language learning 语言学习language maintenance 语言维护language processing 语言处理language structure 语言结构language system 语言系统language teaching 语言教学language universal 语言普遍性language use 语言使用langue 语言（系统）larynx 喉头lateral 边音旁流音Latin 拉丁语Latin grammar 拉丁语法lax vowel 松元音length 长度音长letter 字母level 层，级，平面Levinson, Stephenlexeme 词位词素lexical ambiguity 词汇歧义lexical change 词汇变化lexical level 词汇层lexical meaning 词汇意义lexical morphology 词汇形态学lexical studies 词汇研究lexical word 词汇词lexicogrammar 词汇语法lexicon 词汇词典lexis 词liaison 连音连续limerick 打油诗line 诗行linear phonology 线性音系学linear structure 线形结构linguistic university 语言普遍性linguistic behaviour 语言行为linguistic behaviourpotential 语言行为潜势linguistic competence 语言能力linguistic context 语言语境上下文linguistic data 语言素材linguistic description 语言描写linguistic determinism 语言决定论linguistic facts 语言事实linguistic relativity 语言相对性linguistic sexism 语言性别歧视linguistic structure 语言结构linguistic theory 语言理论linguistic unit 语言单位linguistic universal 语言普遍性linguistic variation 语言变异linguistics 语言学lip rounding 圆唇化literal language 本义语言literary stylistics 文学文体学loan translation 翻译借词loanblend 混合借词loanshift 转移借词loanword 借词local area networks, LAN 局域网locutionary act 发话行为，表述性言语行为logical component 逻辑成分logical connective 逻辑连词logical form component 逻辑式成分logical form representation逻辑式表达logical formula 逻辑公式logical function 逻辑功能logical semantics 逻辑语义学logical structure 逻辑结构logical subject 逻辑主语logophoricity 词照应London School 伦敦学派long vowed 长元音loss of sound 语音脱落loudness 响度Mmachine translation 机器翻译macrolinguistics 宏观语言学macroproposition 宏观命题macrostructure 宏观结构main clause 主句Malinowski,Bronislawman-machine symbiosis 人机共生manner maxim 方式准则manner of articulation 发音方式marked 标记的masculine 阳性matalinguistic 元语言学的material (process) 物质过程mathematical principles 数学原理maxim 准则maximal onset principle 最大节首辅音原则meaning potential 意义潜势meaning shift 转移meaning 意义mental (processs) 思维过程心理过程mentalism 心灵主义message 信息metafunction 元功能metalinguistic 元语言的metaphor 隐喻metathesis 换位（作用）metonymy 换喻转喻metre 韵律metrical patterning 韵律格式microcomputer 微机microprocessor 微处理器mid 中（元音）mind 思维minimal attachment theory 最少接触理论minimal pair 最小对立体minimalist programminimum free form 最小自由形式mirror maxim 镜像准则mistake 错误modal subject 语气主语modal verb 情态动词modality 情态modern French 现代法语modification 修饰modifier 修饰语monomorphemic 单语素的monophonemic 单音位的monophthong 单元音monosyllabic 单音节的Motague grammar 蒙太古语法mood 语气morph 形素词素形式morpheme 语素词素形素morpheme-exchange error 词素交错误morphemic shape 词素形状morphemic structure 词素结构morphemic transcription 词素标音morphological change 形态变化morphological rule 形态规则morphology 形态学morpho-phonemic component 形态音位成分morphophonemics 形态音位学morphophonology 形态音系学morpho-syntactical change 形态句法变化mother tongue 母语本族语motivation 动因动机move （移动）MT 机器翻译MT quality 机译质量multilateral opposition 多边对立multi-level phonology 多层次音系学multilingualism 多语制多语现象N narratee 被叙述者narrator 叙述者narrator’s representationof speech acts, NRSA 言语行为的叙述者表达narrator’s representationof speech, NRS 言语的叙述者表达narrator’s representationof thought acts, NRTA 思维行为的叙述者表达narrator’s representationof thought, NRT 思维的叙述者表达narrow transcription 窄式音标narrowing 狭窄化nasal 鼻音nasal cavity 鼻腔nasal sound 鼻音nasal stop 鼻塞音nasal tract 鼻道nasality 鼻音性nasalization 鼻音化Nash, Walternative speaker 操本族语者natural language 自然语言naturalistic data 自然语料near-adult grammar 近成人语法negation 否定否定结构negative 否定的negative interference 负面干扰negative marker 否定标记negative transfer 负转移neogrammarian 新语法学家network 网络network computer 网络计算机neutralizable opposition 可中立对立new information 新信息new stylistics 新文体学node 节nominal group 名词词组nominalization 名词化nominative 主格non-authentic input 非真实语料的输入non-contrastive analysis 非对比性分析non-conventionality 非规约性non-detachability非可分离性non-linear phonology 非线性音系学non-linguistic entity 非语言实体non-pulmonic sound 非肺闭塞音non-reciprocal discourse 非交替性语篇non-reflexive pronoun 非反身代词nonsense word stage 无意义词语阶段nonverbal cues 非言语提示norm 规范notation system 标写系统notion 意念notional-functional syllabus意念功能教学大纲noun phrase 名词短语noun 名词number system 数字系统number 数字Oobject 宾语object-deletion 宾语省略objective case 宾格objectivity 客观性obligatory 强制性observational adequacy 观察充分性abstruction 阻塞OCR scanner 光学字符阅读器扫描仪octametre 八音步诗行Old English 古英语one-place predicate 一位谓语on-line translation 在线翻译onomatopoeia 拟声词onset 节首辅音open class 开放类open syllable 开音节operational system 操作系统operative 可操作性operator 操作词oppositeness relation 对立关系opposition 对立optimal relevance 最适宜关联option 选择optional 可选择的oral cavity 口腔oral stop 口阻塞音ordinal numeral 序数词origin of language 语言起源orthography 正字法ostensive communication 直示交际output 产出overgeneralization 过分法则化Ppalatal 腭音舌面中音palatal-alveolar 腭齿龈音palatalization （硬）腭化paradigm 聚合体paradigmatic relation 聚合关系paraphrase 释义意译parole 言语part of speech 词类participant 参与者particle 小品词语助词particular grammar 特定语的语法partitive 部分的部分格passive transformation 被动转换passive (voice) 被动语态pattern drill technique 句型操练法pattern 模式patterning 制定模式pause 停顿peak （节）峰perceptual span 感知时距perfectionism 完善主义perfective 完成体performance test 语言运用测试performance 语言运用performative (verb) 行事性动词perlocutionary act 话后行为perseverative coarticulation重复性协同发音person 人称personal (function) 自指性功能pharyngeal 咽头音喉音pharynx 喉头phatic (communion) 寒暄交谈交感性谈话phone 音素音子phonematic unit 音声单位phoneme 音位phonetic alphabet 音标phonetic form component 语音形式部分phonetic similarity 语音相似性phonetic symbol 语音符号phonetic transcription 标音（法）phonetics 语音学phonological analysis 音位分析phonological component 音位部分phonological level 音系层phonological process 音位过程phonological representation 音位表达phonological rule 音位规则phonological structure 音位结构phonological system 音位系统phonological variant 音位变体phonology 音系学phrasal verb 短语动词phrase 短语phrase structure 短语结构phrase structure grammar 短语结构语法phrase structure rule, PSrule 短语结构规则pidgin 皮软语洋泾滨语不纯正外语Pitch 音高声调高低place of articulation 发音部位play 剧本plosion 爆破plosive 爆破音爆发音plural 复数pluralism 多元主义plurality 复数形式poetic (function) 诗学功能poetry 诗歌polymorphemic (word) 多语素词polysyllabic 多音节（词）polysystemic analysis 多系统分析Portugese 葡萄牙语positive transfer 正移转possessive 所有的属有的possible grammar 可能语言的语法postalveolar 后齿龈音post-Bloomfieldianlinguistics 后布龙菲尔德语言学postdeterminer 后限定词post-structuralist view 后结构主义观点pragmatic inference 语用推论pragmatic roles 语用角色pragmatics 语用学Prague School 布拉格学派predeterminer 前限定词predicate calculus 谓语演算predicate logic 谓语逻辑predicate 谓语predicator 谓语（动）词predictive validity 预测效度pre-editing 预先编辑译前加工prefix 前缀pre-modified input 预修正的输入premodifier 前修饰语preposition 介词prepositional calculus 介词演算prepositional logic 介词逻辑prepositional opposition 介词对立prepositional phrase 介词短语prescriptive 规定式presupposition 前提预设primary cardinal vowel 主要基本元音primary stress 主重音第一重音principle of informativeness信息性原则principle of least effort 最省力原则principle of quantity 数量原则privative opposition 表非对立表缺对立process 过程production error 产生性错误productivity 多产性proficiency test 水平测试pro-form 代词形式替代形式programming language 编程语言progressive 进行体progressive assimilation 顺同化projection rule 投射规则pronominal 代词pronoun 代词pronunciation 发音pronunciation dictionary 发音词典pronunciation 发音proportional opposition 部分对立proposition 命题prose style 散文风格prosodic analysis 节律分析超音质分析psycholinguistics 心理语言学psycholinguistic-sociolinguistic approach 心理-社会语言学方法psychological reality 心理现实psychological subject 心理主语psychology of language 语言心理学psychometric-structuralistapproach 心理测定-结构主义法pulmonic sound 肺闭塞音Putonghua 普通话QQ-based implicature 基于质量的含义Q-principle 质量原则quality 质量quality maxim 质量准则quantifier 数量词quantitative analysis 定量分析quantitative paradigm 数量变化表quantity maxim 数量准则quatrain 四行诗Rrange 范围rank 级rationalism 理性主义raw data 原始素材R-based implicature 基于关联的涵义reader 读者reading comprehension 阅读理解realisation 体现recall 回忆received pronunciation, RP标准发音receiver 受话者信息接受者recency effect 近期效应recognition 识别recursion 可溯recursive 可溯的还原的recursiveness 递归性reference 所指参照referential meaning 所指意义referential theory 所指理论referential 所指的reflected meaning 反映意义reflexive (form) 反身形式regional dialect 地域方言register 语域regressive assimilation 逆同化regulatory (function) 控制性语言功能relation maxim 关系准则relational opposite 关系对立relational process 关系过程relative clause 关系分句关系从句relative pronoun 关系代词relative uninterruptibility相对的非间断性relevance theory 关联理论reliability 信度repetition 重复representational system 表达系统representational 表达实体residue 剩余成分restricted language 限制性语言retrieval process 检索过程retrieval system 检索系统retroflex sound 卷舌音reverse rhyme 反陨revised extended standard theory, REST 修正扩展标准理论rewriting rules 重写规则rheme 述位rhetorical skill 修辞技能rhyme 韵韵角压韵rhythm 韵律节奏Roman alphabet letter 罗马字母root 词根root morpheme 词根语素round vowel 圆元音R-principle 关联原则rule system 规则系统rule-based approaches 基于规则的方法rules of language 语言规则Ssameness relation 相同关系Sanskrit 梵文Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 萨丕尔-沃夫假设Saussure 索绪尔scale of delicacy 精密阶schema 图式scheme-oriented language 面向图式的语言second language acquisition第二语言习得secondary cardinal vowel 次要基本元音secondary stress 次重音segment 音段selection restriction 选择限制selectional rules 选择规则self-reflexive 自反身semantic association network语义关联网络semantic change 语义变化semantic component 语义部分semantic feature 特征semantic interpretation 语义解释semantic interpretativerules 语义解释规则semantic process 语义过程semantic representation 语义表达semantic sentence pattern,SSP 语义句型semantic triangle 语义三角semantics 语义学semi-consonant 半辅音semiotic system 符号系统semiotics 符号学semi-vowel 半元音sense relation 意义关系sense 意义sentence 句子sentence fragments 句子成分sentence meaning 句义sentence memory 句子记忆sentence stress 句重音sentence structure 句子结构sentential calculus 句子演算setting 场景sibilant 咝擦音sign 符号signified 所指受指signifier 能指施指simile 明喻simultaneity 同时性singular 单数situational context 情景语境situational level 情景层situational syllabus 情景教学大纲situational variation 情景变异slot 空缺social role 社会角色social semiotic 社会符号学socio-cultural role 社会文化角色sociolinguistic study of language 语言的社会语言学研究sociolinguistic study ofsociety 社会的社会语言学研究sociolinguistics 社会语言学sociological approach 社会学方法soft palate 软腭solidarity 团结sonnet 十四行诗sonorant 响音sonority scale 响音阶sound 语音sound image 语音图像sound pattern 语音模式sound segment 音段sound system 语音系统sound wave 音波speaker’s meaning 说话者意义speech 言语speech act theory 言语行为理论speech community 言语社团speech comprehension 言语理解speech event 言语事件speech function 言语功能speech mode 言语方式speech organ 言语器官speech perception 言语感知speech presentation言语表达speech production ; 言语产生speech research言语研究speech role言语角色speech sound 语音speech synthesis 言语合成spelling 拼写,拼法split infinitives 分裂的不定式spoken corpus 口语语料库spoken language translation口语翻译spondee 扬扬格spoonerism 首音互换斯本内现象spread 展元音S-structure 表层结构stability 稳定性stability reliability 稳定性效度Standard English 标准英语standard theory 标准理论standardization 标准化statistical analysis 统计分析status 地位stem 词干stimulus 刺激stimulus-response 刺激反应stop 闭塞音stored knowledge 储存知识strategic knowledge 学习策略知识stratification 层stream of consciousness 意识流stress pattern 重音模式stress 重音structural analysis 结构分析structural (structuralist) grammar 结构语法structural syllabus 结构教学大纲structural test 结构测试structuralism 结构主义structuralist linguistics 结构主义语言学structuralist view 结构主义观点style 文体风格stylistic analysis 文体分析stylistics 文体学subcategorize 次范畴subject 主语subject-deletion 主语省略subjective test 主观性测试subjectivity 主观性subjunctive mood 虚拟语气subordinate construction 从属结构subordination 从属substitutability 替代性substitution 替换suffix 后缀superlative degree 最高级superordinate 上坐标词suprasegmental feature超语段特征surface form 表层形式surface representation 表层表达surface structure 表层结构syllabic structure 音节结构syllabification 音节划节syllable 音节syllabus design 教学大纲设计syllabus 教学大纲syllogism 三段论法symbol 符号synchronic (linguistics) 共时（语言学）synonym 同义词synonymous 同义的synonymy 同义现象syntactic component 句法部分syntactic features 句法特征syntactic function 句法功能syntactic marker 句法标记syntactic process 句法过程syntactic restriction 句法限制syntactic structure 句法结构syntactical change 变化syntagmatic relation 组合关系syntax 句法system network 系统网络system of signs 符号系统。
Chapter6pragmatics语言学整理的资料
Chapter 61.pragmatics:自测：Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent. (T/F)术语：pragmatics语用学解释：语用学处理的是语言的实际意义，是在应用中的意义，而不是固有的意义。
术语：Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. 语用学是研究某一语言的言者是如何利用句子成功进行交际的。
解释：Pragmatic analysis of meaning is first and foremost concerned with the study of what is communicated by a speaker/writer and interpreted by a listener/reader. Analysis of intentional meaning necessarily involves the interpretation of what people do through language in a particular context. Intended meaning may or may not be explicitly expressed. Pragmatic analysis also explores how listeners/readers make inferences about what is communicated.语用学对意义的研究主要关注的是说者或作者要交流的是什么，听者或读者读到的是什么。
并且根据语境分析要表达的意义。
《英语语言学》术语(英汉对照)表
语言学术语(英—汉对照）表Glossary and IndexAabbreviation 缩写词，略语 3。
3.1Abercrombie 10.3。
2ablative 夺格，离格 4.1.1abstractness 抽象性 1。
3.2accent 重音（符）2.4。
4；2.4.5accuracy 正确性 11。
6.4accusative 宾格 4。
1。
1achievement test 成绩测试 11。
6.3acoustic phonetics 声学语音学 1。
7。
1；2.1 acquisition 习得 6.1.2acronym 缩略语 3。
3.1action process 动作过程 12。
2。
3actor 动作者 4.4.2；12。
2.3addition 添加 3.3。
2address form 称呼形式 7.2。
3addressee 受话人 1。
4；9。
4.1addresser 发话人 1。
4;9.4。
1adjective 形容词 3.1.2；4。
1。
1；5.5。
2adjunct 修饰成分；附加语 12.2.3adverb 副词 3.1。
2affix 词缀 3。
2.1affix hopping 词缀跳跃 4.3。
1affixation词缀附加法 7。
1.4affricate 塞擦音 2.4。
3；2。
4.5；2.9.1agreement 一致关系 4。
1.3airstream 气流 2alliteration 头韵 9.3。
2；9。
3。
6allomorph 词/语素变体 3.2。
4；4。
3。
1allophone 音位变体 2。
8allophonic variation 音位变体 2.8。
3allophony音位变体现象 2。
8。
3alveolar ridge 齿龈 2。
2alveolar 齿龈音 2。
4。
4；2.4。
5ambiguity 歧义 4.2。
2；4。
3.1；6.2.3；8.2。
2;8。
完整版英语语法术语中英文对照表
英语语法术语中英文对照表语法 grammar句法 syntax词法 morphology结构 structure层次 rank句子 sentence从句 clause词组 phrase词类 part of speech单词 word实词 notional word虚词 structural word单纯词simple word派生词derivative复合词compound词性part of speech名词 noun专有名词 proper noun普通名词 common noun可数名词 countable noun不可数名词 uncountable noun abstract noun抽象名词具体名词 concret noun物质名词 material noun集体名词 collective noun个体名词 individual noun介词 preposition连词 conjunction动词 verb主动词 main verb及物动词 transitive verb不及物动词 intransitive verb 系动词 link verb助动词 auxiliary verb情态动词 modal verb规则动词 regular verb不规则动词 irregular verb短语动词 phrasal verb限定动词 finite verb非限定动词 infinite verb使役动词 causative verb感官动词 verb of senses动态动词 event verb静态动词 state verb感叹词 exclamationadjective形容词副词 adverb方式副词 adverb of manner程度副词 adverb of degree时间副词 adverb of time地点副词 adverb of place修饰性副词 adjunct连接性副词 conjunct疑问副词 interogative adverb关系副词 relative adverb代词 pronoun人称代词 personal pronoun物主代词 possesive pronoun反身代词 reflexive pronoun相互代词 reciprocal pronoun指示代词 demonstrative pronoun疑问代词 interrogative pronoun关系代词 relative pronoun不定代词 indefinite pronoun物主代词 possecive pronoun名词性物主代词 nominal possesive prnoun形容词性物主代词 adjectival possesive pronoun 冠词 article定冠词 definite articleindefinite article不定冠词数词 numeral基数词 cardinal numeral序数词 ordinal numeral分数词 fractional numeral形式 form单数形式 singular form复数形式 plural form限定动词 finite verb form非限定动词 non-finite verb form原形 base form从句 clause从属句 subordinate clause并列句 coordinate clause名词从句 nominal clause定语从句 attributive clause状语从句 adverbial clause宾语从句 object clause主语从句 subject clause同位语从句 appositive clause时间状语从句 adverbial clause of time地点状语从句 adverbial clause of place方式状语从句 adverbial clause of manner让步状语从句 adverbial clause of concessionadverbial clause of cause原因状语从句．结果状语从句 adverbial clause of result目的状语从句 adverbial clause of purpose条件状语从句 adverbial clause of condition真实条件状语从句 adverbial clause of real condition非真实条件状语从句 adverbial clause of unreal condition 含蓄条件句 adverbial clause of implied condition错综条件句 adverbial clause of mixed condition句子 sentence简单句 simple sentence并列句 compound sentence复合句 complex sentence并列复合句 compound complex sentence陈述句 declarative sentence疑问句 interrogative sentence一般疑问句 general question特殊疑问句 special question选择疑问句 alternative question附加疑问句 tag question反义疑问句 disjunctive question修辞疑问句 rhetorical question感叹疑问句 exclamatory question存在句 existential sentence肯定句 positive sentencebasic sentence patern基本句型否定句 negative sentence祈使句 imperative sentence省略句 elliptical sentence感叹句 exclamatory sentence句子成分 members of sentences主语 subject谓语 predicate宾语 object双宾语 dual object直接宾语 direct object间接宾语 indirect object复合宾语 complex object同源宾语 cognate object补语 complement主补 subject complement宾补 object complement表语 predicative定语 attribute同位语 appositive状语 adverbial句法关系 syntatic relationship 并列 coordinate从属 subordinationmodification修饰．前置修饰 pre-modification后置修饰 post-modification限制 restriction双重限制 double-restriction非限制 non-restriction数 number单数形式 singular form复数形式 plural form规则形式 regular form不规则形式 irregular form格 case普通格 common case所有格 possessive case主格 nominative case宾格 objective case性 gender阳性 masculine阴性 feminine通性 common中性 neuter人称 person第一人称 first person第二人称 second personthird person第三人称．时态 tense过去将来时 past future tense过去将来进行时 past future continuous tense过去将来完成时 past future perfect tense一般现在时 present simple tense一般过去时 past simple tense一般将来时 future simple tense现在完成时 past perfect tense过去完成时 present perfect tense将来完成时 future perfect tense现在进行时 present continuous tense过去进行时 past continuous tense将来进行时 future continuous tense过去将来进行时 past future continuous tense现在完成进行时 present perfect continuous tense 过去完成进行时 past perfect continuous tense语态 voice主动语态 active voice被动语态 passive voice语气 mood陈述语气 indicative mood祈使语气 imperative mood否定 negationscope of negation否定范围．全部否定 full negation局部否定 partial negation转移否定 shift of negation语序 order自然语序 natural order倒装语序 inversion全部倒装 full inversion部分倒装 partial inversion直接引语 direct speech间接引语 indirect speech自由直接引语 free direct speech自由间接引语 free indirect speech一致 agreement主谓一致 subject-predicate agreement语法一致 grammatical agreement概念一致 notional agreement就近原则 principle of proximity强调 emphasis重复 repetition语音 pronunciation语调 tone升调 rising tone降调 falling tonefalling-rising tone降升调．文体 style正式文体 formal非正式文体 informal口语 spoken/oral English套语 formulistic expression 英国英语 British English美国英语 American English 用法 usage感情色彩 emotional coloring 褒义 commendatory贬义 derogatory幽默 humorous讽刺 sarcastic挖苦 ironic。
语言学常用术语英汉对照表
语言学常用术语英汉对照表语言学常用术语英汉对照表Ｃhapter 1 Inｔｒodｕｃtion to Ling ｕistics语言学简介1、anthropoｌogical lingｕistics 人类语言学2、applied linguisｔics应用语言学3、arbitｒａrｉness任意性4、petence 语言能力５、putational ｌinguisｔics计算机语言学６、cultural tｒａnｓmｉssion 文化传递性7、dｅscrｉpｔivｅ(grammar) 描写(语法)８、dｅsｃriptive fｕｎctｉon描写功能9、deｓiｇn feａtuｒes识别特征１0、diａｃhronic linguistｉcs历时语言学11、dｕａlｉty二重性12、dｉｓplacｅment不受时空限制得特征13、emotive fuｎｃtiｏn表情功能１４、exｐrｅｓsivｅfuncｔioｎ表达功能1５、geneｒal linguisｉｔcs 普通语言学16、ｉdｅaｔioｎａl funｃtion概念功能1７、iｎtｅrｐｅｒｓoｎａl funｃtiｏn人际功能18、lanｇuｅ语言１9、ｌinguistiｃs [lｉ?'gwｉstｉks] 语言学２0、morphｏlｏgy 形态学２１、mａthemａtical lingｕistｉcs 数理语言学22、ｍetaliｎguistｉc fuｎcｔion23、neｕrologｉcaｌliｎｇｕｉsｔics 神经语言学24、ｐhonetｉcｓ语音学25、pｈonolｏgy 音系学2６、pragmaｔics 语用学2７、prｅscriptiｖｅ(grａmｍａｒ）规定(语法) 2８、ｐsychｏlｉnguｉsｔicｓ心理语言学２9、paｒole言语3０、ｐerformance语言运用31、pｒodｕctivｉty能产性32、pｏetic funｃtioｎ诗学功能3３、phatic mｕniｏn 交感性谈话34、reｆerentｉal fｕncｔion所指功能35、semanｔiｃs语义学3６、ｓｏciａl functiｏｎ社会功能37、socio-ｌiｎguistics 社会语言学３８、synchｒoniｃlingｕistiｃs共时语言学39、syntax句法学40、textｕal funcｔiｏn语篇功能41、Tｒaｄiｔional Gｒamｍar传统语法Chapｔer 2 Phoｎｏlｏｇy 音系学1、ａcouｓtｉcｐhonｅtics声学语音学2、ａrticｕlatｏｒy pｈonetｉｃs发音语音学３、affricate破擦音4、aｌlｏpｈonｅ音位变体5、aｌveolａr齿龈音6、aｕditoｒy pｈonetｉｃs听觉语音学7、ａsｐｉｒaｔiｏn送气８、assｉmｉlatioｎrules同化现象9、bａck vowel后元音１0、ｂilabｉal双唇音1１、broad tranｓcriptiｏn宽式音标１2、central voweｌ中元音13、clｏse vowel闭元音14、ｐlemeｎtaｒｙdｉstriｂｕtioｎ互补分布15、ｄｅlｅtｉon rｕles省略规则16、deｎtaｌ齿音17、diｐhthｏnｇ双元音１8、friｃative摩擦音1９、ｆront vowｅl前元音２0、gliｄe滑音21、glｏｔtal声门音22、hard palate硬腭２３、InteｒnａtionａlＰhonetｉcs Ａｌpｈabｅt国际音标24、intoｎation语调２5、labｉｏdenｔaｌ唇齿音26、liquid流音２7、mａnner oｆartｉｃｕｌａｔｉon发音方式28、ｍinｉmal pａir 最小对立体2９、mｉｎｉmaｌseｔ最小对立组３0、mｏnｏpｈtｈong单元音３1、narｒow trａnscription严式音标32、nasaｌ鼻音3３、nａsaｌcaｖity鼻腔3４、open ｖｏｗｅl开元音35、oral caｖｉty口腔３6、ｐalatal硬腭37、ｐｈａryngeaｌcａvity咽腔3８、plaｃe of artｉcｕlatiｏｎ发音部位39、phoｎｅ因素4０、phｏnｅｍe音素41、phｏnemic ｃoｎtｒast音位对立42、rounded vowel元唇元音43、seｍi－ｃlose vowel半闭元音4４、semi－ｏpenｖoｗel半开元音45、ｓｅquｅｎtial ｒuｌes序列规则４６、segment切分成分4７、ｓegmenｔation切分４8、soft paｌate软腭49、stop塞音50、stｒesｓ重音51、suprasegｍentａｌfeaｔuｒes超切分特征5２、teeth riｄgｅ齿龈5３、ｔoｎe声调5４、unrounｄed ｖoｗeｌ非圆唇元音５5、uｖuｌa小舌56、veｌaｒ软腭音５7、vｅｌｕｍ软腭58、ｖoicｉnｇ浊音化Ｃhａpter 3 Ｍoｒpｈology 形态学１、affiｘ词缀2、allomorpｈ语素变体3、ｂasｅ词基4、bound morphｅmｅ黏着语素5、ｌexｉcｏｎ词汇6、closed clａｓsｗoｒｄs封闭词类7、pound ｗords 合成词８、derivａtion派生;派生过程9、ｄerivationａl morphｅm派生语素１０、free moｒpｈeｍe自由语素11、inｆlectiｏnalｍorphemｅ屈折语素12、infinitｉｖe markｅr不定式标记１３、morph形素14、moｒpｈoｌｏgical rｕｌes形态规则15、open clasｓwｏrdｓ开放词类1６、root词根１7、sｔeｍ词干Chapter 4Synｔax 句法学１、ａuｘiliary助动词2、caｔegory范畴3、plement补足语;补充成分4、pｌｅment clause补足分句5、ｃｏordｉnaｔioｎruｌe并列规则6、cｏordinａｔe struｃtｕre并列结构7、deep stｒuctｕre深层结构8、deterｍiｎer限定词９、head中心词1０、head movemｅnt中心词移位11、insertion插入１2、inverｓｉon倒装1３、ｍajoｒlexiｃal categｏries主要词汇范畴14、matrｉx clａuse主句15、minor lｅxiｃａl categories次要词汇范畴16、phrase stｒuｃturｅ短语结构1７、mｏｄifier修饰成分18、ｑｕalifier后置修饰成分19、ｓpecifiｅr标志语20、sｕbcategoｒizａtion次范畴化21、surfaｃe struｃture表层结构２2、sｙnｔactic category句法范畴２３、trace语迹2４、trａnｓfoｒｍation转换Chapｔeｒ５Seｍａnｔiｃｓ语义学1、antonｙmy反义现象2、ａrgumenｔ谓元；变元3、behａｖiorism行为主义4、co－hypoｎym并列下义词5、colloｃationaｌｓynｏｎym搭配同义词6、ｐlｅmenｔａrｙaｎtoｎyｍ互补反义词7、ｐletｅhｏmｏnｙm完全同形异义词8、pｏｎentiａl analyｓｉs成分分析9、coｎceptualist ｖｉew概念论１０、ｃonｔexｔuａlism语境主义11、ｃontradiｔioｎ自相矛盾得说法1２、ｄｉalectal syｎｏｎym方言同义词1３、emoｔｉｖe ｍｅaｎing情感意义１4、entailｍeｎt蕴含15、eｖａluatｉve mｅaninｇ评价意义1６、graｄable antonym层级反义词１７、homogrａph同形异义词１8、ｈoｍonyｍy同音同形异义关系19、homophonｅ同音异义词20、ｈｙpｏnｙm下义词21、hｙｐonymｙ下义关系22、inｃoｎsｉsteｎcy自相矛盾２3、ｐolｙｓemy多义关系２４、polysymous word多义词25、ｐresuｐｐｏsitｉoｎ预设26、predicatｉｏn anａlysis述谓分析27、predicａtｅ谓词28、nａminｇtheｏry命名论２9、nｏ－plａce preｄicaitoｎ空位述谓解耦股３０、one－ｐlacｅprediｃａtiｏn一位述谓结构31、referencｅ（所指）语义32、referｅnt所指物;所指对象3３、ｒｅlａtiｏｎal opｐosｉｔe关系反义词34、semantic trｉanｇle语义三角35、sense意义３６、sｔyｌｉstic syｎonym语体同义词37、suｐｅｒorｄｉnatｅ上坐标词3８、sｙmboｌ符号3９、ｓynonyｍ同义词40、synonymy同义关系4１、ｔwo-plaｃe prｅdiｃaiton二位述谓结构42、tｈree-plａｃe predｉｃaｔion三位述谓结构Chaｐteｒ6 Prａgmａtics语用学１、mｉｓｓives承诺类２、CｏｏpｅrativeＰrinciple合作原则3、cｏnstatives述事话语４、conｔexｔ语境5、cｏnventioｎａl impｌicaturｅ规约含义６、ｄecｌaｒationｓ宣告类７、direｃｔives指令类8、ｅxpressｉves表情类9、ｉllocｕtｉoｎarｙacｔ言外功能10、illｏcｕｔiｏnary ｐoiｎt言外之得1１、impｌicature蕴含；含义;会话含义；言外之意１２、inｄirecｔsｐeech ａｃt间接言语行为１３、ｌocuｔioｎary act言内行为1４、maxiｍofｒｅlation关系准则1５、mａｘimｏf manner方式准则16、mａxim of quality质准则１7、maｘiｍoｆquantity量准则18、particｕlariｚed cｏｎveｒｓａtiｏｎal ｉmpｌicatuｒe特殊会话含义１9、pｅｒfomatives行事话语20、perｌｏcutiｏnarｙact言后行为21、ｐreｓupｐoｓｉｔiｏｎ前提2２、prｉmaｒｙspeecｈact 主要言语行为23、represenｔatiｖes表述类24、secondary speecｈacｔ次要言语行为25、sentｅnｃe ｍeａniｎg句子意义26、ｓpeｅcｈacｔtheorｙ言语行为理论27、ｕｔterance meanｉng话语意义Chaｐｔｅr 7 LangｕaｇｅChaｎｇe语言变化1、acronｙｍｓ词首字母缩略词2、back-formatiｏn 逆成法3、bleｎdｉng混成法4、borrowｉｎg借词5、cｌipped ｗoｒｄs截略词6、coiｎagｅ创新词7、functionaｌshift功能性变化8、histoｒical ｌinguistics历史语言学９、MｉdｄleＥnｇｌisｈ中世纪英语10、Modern English现代英语1１、mｏrpｈologiｃalｃhange形态变化１２、neｇation rule否定规则13、Ｏｌd Eｎglｉｓh古英语１4、pｈonｏlｏｇical ｃｈaｎｇｅ音位变化15、seｍantic cｈange语义变化16、semａntｉｃshift语义转移17、syntａcｔｉc cｈａngｅ句法变化Cｈapter 8 Languageａｎd socieｔy语言与社会1、bilｉngｕaliｓm双语制2、Bｌack Englｉsｈ黑人英语3、creolｅ克里奥尔语４、diｇloｓsia双语；双言制５、eｔhnｉc dｉalect种族变体６、fｉｅld of ｄｉｓcouｒｓe语场7、gｅndｅr性别8、ｉｄioleｃt个人变体９、mode oｆdｉscourse语式10、mulｔilinguａｌism多语制11、pidｇiｎ洋泾浜语12、rｅgiｏｎaｌｄiａｌect地域方言13、rｅgｉsｔer语域14、sociｏlｅｃt社会变体15、speecｈmunｉtｙ言语社团１６、sｐeｅch vaｒiety言语变体17、ｔeｎor of disｃoｕｒｓe语旨Chａpter ９Laｎｇuage ａnｄcultｕre语言与社会1、ａccｕｌturａtion 同化过程2、amａｌgamation混合3、ａssimｉｌatioｎ同化(现象);同化(作用)4、connoｔａtivｅｍｅaｎing内涵意义５、colｏur words颜色词6、culturaｌoverｌａｐ文化重叠7、culturaｌｉmｐerｉalisｍ文化帝国主义８、denotaｔiｖe meanｉnｇ外延意义9、ｌingｕｉsｔｉc ｒelatiｖity语言相对性１0、ｍeｔａｐhor隐喻1１、Sａｐir-Ｗhorf Hypoｔhesis萨丕尔——沃尔夫假说12、ｓocｉalizatｉｏn社会化13、ｔabｏo禁忌语1４、inｔeｒｃulｔural municaｔioｎ跨文化交际15、linguisｔiｃｉmpｅrialiｓm语言学中得帝国主义16、ｌiｎguｉstｉcｎaｔionaliｓm语言学中得民族主义Chapter 10 Ｌangｕａge aｃquisiｔｉoｎ语言习得1、ａphasｉa失语症2、ｂeｈａviｏrｉst 行为主义者3、caretaｋer ｔalk保姆式语言4、cogniｔivｅｌiｎｇuｉsticｓ认知语言学５、ｃoｎｔeｎt worｄ实词6、Critical ＰｅrioｄＨypotｈｅsis临界期假说7、ｄｙｓｇrａphia书写困难８、dyslexｉa失读症9、ｆeｅdback反馈１０、fuｎｃtion eleｍent起功能作用成分1１、ｈｅaring impaｉｒment听力受损1２、innaｔist语法天生主义者１3、iｎterａctiｏnist互动主义者1４、LanguａgｅＡcquｉsｉｔiｏn Ｄｅviｃe语言习得机制15、lexicaｌcontrasｔ词汇对比16、mentａl retａrdation智障1７、mothｅreｓe保姆式语言18、over－extｅnsiｏn过度扩展19、ｐｒototｙpe theorｙ原型理论2０、recast修正性重复２1、stｕtterｉng口吃22、ｔeleｇｒaphｉc speecｈ电报式言语23、under-extensｉon扩展不足2４、Uｎｉｖeｒｓａl Grammar普遍语法Ｃhapter 1１Ｓecond ｌanguagｅacquiｓitｉon第二语言习得１、affｅct/ｓocial ｓtratｅgieｓ社会策略2、ａgｅｏｆacqｕiｓｉtion习得年龄3、cognｉｔivｅstｒaｔegｉｅs认知策略4、pｒehｅnsiblｅｉnｐｕt可理解性输入5、Consｔrａstive Aｎaｌｙsis对比分析6、cｒosｓ-aｓsociatioｎ互相联想7、Erｒor Aｎａlysiｓ错误分析8、foｒｅｉｇn laｎguage外语9、foreｉgner talk外国人谈话1０、ｆossiliｚａtion语言石化(现象)１1、Input Hｙｐothesiｓ输入假说12、ｉnstrumental moｔiｖatｉｏｎ工具动机１3、intａke 纳入14、inteｇratｉvｅmoｔivation综合动机15、inteｒference干扰１6、iｎterlaｎguａｇｅ中介语17、ｉｎterlinguａl ｅｒｒors语际错误;受母语影响得错误18、Ｉntraｌiｎguａl eｒror语内错误1９、ｉｎtrinsic motivaｔion内在动机２0、ｉnｔｕiｔion知觉;语感２1、learｎeｒｌaｎｇｕage学习者语言22、learｎing ｓtrategieｓ学习策略23、languａge aｐtitude语言能力２4、lanｇｕａgeｔransｆｅｒ语言迁移2５、meｔacogｎitiｖe strａtｅｇｉes元认知策略26、mｏtivatｉon动机２7、moｄifｉed iｎput修改后得输入２８、ｍodifiｅd ｉntｅｒaction变化性得互动2９、negatｉve traｎsfer消极迁移;负迁移３0、ｏveｒgeneralizaｔion概括过头31、personaｌitｙ人格;性格;个性3２、positｉve transfer积极迁移；正迁移33、ｒｅｓｕlｔaｔｉｖｅmoｔivation结果动机34、secoｎｄlanguage第二语言35、seconｄlanguage acｑｕiｓiｔioｎ第二语言习得36、teacher talk教师谈话37、target languａge目标语Ｃｈａpter 12Language and tｈe brain 语言与大脑１、aｃquired dysgrapｈia习得性书写障碍2、ａcqｕiｒｅd dｙｓｌexｉa习得性失读症3、angular gyrｕｓ隅骨4、auｔopsy stｕdies尸检研究5、braｉn stｅｍ脑干6、Ｂroｃa’s aphasia布罗卡失语症7、Ｂrｏca’s area布罗卡区8、ｂｏttom-ｕp prｏcｅssinｇ自下而上处理过程ｃerｅbruｍ大脑9、ｃentral ｓulcus中央沟10、ｃerebｅllｕm小脑脑向背侧突出得一个较大得部分,尤与肌肉得共济运动与维持身体平衡有关11、cerebrａl hemisｐhere大脑半球12、cohort modｅl交股模型１3、pｕtarized Ａxial Tomograｐhｙ计算机化轴向层面X射线摄影法1４、corpus(语言)素材15、ｃｏｒpｕｓcａｌlosuｍ胼胝体1６、cｏrｔex大脑皮层17、dｅep dｙslexiａ深层诵读困难18、Diｃhotｉc lｉsｔeniｎg studiｅs双耳分听实验19、eｖeｎt－ｒelaｔed potentｉａl ｅxperiｍent2０、eye movｅｍenｔｅxpｅriment眼动实验21、fissure裂缝;裂隙22、flueｎt apｈasia流利性失语症２3、frontａl lobｅ额叶(大脑半球得前部,其下部位于颅前窝,后界中央沟24、Funcｔiｏnal MＲI功能磁共振成像25、garden path sentence花园路径句26、global ａpｈasia整体性失语症２7、gyruｓ回2８、hieｒａｒｃhiｃal strｕｃtｕre层级结构29、late closure ｐrincｉpｌe后封闭原则;晚封闭原则30、lateral fisｓurｅ侧脑裂31、lａｔｅrａliｚａtiｏn侧化32、leｓion损害33、lexｉcaｌdｅciｓion词汇判断;词汇确定法3４、lｏbes叶,身体器官得由表面得沟裂分出得部分３５、lｏngiｔuｄinaｌfissurｅ纵裂36、MagnetｉｃResonａｎce Iｍａｇing磁共振成像37、neｕｒon神经细胞,神经元3８、mｉnimaｌａｔｔachment priｎｃiｐle最低限度结合原则３９、modｕle模块；组块40、non－flueｎt ａpｈasiａ失语症４1、oｃcipｉtal lobe枕叶大脑半球得后叶,呈三面得锥形, 与前方得顶叶与下方得颞叶没有明显得界限４2、ｐａrietal ｌobe顶叶Pｏsitron emiｓsｉon Toｍｏｇｒa ｐhy正电子发射X射线层析照相术;计算机辅助正电子发射断层扫描技术43、phoｌogicaｌdyｓｌeｘｉa拼音性失读症４4、primiｎg启动45、primiｎg eｆｆeｃt启动效应46、ｐｒiming eｘpeｒiment启动实验４7、right eaｒadvantａgｅ右耳优势;右耳听力强48、ｓelｅctional restｒictｉoｎ选择限制49、sentencｅａｍbiguiｔy句子歧义５０、“Sｏdｉｕm Ａmyｓtaｌ“Ｔest阿米妥纳实验Spoone ｒiｓｍ斯本内现象51、spliｔbrain ｓtudｉｅs裂脑研究52、sｕｌｃｕs沟53、suｒface dyｓlexia浅层诵读困难54、syntａｃtic pａrｓer句法处理器55、tｅｍpoｒａｌlobe颞叶56、ｔimed-ｒeａding ｅxｐeｒiment限时阅读实验57、top-dｏｗn ｐrocｅsｓinｇ自上而下处理过程58、Werniｃke’s apｈａsia韦尼克失语症。
语用学术语英汉对照
语用学术语英汉对照adaptability顺应性（1.2.2）affective mutuality情感共享（4.5.3）agreement maxim一致准则（2.2.1）anaphora前照应（6.1.1）anaphoric use前照应用法（6.1.1）approbation maxim赞誉准则（3.2.4）appropriate conditions合适条件（3.2.4）assertives断言类（以言行事）（3.2.3）behabitives表态类以言行事（3.2.1）calculability（含意的）可推导性（4.4.2）calendric time units历法时间单位（6.1.3）cancellability（含意的）可取消性（4.4.2）change-of-state verbs状态变化动词（6.2.4）code model代码（交际）模式（2.1.1）cognitive environment认知环境（5.2）cognitive mutuality认知共享（4.5.3）cognitive pragmatics认知语用学（1.5）collaborative performatives协作性施为句（3.2.1) commissives承诺类（以言行事）（3.2.1)common knowledge共知（5.2）communicative competence交际能力（7.1）communicative intention交际意图（1.3.2）communicative language ability语言交际能力（7.1）constatives表述句（3.2.1)context语境（1.1)context of situation情景语境（5）contextual assumptions语境假设（1.5.4）contextual correlates语境相关因素（5.1.1) contextual effects语境效果（1.5.4）contextual features语境特征（5.1.1）contextual implication语境暗含（1.5.4）contextual meaning语境意义（1.2.3) contrastive markers对比性标记语（6.4.1) contrastive pragmatics对比语用研究（1.5.2）conventional implicature常规含意（4.4.1）conventionalization规约化（1.3.2）conversation analysis/CA会话分析（1.2.2）conversational implicature会话含意（4.4.1）conversation structure会话结构（1.2.2）cooperative principle/CP合作原则（2.1.2）co-text上下文（5.1.1）cross-cultural communication跨文化交际（8.1）cross-cultural pragmatics跨文化语用学（1.2.2）culture-loaded words富含文化内涵词语（8.2.1）declarations宣告类（以言行事）（3.2.3）decoding解码（2.1.1）defeasibility（含意的）可废除性（6.2.5）deictic center指示中心（6.1.1）deictic expression指示语（1.1）deictic use指示用法（6.1.1）deictics指示语（1.1）deixis指示语（1.1）developmental pragmatics发展语用学（1.6）directives指令类（以言行事）（3.2.3）disambiguation消除歧义（5.4）discourse deixis话语指示（6.1.1）discourse markers话语标记语（1.2.4)discourse meaning语篇意义（1.2.4）discourse operator话语操作语（6.4）discourse particles话语小品词（6.4）dynamic pragmatics动态语用学（4.6）elaborative markers阐发性标记语（6.4.1)emphathetic deixis移情指示（6.1.4）encoding编码（2.1.1）encyclopaedic information百科信息（1.5.4）entailment蕴涵（6.2.1）equivalent effect等值效果/等效（9.4）essential condition（实施言语行为的）基本条件（3.2.3）ethnography（of communication）（交际中的）人类文化学（1.2.2）exercitives行使类（以言行事）（3.2.1）explicature明说（1.5.4）explicit performatives显性施为句（3.2.1)expositives阐述类（以言行事）（3.2.1）expressives表情类（以言行事）（3.2.3）extended speech act theory扩充的言语行为理论（3.2.4）face面子（2.2）face theory面子理论（2.2）face threatening acts/FTA威胁面子的行为（2.2.2）factive verbs叙实性动词（6.2.4）felicity conditions合适条件（3.2.1）filler填充语（3.3）gambits话语策略语（6.4）general pragmatics（1.2.2）generalized implicature一般会话含意（4.4.1）generosity maxim慷慨准则（2.2.1）gestural use手势用法（6.1.1）grammatical competence语法能力（7.1）group performatives群体性施为句（3.2.1) guiding culture主文化（8.1）hearing meaning听话人意义（1.2.4）hedge模糊限制语（6.3）illocutionary competence施为能力（7.1）illocutionary force施为用意（3.2.1)implicated conclusion暗含结论（4.5.2）implicated premise暗含前提（4.5.2）implicative verbs含蓄性动词（6.2.4）implicature暗含/含意（4.5.2）implicit performatives隐性施为句（3.2.1) indeterminacy（含意的）不确定性（4.4.2）indirect speech act间接言语行为（3.2.3）inference推理（1.3.2）inferential markers推导性标记语（6.4.1) inferential model推理模式（1.3.2）informative intention信息意图（1.2.4）ingredients of context语境成分（5.1.1)initial context初始语境（5.3）intention意向（2.1.1）interlanguage语际语言/中介语（1.5.2/8.2.2）interlanguage pragmatics语际语用学（1.5.2/8.3）intra-lingual communication语内交际（9.2）linguistic channel语言信道（5.1.1）linguistic context语言语境（5.1.1）linguistic meaning语言意义（4.2）literal meaning字面意义（2.2.1）locution以言指事（3.2.2）locutionary acts表述性言语行为（3.2.2）logical connector逻辑联系语（6.4）logical infromation逻辑信息（1.5.4）logical form逻辑（形）式（2.1.1）loose talk随意言谈（6.3.3）macropragmatics宏观语用学（1.2.2）manifestness显明（2.1.3）maxim准则（2.1.2）maxim of manner方式准则（2.1.2）maxim of quality质的准则（2.1.2）maxim of quantity量的准则（2.1.2）maxim of relation关系准则（2.1.2）meaning in context（语言在）语境中的意义（4）meaning in interaction言谈应对中的意义（4.6）meaning in use（语言在）使用中的意义（4）mental world心理世界（5.1.1）message model信息模式（2.1.1）metalinguistic performatives元语言施为句（3.2.1) micropragmatics微观语用学（1.2.2）mitigator缓和手段（6.3）modesty maxim谦逊准则（2.2.1）modal particles情态小品词（6.4.1)mutual cognitive environment相互认知环境（2.1.1 mutual knowledge互知/互知性（2.1.1）mutual knowledge hypothesis互知假设（2.1.1）mutual manifestness互明（1.5.4）natural meaning自然意义（2.1.2）negative face负面面子（2.2.2）negative politeness strategies负面礼貌策略（2.2.2）negotiability商讨性（1.2.2）negotiability of meaning意义磋商（4.6）non-anaphoric use非照应用法（6.1.1）non-calendric time units非历法时间单位（6.1.3）non-conventionality（含意的）非规约性（4.2.2）non-deictic use非指示用法（6.1.1）non-demonstrative inferene非实证性推理（2.1.3）non-detachability（含意的）不可分离性（4.2.2）non-natural meaning非自然意义（2.1.2）non-verbal communication非语言交际（8.1）optimal relevance最佳关联（2.1.3）ordinary language philosophy（3.3）orgazational competence（语言的）组织能力（7.1）ostension明示（2.1.3）ostensive-inferential model明示-推理模式（2.1.3）over-informativeness过剩信息（9.1）particularized implicature特殊会话含意（4.4.1）performative hypothesis施为假设（3.2.1）performative(s)施为句（3.2.1）performation verb施为动词（3.2.1）perlocution以言成事（3.2.2）perlocutionary acts成事性言语行为（3.2.2）person deixis人称指示（6.1.1）physical context物质语境（5.1.1）physical world物质世界（5.1.1）place deixis地点指示（6.1.1）poetic effects诗学效果（4.5.3）politeness principle礼貌原则（1.2.5）politeness strategies礼貌策略（1.2.4）positive face正面面子（2.2.2）positive politeness strategies正面礼貌策略（2.2.2）power relations权势关系（3.1）pragmalinguistic competence语用语言能力（7.1）pragmalinguisics语用语言学（1.5）pragmatic acquisition语用习得（7）pragmatic ambivalence语用含糊（5.4）pragmatic competence语用能力（7.1）pragmatic connectivs语用联系语（6.4）pragmatic development语用发展（7.3）pragmatic failure语用失误（1.5.2）pragmatic function words语用功能词语（6.4）pragmatic inferenceh语用推理（1.4）pragmatic markers语用标记语（6.4）pragmatic operators语用操作语（6.4）pragmatic strategies语用策略（1.2.4）pragmatic transfer语用迁移（1.5.2）pragmatic vaguenss语用含糊（5.4）pragmatics语用学（1.1）pre-emptive usage（指示语）先用现象preparatory condition（实施言语行为的）预备条件（3.2.3）presupposition前提（1.2.2）presupposition-triggers前提触发语（6.2.1）primary illocution act首要的以言行事行为（3.2.3）principle of relevance关联原则（2.1.3）procedural meaning程序意义（6.4.2）*projection投射/影射（6.2.5）propositional content命题内容（2.1.1）propositional content condition（实施言语行为的）命题内容条件（3.2.3）propositional form命题形式（5.4）prospective discourse markers后指性话语标记语（6.4.1)psychophysiological mechanisms心理-生理机制（7.1）*reference assignment确定指称对象（5.4）relative appropriateness相对合适性（3.2.4）relevance theory关联理论（1.2.4）representatives表述类（以言行事）（3.2.3）retrospective discourse markers前指性话语标记语（6.4.1)ritual performatives仪式性施为句（3.2.1)scalar particles等级小品词（6.4.1）*secondary illocutionary act次要的以言行事行为（3.2.3）semantic enrichment语义充实（5.4）semantic meaning语义意义（4.2）semantic representation语义表征（2.1.1.2）sentence meaning句子意义（2.1.1.2）sincerity condition（实施言语行为的）真诚条件（3.2.3）size of imposition强加程度（2.2.1）social action社会行为（3.2.4）social context社交语境（5.1.1）social deixis社交指示（6.1.1）social distance社会距离（2.2.2）social power社会权力（2.2.2）social world社交世界（5.1.1）societal pragmatics社会语用学（1.2.2）socio-cultural pragmatics社会文化语用学/研究（1.5.2）sociolinguistic competenceshe社交语言能力（7.1）sociopragmatics社交语用学（1.5.3）solidarity平等关系（5.1.1）space deixis空间指示（6.1.4）speaker meaning说话人意义（1.2.2）speech act言语行为（1.2.2）speech act pragmatics言语行为语用学/研究（1.5.2）speech event言语事件（5.1.1）strategic competence策略能力（7.1）subordinate culture亚文化（8.1）symbolic use象征用法（6.1.1）syntactic-pragmatic句法语用（6.4.1)*sympathy maxim同情准则（2.2.1）tact maxim得体准则（2.2.1）talk-in-interaction言谈应对（3.3）textual competence篇章能力（7.1）time deixis时间指示（6.1.1）topic change markers话题变化标记语（6.4.1)truth value真值（3.2.1）utterance话语（1.2.4）variability变异性（1.2.2）verbal context语言语境（5.1.1）verbs of judging评价动词（1.2.4）verdictives裁决类（以言行事）（3.2.1）weak implicature弱暗含（4.5.3）we-exclusiv-of-addressee不包括听话人（的所指）（6.1.2）we-inclusiv-of-addressee包括听话人（的所指）（6.1.2）1. 谦虚准则Thanks for your compliment, but I know I still got a long way to go. 谢谢你的夸奖，不过我清楚我还有很长的路（还要继续努力）。
语料库术语中英对照
Aboutness 所言之事Absolute frequency 绝对频数Alignment (of parallel texts) （平行或对应）语料的对齐Alphanumeric 字母数字类的Annotate 标注（动词）Annotation 标注（名词）Annotation scheme 标注方案ANSI/American National Standards Institute 美国国家标准学会ASCII/American Standard Code for Information Exchange 美国信息交换标准码Associate (of keywords) （主题词的）联想词AWL/Academic word list 学术词表Balanced corpus 平衡语料库Base list 底表、基础词表Bigram 二元组、二元序列、二元结构Bi-hapax 两次词Bilingual corpus 双语语料库CA/Contrastive Analysis 对比分析Case-sensitive 大小写敏感、区分大小写Chi-square (χ2) test 卡方检验Chunk 词块CIA/Contrastive Interlanguage Analysis 中介语对比分析CLAWS/Constituent Likelihood Automatic Word-tagging System CLAWS词性赋码系统Clean text policy 干净文本原则Cluster 词簇、词丛Colligation 类联接、类连接、类联结Collocate n./v. 搭配词；搭配Collocability 搭配强度、搭配力Collocation 搭配、词语搭配Collocational strength 搭配强度Collocational framework/frame 搭配框架Comparable corpora 类比语料库、可比语料库ConcGram 同现词列、框合结构Concordance (line) 索引（行）Concordance plot （索引）词图Concordancer 索引工具Concordancing 索引生成、索引分析Context 语境、上下文Context word 语境词Contingency table 连列表、联列表、列连表、列联表Co-occurrence/Co-occurring 共现Corpora 语料库（复数）Corpus Linguistics 语料库语言学Corpus 语料库Corpus-based 基于语料库的Corpus-driven 语料库驱动的Corpus-informed 语料库指导的、参考了语料库的Co-select/Co-selection/Co-selectiveness 共选（机制）Co-text 共文DDL/Data Driven Learning 数据驱动学习Diachronic corpus 历时语料库Discourse 话语、语篇Discourse prosody 话语韵律Documentation 备检文件、文检报告EAGLES/Expert Advisory Groups on Language Engineering Standards EAGLES文本规格Empirical Linguistics 实证语言学Empiricism 经验主义Encoding 字符编码Error-tagging 错误标注、错误赋码Extended unit of meaning 扩展意义单位File-based search/concordancing 批量检索Formulaic sequence 程式化序列Frequency 频数、频率General (purpose) corpus 通用语料库Granularity 颗粒度Hapax legomenon/hapax 一次词Header/Text head 文本头、头标、头文件HMM/Hidden Markov Model 隐马尔科夫模型Idiom Principle 习语原则Index/Indexing （建）索引In-line annotation 文内标注、行内标注Key keyword 关键主题词Keyness 主题性、关键性Keyword 主题词KWIC/Key Word in Context 语境中的关键词、语境共现（方式）Learner corpus 学习者语料库Lemma 词目、原形词、词元Lemma list 词形还原对应表Lemmata 词目、原形词、词元（复数）Lemmatization 词形还原、词元化Lemmatizer 词形还原（词元化）工具Lexical bundle 词束Lexical density 词汇密度Lexical item 词项、词语项目Lexical priming 词汇触发理论Lexical richness 词汇丰富度Lexico-grammar/Lexical grammar 词汇语法Lexis 词语、词项LL/Log likelihood (ratio) 对数似然比、对数似然率Longitudinal/Developmental corpus 跟踪语料库、发展语料库、历时语料库Machine-readable 机读的Markup 标记、置标MDA/Multi-dimensional approach 多维度分析法Metadata 元信息Meta-metadata 元元信息MF/MD (Multi-feature/Multi-dimensional) approach 多特征/多维度分析法Mini-text 微型文本Misuse 误用Monitor corpus （动态）监察语料库Monolingual corpus 单语语料库Multilingual corpus 多语语料库Multimodal corpus 多模态语料库MWU/Multiword unit 多词单位MWE/Multiword expression 多词单位MI/Mutual information 互信息、互现信息N-gram N元组、N元序列、N元结构、N元词、多词序列NLP/Natural Language Processing 自然语言处理Node 节点（词）Normalization 标准化Normalized frequency 标准化频率、标称频率、归一频率Observed corpus 观察语料库Ontology 知识本体、本体Open Choice Principle 开放选择原则Overuse 超用、过多使用、使用过度、过度使用Paradigmatic 纵聚合（关系）的Parallel corpus 平行语料库、对应语料库Parole linguistics 言语语言学Parsed corpus 句法标注的语料库Parser 句法分析器Parsing 句法分析Pattern/patterning 型式Pattern grammar 型式语法Pedagogic corpus 教学语料库Phraseology 短语、短语学POSgram 赋码序列、码串POS tagging/Part-of-Speech tagging 词性赋码、词性标注、词性附码POS tagger 词性赋码器、词性赋码工具Prefab 预制语块Probabilistic （基于）概率的、概率性的、盖然的Probability 概率Rationalism 理性主义Raw text/Raw corpus 生文本（语料）Reference corpus 参照语料库Regex/RE/RegExp/Regular Expressions 正则表达式Register variation 语域变异Relative frequency 相对频率Representative/Representativeness 代表性（的）Rule-based 基于规则的Sample n./v. 样本；取样、采样、抽样Sampling 取样、采样、抽样Search term 检索项Search word 检索词Segmentation 切分、分词Semantic preference 语义倾向Semantic prosody 语义韵SGML/Standard Generalized Markup Language 标准通用标记语言Skipgram 跨词序列、跨词结构Span 跨距Special purpose corpus 专用语料库、专门用途语料库、专题语料库Specialized corpus 专用语料库Standardized TTR/Standardized type-token ratio 标准化类符/形符比、标准化类/形比、标准化型次比Stand-off annotation 分离式标注Stop list 停用词表、过滤词表Stop word 停用词、过滤词Synchronic corpus 共时语料库Syntagmatic 横组合（关系）的Tag 标记、码、标注码Tagger 赋码器、赋码工具、标注工具Tagging 赋码、标注、附码Tag sequence 赋码序列、码串Tagset 赋码集、码集Text 文本TEI/Text Encoding Initiative 文本编码计划The Lexical Approach 词汇中心教学法The Lexical Syllabus 词汇大纲Token 形符、词次Token definition 形符界定、单词界定Tokenization 分词Tokenizer 分词工具Transcription 转写Translational corpus 翻译语料库Treebank 树库Trigram 三元组、三元序列、三元结构T-score T值Type 类符、词型TTR/Type-token ratio 类符/形符比、类/形比、型次比Underuse 少用、使用不足Unicode 通用码Unit of meaning 意义单位WaC/Web as Corpus 网络语料库Wildcard 通配符Word definition 单词界定Word form 词形Word family 词族Word list 词表XML/EXtensible Markup Language 可扩展标记语言Zipf's Law 齐夫定律Z-score Z值Welcome To Download !!!欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考！。
语言学术语中英对照
语言学术语中英对照writing system书写系统 word order 词序 word segmentation分词 word set 词集word segmentation unit 分词单位/切词单位word segmentation standard for Chinese 中文分词规范voice recognition 声音辨识/语音识别 vowel 元音 vowel harmony 元音和谐verb 动词verb phrase 动词组/动词短语 verb recitative compound 动补复合词verbal association 词语联想 oracle bone inscriptions甲骨文verbal phrase 动词组verbal production 言语生成vernacular 本地话V-O construction (verb-object) 动宾结构accent 口音/{Phonetics}重音Universal Grammar 普遍性语法transformation 变形[转换]Transformational Grammar 变形语法/转换语法nested structure 崁套结构text understanding 文本理解abbreviation 缩写/省略语text analyzing 文本分析 text coherence 文本一致性synonym同义词syntactic category 句法类别syntactic constituent 句法成分syntactic rule 语法规律/句法规则 structural transfer 结构转换structuralism 结构主义 stem 词干 stop 爆破音social context 社会环境 simple word 单纯词situation 情境sememe 义素 phoneme 音素 punctuation 标点符号part of speech (POS) 词类 particle 语助词 phrase 词组/短语phonemic stratum 音素层 rhetorical structure 修辞结构 rhetoric 修辞学proper name 专有名词polysemy 多义性 postposition 方位词negative sentence 否定句 multilingual translation 多语翻译Morphology 构词学 Montague Grammar 蒙泰究语法/蒙塔格语法mood 语气morpheme 词素 morphological affix 构词词缀modal 情态词 modal auxiliary 情态助动词 modal logic 情态逻辑modifier 修饰语 metaphor 隐喻M-D (modifier-head) construction 偏正结构locution 惯用语 linguistic unit 语言单位 loan 外来语lexical ambiguity 词汇歧义 lexical category 词类LAD (language acquisition device) 语言习得装置 language acquisition 语言习得intonation 语调interlingua 中介语言interlingual 中介语(的）innateness position 语法天生假说 inflection/inflexion 屈折变化inflectional affix 屈折词缀 indirect object 间接宾语immediate constituent 直接成份 imperative 祈使句 homograph 同形异义词homonym 同音异义词homophone 同音词 homophony 同音异义free morpheme 自由语素 duration 音长{语音学}/时段{语法学/语义学} disambiguation 消除歧义/歧义消除discourse 篇章 complement 补语checked 受阻的antonym 反义词apposition 同位语 ambiguity 歧义ambiguity resolution 歧义消解 affirmative 肯定（的；式）对外汉语术语中英对照音节syllable 字母alphabet 语言中的歧异现象ambiguity 发音pronunciation 广东话Cantonese 辅音consonant 声调tone 韵律rhyme声调语言tone language 押韵（v）rhyme 节奏rhythm 语调intonation语音speech of sound 词汇lexicon 语法grammar 语素morpheme构词法word-building/-formation 形态变化morphological change 音位phoneme声带vocal cords 发音器官organs of speech 呼吸器官respiratory organs音标phonetic alphabet 汉语拼音Chinese Phonetic Alphabet 属性attribute 发音articulation 甲骨文oracle bone inscriptions 笔画stroke 名词noun部首character component 表意文字ideograph 象形文字pictograph实词notional word 动词verb 形容词adjective 副词adverb代词pronoun 虚词function word 连词conjunction 语气词mood word 介词preposition 叹词interjection 助词auxiliary word 情态动词modal verb 主语subject 宾语object 定语attribute 补语complement谓语predicate 表语predicative 状语adverbial 修饰语modifier同义词synonym 反义词antonym 词组word group 时态tense专有名词proper noun 专业术语register 语境context 词尾ending后缀suffix 前缀infix 本义original meaning 基本义basic meaning引申义extended meaning 成语set phrase / idiom 方言dialect句法学Synt。
语言学专有名词中英对照
模块中文英文语言学概述语言Langue[lɑːŋɡ]言语Parole[pəˈrəʊl]规定性Prescriptive[prɪˈskrɪptɪv]描述性Descriptive[dɪˈskrɪptɪv]共时性Synchronic[sɪŋˈkrɑːnɪk]历时性Diachronic[ˌdaɪəˈkrɑːnɪk]语言能力Competence[ˈkɑːmpɪtəns]语言表现Performance任意性Arbitrariness[ˈɑːrbɪtrerinəs]能产性Productivity[ˌprɒdʌkˈtɪvəti]二重性Duality[djuːˈæləti]移位性Displacement[dɪsˈpleɪsmənt]文化传播性Cultural transmission[trænzˈmɪʃn]互换性Interchangeability[ˌɪntərˌtʃeɪndʒəˈbɪləti]信息功能Informative function[ɪnˈfɔːrmətɪv]人际功能Interpersonal function[ˌɪntərˈpɜːrsənl]施为功能Performative function[pərˈfɔːrmətɪv]情感功能Emotive function[ɪˈmoʊtɪv]寒暄功能Phatic function[ˈfætɪk]娱乐功能Recreational function[ˌrekriˈeɪʃənl]元语言功能Metalinguistic function[ˌmetəlɪŋˈɡwɪstɪk]语音学(Phonetics) [fəˈnetɪks]元音Vowel[ˈvaʊəl]辅音Consonant[ˈkɒnsənənt]发音方式Manner of Articulation爆破音Stops/Plosives摩擦音Fricative[ˈfrɪkətɪv]塞擦音Affricate[ˈæfrɪkət]鼻音Nasal[ˈneɪzl]流音Liquids['lɪkwɪdz]滑音Glides[ɡlaɪdz]发音部位Place of Articulation双唇音Bilabial[ˌbaɪˈleɪbiəl]唇齿音Labiodental[ˌleɪbiəʊˈdentl]齿音Dental[ˈdentl]齿龈音Alveolar[ælˈviːələ]硬颚音Palatal[ˈpælətl]软腭音Velar[ˈviːlə(r)]声门音Glottal[ˈɡlɒtl]声带Vocal[ˈvəʊkl]cord[kɔːd]带声性Voicing清辅音Voiceless浊辅音Voiced[vɔɪst]音系学(Phonology) [fəˈnɒlədʒi]音素Phone音位Phoneme[ˈfəʊniːm]音位变体Allophone[ˈæləfəʊn]互补分布Complementary[ˌkɒmplɪˈmentri]distribution 最小对立体Minimal pairs音位对立Phonemic[fəʊˈniːmɪk]contrast形态学(Morphology) [mɔːˈfɒlədʒi]词素Morphemes[ˈmɔːfiːmz]自由词素Free Morphemes粘着词素Bound Morphemes词根Root词缀Affix[əˈfɪks,ˈæfɪks]前缀Prefix[ˈpriːfɪks]后缀Suffix[ˈsʌfɪks]词干Stem屈折词缀Inflectional[ɪnˈflɛkʃən(ə)l]Affix派生词缀Derivational[ˌdɛrɪˈveɪʃən(ə)l]Affix 复合法Compound派生法Derivation发明法Invention混成法Blending['blendɪŋ]首字母连写法Initialism[ɪnˈɪʃəlɪzəm]首字母缩略法Acronym[ˈækrənɪm]借词法Borrowing逆构词法Back-formation[fɔːˈmeɪʃn]语义学（Semantics）[sɪˈmæntɪks]同义关系Synonymy[sɪˈnɒnɪmi]方言同义词Dialectal[ˌdaɪ.əˈlek.təl]synonyms[ˈsɪnənɪmz]文体同义词Stylistic[staɪˈlɪstɪk]synonyms情感同义词Emotive synonyms搭配同义词Collocational[ˌkɒləʊˈkeɪʃən(ə)l]synonyms 语义同义词Semantic synonyms反义关系Antonymy[æn‘tɒnɪmɪ]等级反义关系Gradable[ˈɡreɪdəbl]antonymy互补反义关系Complementary antonymy反向反义关系Converse antonymy上下义关系Hyponymy[haɪ'pɒnɪmɪ]上义词Superordinate[ˌsuːpər'ɔːdɪnət]下义词Hyponyms['haɪpəʊnɪm]一词多义Polysemy[pəˈlɪsɪmi]同音/同形异义关系Homonymy[ho'mɑnəmi]同音异义词Homophone[ˈhɒməʊfəʊn]同形异义词Homographs完全同音异义词Complete Homonyms[ˈhɒm.ə.nɪm]蕴含entailment[ɪnˈteɪl.mənt]预设Presuppose[ˌpriːsəˈpəʊz]语用学(Pragmatics) [præɡˈmætɪks]言内行为Locutionary[ləu'kju:ʃənəri]act言外行为Illocutionary[ˌɪləˈkjuːʃəneri]act言后行为Perlocutionary[ˌpɜːrləˈkjuːʃəneri]act直接言语行为Direct speech act间接言语行为Indirect speech act合作原则Cooperative principle数量准则Quantity maxim[ˈmæksɪm]质量准则Quality maxim关系准则Relation maxim方式准则Manner maxim会话含义Conversational implicature[ˈɪmplɪkətʃər]修辞学（Rhetoric）[ˈretərɪk]头韵Alliteration[əˌlɪtəˈreɪʃn]押尾韵End rhyme反韵Reverse rhyme准押韵（类韵）Assonance[ˈæsənəns]拟声Onomatopoeia[ˌɑːnəˌmætəˈpiːə]斯普纳现象Spoonerism[ˈspuːnərɪzəm]明喻Simile暗喻Metaphor转喻（借代）Metonymy[məˈtɑːnəmi]提喻Synecdoche[sɪˈnekdəki]隐喻（典故）Allusion[əˈluːʒn]拟人Personification[pərˌsɑːnɪfɪˈkeɪʃn]夸张Hyperbole[haɪˈpɜːrbəli]矛盾Oxymoron[ˌɑːksɪˈmɔːrɑːn]委婉语Euphemism[ˈjuːfəmɪzəm]反语Irony[ˈaɪrəni]双关Pun移就Transferred epithet[ˈepɪθet]。
语言学 术语翻译及术语解释
术语翻译及术语解释汇总术语翻译1.Design features of language（语言的甄别特征）Arbitrariness（任意性），Duality（二层性/二重性），Creativity（创造性/原创性），Displacement（移位性），Cultural transmission（文化传播），Interchangeability（可互换性）2. Functions of languagereferential 指称功能 poetic 诗学功能 emotive情感功能conative 劝慰功能 phatic寒暄功能 metalingual function 元语言功能ideational function概念功能 interpersonal function人际功能textual function语篇/文本功能 Informative（信息/告知功能），Performative Function（施为功能）， Emotive Function（情感功能），Phatic communion（寒暄交谈）， Recreational Function（娱乐功能），3. Phonetics(语音学)， Phonology（音系/音位学）; Morphology（形态学）， Syntax（句法学）;Semantics（语义学）， Pragmatics（语用学）Articulatory phonetics发音语音学 Acoustic phonetics声学语音学Auditory phonetics听觉语音学 Psycholinguistics心理语言学Sociolinguistics社会语言学 Anthropological linguistics人类语言学Computational linguistics计算语言学 Applied linguistics应用语言学Neurolinguistics神经语言学4. Descriptive vs. prescriptive描写式和规定式Synchronic vs. diachronic共时和历时 Langue vs. parole语言和言语Competence vs. performance语言能力和语言行为5. Vocal tract 声道(resonating cavities共鸣腔)， pharynx咽腔, oral cavity口腔 and nasal cavity鼻腔.其它的一些发音器官：lungs肺, windpipe（trachea）气管, vocal folds声带,larynx喉, epiglottis会厌，次声门, pharynx咽, uvula小舌, hard palate硬腭, soft palate软腭, alveolar ridge齿龈6.Consonants and vowels（辅音和元音）A. Manners of articulation发音方式B. Places of articulation发音位置7. Stop (or plosive)爆破音 Fricative摩擦音 Approximant近似音Lateral (approximant)边音 Affricates塞擦音, trill颤音 and tap 闪音Bilabial双唇音 Labiodental唇齿音 Dental齿音 Alveolar齿龈音Postal veolar后齿龈音 Retroflex卷舌音 Palatal硬腭音Velar软腭音 Uvular小舌音, pharyngeal咽音 glottal声门音monophthong vowel: 单元音 diphthongs双元音 triphthongs三元音Lax vowels短元音 Tensed vowels长元音8.Coarticulation and phonetic transcription协同发音和标音anticipatory coarticulation先期协同发音 perseverative coarticulation后滞协同发音.broad transcription宽式标音 narrow transcription严式标音9. minimal pairs最小对立体 Phoneme音位phonemic transcriptions音位转写 phonetic transcriptions语音转写phones音子 allophones音位变体 complementary distribution互补分布phonetic similarity发音近似性 Free variation自由变体assimilation同化 regressive assimilation逆同化progressive assimilation顺同化phonological rule 音系规则 Epenthesis增音 binary 二分的Distinctive features区别特征Endocentric and Exocentric Constructions向心结构和离心结构subordinate and coordinate从属和并列Conceptual meaning概念意义Associative meaning:联想意义Connotative meaning内涵意义 Social meaning社会意义Affective meaning情感意义 Reflected meaning反射意义Collocative meaning搭配意义 Thematic meaning主位意义denotation: 外延意义 connotation: 内涵The referential theory:指称理论Semantic triangle语义三角Sense and reference：涵义和指称Synonymy同义关系 Antonymy反义关系 Hyponymy上下义关系Polysemy一词多义关系 Homonymy 同音/形异意关系Dialectal synonyms 地域同义词 Stylistic synonyms风格同义词Collocational synonyms搭配同义词gradable antonymy 等级反义关系 cover term覆盖项Marked vs. unmarked terms标记项和非标记项complementary antonymy 互补反义关系 converse antonymy 逆向反义关系homophones: 同音异义词 homographs : 同形异义词complete homonyms semantic components语义部分术语解释1. Design feature的定义：the defining（最典型的，起决定作用的）properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.2. Synchronic共时：It refers to the description of a language at somepoint of time in history.3. Diachronic历时：It studies the development or history of language.In other words, it refers to the description of a language as it changes through time .4. prescriptive规定式：A kind of linguistic study aims to lay downrules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language.5. descriptive描写式: A kind of linguistic study aims to describe andanalyze the language people actually use.6. Arbitrariness（任意性）:By saying that “language is arbitrary”, wemean that there is no logical connection between meaning and sound.7. Duality（二层性/二重性）:it means that language is a system,which consists of two levels of structures, at the lower level there is the structure of sounds; at the higher level there is the structure of meaning.8. Displacement（移位性）: it means that language can be used tocommunicate about things that are not present in our immediate communicational context.9. competence语言能力:it refers to an ideal speaker’s knowledge ofthe underlying system of rules in a language.10. Performance语言行为: it refers to the actual use of the language bya speaker in a real communicational context.11. Langue语言: it refers to the speaker’s understanding and knowledgeof the language that he speaks.12. Parole言语: it is the actual speaking of language by an individualspeaker.13. Cultural transmission（文化传播）:It refers to the fact that thedetails of the linguistic system must be learned anew（重新，再）by each speaker. Language is not transmitted biologically from generation to generation.14. Phatic communion（寒暄交谈）:it refers to ritual exchanges,exchanges that have little meaning but help to maintain our relationships with other people.15. Phonetics(语音学): it is the study of the characteristics of speechsounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.16. Vowels元音：the sounds in the production of which no articulatorscome very close together and the air-stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction.17. Consonants辅音：The sounds in the production of which there is anobstruction of the air-stream at some point of the vocal tract.18. Phonology: it is the study of the sound systems of languages and it isconcerned with the linguistic patterning of sounds in human languages. And it studies the way in which speakers of a language systematically use a selection of these sounds in order to express meaning.19. Phoneme音位: the smallest unit of sound in a language which candistinguish two words.20. Allophone音位变体: it refers to the different forms of a phoneme.21. Assimilation: it is a process by which one sound takes on some or allthe characteristics of a neighboring sound.22. Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous oroverlapping articulations are involved.23. complementary distribution互补分布:when two sounds neveroccur in the same environment, they are in complementary distribution.24. Free variation自由变体: if two sounds occurring in the sameenvironment do not contrast, that is, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word, then the two sounds are in free variation.25. Distinctive features区别特征： A phonetic feature whichdistinguishes one phonological unit, especially one phoneme, from another.26. minimal pairs最小对立体----- which can be defined as pairs ofwords which differ from each other by only one sound.27. vowel glides滑音: The vowels involving movement from one soundto another are called vowel glides.28. Epenthesis增音：it means a process of inserting a sound afteranother sound.29. Substitution relation: it refers to the relation specifically between anindividual unit and others that can replace it in a given sequence. 30. Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionallyequivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the centre, or head, of the whole.31. Exocentric construction: a group of syntactically related wordswhere none of them is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole, that is, there is no definable center or head inside the group 32. Reference: it is the relationship between words and the objects,actions or properties that the words stand for. It deals with the extra-linguistic relationships between words and expressions and the world they describe.(具体的物质性的东西)33. Synonymy ：It refers to the sameness sense relations betweenwords.34. Componential analysis ：Componential analysis defines themeaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components语义部分.35. Sense: it refers to the complex system of relationships that holdbetween linguistic elements themselves, it is concerned only with intra-linguistic relations.（概念性的东西）36. Semantics：semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units,words and sentences in particular.37. Homonymy: the phenomenon that words having different meaningshave the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.38. Antonymy：It refers to the oppositeness sense relations betweenwords.39. Hyponymy上下义关系：Hyponymy indicates sense inclusiveness.The upper term in this sense relation is called superordinate上义词, and the lower terms,hyponyms下义词, members of the same class are called co-hyponyms.。
语言学术语英汉对照对照
back vowel
后元音
back-formation
逆构词法
bilabial
双唇音
bilingualism
双语（现象）
blending
拼缀法
borrowing
借用
bound morpheme
黏着词素
broad transcription
宽式标音
case
格
case condition
英汉术语对照
acoustic phonetics
声学语音学
acronym
首字母缩略词
acronymization
首字母缩略法
adjacency condition
毗邻条件
adjacency parameter
毗邻参数
adj-movement
形容词移位
affective meaning
情感意义
affix
词缀
affixation
词缀法
Afro-asiatic Family
亚非语系，闪含语系
agglutinative language
粘着语
allomorph
语素变体
allophone
音位变体
ambiguity
歧义（多义性）
arbitrariness
任意性
articulatory phonetics
发音语音学
成事性言语行为
person
人称
person deictics
人称指示词
pharyngeal cavity
咽腔
phone
音素
phoneme
音素
phoneme
语用学术语汉英对照
语用学术语∙比喻metaphor∙表达类expressives∙表述句constatives∙不可分离性non-detachability∙不可取消性non-cancellability∙不确定性indeterminacy∙承诺类commissives∙代码模式code model∙等级含意scalar implicatures∙地点指示space deixis∙调节性规则regulative rules∙动态语用学dynamic pragmatics∙断言类assertives∙对方修正other-repair∙二元关系dyadic relation∙发展语用学developmental pragmatics∙反讽/反语irony∙方式准则manner maxim∙非规约性non-conventionality∙讽刺sarcasm∙符号sign∙符号关系学syntactics∙符号学semiotics∙负面礼貌策略negative politeness strategy∙负面面子negative face∙负向转移negative transfer∙概念意义conceptual meaning∙功能语言学functional linguistics∙共知common knowledge∙构成性规则constitutive rules∙关联/关联性relevance∙关联理论relevance theory∙关系准则relevant maxim∙规定语法prescriptive grammar∙规约含意conventional implicature ∙规约性conventionality∙规则rule∙含混ambivalence∙含意implicature∙合适条件felicity condition∙后指用法cataphoric use∙互补性complementarity∙互动语用学interactive pragmatics ∙互明mutual manifestness∙互知mutual knowledge∙互指co-referential∙话轮turn-taking∙话语utterance∙话语分析discourse analysis∙话语意义utterance meaning∙话语指示discourse deixis∙缓叙meiosis∙会话分析conversation analysis∙会话含意conversational implicature ∙会话结构conversational structure ∙会话修正conversational repair∙会话原则conversational principle∙或然性probability∙记号symbol∙间接言语行为indirect speech act∙交际目的communicative goal/purpose∙交际能力communicative competence∙交际意图communicative intention∙交际用意communicative force∙交际原则communicative principle∙近指proximal terms∙经济原则principle of economy∙旧信息old information∙句法学syntax∙句子意义sentence meaning∙可接收性acceptability∙可取消性cancellability∙可推导性calculability∙可行性feasibility∙客观环境physical situation∙夸张hyperbole∙跨文化语用学cross-cultural pragmatics∙离格deviance∙礼貌politeness∙礼貌策略politeness strategy∙礼貌原则politeness principle∙连贯coherence∙两可性ambiguity∙量准则quantity maxim∙临床语用学clinical pragmatics∙笼统性generality∙论言有所为How to do things with words∙逻辑语义学logical semantics∙蒙塔古语法Montague grammar∙面子face∙明示-推理过程ostensive-inferential process∙明说explicature∙命题行为propositional act∙模糊限制语hedges∙模糊性fuzziness∙内嵌施为句embedded performatives∙恰当性appropriateness∙前提presupposition∙前提触发语presupposition triggers∙前指用法anaphoric use∙人称指示person deixis∙人类文化方法论ethnomethodology∙认知效果cognitive effect∙认知语用学cognitive pragmatics∙认知语用学cognitive pragmatics∙认知原则cognitive principle∙弱陈meiosis∙三元关系triadic relation∙社会语用学societal pragmatics∙社交语用学social pragmatics∙社交-语用学socio-pragmatics∙社交指示social deixis∙施为动词performative verb∙施为假设performative hypothesis∙施为句performatives∙施为用意illocutionary force∙时间指示time deixis∙实用主义pragmatism∙顺应理论adaptation theory∙说话人意义speaker meaning∙随意言谈loose talk∙特殊含意particularized conversational implicature∙同义反复句tautology∙投射规则projection rule∙推理努力processing effort∙威胁面子的行为face threatening acts∙委婉语understatement∙未知信息unknown information∙衔接机制cohesive device∙显性施为句explicit performatives∙新格赖斯会话含意理论neo-Gricean theory of conversational implicature ∙新格赖斯语用学neo-Gricean pragmatics∙新信息new information∙信息意图informative intention∙信息照应information bridging∙形式语用学formal pragmatics∙修辞学rhetoric∙宣告类declarations∙选择限制selectional restriction∙言语交际verbal communication∙言语情景speech situation∙言语行为speech act∙言语行为理论speech act theory∙一般会话含意generalized conversational implicature∙已知信息known information∙以言成事perlocutionary act∙以言行事illocutionary act∙以言行事目的/施为目的illocutionary goal∙以言指事locutionary act∙意思sense∙意图intention∙意向性intentionality∙隐含结论implicated conclusion∙隐含前提implicated premise∙隐性施为句implicit performatives∙隐喻metaphor∙语法性grammaticality∙语际语interlanguage∙语际语用学interlanguage pragmatics ∙语境暗含contextual implication∙语境化contextualization∙语境假设contextual assumptions∙语境效果contextual effect∙语境意义contextual meaning∙语境因素contextual factor∙语句sentence∙语句意义sentence meaning∙语言学转向linguistic turn∙语言语境linguistic context∙语言语用学linguistic pragmatics∙语义前提semantic presupposition∙语义学semantics∙语用代码pragmatic code∙语用含糊pragmatic vagueness∙语用含意pragmatic force∙语用类属pragmatic category∙语用能力pragmatic competence∙语用歧义pragmatic ambiguity∙语用迁移pragmatic transfer∙语用前提pragmatic presupposition ∙语用推理pragmatic inference∙语用行为pragmatic act∙语用学pragmatics∙语用移情pragmatic empathy∙语用语言学pragmalinguistics∙语用原则pragmatic principle∙寓意言谈metaphorical talk∙元交际行为metacommunicative behaviour∙元指用法meta-phoric use∙原意或刻意言谈literal talk∙原则principle∙远指distal terms∙约略性approximation∙蕴涵entailment∙哲学语用学philosophical pragmatics∙正面礼貌positive politeness∙正面面子positive face∙正向转移positive transfer∙指称reference∙指令类directives∙指示词语deictic expressions∙指示语deixis, indexicals∙质准则quality maxim∙中介语/语际语interlanguage∙主题topic∙字面用意literal force∙自我修正self-repair∙说明：本术语对照表选自何自然教授的《语用学概论》（修订本），欢迎大家添补。
胡壮麟的语言学术语英汉对照翻译表
胡壮麟的语言学术语英汉对照翻译表1. 语言的普遍特征：任意性arbitrariness双层结构duality 既由声音和意义结构多产性productivity移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西文化传播性cultural transmission2。
语言的功能：传达信息功能informative人济功能：interpersonal行事功能：Performative表情功能：Emotive寒暄功能：Phatic娱乐功能recreatinal元语言功能metalingual3. 语言学linguistics：包括六个分支语音学Phonetics音位学phonology形态学Morphology句法学syntax语义学semantics语用学pragmatics4. 现代结构主义语言学创始人：Ferdinand de saussure提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一：语言与言语language and parole ，语言之语言系统的整体，言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语5. 语法创始人：Noam Chomsky提出概念语言能力与语言运用competence and performance1. Which of the following statements can be used to describe displacement. one of the unique properties of language:a. we can eas ily teach our children to learn a certain languageb. we can use both 'shu' and 'tree' to describe the same thing.c. we can u se language to refer to something not presentd. we can produce sentences that have never been heard before.2.What is the most important function of language?a. interpersonalb. phaticc. informatived.metallingual3.The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it ?"is __a informativeb. phaticc. directived. performative4.The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by __a saussureb. hallidayc. chomskyd. the prague school5. Who put forward the distinction between language and parole?a. saussureb. chomskyc. hallidayd anomymous第二节语音学1.发音器官由声带the vocal cords和三个回声腔组成2.辅音consonant：there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract.3.辅音的发音方式爆破音complete obstruction鼻音nasals破裂音plosives部分阻塞辅音partial obstruction擦音fricatives破擦音affricates等4.辅音清浊特征voicing辅音的送气特征aspiration5.元音vowel分类标准舌翘位置，舌高和嘴唇的形状6双元音diphthongs,有元音过渡vowel glides1. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies __.a. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speechb. the perception of soundsc. the combination of soundsd. the production of sounds2. The distinction between vowel s and consonants lies in __a. the place of articulationb.the obstruction f airstreamc. the position of the tongued. the shape of the lips3. What is the common factor of the three sounds: p, k ta. voicelessb. spreadc.voicedd.nasal4. What phonetic feature distinguish the p in please and the p in speak?a. voicingb. aspirationc.roundnessd. nasality5.Which of the following is not a distinctive feature in English?a. voicingb.nasalc. approximationd. aspiration6.The phonological features of the consonant k are __a. voiced stopb. voiceless stopc. voiced fricatived. voiceless fricative7.p is divverent from k in __a. the manner of articulationb. the shape of the lipsc. the vibration of the vocal cordsd.the palce of articualtion8.Vibration of the vocal cords results in __a. aspirationb.nasalityc. obstructiond. voicing第三节音位学phonology1.音位学与语音学的区别：语音学着重于语音的自然属性，主要关注所有语言中人可能发出的所有声音；音位学则强调语音的社会功能，其对象是某一种语言中可以用来组合成词句的那些语音。
自然语言处理中英文术语对照
abbreviation 缩写 [省略语]ablative 夺格(的)abrupt 突发音accent 口音/{Phonetics}重音accusative 受格（的）acoustic phonetics 声学语音学acquisition 习得action verb 动作动词active 主动语态active chart parser 活动图句法剖析程序active knowledge 主动知识active verb 主动动词actor-action-goal 施事(者)-动作-目标actualization 实现(化)acute 锐音address 地址{信息科学}/称呼（语）{语言学} adequacy 妥善性adjacency pair 邻对adjective 形容词adjunct 附加语 [附加修饰语]adjunction 加接adverb 副词adverbial idiom 副词词组affective 影响的affirmative 肯定（的；式）affix 词缀affixation 加缀affricate 塞擦音agent 施事agentive-action verb 施事动作动词agglutinative 胶着（性）agreement 对谐AI (artificial intelligence) 人工智能 [人工智能] AI language 人工智能语言 [人工智能语言]Algebraic Linguistics 代数语言学algorithm 算法 [算法]alienable 可分割的alignment 对照 [多国语言文章词；词组；句子翻译的] allo- 同位-allomorph 同位语素allophone 同位音位alpha notation alpha 标记alphabetic writing 拼音文字alternation 交替alveolar 齿龈音ambiguity 歧义ambiguity resolution 歧义消解ambiguous 歧义American structuralism 美国结构主义analogy 类推analyzable 可分析的anaphor 照应语 [前方照应词]animate 有生的A-not-A question 正反问句antecedent 先行词anterior 舌前音anticipation 预期 (音变)antonym 反义词antonymy 反义A-over-A A-上-A 原则apposition 同位语appositive construction 同位结构appropriate 恰当的approximant 无擦通音approximate match 近似匹配arbitrariness 任意性archiphoneme 大音位argument 论元 [变元]argument structure 论元结构 [变元结构] arrangement 配列array 数组articulatory configuration 发音结构articulatory phonetics 发音语音学artificial intelligence (AI) 人工智能 [人工智能] artificial language 人工语言ASCII 美国标准信息交换码aspect 态 [体]aspirant 气音aspiration 送气assign 指派assimilation 同化association 关联associative phrase 联想词组asterisk 标星号ATN (augmented transition network) 扩充转移网络attested 经证实的attribute 属性attributive 属性auditory phonetics 听觉语音学augmented transition network 扩充转移网络automatic document classification 自动文件分类automatic indexing 自动索引automatic segmentation 自动切分automatic training 自动训练automatic word segmentation 自动分词automaton 自动机autonomous 自主的auxiliary 助动词axiom 公理baby-talk 儿语back-formation 逆生构词(法)backtrack 回溯Backus-Naur Form 巴科斯诺尔形式 [巴科斯诺尔范式] backward deletion 逆向删略ba-construction 把─字句balanced corpus 平衡语料库base 词基Bayesian learning 贝式学习Bayesian statistics 贝式统计behaviorism 行为主义belief system 信念系统benefactive 受益（格；的）best first parser 最佳优先句法剖析器bidirectional linked list 双向串行bigram 双连词bilabial 双唇音bilateral 双边的bilingual concordancer 双语关键词前后文排序程序binary feature 双向特征[二分征性]binding 约束bit 位 [二进制制;比特]biuniqueness 双向唯一性blade 舌叶blend 省并词block 封阻[封杀]Bloomfieldian 布隆菲尔德(学派)的body language 肢体语言Boolean lattice 布尔网格 [布尔网格]borrow 借移Bottom-up 由下而上bottom-up parsing 由下而上剖析bound 附着（的）bound morpheme 附着语素 [黏着语素]boundary marker 界线标记boundary symbol 界线符号bracketing 方括号法branching 分枝法breadth-first search 广度优先搜寻 [宽度优先搜索]breath group 换气单位breathy 气息音的buffer 缓冲区byte 字节CAI (Computer Assisted Instruction) 计算机辅助教学CALL (computer assisted language learning) 计算机辅助语言学习canonical 典范的capacity 能力cardinal 基数的cardinal vowels 基本元音case 格位case frame 格位框架Case Grammar 格位语法case marking 格位标志CAT (computer assisted translation) 计算机辅助翻译cataphora 下指Categorial Grammar 范畴语法Categorial Unification Grammar 范畴连并语法 [范畴合一语法] causative 使动causative verb 使役动词causativity 使役性centralization 央元音化chain 炼chart parsing 表式剖析 [图表句法分析]checked 受阻的checking 验证Chinese character code 中文编码 [汉字代码]Chinese character code for information interchange 中文信息交换码[汉字交换码]Chinese character coding input method 中文输入法 [汉字编码输入] choice 选择Chomsky hierarchy 杭士基阶层 [Chomsky 层次结构]citation form 基本形式CKY algorithm (Cocke-Kasami-Younger) CKY 算法classifier 类别词cleft sentence 分裂句click 啧音clitic 附着词closed world assumption 封闭世界假说cluster 音群Cocke-Kasami-Younger algorithm CKY 算法coda 音节尾code conversion 代码变换cognate 同源（的；词）Cognitive Linguistics 认知语言学coherence 一致性cohesion 凝结性 [黏着性;结合力]collapse 合并collective 集合的collocation 连用语 [同现;搭配]combinatorial construction 合并结构combinatorial insertion 合并中插combinatorial word 合并词Combinatory Categorial Grammar 组合范畴语法comment 评论commissive 许诺[语行]common sense semantics 常识语意学Communication Theory 通讯理论 [通讯论;信息论]Comparative Linguistics 比较语言学comparison 比较competence 语言知能compiler 编译器complement 补语complementary 互补complementary distribution 互补分布complementizer 补语标记complex predicate 复杂谓语complex stative construction 复杂状态结构complex symbol 复杂符号complexity 复杂度component 成分compositionality 语意合成性 [合成性]compound word 复合词Computational Lexical Semantics 计算词汇语意学Computational Lexicography 计算词典编纂学Computational Linguistics 计算语言学Computational Phonetics 计算语音学Computational Phonology 计算声韵学Computational Pragmatics 计算语用学Computational Semantics 计算语意学Computational Syntax 计算句法学computer language 计算器语言computer-aided translation 计算机辅助翻译 [计算器辅助翻译]computer-assisted instruction (CAI) 计算机辅助教学computer-assisted language learning 计算机辅助语言学习[计算器辅助语言学习] concatenation 串联concept classification 概念分类concept dependency 概念依存conceptual hierarchy 概念阶层concord 谐和concordance 关键词 (前后文) 排序concordancer 关键词 (前后文) 排序的程序concurrent parsing 并行句法剖析conditional decision 条件决定 [条件决策]conjoin 连接conjunction 连接词 (合取;逻辑积;"与";连词)conjunctive 连接的connected speech 连续语言Connectionist model 类神经网络模型Connectionist model for natural language 自然语言类神经网络模型[自然语言连接模型]connotation 隐涵意义consonant 子音 [辅音]constituent 成分constituent structure tree 词组结构树constraint 限制constraint propagation 限制条件的传递 [限定因素增殖]constraint-based grammar formalism 限制为本的语法形式Construct Grammar 句构语法content word 实词context 语境context-free language 语境自由语言 [上下文无关语言]context-sensitive language 语境限定语言 [上下文有关语言;上下文敏感语言] continuant 连续音continuous speech recognition 连续语音识别contraction 缩约control agreement principle 控制一致原理control structure 控制结构control theory 控制论convention 约定俗成[规约]convergence 收敛[趋同现象]conversational implicature 会话含义converse 相反（词;的）cooccurrence relation 共现关系 [同现关系]co-operative principle 合作原则coordination 对称连接词 [同等;并列连接]copula 系词co-reference 同指涉 [互指]co-referential 同指涉coronal 前舌音corpora 语料库corpus 语料库Corpus Linguistics 语料库语言学corpus-based learning 语料库为本的学习correlation 相关性counter-intuitive 违反语感的courseware 课程软件 [课件]coverb 动介词C-structure 成分结构data compression 数据压缩 [数据压缩]data driven analysis 资料驱动型分析 [数据驱动型分析]data structure 数据结构 [数据结构]database 数据库 [数据库]database knowledge representation 数据库知识表示 [数据库知识表示]data-driven 资料驱动 [数据驱动]dative 与格declarative knowledge 陈述性知识decomposition 分解deductive database 演译数据库 [演译数据库]default 默认值 [默认;缺省]definite 定指Definite Clause Grammar 确定子句语法definite state automaton 有限状态自动机Definite State Grammar 有限状态语法definiteness 定指degree adverb 程度副词degree of freedom 自由度deixis 指示delimiter 定界符号 [定界符]denotation 外延denotic logic 符号逻辑dependency 依存关系Dependency Grammar 依存关系语法dependency relation 依存关系depth-first search 深度优先搜寻derivation 派生derivational bound morpheme 派生性附着语素Descriptive Grammar 描述型语法 [描写语法]Descriptive Linguistics 描述语言学 [描写语言学] desiderative 意愿的determiner 限定词deterministic algorithm 决定型算法 [确定性算法] deterministic finite state automaton 决定型有限状态机deterministic parser 决定型语法剖析器 [确定性句法剖析程序] developmental psychology 发展心理学Diachronic Linguistics 历时语言学diacritic 附加符号dialectology 方言学dictionary database 辞典数据库 [词点数据库]dictionary entry 辞典条目digital processing 数字处理 [数值处理]diglossia 双言digraph 二合字母diminutive 指小词diphone 双连音directed acyclic graph 有向非循环图disambiguation 消除歧义 [歧义消除]discourse 篇章discourse analysis 篇章分析 [言谈分析]discourse planning 篇章规划Discourse Representation Theory 篇章表征理论 [言谈表示理论] discourse strategy 言谈策略discourse structure 言谈结构discrete 离散的disjunction 选言dissimilation 异化distributed 分布式的distributed cooperative reasoning 分布协调型推理distributed text parsing 分布式文本剖析disyllabic 双音节的ditransitive verb 双宾动词 [双宾语动词;双及物动词] divergence 扩散[分化]D-M (Determiner-Measure) construction 定量结构D-N (determiner-noun) construction 定名结构document retrieval system 文件检索系统 [文献检索系统] domain dependency 领域依存性 [领域依存关系]double insertion 交互中插double-base 双基downgrading 降级dummy 虚位duration 音长{语音学}/时段{语法学/语意学}dynamic programming 动态规划Earley algorithm Earley 算法echo 回声句egressive 呼气音ejective 紧喉音electronic dictionary 电子词典elementary string 基本字符串 [基本单词串]ellipsis 省略EM algorithm EM算法embedding 崁入emic 功能关系的empiricism 经验论Empty Category Principle 虚范畴原则 [空范畴原理]empty word 虚词enclitics 后接成份end user 终端用户 [最终用户]endocentric 同心的endophora 语境照应entailment 蕴涵entity 实体entropy 熵entry 条目episodic memory 情节性记忆epistemological network 认识论网络ergative verb 作格动词ergativity 作格性Esperando 世界语etic 无功能关系etymology 词源学event 事件event driven control 事件驱动型控制example-based machine translation 以例句为本的机器翻译exclamation 感叹exclusive disjunction 排它性逻辑 “或”experiencer case 经验者格expert system 专家系统extension 外延external argument 域外论元extraposition 移外变形 [外置转换]facility value 易度值feature 特征feature bundle 特征束feature co-occurrence restriction 特征同现限制 [特性同现限制] feature instantiation 特征体现feature structure 特征结构 [特性结构]feature unification 特征连并 [特性合一]feedback 回馈felicity condition 妥适条件file structure 档案结构finite automaton 有限状态机 [有限自动机]finite state 有限状态Finite State Morphology 有限状态构词法 [有限状态词法]finite-state automata 有限状态自动机finite-state language 有限状态语言finite-state machine 有限状态机finite-state transducer 有限状态置换器flap 闪音flat 降音foreground information 前景讯息 [前景信息]Formal Language Theory 形式语言理论Formal Linguistics 形式语言学Formal Semantics 形式语意学forward inference 前向推理 [向前推理]forward-backward algorithm 前前后后算法frame 框架frame based knowledge representation 框架型知识表示Frame Theory 框架理论free morpheme 自由语素Fregean principle Fregean 原则fricative 擦音F-structure 功能结构full text searching 全文检索function word 功能词Functional Grammar 功能语法functional programming 函数型程序设计 [函数型程序设计]functional sentence perspective 功能句子观functional structure 功能结构functional unification 功能连并 [功能合一]functor 功能符fundamental frequency 基频garden path sentence 花园路径句GB (Government and Binding) 管辖约束geminate 重叠音gender 性Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar 概化词组结构语法 [广义短语结构语法] Generative Grammar 衍生语法Generative Linguistics 衍生语言学 [生成语言学]generic 泛指genetic epistemology 发生认识论genetive marker 属格标记genitive 属格gerund 动名词Government and Binding Theory 管辖约束理论GPSG (Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar) 概化词组结构语法[广义短语结构语法]gradability 可分级性grammar checker 文法检查器grammatical affix 语法词缀grammatical category 语法范畴grammatical function 语法功能grammatical inference 文法推论grammatical relation 语法关系grapheme 字素haplology 类音删略head 中心语head driven phrase structure 中心语驱动词组结构 [中心词驱动词组结构] head feature convention 中心语特征继承原理 [中心词特性继承原理] Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar 中心语驱动词组结构律heteronym 同形heuristic parsing 经验式句法剖析Heuristics 经验知识hidden Markov model 隐式马可夫模型hierarchical structure 阶层结构 [层次结构]holophrase 单词句homograph 同形异义词homonym 同音异义词homophone 同音词homophony 同音异义homorganic 同部位音的Horn clause Horn 子句HPSG (Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar) 中心语驱动词组结构语法human-machine interface 人机界面hypernym 上位词hypertext 超文件 [超文本]hyponym 下位词hypotactic 主从结构的IC (immediate constituent) 直接成份ICG (Information-based Case Grammar) 讯息为本的格位语法idiom 成语 [熟语]idiosyncrasy 特异性illocutionary 施为性immediate constituent 直接成份imperative 祈使句implicative predicate 蕴含谓词implicature 含意indexical 标引的indirect object 间接宾语indirect speech act 间接言谈行动 [间接言语行为]Indo-European language 印欧语言inductional inference 归纳推理inference machine 推理机器infinitive 不定词 [to 不定式]infix 中缀inflection/inflexion 屈折变化inflectional affix 屈折词缀information extraction 信息撷取information processing 信息处理 [信息处理]information retrieval 信息检索Information Science 信息科学 [信息科学; 情报科学] Information Theory 信息论 [信息论]inherent feature 固有特征inherit 继承inheritance 继承inheritance hierarchy 继承阶层 [继承层次]inheritance of attribute 属性继承innateness position 语法天生假说insertion 中插inside-outside algorithm 里里外外算法instantiation 体现instrumental (case) 工具格integrated parser 集成句法剖析程序integrated theory of discourse analysis 篇章分析综合理论[言谈分析综合理论]intelligence intensive production 知识密集型生产intensifier 加强成分intensional logic 内含逻辑Intensional Semantics 内涵语意学intensional type 内含类型interjection/exclamation 感叹词inter-level 中间成分interlingua 中介语言interlingual 中介语(的）interlocutor 对话者internalise 内化International Phonetic Association (IPA) 国际语音学会internet 网际网络Interpretive Semantics 诠释性语意学intonation 语调intonation unit (IU) 语调单位IPA (International Phonetic Association) 国际语音学会IR (information retrieval) 信息检索IS-A relation IS-A 关系isomorphism 同形现象IU (intonation unit) 语调单位junction 连接keyword in context 上下文中关键词[上下文内关键词] kinesics 体势学knowledge acquisition 知识习得knowledge base 知识库knowledge based machine translation 知识为本之机器翻译knowledge extraction 知识撷取 [知识题取]knowledge representation 知识表示KWIC (keyword in context) 关键词前后文 [上下文内关键词] label 卷标labial 唇音labio-dental 唇齿音labio-velar 软颚唇音LAD (language acquisition device) 语言习得装置lag 发声延迟language acquisition 语言习得language acquisition device 语言习得装置language engineering 语言工程language generation 语言生成language intuition 语感language model 语言模型language technology 语言科技left-corner parsing 左角落剖析 [左角句法剖析]lemma 词元lenis 弱辅音letter-to-phone 字转音lexeme 词汇单位lexical ambiguity 词汇歧义lexical category 词类lexical conceptual structure 词汇概念结构lexical entry 词项lexical entry selection standard 选词标准lexical integrity 词语完整性Lexical Semantics 词汇语意学Lexical-Functional Grammar 词汇功能语法Lexicography 词典学Lexicology 词汇学lexicon 词汇库 [词典;词库]lexis 词汇层LF (logical form) 逻辑形式LFG (Lexical-Functional Grammar) 词汇功能语法liaison 连音linear bounded automaton 线性有限自主机linear precedence 线性次序lingua franca 共通语linguistic decoding 语言译码linguistic unit 语言单位linked list 串行loan 外来语local 局部的localism 方位主义localizer 方位词locus model 轨迹模型locution 惯用语logic 逻辑logic array network 逻辑数组网络logic programming 逻辑程序设计 [逻辑程序设计] logical form 逻辑形式logical operator 逻辑算子 [逻辑算符]Logic-Based Grammar 逻辑为本语法 [基于逻辑的语法] long term memory 长期记忆longest match principle 最长匹配原则 [最长一致法] LR (left-right) parsing LR 剖析machine dictionary 机器词典machine language 机器语言machine learning 机器学习machine translation 机器翻译machine-readable dictionary (MRD) 机读辞典Macrolinguistics 宏观语言学Markov chart 马可夫图Mathematical Linguistics 数理语言学maximum entropy 最大熵M-D (modifier-head) construction 偏正结构mean length of utterance (MLU) 语句平均长度measure of information 讯习测度 [信息测度] memory based 根据记忆的mental lexicon 心理词汇库mental model 心理模型mental process 心理过程 [智力过程;智力处理] metalanguage 超语言metaphor 隐喻metaphorical extension 隐喻扩展metarule 律上律 [元规则]metathesis 语音易位Microlinguistics 微观语言学middle structure 中间式结构minimal pair 最小对Minimalist Program 微言主义MLU (mean length of utterance) 语句平均长度modal 情态词modal auxiliary 情态助动词modal logic 情态逻辑modifier 修饰语Modular Logic Grammar 模块化逻辑语法modular parsing system 模块化句法剖析系统modularity 模块性(理论)module 模块monophthong 单元音monotonic 单调monotonicity 单调性Montague Grammar 蒙泰究语法 [蒙塔格语法]mood 语气morpheme 词素morphological affix 构词词缀morphological decomposition 语素分解morphological pattern 词型morphological processing 词素处理morphological rule 构词律 [词法规则] morphological segmentation 语素切分Morphology 构词学Morphophonemics 词音学 [形态音位学;语素音位学] morphophonological rule 形态音位规则Morphosyntax 词句法Motor Theory 肌动理论movement 移位MRD (machine-readable dictionary) 机读辞典MT (machine translation) 机器翻译multilingual processing system 多语讯息处理系统multilingual translation 多语翻译multimedia 多媒体multi-media communication 多媒体通讯multiple inheritance 多重继承multistate logic 多态逻辑mutation 语音转换mutual exclusion 互斥mutual information 相互讯息nativist position 语法天生假说natural language 自然语言natural language processing (NLP) 自然语言处理natural language understanding 自然语言理解negation 否定negative sentence 否定句neologism 新词语nested structure 套结构network 网络neural network 类神经网络Neurolinguistics 神经语言学neutralization 中立化n-gram n-连词n-gram modeling n-连词模型NLP (natural language processing) 自然语言处理node 节点nominalization 名物化nonce 暂用的non-finite 非限定non-finite clause 非限定式子句non-monotonic reasoning 非单调推理normal distribution 常态分布noun 名词noun phrase 名词组NP (noun phrase) completeness 名词组完全性object 宾语{语言学}/对象{信息科学}object oriented programming 对象导向程序设计 [面向对向的程序设计] official language 官方语言one-place predicate 一元述语on-line dictionary 线上查询词典 [联机词点]onomatopoeia 拟声词onset 节首音ontogeny 个体发生Ontology 本体论open set 开放集operand 操作数 [操作对象]optimization 最佳化 [最优化]overgeneralization 过度概化overgeneration 过度衍生paradigmatic relation 聚合关系paralanguage 附语言parallel construction 并列结构Parallel Corpus 平行语料库parallel distributed processing (PDP) 平行分布处理paraphrase 转述 [释意;意译;同意互训]parole 言语parser 剖析器 [句法剖析程序]parsing 剖析part of speech (POS) 词类particle 语助词PART-OF relation PART-OF 关系part-of-speech tagging 词类标注pattern recognition 型样识别P-C (predicate-complement) insertion 述补中插PDP (parallel distributed processing) 平行分布处理perception 知觉perceptron 感觉器 [感知器]perceptual strategy 感知策略performative 行为句periphrasis 用独立词表达perlocutionary 语效性的permutation 移位Petri Net Grammar Petri 网语法philology 语文学phone 语音phoneme 音素phonemic analysis 因素分析phonemic stratum 音素层Phonetics 语音学phonogram 音标Phonology 声韵学 [音位学;广义语音学]Phonotactics 音位排列理论phrasal verb 词组动词 [短语动词]phrase 词组 [短语]phrase marker 词组标记 [短语标记]pitch 音调pitch contour 调形变化Pivot Grammar 枢轴语法pivotal construction 承轴结构plausibility function 可能性函数PM (phrase marker) 词组标记 [短语标记]polysemy 多义性POS-tagging 词类标记postposition 方位词PP (preposition phrase) attachment 介词依附Pragmatics 语用学Precedence Grammar 优先级语法precision 精确度predicate 述词predicate calculus 述词计算predicate logic 述词逻辑 [谓词逻辑]predicate-argument structure 述词论元结构prefix 前缀premodification 前置修饰preposition 介词Prescriptive Linguistics 规定语言学 [规范语言学]presentative sentence 引介句presupposition 前提Principle of Compositionality 语意合成性原理privative 二元对立的probabilistic parser 概率句法剖析程序problem solving 解决问题program 程序programming language 程序设计语言 [程序设计语言]proofreading system 校对系统proper name 专有名词prosody 节律prototype 原型pseudo-cleft sentence 准分裂句Psycholinguistics 心理语言学punctuation 标点符号pushdown automata 下推自动机pushdown transducer 下推转换器qualification 后置修饰quantification 量化quantifier 范域词Quantitative Linguistics 计量语言学question answering system 问答系统queue 队列radical 字根 [词干;词根;部首;偏旁]radix of tuple 元组数基random access 随机存取rationalism 理性论rationalist (position) 理性论立场 [唯理论观点]reading laboratory 阅读实验室real time 实时real time control 实时控制 [实时控制]recursive transition network 递归转移网络reduplication 重叠词 [重复]reference 指涉referent 指称对象referential indices 指针referring expression 指涉词 [指示短语]register 缓存器 [寄存器]{信息科学}/调高{语音学}/语言的场合层级{社会语言学} regular language 正规语言 [正则语言]relational database 关系型数据库 [关系数据库]relative clause 关系子句relaxation method 松弛法relevance 相关性Restricted Logic Grammar 受限逻辑语法resumptive pronouns 复指代词retroactive inhibition 逆抑制rewriting rule 重写规则rheme 述位rhetorical structure 修辞结构rhetorics 修辞学robust 强健性robust processing 强健性处理robustness 强健性schema 基朴school grammar 教学语法scope 范域 [作用域;范围]script 脚本search mechanism 检索机制search space 检索空间searching route 检索路径 [搜索路径]second order predicate 二阶述词segmentation 分词segmentation marker 分段标志selectional restriction 选择限制semantic field 语意场semantic frame 语意架构semantic network 语意网络semantic representation 语意表征 [语义表示]semantic representation language 语意表征语言semantic restriction 语意限制semantic structure 语意结构Semantics 语意学sememe 意素Semiotics 符号学sender 发送者sensorimotor stage 感觉运动期sensory information 感官讯息 [感觉信息]sentence 句子sentence generator 句子产生器 [句子生成程序]sentence pattern 句型separation of homonyms 同音词区分sequence 序列serial order learning 顺序学习serial verb construction 连动结构set oriented semantic network 集合导向型语意网络 [面向集合型语意网络] SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language) 结构化通用标记语言shift-reduce parsing 替换简化式剖析short term memory 短程记忆sign 信号signal processing technology 信号处理技术simple word 单纯词situation 情境Situation Semantics 情境语意学situational type 情境类型social context 社会环境sociolinguistics 社会语言学software engineering 软件工程 [软件工程]sort 排序speaker-independent speech recognition 非特定语者语音识别spectrum 频谱speech 口语speech act assignment 言语行为指定speech continuum 言语连续体speech disorder 语言失序 [言语缺失]speech recognition 语音辨识speech retrieval 语音检索speech situation 言谈情境 [言语情境]speech synthesis 语音合成speech translation system 语音翻译系统speech understanding system 语音理解系统spreading activation model 扩散激发模型standard deviation 标准差Standard Generalized Markup Language 标准通用标示语言start-bound complement 接头词state of affairs algebra 事态代数state transition diagram 状态转移图statement kernel 句核static attribute list 静态属性表statistical analysis 统计分析Statistical Linguistics 统计语言学statistical significance 统计意义stem 词干stimulus-response theory 刺激反应理论stochastic approach to parsing 概率式句法剖析 [句法剖析的随机方法] stop 爆破音Stratificational Grammar 阶层语法 [层级语法]string 字符串[串；字符串]string manipulation language 字符串操作语言string matching 字符串匹配 [字符串]structural ambiguity 结构歧义Structural Linguistics 结构语言学structural relation 结构关系structural transfer 结构转换structuralism 结构主义structure 结构structure sharing representation 结构共享表征subcategorization 次类划分 [下位范畴化]subjunctive 假设的sublanguage 子语言subordinate 从属关系subordinate clause 从属子句 [从句;子句]subordination 从属substitution rule 代换规则 [置换规则]substrate 底层语言suffix 后缀superordinate 上位的superstratum 上层语言suppletion 异型[不规则词型变化] suprasegmental 超音段的syllabification 音节划分syllable 音节syllable structure constraint 音节结构限制symbolization and verbalization 符号化与字句化synchronic 同步的synonym 同义词syntactic category 句法类别syntactic constituent 句法成分syntactic rule 语法规律 [句法规则]Syntactic Semantics 句法语意学syntagm 句段syntagmatic 组合关系 [结构段的;组合的]Syntax 句法Systemic Grammar 系统语法tag 标记target language 目标语言 [目标语言]task sharing 课题分享 [任务共享]tautology 套套逻辑 [恒真式;重言式;同义反复] taxonomical hierarchy 分类阶层 [分类层次] telescopic compound 套装合并template 模板temporal inference 循序推理 [时序推理] temporal logic 时间逻辑 [时序逻辑]temporal marker 时貌标记tense 时态terminology 术语text 文本text analyzing 文本分析text coherence 文本一致性text generation 文本生成 [篇章生成]Text Linguistics 文本语言学text planning 文本规划text proofreading 文本校对text retrieval 文本检索text structure 文本结构 [篇章结构]text summarization 文本自动摘要 [篇章摘要]text understanding 文本理解text-to-speech 文本转语音thematic role 题旨角色thematic structure 题旨结构theorem 定理thesaurus 同义词辞典theta role 题旨角色theta-grid 题旨网格token 实类 [标记项]tone 音调tone language 音调语言tone sandhi 连调变换top-down 由上而下 [自顶向下]topic 主题topicalization 主题化 [话题化]trace 痕迹Trace Theory 痕迹理论training 训练transaction 异动 [处理单位]transcription 转写 [抄写;速记翻译]transducer 转换器transfer 转移transfer approach 转换方法transfer framework 转换框架transformation 变形 [转换]Transformational Grammar 变形语法 [转换语法]transitional state term set 转移状态项集合transitivity 及物性translation 翻译translation equivalence 翻译等值性translation memory 翻译记忆transparency 透明性tree 树状结构 [树]Tree Adjoining Grammar 树形加接语法 [树连接语法]treebank 树图数据库[语法关系树库]trigram 三连词t-score t-数turing machine 杜林机 [图灵机]turing test 杜林测试 [图灵试验]type 类型type/token node 标记类型/实类节点type-feature structure 类型特征结构typology 类型学ultimate constituent 终端成分unbounded dependency 无界限依存underlying form 基底型式underlying structure 基底结构unification 连并 [合一]Unification-based Grammar 连并为本的语法 [基于合一的语法] Universal Grammar 普遍性语法universal instantiation 普遍例式universal quantifier 全称范域词unknown word 未知词 [未定义词]unrestricted grammar 非限制型语法usage flag 使用旗标user interface 使用者界面 [用户界面]Valence Grammar 结合价语法Valence Theory 结合价理论valency 结合价variance 变异数 [方差]verb 动词verb phrase 动词组 [动词短语]verb resultative compound 动补复合词verbal association 词语联想verbal phrase 动词组verbal production 言语生成vernacular 本地话V-O construction (verb-object) 动宾结构vocabulary 字汇vocabulary entry 词条vocal track 声道vocative 呼格voice recognition 声音辨识 [语音识别]vowel 元音vowel harmony 元音和谐 [元音和谐]waveform 波形weak verb 弱化动词Whorfian hypothesis Whorfian 假说word 词word frequency 词频word frequency distribution 词频分布word order 词序word segmentation 分词word segmentation standard for Chinese 中文分词规范word segmentation unit 分词单位 [切词单位]word set 词集working memory 工作记忆 [工作存储区]world knowledge 世界知识writing system 书写系统X-Bar Theory X标杠理论 ["x"阶理论]Zipf's Law 利夫规律 [齐普夫定律]阅读。
(完整word版)语言学 术语翻译及术语解释
术语翻译及术语解释汇总术语翻译1.Design features of language（语言的甄别特征）Arbitrariness（任意性），Duality（二层性/二重性），Creativity（创造性/原创性），Displacement（移位性），Cultural transmission（文化传播），Interchangeability（可互换性）2. Functions of languagereferential 指称功能poetic 诗学功能emotive情感功能conative 劝慰功能phatic寒暄功能metalingual function 元语言功能ideational function概念功能interpersonal function人际功能textual function语篇/文本功能Informative（信息/告知功能），Performative Function（施为功能），Emotive Function（情感功能），Phatic communion（寒暄交谈），Recreational Function（娱乐功能），3. Phonetics(语音学)，Phonology（音系/音位学）; Morphology（形态学），Syntax（句法学）;Semantics（语义学），Pragmatics（语用学）Articulatory phonetics发音语音学Acoustic phonetics声学语音学Auditory phonetics听觉语音学Psycholinguistics心理语言学Sociolinguistics社会语言学Anthropological linguistics人类语言学Computational linguistics计算语言学Applied linguistics应用语言学Neurolinguistics神经语言学4. Descriptive vs. prescriptive描写式和规定式Synchronic vs. diachronic共时和历时Langue vs. parole语言和言语Competence vs. performance语言能力和语言行为5. V ocal tract 声道(resonating cavities共鸣腔)，pharynx咽腔, oral cavity口腔and nasal cavity鼻腔.其它的一些发音器官：lungs肺, windpipe（trachea）气管, vocal folds声带, larynx喉, epiglottis会厌，次声门, pharynx咽, uvula小舌, hard palate硬腭,soft palate软腭, alveolar ridge齿龈6.Consonants and vowels（辅音和元音）A. Manners of articulation发音方式B. Places of articulation发音位置7. Stop (or plosive)爆破音Fricative摩擦音Approximant近似音Lateral (approximant)边音Affricates塞擦音, trill颤音and tap 闪音Bilabial双唇音Labiodental唇齿音Dental齿音Alveolar齿龈音Postal veolar后齿龈音Retroflex卷舌音Palatal硬腭音Velar软腭音Uvular小舌音, pharyngeal咽音glottal声门音monophthong vowel: 单元音diphthongs双元音triphthongs三元音Lax vowels短元音Tensed vowels长元音8.Coarticulation and phonetic transcription协同发音和标音anticipatory coarticulation先期协同发音perseverative coarticulation后滞协同发音. broad transcription宽式标音narrow transcription严式标音9. minimal pairs最小对立体Phoneme音位phonemic transcriptions音位转写phonetic transcriptions语音转写phones音子allophones音位变体complementary distribution互补分布phonetic similarity发音近似性Free variation自由变体assimilation同化regressive assimilation逆同化progressive assimilation顺同化phonological rule 音系规则Epenthesis增音binary 二分的Distinctive features区别特征Endocentric and Exocentric Constructions向心结构和离心结构subordinate and coordinate从属和并列Conceptual meaning概念意义Associative meaning:联想意义Connotative meaning内涵意义Social meaning社会意义Affective meaning情感意义Reflected meaning反射意义Collocative meaning搭配意义Thematic meaning主位意义denotation: 外延意义connotation: 内涵The referential theory:指称理论Semantic triangle语义三角Sense and reference：涵义和指称Synonymy同义关系Antonymy反义关系Hyponymy上下义关系Polysemy一词多义关系Homonymy 同音/形异意关系Dialectal synonyms 地域同义词Stylistic synonyms风格同义词Collocational synonyms搭配同义词gradable antonymy 等级反义关系cover term覆盖项Marked vs. unmarked terms标记项和非标记项complementary antonymy 互补反义关系converse antonymy 逆向反义关系homophones: 同音异义词homographs : 同形异义词complete homonyms semantic components语义部分术语解释1.Design feature的定义：the defining（最典型的，起决定作用的）properties ofhuman language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 2.Synchronic共时：It refers to the description of a language at some point of timein history.3.Diachronic历时：It studies the development or history of language. In otherwords, it refers to the description of a language as it changes through time .4.prescriptive规定式：A kind of linguistic s tudy aims to lay down rules for “correctand standard” behavior in using language.5.descriptive描写式: A kind of linguistic study aims to describe and analyze thelanguage people actually use.6.Arbitrariness（任意性）:By saying that “language is arbitrary”, we mean thatthere is no logical connection between meaning and sound.7.Duality（二层性/二重性）:it means that language is a system, which consists oftwo levels of structures, at the lower level there is the structure of sounds; at the higher level there is the structure of meaning.8.Displacement（移位性）: it means that language can be used to communicateabout things that are not present in our immediate communicational context.petence语言能力:it refers to an ideal speaker’s knowledge of the underlyingsystem of rules in a language.10.Performance语言行为: it refers to the actual use of the language by a speaker ina real communicational context.ngue语言: it refers to the speaker’s understanding and knowledge of thelanguage that he speaks.12.Parole言语: it is the actual speaking of language by an individual speaker.13.Cultural transmission（文化传播）:It refers to the fact that the details of thelinguistic system must be learned anew（重新，再）by each speaker. Language is not transmitted biologically from generation to generation.14.Phatic communion（寒暄交谈）:it refers to ritual exchanges, exchanges that havelittle meaning but help to maintain our relationships with other people.15.Phonetics(语音学): it is the study of the characteristics of speech sounds andprovides methods for their description, classification and transcription.16.V owels元音：the sounds in the production of which no articulators come veryclose together and the air-stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction.17.Consonants辅音：The sounds in the production of which there is an obstructionof the air-stream at some point of the vocal tract.18.Phonology: it is the study of the sound systems of languages and it is concernedwith the linguistic patterning of sounds in human languages. And it studies the way in which speakers of a language systematically use a selection of these sounds in order to express meaning.19.Phoneme音位: the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish twowords.20.Allophone音位变体: it refers to the different forms of a phoneme.21.Assimilation: it is a process by which one sound takes on some or all thecharacteristics of a neighboring sound.22.Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlappingarticulations are involved.plementary distribution互补分布:when two sounds never occur in thesame environment, they are in complementary distribution.24.Free variation自由变体: if two sounds occurring in the same environment do notcontrast, that is, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word, then the two sounds are in free variation.25.Distinctive features区别特征：A phonetic feature which distinguishes onephonological unit, especially one phoneme, from another.26.minimal pairs最小对立体----- which can be defined as pairs of words whichdiffer from each other by only one sound.27.vowel glides滑音: The vowels involving movement from one sound to anotherare called vowel glides.28.Epenthesis增音：it means a process of inserting a sound after another sound.29.Substitution relation: it refers to the relation specifically between an individualunit and others that can replace it in a given sequence.30.Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, orapproaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the centre, or head, of the whole.31.Exocentric construction: a group of syntactically related words where none ofthem is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole, that is, there is no definable center or head inside the group32.Reference: it is the relationship between words and the objects, actions orproperties that the words stand for. It deals with the extra-linguistic relationships between words and expressions and the world they describe.(具体的物质性的东西)33.Synonymy ：It refers to the sameness sense relations between words.ponential analysis ：Componential analysis defines the meaning of alexical element in terms of semantic components语义部分.35.Sense: it refers to the complex system of relationships that hold between linguisticelements themselves, it is concerned only with intra-linguistic relations.（概念性的东西）36.Semantics：semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words andsentences in particular.37.Homonymy: the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the sameform, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.38.Antonymy：It refers to the oppositeness sense relations between words.39.Hyponymy上下义关系：Hyponymy indicates sense inclusiveness. The upperterm in this sense relation is called superordinate上义词,and the lower terms, hyponyms下义词, members of the same class are called co-hyponyms.。
语言学专业词汇中英文对照版
语言学术语（英-汉对照）表appropriateness适宜性得体性broadening词义扩大Aapproximant无摩擦延续音Browncorpus布朗语料库abbreviation缩写词，略语aptitudetest素质测试Cablative夺格，离格Arabic阿拉伯语calculability可计算性accent重音（符）arbitrariness任意性calque仿造仿造词语accusative宾格argument中项中词主目cancellability可删除achievementtest成绩测试article冠词cardinalnumeral基数acousticphonetics声学语音学articulation发音cardinalvowel基本元音acquisition习得articulator发音器官case格acronym缩略语articulatoryphonetics发音语音学casegrammar格语法actionprocess动作过程artificialspeech人工言语casetheory格理论actor动作者aspect体category范畴addressform称呼形式aspirated吐气送气categoricalcomponent范畴成分addressee受话人assimilation同化causative使役的使投动词addresser发话人associative联想center中心词adjective形容词associativemeaning联想意义centraldeterminer中心限定词adjunct修饰成分附加语assonance准压韵半谐音chainrelation链状关系adverb副词attributive属性修饰语定语chainsystem链状系统affix词缀auditoryphonetics听觉语音学choice选择affixation词缀附加法authenticinput真实投入choicesystem选择系统affricate塞擦音authorialstyle权威风格circumstance环境因子agreement一致关系authoringprogram编程class词类airstream气流autonomy自主性classshift词性变换alliteration头韵auxiliary助词clause小句从句allomorph词/语素变体auxiliaryverb助动词click吸气音咂音allophone音位变体Bclipping截断法allophonicvariation音位变体babblingstage婴儿语阶段closedclass封闭类allophony音位变体现象back-formation逆构词法closedsyllable闭音节alveolarridge齿龈basecomponent基础部分cluster音丛alveolar齿龈音behaviouralprocess行为过程coarticulation协同发音ambiguity歧义behaviourism行为主义coda结尾音节符尾analogicalcreation类推造字bilabial双唇音code语码信码anapest抑抑扬格bilabialnasal双唇鼻音cognitivepsychology认知心理学anaphor前指替代bilateralopposition双边对立cognitivesystem认知系统anaphoricreference前指照应bilingualism双语现象coherence相关关联animate有生命的binarydivision二分法cohension衔接annotation注解binaryfeature二分特征co-hyponym同下义词antecedent先行词前在词binarytaxonomy二分分类学colligation类连结anthropologicallinguistics人类语言binding制约collocativemeaning搭配意义学bindingtheory制约论colorword色彩词anticipatorycoarticulation逆化协同blade舌叶舌面前部colorwordsystem色彩词系统发音blankverse无韵诗command指令antonomasia换称代类名blending混成法commoncore共核antonym反义词borrowing借用借词commonnoun普通名词antonymy反义(关系)boundmorpheme粘着语素communication交际appellative称谓性boundingtheory管辖论communicativecompetence交际能appliedlinguistics应用语言学bracketing括号法力appliedsociolinguistics应用社会语brevitymaxim简洁准则communicativedynamism,CD交际言学bridging架接性动力appropriacy适宜性broadtranscription宽式音标communicativelanguageteaching,CLT交际语言教学法consequent跟随成分cross-linguistic跨语言的communicativeSentencePattern,CSPconsonance辅音韵culturally-specific文化特异的交际性句子模式consonant辅音curriculum教学大纲communicativesyllabus交际教学大constantopposition不变对立customizing定制的纲constative表述的Dcommunicativetest交际性测试constituentcommand成分指令dactyl扬抑抑格communicative-grammaticalapproachconstituentproposition成分命题Danilanguage达尼语交际-语法教学法constituentstructureanalysis成分结dataretrieval,DR资料检索compactdisk激光盘database数据库构分析comparativedegree比较级constituent成分dative(case)与格competence能力construct编制dativemovement与格移动complement补语constructvalidity编制效度declarative陈述句complementaryantonym互补反义词construction构建decoding解码complementaryantonymy互补反义constructivism构建主义deductive演绎的关系contentanalysis内容分析deepstructure深层结构complementarydistribution互补分contentvalidity内容效度defeasibility消除可行性布contentword实义词definite有定的complexpredicate复合谓语contextdependent语境依赖的degeneratedata无用的语料component成分contextofsituation情景语境deixis指称componentialanalysis成分分析context语境delicacy精密阶compositeproposition复合命题contextualanalyses语境分析denotation外延指称compositionality复合性contextualmeaning语境意义dental齿音compound复合词复合句contrastiveanalysis对比分析dentalization齿音化comprehension理解controltheory控制理论derivation衍生computation计算controlledlanguage有控制的语言derivationalaffix衍生词汇computationallinguistics计算语言学convention常规规约derivationalmorphology派生形态学computationalsystem计算系统conventionalmeaning常规意义规约descriptiveadequacy描写充分性computer-assistedlearning,CAL计算descriptivelinguistics描写语言学意义机辅助学习conventionality常规性规约性designfeature结构特征computercorpus计算机语料库conversationalimplicature会话含义determiner限定词computerhardware计算机硬件conversationalmaxim会话准则developinggrammar发展语法computerliteracy计算机操作能力converseantonymy相反反义现象deviant变体computernetworks计算机网络conversion变换deviation偏离变异computersystem计算机系统cooperativeprinciple,CP合作原则devoicing清音化computer-assistedinstruction,CAI计coordinateconstruction并列结构diachroniclinguistics历时语言学算机辅助教学coordination并列diachronic历时的computer-assistedlearning,CALL计算coreferential互参的diacritic附加符号变音符机辅助语言学习coronal舌面前音diagnostictest诊断性测试conative意动的corpusdata语料库语料dialect方言concept概念corpus(plcorpora)语料素材dialectology方言学conceptualmeaning概念意义corpuslinguistics语料库语言学digitizedsound数字化语音concord一致（关系）context上下文dimetre二音步诗行concordance共现关系countable可数（名词）diphthong二合元音双元音concretenoun具体名词counterfactualproposition反事实命directobject直接宾语concurrent同时发生的directspeech,DS直接言语题conjugation词形变化couplet对句对联directthought,DT直接思想conjunct连接副词creativity创造性原创性directionality方向性conjunction连接词Creole克里澳尔语混和语discourse语篇话语conjunctionbuttressing连接词支撑cross-culturalcommunication跨文化discourseanalysis语篇分析话语分析connotation内涵discourseinterpretation语篇理解交际discrete分离的离散的finite有定的有限的民族学discrete-pointgrammar离散语法etic非位的素的finitestategrammar有限状态语discretepointtest分立性测试eventprocess事件过程法disjunction分离关系example-basedmachinetranslationfirst-personnarrator第一人称叙述displacement移位基于例句的机器翻译者dissimilation异化（作用）exchangeerror交换错误Firthianphonology弗斯音系学distinctivefeature区别性特征exchangesequence交际序列flap闪音distinguisher辩义成分exchangestructure交际结构flexibility灵活性变通性do-insertionruledo添加规则exhaustive穷尽的彻底的floppydisk软盘domain范围领域existent存在物focus焦点中心dorsal舌背音舌中音existential存在句folketymology俗词源学民间词源dorsum舌背（音）existentialprocess存在过程foregroundedfeatures突出特征doublecomparative双重比较existentialquantifier存在数量词foregrounding突出前景话drill-and-practicesoftware操练软件exocentric外向的foreignlanguageteaching外语教D-structureD结构exocentricconstruction外向结构学dual双数experiential经验的form形式dualisticview二分观点experientialfunction经验功能formaldifference形式差异duality二重性experimentalpsycholinguistics实验formalization形式化Eformation形成心理语言学earlyModernEnglish早期现代英语explanatoryadequacy解释充分性formative构形成分构词成分economy经济性简洁性explicitgrammarinstruction,EGI明freeform自由形式ejective爆发音freeindirectspeech,FIS自由间接言显的语法教学法electronicmail电子邮件expressionminimization表达最底程语ElizabethanEnglish伊利莎白时期英freeindirectthought,FIT自由间接思度语expressive表达的想ellipsis省略（法）extendedstandardtheory,EST扩展freemorpheme自由语素ellipticalsentencestructure省略句子freerootmorpheme自由词根语标准理论结构extensive引申的扩展的素embeddedelement嵌入成分extent-conditionformat程度条件格freevariant自由变体emic位学的freeverse自由韵文式emotive感情的externalevaluation外部评估French法语empirical经验主义的externalqualifier外部修饰语frequencyeffect频率效应empiricaldata经验主义的语料extrinsicsourcesoferror外在的错误fricative（摩）擦音empiricalvalidity经验效度friction摩擦来源empiricism经验主义eyemovement眼部移动front舌面前舌前的emptycategory,EC空范畴Ffullyautomatichighqualitytranslation,enablingskills使成技能化facevalidity卷面效度FAHQT全自动高质量翻译encoding编码facilitation便利促进functionword功能词endrhyme末端韵Fasoldfunction功能endocentricconstruction内向结构feasibility可行性functionalgrammar功能语法entailment蕴涵feature特征functionallinguistics功能语言学entrycondition入列条件feedback反馈functionalsentenceperspective,FSPepenthesis插音增音felicitycondition适宜性条件恰当条功能句子观equipollentopposition均等对立functionsoflanguage语言功能件equivalence相等feminine阴性fusion溶合equivalencereliability相等信度fiction小说fuzzy模糊的erroranalysis错误分析figurativelanguage比喻性语言象征GEST科技英语genderdifference性别差异性语言ethnicityidentity民族认同figuresofspeech修辞手段修辞格generallinguistics普通语言学ethnographyofcommunication交际finiteelement有定成分generalisation概括generativegrammar生成语法historicallinguistics历史语言学indicative陈述式陈述语气generativesemantics生成语言学holophrasticstage单词句阶段indirectobject间接宾语genitive属格所有格homonym同音/形异议词indirctspeech,IS间接言语genre体裁语类HopiHopi语indirectthought,IT间接思想German德语horizontalrelation链状关系Indo-Europeanlanguages印欧语given(information)已给信息Hornscale霍恩阶言globaltask整体任务humancognitivesystem人类认知系inference推论推理glottal喉音inferencedrawing推论统glottalstop喉塞音humanlanguage人类语言inferentialcommunication推论交goal目标humanspeech人类言语际governmenttheory支配理论humantranslation人译infinitive不定式government支配hypercorrection矫枉过正infix中缀grammaticalanalysis语法分析hyponym下义词inflection屈折（变化）grammaticalfunction;;hyponymy下义关系inflectionalaffix屈折词缀grammaticalstructure语法结构hypothesis假设inflectionalmorphology屈折形态gradableantonymy分等级的反义关hypothesis-deduction假设-演绎学系Iinflectiveendings屈折结尾gradualopposition渐次对立iamb抑扬格informationretrieval信息检索grammaticalcategory语法范畴iambicpentameter抑扬格五音步诗informationstructure信息结构grammaticalconcept语法概念informative(function)信息功行grammaticaldescription语法描写ICanalysis直接成分分析法能grammaticalform语法形式ICALL(intelligentCALL)智能计算机innateness先天性grammaticalmarker语法标记innatenesshypothesis（语法）天赋辅助语言学习grammaticalmeaning语法意义ideational(function)概念功假设grammaticalorganization语法组input输入能成identifying认同的inputhypothesis语言输入说grammaticalpattern语法类型idiom成语习语instrumental(function)工具功grammaticalprocess语法过程idiomatically-governed习语支配能grammaticalrule语法规则integrativetest综合性测试的grammaticalsentencepattern,GSPill-formedsentences不合适的句intensifier强调成分语法句形子intensive强调的增强的grammaticalstructure语法结illocutionaryact话中行为施为性行interactional(function)交互功构为能grammaticalsubject语法主语illocutionaryforce言外作用施为作interdental齿间音grammaticalsystem语法系统interface界面用grammaticalword语法词imaginative(function)想象功能interference干扰graphiticform文字形式immediacyassumption即时假定interjection感叹词GriceanmaximGrice准则immediateconstituentanalysis直接interlanguage中介语group词组interlingua国际语成分分析法guttural腭音imperativerule祈使规则interlingualapproach语际法Himperative祈使语气命令的interlocutor会话者half-rhyme半韵implicate意含internalevaluation内部评估hardpalate硬腭implication蕴涵含义internalstructure内部结构head中心词中心成分implicationconnective蕴涵连接internationalphoneticalphabet,IPA headedconstruction中心结构implicature含义言外之意国际音标heptameter七音步诗行impliedmeaning蕴涵意义internet互联网hierarchicalstructure等级结构implosive内破裂音内爆音interpersonal人际的hierarchicalsystem等级系统inanimate无生命的interpersonalfunction人际功hierarchy等级体系inclusivenessrelation内包意义能high高（元音）indefinite不定的，无定的interpretation解释interrogativesentence疑问句langue语言（系统）loantranslation翻译借词intonation语调larynx喉头loanblend混合借词intra-linguisticrelation语言内关系lateral边音旁流音loanshift转移借词intransitive不及物的Latin拉丁语loanword借词intrinsicsourcesoferror错误的内Latingrammar拉丁语法localareanetworks,LAN局域网源laxvowel松元音locutionaryact发话行为，表述性言invariableword不变词length长度音长语行为invention新创词语letter字母logicalcomponent逻辑成分inversion倒置，倒装level层，级，平面logicalconnective逻辑连词IPAchart国际音标图Levinson,Stephenlogicalformcomponent逻辑式成IPSsymbol国际音标符号lexeme词位词素分irony讽刺反话lexicalambiguity词汇歧义logicalformrepresentation逻辑式表isolatedopposition孤立对立lexicalchange词汇变化达Italian意大利语lexicallevel词汇层logicalformula逻辑公式Jlexicalmeaning词汇意义logicalfunction逻辑功能Japanese日语lexicalmorphology词汇形态学logicalsemantics逻辑语义学jargon黑话行语lexicalstudies词汇研究logicalstructure逻辑结构Jesperson,Ottolexicalword词汇词logicalsubject逻辑主语Johnson&Johnsonlexicogrammar词汇语法logophoricity词照应Johnsonlexicon词汇词典LondonSchool伦敦学派Jones,Daniellexis词longvowed长元音Kliaison连音连续lossofsound语音脱落kernelsentence核心句limerick打油诗loudness响度keyword关键词line诗行Mknowledge知识linearphonology线性音系学machinetranslation机器翻knowninformation已知信息linearstructure线形结构译Krashenlinguisticuniversity语言普遍性macrolinguistics宏观语言学Kruszewski,Mikolajlinguisticbehaviour语言行为macroproposition宏观命题Kuno,Susumolinguisticbehaviourpotential语言行macrostructure宏观结构Lmainclause主句为潜势label标示标记linguisticcompetence语言能Malinowski,Bronislawlabial唇音man-machinesymbiosis人机共生力labiodental唇齿音linguisticcontext语言语境上下文mannermaxim方式准则language语言linguisticdata语言素材mannerofarticulation发音方式languageacquisitiondevice,LAD语linguisticdescription语言描写marked标记的言习得机制linguisticdeterminism语言决定masculine阳性languageattitude语言态度matalinguistic元语言学的论languagechoice语言选择linguisticfacts语言事实material(process)物质过程languagecomprehension语言理linguisticrelativity语言相对性mathematicalprinciples数学原解linguisticsexism语言性别歧视理languagedata语言素材linguisticstructure语言结构maxim准则languagelearning语言学习linguistictheory语言理论maximalonsetprinciple最大节首辅languagemaintenance语言维护linguisticunit语言单位音原则languageprocessing语言处理linguisticuniversal语言普遍meaningpotential意义潜languagestructure语言结构性势languagesystem语言系统linguisticvariation语言变异meaningshift转移languageteaching语言教linguistics语言学meaning意学liprounding圆唇化义languageuniversal语言普遍性literallanguage本义语言mental(processs)思维过程心理过languageuse语言使用literarystylistics文学文体学程mentalism心灵主义node节变化message信息mothertongue母语本族nominalgroup名词词组metafunction元功能nominalization名词化语metalinguistic元语言的motivation动因动机nominative主格metaphor隐喻move（移动）non-authenticinput非真实语料的输metathesis换位（作用）MT机器翻译入metonymy换喻转喻MTquality机译质量non-contrastiveanalysis非对比性分metre韵律multilateralopposition多边对立析metricalpatterning韵律格式multi-levelphonology多层次音系non-conventionality非规约性microcomputer微机non-detachability非可分离性学microprocessor微处理器multilingualism多语制多语现象non-linearphonology非线性音系mid中（元音）N学mind思维narratee被叙述者non-linguisticentity非语言实体minimalattachmenttheory最少接触narrator叙述者non-pulmonicsound非肺闭塞音理论narrators’representationofspeechnon-reciprocaldiscourse非交替性语minimalpair最小对立体acts,NRSA言语行为的叙述者表篇minimalistprogramnon-reflexivepronoun非反身代词达minimumfreeform最小自由形narrator’respresentationofspeech,nonsensewordstage无意义词语阶式NRS言语的叙述者表达段mirrormaxim镜像准则narrator’respresentationofthoughtnonverbalcues非言语提示mistake错误acts,NRTA思维行为的叙述者表norm规范modalsubject语气主语notationsystem标写系统达modalverb情态动词narrator’repsresentationofthought,notion意念modality情态NRT思维的叙述者表达notional-functionalsyllabus意念功能modernFrench现代法语narrowtranscription窄式音标教学大纲modification修饰narrowing狭窄化nounphrase名词短语modifier修饰语nasal鼻音noun名词monomorphemic单语素的nasalcavity鼻腔numbersystem数字系统monophonemic单音位的nasalsound鼻音number数字monophthong单元音nasalstop鼻塞音Omonosyllabic单音节的nasaltract鼻道object宾语Motaguegrammar蒙太古语法nasality鼻音性object-deletion宾语省略mood语气nasalization鼻音化objectivecase宾格morph形素词素形式Nash,Walterobjectivity客观性morpheme语素词素形nativespeaker操本族语者obligatory强制性素naturallanguage自然语言observationaladequacy观察充分morpheme-exchangeerror词素交错naturalisticdata自然语料性误near-adultgrammar近成人语法abstruction阻塞morphemicshape词素形状negation否定否定结构OCRscanner光学字符阅读器扫描morphemicstructure词素结构negative否定的仪morphemictranscription词素标negativeinterference负面干扰octametre八音步诗行音negativemarker否定标记OldEnglish古英语morphologicalchange形态变化negativetransfer负转移one-placepredicate一位谓语morphologicalrule形态规则neogrammarian新语法学家on-linetranslation在线翻译morphology形态学network网络onomatopoeia拟声词morpho-phonemiccomponent形态networkcomputer网络计算机onset节首辅音音位成分neutralizableopposition可中立对openclass开放类morphophonemics形态音位学opensyllable开音节立morphophonology形态音系学newinformation新信息operationalsystem操作系统morpho-syntacticalchange形态句法newstylistics新文体学operative可操作性operator操作词person人称polysyllabic多音节（词）oppositenessrelation对立关系personal(function)自指性功能polysystemicanalysis多系统分析opposition对立pharyngeal咽头音喉音Portugese葡萄牙语optimalrelevance最适宜关联pharynx喉头positivetransfer正移转option选择phatic(communion)寒暄交谈交感性possessive所有的属有的optional可选择的possiblegrammar可能语言的语谈话oralcavity口腔phone音素音子法oralstop口阻塞音phonematicunit音声单位postalveolar后齿龈音ordinalnumeral序数词phoneme音位post-Bloomfieldianlinguistics后布龙originoflanguage语言起源phoneticalphabet音标菲尔德语言学orthography正字法phoneticformcomponent语音形式postdeterminer后限定词ostensivecommunication直示交post-structuralistview后结构主义观部分际phoneticsimilarity语音相似性点output产出phoneticsymbol语音符号pragmaticinference语用推论overgeneralization过分法则化phonetictranscription标音pragmaticroles语用角色Ppragmatics语用学（法）palatal腭音舌面中音phonetics语音学PragueSchool布拉格学palatal-alveolar腭齿龈音phonologicalanalysis音位分析派palatalization（硬）腭化phonologicalcomponent音位部predeterminer前限定词paradigm聚合体predicatecalculus谓语演算分paradigmaticrelation聚合关phonologicallevel音系层predicatelogic谓语逻辑系phonologicalprocess音位过程predicate谓语paraphrase释义意译phonologicalrepresentation音位表predicator谓语（动）词parole言语predictivevalidity预测效度达partofspeech词类phonologicalrule音位规则pre-editing预先编辑译前加工participant参与者phonologicalstructure音位结构prefix前缀particle小品词语助词phonologicalsystem音位系统pre-modifiedinput预修正的输particulargrammar特定语的语phonologicalvariant音位变体入法phonology音系学premodifier前修饰语partitive部分的部分格phrasalverb短语动词preposition介词passivetransformation被动转phrase短语prepositionalcalculus介词演算换phrasestructure短语结构prepositionallogic介词逻辑passive(voice)被动语态phrasestructuregrammar短语结构prepositionalopposition介词对patterndrilltechnique句型操练语法立法phrasestructurerule,PSrule短语结prepositionalphrase介词短pattern模式构规则语patterning制定模式pidgin皮软语洋泾滨语不纯正外prescriptive规定式pause停顿presupposition前提预设语peak（节）峰Pitch音高声调高低primarycardinalvowel主要基本元perceptualspan感知时距placeofarticulation发音部位音perfectionism完善主义play剧本primarystress主重音第一重音perfective完成体plosion爆破principleofinformativeness信息性performancetest语言运用测试plosive爆破音爆发音原则performance语言运plural复数principleofleasteffort最省力原用pluralism多元主义则performative(verb)行事性动plurality复数形式principleofquantity数量原则词poetic(function)诗学功能privativeopposition表非对立表缺对perlocutionaryact话后行为poetry诗歌立perseverativecoarticulation重复性polymorphemic(word)多语素process过程协同发音词productionerror产生性错误productivity多产性realisation体现R-principle关联原则proficiencytest水平测试recall回忆rulesystem规则系统pro-form代词形式替代形式receivedpronunciation,RP标准发rule-basedapproaches基于规则的programminglanguage编程语言音方法progressive进行体receiver受话者信息接受者rulesoflanguage语言规则progressiveassimilation顺同化recencyeffect近期效应Sprojectionrule投射规则recognition识别samenessrelation相同关系pronominal代词recursion可溯Sanskrit梵文pronoun代词recursive可溯的还原的Sapir-WhorfHypothesis萨丕尔-沃夫pronunciation发音recursiveness递归性假设pronunciationdictionary发音词典reference所指参照Saussure索绪尔pronunciation发音referentialmeaning所指意义scaleofdelicacy精密阶proportionalopposition部分对referentialtheory所指理论schema图式立referential所指的scheme-orientedlanguage面向图式proposition命题reflectedmeaning反映意义的语言prosestyle散文风格reflexive(form)反身形式secondlanguageacquisition第二语prosodicanalysis节律分析超音质分regionaldialect地域方言言习得析register语域secondarycardinalvowel次要基本元psycholinguistics心理语言学regressiveassimilation逆同化音psycholinguistic-sociolinguisticregulatory(function)控制性语言功secondarystress次重音approach心理-社会语言学方法segment音段能psychologicalreality心理现实relationmaxim关系准则selectionrestriction选择限制psychologicalsubject心理主语relationalopposite关系对立selectionalrules选择规则psychologyoflanguage语言心理学relationalprocess关系过程self-reflexive自反身psychometric-structuralistapproachrelativeclause关系分句关系从句semanticassociationnetwork语义关心理测定-结构主义法relativepronoun关系代词联网络pulmonicsound肺闭塞音relativeuninterruptibility相对的非间semanticchange语义变化Putonghua普通话semanticcomponent语义部断性Qrelevancetheory关联理论分Q-basedimplicature基于质量的含reliability信度semanticfeature特征义repetition重复semanticinterpretation语义解释Q-principle质量原则representationalsystem表达系统semanticinterpretativerules语义解quality质representational表达实体释规则量residue剩余成分semanticprocess语义过程restrictedlanguage限制性语言semanticrepresentation语义表达qualitymaxim质量准则retrievalprocess检索过程semanticsentencepattern,SSP语义quantifier数量词retrievalsystem检索系统句型quantitativeanalysis定量分析retroflexsound卷舌音semantictriangle语义三角quantitativeparadigm数量变化表reverserhyme反陨semantics语义学quantitymaxim数量准则revisedextendedstandardtheory,semi-consonant半辅音quatrain四行诗REST修正扩展标准理论semioticsystem符号系统Rrewritingrules重写规则semiotics符号学range范围rheme述位semi-vowel半元音rank级rhetoricalskill修辞技能senserelation意义关系rationalism理性主义rhyme韵韵角压韵sense意义rawdata原始素材rhythm韵律节奏sentence句子R-basedimplicature基于关联的涵Romanalphabetletter罗马字母sentencefragments句子成分义root词根sentencemeaning句义reader读者rootmorpheme词根语素sentencememory句子记忆readingcomprehension阅读理解roundvowel圆元音sentencestress句重音sentencestructure句子结构speechsynthesis言语合成superlativedegree最高级sententialcalculus句子演算spelling拼写,拼法superordinate上坐标词setting场景splitinfinitives分裂的不定式suprasegmentalfeature超语段特征sibilant咝擦音spokencorpus口语语料库surfaceform表层形式sign符号spokenlanguagetranslation口语翻surfacerepresentation表层表达signified所指受指surfacestructure表层结构译signifier能指施指spondee扬扬格syllabicstructure音节结构simile明喻spoonerism首音互换斯本内现象syllabification音节划节simultaneity同时性spread展元音syllable音节singular单数S-structure表层结构syllabusdesign教学大纲设计situationalcontext情景语境stability稳定性syllabus教学大纲situationallevel情景层stabilityreliability稳定性效度syllogism三段论法situationalsyllabus情景教学大纲StandardEnglish标准英语symbol符号situationalvariation情景变异standardtheory标准理论synchronic(linguistics)共时（语言学）slot空缺standardization标准化synonym同义词socialrole社会角色statisticalanalysis统计分析synonymous同义的socialsemiotic社会符号学status地位synonymy同义现象socio-culturalrole社会文化角色stem词干syntacticcomponent句法部分sociolinguisticstudyoflanguage语言stimulus刺激syntacticfeatures句法特征的社会语言学研究stimulus-response刺激反应syntacticfunction句法功能sociolinguisticstudyofsociety社会stop闭塞音syntacticmarker句法标记的社会语言学研究storedknowledge储存知识syntacticprocess句法过程sociolinguistics社会语言学strategicknowledge学习策略知识syntacticrestriction句法限制sociologicalapproach社会学方法stratification层syntacticstructure句法结构softpalate软腭streamofconsciousness意识流syntacticalchange变化solidarity团结stresspattern重音模式syntagmaticrelation组合关系sonnet十四行诗stress重音syntax句法sonorant响音structuralanalysis结构分析systemnetwork系统网络sonorityscale响音阶structural(structuralist)grammar结systemofsigns符号系统sound语音systemofsystems系统的系统构语法soundimage语音图像structuralsyllabus结构教学大纲systemic(grammar)系统语法soundpattern语音模式structuraltest结构测试systemic-functionalGrammar,SFG系soundsegment音段structuralism结构主义统功能语法soundsystem语音系统structuralistlinguistics结构主义语言soundwave音波T学speaker’smeanin说g话者意义structuralistview结构主义观点tacitknowledge默契的知识speech言语style文体风格tagmeme法位speechacttheory言语行为理论stylisticanalysis文体分析tagmemics法位学speechcommunity言语社团stylistics文体学tap一次接触音speechcomprehension言语理解subcategorize次范畴targetlanguage目标语言speechevent言语事件subject主语tautology同义反复冗辞speechfunction言语功能subject-deletion主语省略template模块speechmode言语方式subjectivetest主观性测试tensevowel紧元音speechorgan言语器官subjectivity主观性tense时态speechperception言语感知subjunctivemood虚拟语气testcontent测试内容speechpresentation言语表达subordinateconstruction从属结构testform测试形式speechproduction;言语产生subordination从属testee受试者speechresearch言语研究substitutability替代性testing测试speechrole言语角色substitution替换test-retestreliability一测再测信speechsound语音suffix后缀度tetrameter四音步诗行Uvoicing浊音化，有声化text语篇Unaspirated不松气的vowelglide元音音渡textcomprehension语篇理解underlyingform底层形式vowel元音textencoding语篇编码underlyingrepresentation底层表达Wtextinterpretation语篇解释uninterruptibility非中断性webpage网页textstyle语篇风格universalgrammar,UG普遍语法Wh-interrogative特殊疑问句textualorganization语篇组织universalquantifier普遍限量词womenregister女性语域textual语篇功能universal普遍现象word词theme主位universality普遍性wordclass词类theoreticallinguistics理论语言学universalsoflanguage语言的普遍现wordformation词语形成third-personnarrator第三人称叙述wordgroup词组象者unmarked未标记的wordmeaning词义thoughtpresentation思想表达unroundedvowel非圆元音wordorder词序three-placepredicate三位谓语urbandialectology都市方言学wordrecognition词语识别tone声调音调user用户wordformation词语形成tongueheight舌高user-friendly方便用户的word-for-word逐词翻译tongueposition舌位utterancemeaning语句意义wording措辞tonguetip舌尖utterance语句workingmemorysystem工作记忆系topic主题uvula小舌统tracetheory轨迹论uvular小舌音writing文字traditionalgrammar传统语法writingsystem文字系统transcribed标音Vwrittenlanguage书面语transcription音标标音validity效度writtentext篇章transfer移转variable可变化的Xtransferapproach移转法variableword可变化词X-barTheoryX-bar理论transformation转换variation变异Ytransformationofinterrogation疑问variety变体语体yes/nointerrogative是非问句转换velar软腭音yes/noquestion是非问句transformationalcomponent转换部velarization腭音化Z分、transformationalgrammar转换语velum软口盖zeroform零形式法verb动词transformationalprocess转换过程verbphrase动词短语transformationalrule转换规则verbalcommunication言语交际transformational-generativegrammar,verbalprocess言语过程TGgrammar转换生成语法verbiage言辞transitivity及物性vernacularlanguageeducation本地translation翻译化教育treediagram树形图verticalrelation选择关系trill颤音vocabulary词汇trochee抑扬格长短格vocalcord声带trope转喻隐喻vocalorgan发音器官truthcondition真值条件vocaltract声道truthvalue真值vocative呼格tu/vousdistinction你/您区别voice语态turnlength话语轮次长度voicedconsonant浊辅音turnquantity话语轮次数量voicedobstruent浊塞音turn-taking依次发言voiced(sound)浊音two-placepredicate二位谓语voicelessconsonant清辅音two-wordutterance二词话语voicelessobstruent清塞音typology类型学voiceless(sound)清音。
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Relation maxim: 相关准则One of the maxims, in which the speaker has to be relevant.
Representative: 阐述句A speech act in which the speaker states what is believed or known, e.g. an assertion.
Background entailment: 背景蕴涵Any logical consequence of an utterance.
Commissive: 承诺句A speech act in which the speaker commits himself or herself to some future action, e.g. a promise.
Manner Maxim: 方式准则 One of the maxims, in which the speaker is to be clear, brief, and orderly.
Maxim: 准则One of the four sub-principles of the cooperative principle.
Turn-taking: 轮换The change of speaker during conversation
Honorific: 敬语 Expression which marks that the addressee is of higher status.
Illocutionary force: 言外之力 The communicative force of an utterance.
Insertion sequence: 插入系列 A two part sequence that comes between the first and second parts of another sequence in conversation.
Conversational implicature: 会话含义An additional unstated meaning that has to be assumed in order to maintain cooperative principle, e.g. if someone says “The President is a mouse”, something that is literally false, the hearer must assume the speaker means to convey more than is being said.
Declaration: 宣告句A speech act that brings about a change by being uttered, e.g. a judge pronouncing a sentence.-
Dexis: 指示 “Pointing” via language, using a deictic expression, e.g. “this”, “here”.
Perlocutionary act: 以言成事 The effect of an utterance used to perform a speech act.
Person deixis: 人称指示 Forms used to point ot people, e.g. “me”, “you”.
Pragmatics: 语用学 The study of speaker meaning as distinct from word or sentence meaning.
Preferred: 期待的 The structurally expected next utterance used in a response.
Particularized conversational implicature: 特殊会话含义An additional unstated meaning that depends on special or local knowledge.
Performative verb: 行事动词A verb that explicitly names the speech act, e.g. the verb “promise” in the utterance “I promise to be there”.
语用学重要术语英汉对照解释
Adjacency pair: 相邻对A sequence of two utterances by different speakers in conversation. The second is a response to the first, e.g., question-answer.
Speech act: 言语行为An action performed by the use of an utterance to communicate.
Textual function: 篇章功能The use of language in the creation of well-formed text.
Quantity maxim: 数量准则One of the maxims, in which the speaker has to be neither more nor less informative than is necessary.
Reference: 照应An act by which a speaker uses a word, or words, to enable a listener to identify someone or something.
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Projection problem: 映射问题The problem of the presupposition of a simple structure not surviving when part of a more complex structure.
Quality maxim: 质量准则One of the maxims, in which the speaker has to be truthful.
Entailment: 蕴涵 Something that logically follows from what is asserted.
Expressive: 表达句A speech act in which the speaker expresses feelings or attitudes, e.g. an apology.
Face: 面子A person’s public self-image.
Felicity conditions: 恰当条件 The appropriate conditions for a speech act to be recognized as intended.
Generalized conversational implicature: 一般性会话含义 An additional unstated meaning that does not depend on special or local knowledge.
Dispreferred: 不期待The structurally unexpected next utterance as a response, e.g. an invitation is normally followed by an acceptance, so a refusal is dispreferred.
Preparatory conditions: 准备条件Specific requirements prior to an utterance in order for it to cont as a particular speech act.
Presupposition: 前提Something the speaker assumes to be the case.
Directive: 指令句A speech act used to get someone else to do something, e.g. an order.
Discourse analysis: 话语分析The study of language use with reference to the social and psychological factors that influence communication.
Content conditions: 内容条件In order to count as a particular type of speech act, an utterance must contain certain features, e.g. a promise must be about a future event.
Sincerity conditions: 诚意条件Requirements on the genuine intentions of a speaker in order for an utterance to count as a particular speech act.
Social deixis: 社会指示Forms used to indicate relative social status.