英汉词语对比与翻译
左彪-英汉对比与翻译(全)
Two Types of Transfer
• Negative Transfer (负迁移) Errors arise from analogy. 类推会产生错误。 • Positive Transfer （正迁移） Errors decrease by analysis. 分析能减少错误。
We could turn negative transfer (interference) into positive (facilitation) by making analysis on differences between the two languages and arouse the learner‟s awareness of avoiding or reducing errors from analogy. 我们可以通过分析两种语言的差异，提高学生避免 或减少类推错误的意识，把负迁移（干扰）转化为正迁 移（促进）。
人在阵地在。 The position will not be given up so long as we are still living. 人无远虑， If one has no long-term considerations, 必有近忧。 he will find trouble at his doorstep.
English-Chinese Contrast and Translation 左飚
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
English-Chinese Contrast and Translation
左 飚
上海建桥学院 上海海事大学 zuobiao212@
欢迎光临
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
Chinese
Lacking inflection in the strict sense 缺少严格意义的 形态变化 老师们、同学们 我的爸爸、你的妈妈 认真的态度、 认真地学习
英汉词语对比与翻译
言内意义（intralingual meaning)或语篇意义是句子成分与 句子成分之间或句与句之间的关系，它决定着行文的韵律节 奏，如何衔接连贯，达到何种修辞效果等。
“三包”：包修、包退、包换
The three guaranteed R’s: repair, replacement and refund.
三个面向：面向现代化、面向世界、面向未来
Orient/gear educational work to the needs of modernization, the world, and the future
①She can be scornful of those ②who are not tough in either performance or philosophy, ③ reserving for them her ultimate pejorative, “wet”, ④which in her lexicon is an accusation of gutlessness.
三围
bust, waist and hips vital statistics 三资企业
Chinese-foreign joint ventures, cooperative enterprises and exclusively foreign-owned enterprises或 Sino-foreign joint ventures, cooperative businesses and exclusively foreign-owned enterprises in China
中文常见成语的英文翻译与英汉差异
中文常见成语的英文翻译与英汉差异爱屋及乌Love me, love my dog.百闻不如一见One look is worth a thousand words.比上不足，比下有余To fall short of the best, but be better than the worst.笨鸟先飞A slow sparrow should make an early start.不遗余力Spare no effort; go all out; do one's best.不打不成交No discord, no concord.拆东墙补西墙Rob Peter to pay Paul.辞旧迎新Bid farewell to the old and usher in the new.大事化小，小事化了Try first to make their mistake sound less serious and then to reduce it to nothing at all.大开眼界Broaden one's horizon; be an eye-opener.国泰民安The country flourishes and people live in peace.过犹不及Going beyond the limit is as bad as falling short;excess is just as bad as deficiency;too much is as bad as too little.好了伤疤忘了疼Once on shore, one prays no more.好事不出门，坏事传千里Bad news travels fast.和气生财Harmony brings wealth;friendliness is conducive to business success.活到老学到老Never too old to learn.既往不咎Let bygones be bygones.金无足赤，人无完人There are spots even on the sun.金玉满堂Treasures fill the home.脚踏实地Be down-to-earth.脚踩两只船Sit on the fence; be a fence-sitter; have a foot in either camp. 君子之交淡如水A hedge between keeps friendship green.已成定局Cut and dried.礼尚往来Courtesy calls for reciprocity.留得青山在，不怕没柴烧Where there is life, there is hope.马到成功Achieve immediate victory; win instant success.名利双收Gain both fame and wealth.茅塞顿开Be suddenly enlightened.没有规矩，不成方圆Nothing can be accomplished without norms or standards.每逢佳节倍思亲On festive occasions more than ever one thinks of one's dear ones far away. 谋事在人，成事在天Man proposes; God disposes.弄巧成拙Make a fool of oneself in trying to be smart.赔了夫人又折兵Suffer a double loss; lose the bait along with the fish.抛砖引玉A modest spur to induce others to come forward with valuable contributions; throw a sprat to catch a mackerel.破釜沉舟Cut off all means of retreat；burn one's own way of retreat and be determined to fight to the end.抢得先机Take the preemptive opportunities.巧妇难为无米之炊One can't make bricks without straw.千里之行始于足下A thousand-li journey begins with the first step--the highest eminence is to be gained step by step.前事不忘，后事之师Past experience, if not forgotten, is a guide for the future.前怕狼，后怕虎Fear wolves ahead and tigers behind; hesitate in doing something.强龙难压地头蛇The mighty dragon is no match for the native serpent.瑞雪兆丰年A fall of seasonal snow gives promise of a fruitful year.人逢喜事精神爽People are in high spirits when involved in happy events.世上无难事，只怕有心人Where there is a will, there is a way.世外桃源A retreat away from the turmoil of the world.人之初，性本善Humans are born good.上有天堂，下有苏杭Just as there is paradise in heaven, there are Suzhou and Hangzhou on earth 塞翁失马，焉知非福A blessing in disguise;Every cloud has a silver lining.三十而立A man should be independent at the age of thirty. /At thirty, a man should be able to think for himself.水涨船高A ship rises with the tide时不我待Time and tide wait for no man.杀鸡用牛刀Use a steam-hammer to crack nuts.实事求是Seek truth from facts; be practical and realistic; be true to facts.说曹操，曹操到Speak of the devil.实话实说Speak the plain truth; call a spade a spade; tell it as it is.实践是检验真理的唯一标准Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth.韬光养晦Hide one's capacities and bide one's time.糖衣炮弹Sugar-coated bullets.天有不测风云Anything unexpected may happen. a bolt from the blue.团结就是力量Unity is strength.跳进黄河洗不清Even if one jumped into the Yellow River, one can not wash oneself clean - there's nothing one can do to clear one's name歪风邪气Unhealthy trends and vulgar practices.物以类聚，人以群分Birds of a feather flock together.望子成龙Hold high hopes for one's child.唯利是图Seek nothing but profits; be blind to all but one's own interests.无中生有A sheer fabrication out of nothing; fabricate rumors out of thin air.无风不起浪There are no waves without wind. Nothing comes of nothing.徇私枉法Twist the law to suit one's own purpose.新官上任三把火A new broom sweeps clean.蓄势待发Accumulate strength for a take-off.心想事成May all your wish come true.心照不宣Have a tacit understanding; thoroughly understand each other, without havingexchanged a word of explanation.先入为主First impressions are firmly entrenched.先下手为强He who strikes first gains the advantage.The best defense is offense.热锅上的蚂蚁Ants on a hot pan现身说法Warn people by taking oneself as an example.息事宁人Pour oil on troubled waters; patch up a quarrel and reconcile the parties concerned. 循序渐进Proceed in an orderly way and step by step; advance gradually in due order.严以律己，宽以待人Be strict with oneself and lenient with others.有情人终成眷属Jack shall have Jill, all shall be well.有钱能使鬼推磨Money makes the mare go./ Money talks.有识之士A man of insight.有勇无谋Bold but not crafty.有缘千里来相会Separated as we are thousands of miles apart, we come together as if by predestination.与时俱进Keep pace with the times.以人为本People-oriented.因材施教Teach students according to their aptitude.欲穷千里目，更上一层楼To ascend another storey to see a thousand miles further; Ascend further, were you to look farther.欲速则不达Haste makes waste.More haste, less speed.优胜劣汰Survival of the fittest.英雄所见略同Great minds think alike.冤家宜解不宜结Better make friends than make enemies.冤假错案Cases in which people were unjustly, falsely or wrongly charged or sentenced; unjust, false or wrong cases.一言既出，驷马难追A promise is a promise.A real man never goes back on his words.招财进宝Bring in wealth and treasure.债台高筑Become debt-ridden.众矢之的Target of public criticism.纸上谈兵Be an armchair strategist.纸包不住火You can't wrap fire in paper.What's done by night appears by day.左右为难Caught in a dilemma; between the devil and the deep blue sea.英语学习应注意的英汉差异英语重形合(hypotaxis)，汉语重意合(parataxis) 。
英汉词语搭配对比与翻译
英汉词语搭配对比与翻译作者：马瑞敏来源：《卷宗》2013年第07期摘要：词语搭配是否恰当与语言表达的准确性息息相关。
语言不同，词语搭配也不相同，但是也是有一些相同之处。
每种语言都有自己不同的语音、语义、语法系统。
语言表达中的词组造句应该符合该语言使用民族的文化习惯。
在英汉两种语言中，词汇的搭配既有相似之处，也有不同之处，本文对英汉词汇搭配中的相同之处和不同之处进行简要的对比，在此基础上对其差异进行分析。
关键词：英汉词语搭配；搭配习惯；差异分析1 英汉词语搭配词汇是语言的重要组成部分，通常词与词联合起来才能发挥出它们的作用。
词与词的经常性联合，就形成了词语的搭配。
菲斯（ Firth）认为“理解一个词要看它的结伴关系（you shall know a word by the company it keeps）”，某些词经常和某些词共现，它们这种“mutual expectancy of words”形成了搭配关系。
2 英汉词汇搭配的相同之处2.1 英语中“形容词/名词+名词”与汉语中的偏正结构相同在这里的偏正结构主要指表限定关系的结构。
例如：a formidable task艰难的任务。
英语中有很多名词作定语的情况，这也是当代英语简略走向的反映，但这样的搭配翻译成汉语时，有必要做一些调整。
例如：shoe habit穿鞋习惯。
2.2 英语中“动词+名词”与汉语中的述宾结构相同在这里述宾结构主要是表支配关系的。
例如：They annulled their marriage last year.（解除婚约）2.3 英语中“名词+动词”与汉语中表主谓的结构相同例如：blood circulate血液循环bombs explode炸弹爆炸2.4 英语中“动词+副词”与汉语中“副词+动词”相同They were arguing heatedly over unemployment.（激烈辩论）从上述例子中可以看出英语中的词汇搭配“动词+副词”与汉语中的词汇搭配“副词+动词”相似。
英汉对比与翻译(全)
语义型与形态型
Please translate the following:
不要人云亦云。 Don‟t say what others have said. 这件事，你做也好，他做也罢，我看谁都做不好。 Whether you do the matter or he does it, I‟m afraid neither will do it well. 支农惠农政策不断加强。 Policies were constantly strengthened to support and benefit agriculture. 必须采取措施在石油资源耗尽之前开发新能源。 Measures must be taken to develop new energy resources before petroleum resources are used up.
Zuo Biao
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
Three Parts
1. Language transfer （语言迁移） 2. Linguistic contrast（语言对比） 欢迎光临 （对比与翻译） 3. Contrast and translation
Part One
Language Transfer in FL Learning: Interference or Facilitation?
Two Typesnsfer • Positive Transfer (负迁移) （正迁移） Errors arise from Errors decrease by analogy. analysis. 类推会产生错误。 分析能减少错误。
Keen awareness of the similarities and differences between the two languages can facilitate FL learning. 对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习。
第三章 张春柏 汉译英 英汉词汇对比与翻译
第三章：英汉词汇对比与翻译英汉两种言分属印欧语系和汉藏语系，英语是拼音文字，汉语是表意文字，两者之间存在着很大的差异。
这种差异首先反映在词汇上。
与翻译关系比较密切的因素主要包括词义、词形、和词的音律和节奏等。
3.1英汉语的词义对比与翻译说到翻译，人们自然会想到词的选择。
有人以为手持一本英汉词典和一本汉英词典就可以翻译了。
这是一种非常幼稚的想法。
这不仅是因为翻译牵涉到诸多非语言因素，如文化知识和科学常识等，而且还因为英语和汉语和词汇之间本身就有着很大的差别。
这种差别首先表现在词义上。
英国语言学家利奇把最广义的意义划分为七种不同的类型：外延意义、内涵意义、社会意义、情感意义、反映意义、搭配意义和主题意义。
除了主题意义外，其他六种意义都与词义密切相关。
显然，词典告诉我们的主要是词的外延意义，如“土地”、“红色”、和“荷花”在英语中分别为earth、 red和 lotus flower，而它们的其他意义则不大可能作全面的反映。
可以毫不夸张地说，除了科技词汇外，英语和汉语中几乎没有两个词在所有的意义和用法上是完全对等的。
具体而言，英汉词汇在意义上主要有以下区别：1 词汇的意义范围（semantic scope）不一样，如英语中的kill 一词和汉语中的“杀”就相去甚远。
例如：1 Japanesekilled millions of innocent people during the war.army在那场战争中日本军队屠杀了成百上千万无辜的平民。
2) Three men were killed in the accident.有三个男子在事故中丧生。
3) The engine was killed by the flood.汽车的引擎由于大水而熄了火。
4) Your joke nearly killed me.你的笑话真是笑死人。
5) I’m reading this book just to kill time.我读这本书只是为了消磨时间。
英汉词语的对比与翻译
增补译法
(1) The equipment should enter production in 2000 with first deliveries being made in 2001. (2) The project has been considerably speeded up. (3) According to the U.S. Commerce Department, the United States foreign debt swelled to $ 263.3 billion in 1986, up from $ 111.9 billion in 1985. (4) The purpose of engineering is to create useful goods, to make them better, cheaper and more abundant. (5) Both the buyer and the seller are busy at negotiations of business, contract and draft. (6) A foreign trade staff must have a good foundation in economics, mathematics, statistics, accounting and intercultural communication.源自
(4) The purpose of engineering is to create useful goods, to make them better, cheaper and more abundant. 工程的目的是要创造有用的物品，使他们的质量更好， 价格更便宜，数量更充足。（语义搭配需要） (5) Both the buyer and the seller are busy at negotiations of business, contract and draft. 买卖双方正忙于交易磋商，合约谈判和汇票议付。 (6) A foreign trade staff must have a good foundation in economics, mathematics, statistics, accounting and intercultural communication. 一位外贸人员必须在经济学，数学，统计学，会计学 和文化交际等五个方面具有良好的功底。（增加范畴 词，表概括）
英汉词语对比与翻译【打印版】
英汉词语对比与翻译--- 系统、语义及其他词类在英汉语中使用的频率有差异1.我成功了。
I was in success.2. The old man cast impatient glances at the clock. 这位老师不耐烦地看了看钟。
3.他初出茅庐，没有什么经验。
He is a green hand4. On entering the door I remembered the doll I had broken. I felt my way to the hearth and picked up the pieces. I tried vainly to put them together.一进门，我就想起来了被我摔碎的娃娃。
我摸索着走到壁炉跟前，捡起了碎片。
A Contrastive Study ofEnglish and Chinese --- 英汉语对比研究人到齐就开会。
The meeting will begin when all are here. 不要人云亦云。
Don’t say what others have said.帐单撕碎了。
The bill was torn to pieces. 问题解决了。
The problem was solved.你再说一个字，我马上走。
If you should say one more word, I would go at once. 你死了，我去当和尚。
If you should die, I would go and be a monk.1．人在阵地在。
The position will not be given up so long as we are still living.(Condition 条件)2．人无远虑，必有近忧。
If one has no long-term considerations, he will find trouble at his doorstep.(Condition 条件)3．病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。
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“三包”：包修、包退、包换
The three guaranteed R’s: repair, replacement and refund.
三个面向：面向现代化、面向世界、面向未来
Orient/gear educational work to the needs of modernization, the world, and the future
英语叠音词，一般属谐音或拟声现象，有许多词来自儿童语，通常用于 口语、俚语或非正式文体。重叠在汉语里是一种重要的构词方式，也是 一种常用的语法和修辞手段。李清照的《声声慢》连用七对叠字，无论 再美的译文，都无法象汉语那样重叠：
寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚
I seek but seek in vain,
重叠(reduplication)
汉语单音节文字的特点便于字和词的重叠。重叠构词不仅使词语音节匀称、形式 整齐，而且赋予词语新的意义和感情色彩。
1）名词重叠，表示“每个”、“所有”、“许多”、“小”、“杂”或某种感 情色彩等
人人 天天 世世代代 风风雨雨 2）数量词重叠，表示“每个”、“逐个”、“许多”或某种感情色彩 个个 条条 一桩桩 一包一包 千千万万 3）动词重叠，表示动作的轻微、反复、完成、连续、轻松、随意等 说说 听听 走一走 笑了笑 考虑考虑 进进出出 吞吞吐吐 看着看着 完了完了 4） 形容词重叠，表示程度的加重、加深、加强、减轻或爱憎、厌恶等情绪 红红 紧紧 奇奇怪怪 花花绿绿 笔直笔直 雪白雪白 5）附加式重叠，主要用来使表达形象、生动 毛毛雨 水汪汪 心心相印 脉脉含情 衣冠楚楚 杨柳依依 糊里糊涂 6）偏正并列式、动宾并列式、主谓并列式及其他形式的重叠 假情假义 难兄难弟 以毒攻毒 好说歹说 面对面 手拉手
此外，象声词也常常采用重叠的形式，如：哗哗、 呜呜、轰隆隆、咕嘟咕嘟，等。
英语也有音节重叠的现象，但远远不如汉语普遍。 英语的重叠只有一个格式，即AA式，另有两个变体， 即改变元音的重叠式和改变辅音的重叠式。
Bye-bye tut-tut din-din chow-chow chin-chin ga-ga
缩略 abbreviation
英语缩略词则受语音特点的支配。英语的缩略方法主要有
1）截除词尾 apocope
Advertisement- ad demobilize—demob
2）截除词首 aphaeresis
Violoncello—cello raccoon—coon
Microfiche---fiche
语用意义（pragmatic meaning)或交际意义是语言符号与其 使用者之间的关系，包括表征意义、表达意义、社会意义、 祈使意义和联想意义。
指称意义的理解
一词多义 As the Pegasus righted herself I got up, half
strangled with the brine I had swallowed and wet to the skin. 当Pegasus号船身摆平后，我才爬起来，呛了好几 口海水，差点喘不过气来，全身都湿透了。 But Smith showed unexpected strength, especially in the wet districts. 但是史密斯出其不意地得到很多选票，尤其是在那 些非禁分为这几类：
1，表示人的某种职业 -an historian -ant merchant -ar scholar -eer engineer -ist pianist -or author 2，表示具有某种职务 -ain captain -al principal -arch monarch -ary secretary 3，表示来自某个地方的人 -er villager -ese Chinese
汉语也有缩略构词，缩略而成的此如“北大” 两个成分之间很难说存在词与词的某种组合 关联。汉语的缩略词分为双音节和三音节两 类。
责任编辑——责编
Executive（or responsible) editor; editor-incharge
高等学校——高校
博士学位研究生——博士生
三围
bust, waist and hips vital statistics 三资企业
Chinese-foreign joint ventures, cooperative enterprises and exclusively foreign-owned enterprises或 Sino-foreign joint ventures, cooperative businesses and exclusively foreign-owned enterprises in China
3)截除首尾 front and back clipping
Influenza—flu
prescription—script
4) 截除词腰 syncope
idololatry—idolatry
5) 首字母缩略 initial
ISBN (international standard book number) AP Associated Press c/o care of (烦…转交） RSVP respond s’il vous plait 6) 首字母拼音词 acronym
I search and search again;
I feel so sad, so drear,
So lonely, without cheer.
by XYZ
so dim, so dark, so dense , so dull,
so damp, so dank, so dead
The world of mortals 红得发紫 very influential红粉 Woman; beauty红火
flourishing 红口白牙right from sb’s own mouth
莫里斯区分了符号关系的三个方面，指出：符号与其所指称或描写的实 体与事件之间的关系是语义关系，符号与符号之间的关系是符号句法关 系，符号与符号使用者之间的关系是语用关系。与这三种关系相对应的， 就是语言符号的三类意义：指称意义、言内意义和语用意义。
英汉构词法对比
一，派生（加缀、缩略、重叠） 1，加缀 按形式位置，英语词缀可分为前、中、后缀，汉语
词缀只有前、后缀；按语法功能，英语的可分为名 词性、动词性、形容词性、副词性词缀等，汉语的 可分为名词性、动词性、形容词性等词缀；按语义 功能分，英语词缀可分为表示人、物、性状的，汉 语词缀则主要是表示人的。 相对而言，汉语的后缀要比前缀丰富，而这些后缀 多数是名词性的，其中表示人的占了相当大的比重。 另外，汉语出现新后缀的势头比英语强，如“部/省 /市里不同意”，“酒/网/餐吧”等。
五讲四美：讲文明、讲礼貌、讲卫生、讲纪律、讲 道德；心灵美、语言美、行为美、环境美
Five stresses/ advocatings (on decorum, manners, hygiene, discipline and morals) and four points of beauty ( of the mind, language, behavior and the environment)
①She can be scornful of those ②who are not tough in either performance or philosophy, ③ reserving for them her ultimate pejorative, “wet”, ④which in her lexicon is an accusation of gutlessness.
大个子蒂姆认为他那天活像个毛头大学生， 仍然有点乳臭未干。
If you think I am for him, you are all wet. 如果你认为我支持他，那你就大错特错了。
中西文化比较与语言差异
从性质上看，中国文化属人文文化，西方文化属科 学文化。在心理文化方面，人文文化“重人论、轻 器物、价值取向以道德为本位。重综合、轻分析。 重意会、轻言传。崇尚群体意识，强调同一性。追 求人与自然的和谐，把人与自然看成浑然一体。” 科学文化“重物质、轻人论，价值取向以功利为本 位。重分析、轻综合。重概念、忌笼统、强调人权， 主张个人至上，重视特殊的辩识。强调人与自然的 对立，人对自然的索取。
②对那些在行动上或者人生哲学上表现软弱的人， ①她是看不起的，③她爱用一个她心目中最轻蔑的 词“黏糊”（湿不拉唧）称呼他们，④在她的词汇 里，这个词就是用来指责没有胆量的人的。
She had a wet nurse for the infant. 她雇了名奶妈给婴儿喂奶。
To Big Tim that day he looked like a cocky college kid, still wet behind the ears.
Ping-pong zigzag seesaw flip-flop tick-tock clip-clop crisscross dilly-dally riff-raff Walkie-talkie hoity-toity hotch-potch piggy-wiggy clap-trap
PEN (international association of poets, playwrights, essayists, and novelists, 国际诗人剧作家散文家小说家协会 国际笔会）
ASEAN NATO AIDS 7) 拼缀词 blending
camcorder ( camera + recorder) fantabulous (fantastic+ fabulous)