地层时代中英文对照

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中英文对照版国际地层表(2008)

我国已取得“国际地层表” 【2008】中两统五阶的全球层型剖面及点位（GSSP） “金钉子”及命名1、寒武系最上部的一个统（第四统）取名湖南的别名芙蓉称芙蓉统（Furongian）该统下部第一个阶取名“排碧阶”（Paibian）该层型剖面位于湖南省花垣县排碧乡。

这是全球第一个寒武系统的命名，并以中国地名命名的寒武系第一个“阶”。

2002 年 7 月国际地层委员会以全票通过确立为寒武系首枚“金钉子”2、寒武系第三统上部“古丈阶”（Guzhangian）的底界层型剖面位于湘西古丈县罗依溪镇附近。

国际地质科学联合会于 2008 年 3 月在摩洛哥举行执委会会议上全票通过和批准了由彭善池研究员领导的一个国际工作组提交的在我国湖南建立寒武系第 7 阶底界 “金钉子”和以层型剖面所在地古丈县命名该阶的报告。

3 月 30 日，国际地科联秘书长 P. Bobrovsky 签署了批准书，“古丈阶”及其底界“金钉子”正式在我国确立。

3、奥陶系中统下部“大坪阶”（Dapingian）于 2007 年 7 月 1 日在我国南京召开的， “国际奥陶系、国际志留系联合大会”上正式“大坪阶”层型剖面及位点在湖北通过把奥陶系第三阶这一命名。

宜昌黄花场，奥陶纪第三阶取了个中国名，很大原因是因为此前奥陶系三枚“金钉子”都钉在了中国。

4、二叠系国际地层表采取三分，上统用中国名“乐平统”（Lopingian）乐平一名源自江西乐平县，“乐平统”国际地层表划分两个阶，全部采用中国的层型剖面及位点“吴家坪阶”（Wuchiapingian）是上二叠统下部的一个阶，阶名源自陕西汉中南郑县城西吴家坪村，层型剖面现为广西来宾蓬莱滩剖面。

“长兴阶”（Changshingian）是上二叠统上部的一个阶，阶名源自浙江省长兴县煤山。

长兴阶是由中国命名的第一个被列入国际地质年表的阶名，现在其顶底界线定义及界线层型都已确定。

地质专业词汇中英文对照

.一、地层stratigraphy宇 eonothemerathem 界system 系series 统stage 阶group 群formation 组member段Phaneozoic Eonothem 显生宇Proterozoic Eonothem 元古宇Archaean Eonothem 太古宇Cenozoic Erathem 新生界Quaternary System 第四系Holocene Series 全新统Pleistocene Series 更新统Tertiary System 第三系Neogene System 晚第三系Pliocene Series 上新统Miocene Series 中新统早第三系Paleogene SystemOligocene Series 渐新统Eocene Series 始新统Paleocene Series 古新统Mesozoic Erathem 中生界Cretaceous System 白垩系Jurassic System侏罗系.triassic System 三叠系Paleozoic Erathem 古生界Permian System 二叠系Carboniferous System 石炭系Devonian System 泥盆系Silurian System 志留系Ordovician System 奥陶系Cambrian System 寒武系Neoproterozoic Erathem 新元古界Sinian System震旦系Mesoproterozoic Erathem 中元古界Palaeoproterozoic Erathem 古元古界stratigraphic correlation 地层对比horizon 层位key bed 标志层barren bed 哑层lacuna 缺失feather edge 尖灭lensoid 透镜状结构continuity 连续discontinuity 不连续conformity 整合unconformity不整合角度不整合angular unconformitypara-unconformity 平行不整合occurrence 产状strike走向;..dip 倾角true dip 真倾角apparent dip 视倾角plunge 倾伏角pitch 侧倾角bedding层理bedding planes 层面cross bedding交错层理lithology 二、岩性 clay 粘土silty clay 粉质粘土sand 砂gravel砾石sedimentary rock 沉积岩igneous rock 火成岩metamorphic rock 变质岩claystone, clay rock 粘土岩shale 页岩mudstone 泥岩siltstone粉砂岩muddysiltstone, pelitic argillaceous siltstone, 泥质粉砂岩siltstone sandstone砂岩muddy sandstone, argillaceous sandstone, pelitic 泥质砂岩sandstone conglomerate 砾岩coal 煤limestone 灰岩marl, marlstone泥灰岩;..白云岩 dolomiteevaporite蒸发岩magmatic rock, magmatite 岩浆岩granite 花岗岩basalt 玄武岩tuff 凝灰岩marble 大理岩gneiss 片麻岩skarn夕卡岩三、矿物mineral石英 quartzfeldspar 长石mica 云母muscovite 白云母calcspar 方解石hornblende 角闪石gypsum 石膏anhydrite 硬石膏rock salt 石盐sylvine 钾石盐carnallite 光卤石tachydrite 溢晶石bischofite水氯镁石四、颜色colour灰色 graywhite 白色yellow黄色;..蓝色 bluegreen 绿色black 黑色red 红色brown 棕色tan 黄褐色dark 深色light 浅色dull暗色五、构造tectonics断层 faultnormal fault 正断层逆断层reverse faultthrust冲断层strike-slip fault 走滑断层dip-slip fault 倾滑断层fault surface 断层面fault line 断层线horst 地垒graben 地堑joint 节理hanging wall 上盘foot wall 下盘throw 落差heave 平错fault gouge 断层泥fault brecci断层角砾;..海侵 transgressionregression 海退fold 褶曲anticline 背斜syncline 向斜fold axis 褶轴culmination 轴隆区depression 轴陷区limb 翼dome 穹窿basin盆地六、水文地质hydrologic geology河流 riverreservoir 水库spring 泉surface water 地表水groundwater地下水atmospheric precipitation 大气降水phreatic water 潜水confined water 承压水interstrated water 层间水groundwater level地下水位aquifer, water bearing layer 含水层aquiclude, water-resisting layer 隔水层aquitard 弱含水层permeable bed 透水层porous aquifer孔隙含水层;..裂隙含水层 fissured aquiferkarst aquifer 岩溶含水层unconfined aquifer 无压含水层confined aquifer 承压含水层water-bearing formation 含水岩组water-bearing rock series 含水岩系water-holding capacity 持水度specific yield 给水度permeability透水性water yield property 富水性karst cave 溶洞pore water 孔隙水fissure water 裂隙水karst water 岩溶水recharge area 补给区runoff area 径流区discharge area 排泄区underground runoff 地下径流groundwater discharge 地下水排泄precipitation recharge 降水补给surface water recharge 地表水补给leakage recharge越流补给水文地质单元 hydrogeological unit地下水赋存条件 groundwater occurrence水文地质条件 hydrogeological condition水文地质类型 hydrogeological type地下水储存量 groundwater storage;..groundwater monitoring 地下水监测pumping test 抽水试验injection test 注水试验Infiltration test入渗试验水文调查hydrologic investigation渗透系数osmotic coefficient矿床充水flooding of ore deposit矿床充水条件flooding condition of ore deposit矿床充水水源Water source of ore deposit flooding矿床充水通道flooding passage in ore deposit充水岩层flooding layer老窿水goaf water矿坑涌水量water yield of mine正常涌水量normal water yield最大涌水量maximum water yield大井法Large diameter well method开采疏干simultaneous draining in mining地下疏干underground draining地表疏干surface draining疏干钻孔drain well疏干巷道draining tunnel矿井突水water bursting in mines突水点water bursting point防水矿柱ore pillar preventing water burst矿井堵水water blocking in mines探水钻孔water exploration borehole注浆孔grouting well;..最高洪水位 maximum flood level七、工程地质egineering geology顶板 roofroof stability顶板稳定性caving zone of top wall 顶板冒落带fissure zone of top wall 顶板裂隙带roof control 顶板管理roof support 顶板支护collapse of roof 顶板崩落floor, footwall 底板footwall heaving底鼓岩石物理性质 physical properties of rock岩石力学性质 mechanical properties of rock抗压强度 compressive strengthtensile strength 抗拉强度rock burst岩爆weak structural plane软弱结构面工程地质条件 engineering geologic condition八、环境地质environmental geology岩崩 rock falllandslide 滑坡mud-rock flow 泥石流earthquake 地震subsidence 地面沉降land crack地面开裂ground surface collapse 地面塌陷collapse pit塌陷坑;..地下水污染 groundwater pollution地表水污染surface water pollution pollution source污染源地下水资源枯竭 groundwater resource depletion地下水质恶化 deterioration of groundwater quality九、资源/储量resource/reserve矿产资源mineral resources reserves 储量reserve base 基础储量resources 资源量proved reserves 可采储量probable reserves预可采储量measured 探明的indicated 控制的inferred 推断的prognostic预测的prospective reserves 远景储量economic 经济的marginally economic 边际经济的subeconomic次经济的intrinsically economic 内蕴经济的ore 矿石ore bed 矿层ore deposit 矿床ore block矿块ore pillar, ore column 矿柱ore grade矿石品位;..富矿体 ore shoot, ore coursepoor ore贫矿;.。

地质学常用中英文词汇对照表(按章节)

阐述expound(explain),state引入introduce into相应的corresponding概念conception概论overview概率probability概念化conceptualize宏观的macroscopic补充complement规划plan证明demonstrate,certify,attest证实confirmation补偿compensate,make up,imburse组合式combined type相互作用interaction稳定性评价stability evaluation均质性homogeneity介质medium层layer,stratum1地形地貌geographic and geomorphic地形land form地貌geomorphology,relief地貌单元landform unit,geomorphic unit 坡度grade地形图relief map河谷river valley河道river course河床river bed(channel)冲沟gully,gulley,erosion gully, stream(brook)河漫滩floodplain(valley flat)阶地terrace冲积平原alluvial plain三角洲delta古河道fossil river course,fossil stream channel冲积扇alluvial fan洪积扇diluvial fan分水岭divide盆地basin岩溶地貌karst land feature,karst landform 溶洞solution cave,karst cave2地层岩性地层geostrome(stratum,strata)岩性lithologic character,rock property岩层bed stratum岩层layer,rock stratum母岩matrix,parent rock相变facies change 硬质岩strong rock,film软质岩weak rock硬质的competent软质的incompetent基岩bedrock覆盖层overburden交错层理cross bedding层面bedding plane片理schistosity层理bedding波痕ripple-mark泥痕mud crack雨痕raindrop imprints造岩矿物rock-forming minerals 粘土矿物clay mineral高岭土kaolinite蒙脱石montmorillonite伊利石illite云母mica白云母muscovite黑云母biotite石英quartz长石feldspar正长石orthoclase斜长石plagioclase辉石pyroxene,picrite角闪石hornblende方解石calcite构造structure结构texture组构fabric(tissue)矿物组成mineral composition 产状attitude火成岩igneous岩浆岩magmatic rock火山岩（熔岩）lava火山volcano侵入岩intrusive(invade)rock 喷出岩effusive rock深成岩plutonic rock浅成岩pypabysal rock酸性岩acid rock中性岩inter-mediate rock基性岩basic rock超基性岩ultrabasic rock岩基rock base(batholith)岩脉（墙）dike岩墙rock dike岩床rock sill岩脉vein dyke花岗岩granite流纹岩rhyolite闪长岩diorite辉长岩gabbro玄武岩basalt橄榄岩dunite火山角砾岩vulcanic breccia火山集块岩volcanic agglomerate凝灰岩tuff沉积岩sedimentary rock碎屑岩clastic rock粘土岩clay rock粉砂质粘土岩silty claystone化学岩chemical rock生物岩biolith砾岩conglomerate角砾岩breccia砂岩sandstone石英砂岩quartz sandstone粉砂岩siltstone钙质粉砂岩calcareous siltstone泥岩mudstone页岩shale盐岩saline石灰岩limestone白云岩dolomite泥灰岩marl泥钙岩argillo-calcareous泥砂岩argillo-arenaceous砂质arenaceous泥质argillaceous硅质的siliceous有机质organic matter粗粒coarse grain中粒medium-grained沉积物sediment(deposit)漂石、顽石boulder卵石cobble砾石gravel砂sand粉土silt粘土clay粘粒clay grain砂质粘土sandy clay粘质砂土clayey sand壤土、亚粘土loam砂壤土、亚砂土轻亚粘土sandy loam浮土、表土regolith(topsoil)软泥ooze淤泥mire,oozed mud,sludge,warp clay冲积物（层）alluvion冲积的alluvial洪积物（层）proluvium,diluvium,diluvion洪积的diluvial冰川沉积物（层）glacier(drift)deposits崩积物（层）colluvial deposits,colluvium残积粘土residual clay变质岩metamorphic rock板岩slate千枚岩phyllite片岩schist片麻岩gneiss石英岩quartzite大理岩marble3地质构造地质构造geologic structure大地构造geotectonic构造运动tectogenesis造山运动orogeny升降运动vertical movement水平运动horizontal movement完整性perfection(integrity)产状要素elements of attitude产状attitude,orientation走向strike倾向dip倾角dip angle,angle of dip褶皱fold褶曲fold单斜monocline向斜syncline背斜anticline穹隆dome挤压squeeze上盘upper section下盘bottom wall,footwall,lower wall断距separation相交intersect断层fault正断层normal fault逆断层reversed fault平移断层parallel fault层理bedding,stratification地堑graben地垒horst,fault ridge断层泥gouge,pug,selvage,fault gouge 擦痕stria,striation断裂fracture破碎带fracture zone节理joint节理组joint set裂隙fissure,crack微裂隙fine fissure,microscopic fissure 原生裂隙original joint次生裂隙epigenetic joint张裂隙tension joint剪裂隙shear joint卸荷裂隙relief crack碎裂结构cataclastic texture板状结构platy structure薄板状lamellose块状的lumpy,massive层状的laminated巨厚层giant thick-laminated薄层状的finely laminated软弱夹层weak intercalated layer夹层inter bedding,intercalated bed,interlayer,intermediate layer夹泥层clayey intercalation夹泥inter-clay连通性connectivity切层insequent影响带affecting zone完整性integrity n.Integrate v.&a.degree of integrality破碎crumble胶结cement泥化argillization尖灭taper-out错动diastrophism错动层面faulted bedding plane断续的intermittent共轭节理conjugated joint透镜状的lens-shaped a.岩屑cuttings,debris薄膜membrane,film层理stratification高角度high dip angle缓倾角low dip angle反倾anti-dip互层interbed v.Interbedding n.粒径particle size构造层tectonosphere挤压compression均一的homogeneous致密close,compact 构造岩tectonite糜棱岩mylonite断层角砾岩fault breccia方解石脉calcite vein碎块岩clastic rock角砾breccia岩粉rock powder岩屑debris,debry固结consolidation4水文地质条件hydrogeological conditions大气圈atmosphere水圈hydrosphere岩石圈geosphere地表径流surface runoff地下径流subsurface runoff流域valley,drainage basin流域面积drainage area,river basin area 汇水面积catchment area地下水ground water,subsurface water 地表水surface water大气水atmospheric water气态水aqueous(vapour)water液态水liquid water固态水solid water吸着水hygroscopic(adsorptive)water 介质medium空隙void孔隙水压力pore water pressure静水压力hydrostatic pressure外静水压力external hydrostatic pressure动水压力hydrodynamic pressure渗透力seepage pressure外水压力external water pressure内水压力internal water pressure水位water level,stage level水头water head含水层aquifer透水层permeable layer,pervious layer 不透水层（隔水层）aquifuge,impervious layer,impermeable layer, aquiclude地下分水岭groundwater ridge孔隙水pore water裂隙水fissure water岩溶水karstic water结合水bound water,combined water吸着水hydroscopic water薄膜水pellicular water毛细水capillary water重力水gravitational water凝结水condensation water地下水埋藏条件condition of groundwater occurrence地下水埋藏深度depth of groundwater occurrence压水试验packer permeability test5工程勘察engineering investigation勘测survey勘察阶段investigational stage初步设计primary design初步规划preliminary scheme初步勘探preliminary prospecting初步踏勘ground reconnaissance可行性研究阶段feasibility stage初步设计阶段preliminary stage踏勘reconnaissance,inspection地质测绘geological survey工程地质测绘engineering geological mapping钻探borehole operation,boring物探geophysical exploration洞探exploratory adits钎探rod sounding坑探exploring mining槽探trenching比例proportion地形图geographic map地貌图geomorphological map地质图geological map实测地质剖面图field-acquired geological profile(section)构造地质图geological structure map第四纪地质图quarternary geological map 地质详图detail map of geology地质柱状图geologic columnar section, geologic log纵剖面图longitudinal section横剖面图cross section展示图reveal detail map节理玫瑰图rose of joints基岩等高线bed rock contour层底等高线contour of stratum bottom岩层界线strata boundary岩面高程elevation of bed rock surface 坐标coordinate分层bed separation地质点geological observation point勘探点exploratory point(spot)勘探线exploratory line勘探孔exploration hole金刚石钻进diamond drilling6安全监控可靠性检查reliability checking监控模型monitoring and prediction model监测monitoring资料datum,data可靠性reliability稳定性stability安全safety评估evaluation,appraise评定assessment,assess,rate评价准则criterion灾害hazard,calamity确定性方法论Deterministic methodology应急行动计划EAP(emergency action plan)事故accident静力（Static Analysis）动力（Dynamic Analysis）Evidently明显的Correspondingly adv.相应地;相关地;相同地。

地质年代表——英文版

新生代 (Kz) Cenozoic
5.3
18
23.3
联合古陆解体
喜马拉雅阶段
13.2
新阿尔卑斯阶段
被哺乳动物繁盛无脊椎动物子植物繁盛
西部造山运动，东部低平，湖泊广布
36.5
哺乳类分化蔬果繁盛，哺乳类急速发展（我国尚无古新世地层发现）造山作用强烈，火成岩活太古代(Ar1)
Archaeozoic
500
3000
800 3800
冥古宙 (HD) 4600
始形成
注：1、表中震旦纪、青白口纪、蓟县纪、、长城纪，只限于国内使用；原来的早第三纪和晚第三纪分别更名为古近纪和新近纪。
地史单位表
国际性时间（年代）地层单位宇界系统 Series 阶 Eonthem Erathem System 上 Upper 中 Middle 下 Lower Stage 时带 Chronozone 世 Epoch 地质（年代）时代单位宙代 Eon Era 晚 Late 群 Group 地方性岩石地层单位
)
16.5
53
12
65
70
135(140)
燕山阶段
显生宙
(PH)
（老阿尔卑斯阶段）
印支阶段
爬行动物繁盛
继续演化发展裸子植物繁盛
恐龙极盛，中国南山俱成，大陆煤田生成
Phanerozoic
中国南部最后一次海侵，恐龙哺乳类发育世界冰川广布，新南最大海侵，造山作用强烈气候温热，煤田生成，爬行类昆虫发生，地形低平，珊瑚礁发育

地质学常用中英文词汇对照表按章节

地质学常用中英文词汇对照表按章节阐述 expound(explain), state引入 introduce into相应的 corresponding概念 conception概论 overview概率 probability概念化 conceptualize宏观的 macroscopic补充 complement规划 plan证明demonstrate, certify, attest证实 confirmation补偿 compensate, make up, imburse 组合式 combined type 相互作用 interaction稳定性评价 stability evaluation均质性 homogeneity介质 medium层 layer, stratum1地形地貌 geographic and geomorphic地形 land form地貌 geomorphology, relief地貌单元 landform unit, geomorphic unit坡度 grade地形图 relief map河谷 river valley河道 river course河床 river bed(channel)冲沟 gully, gulley, erosion gully, stream(brook)河漫滩 floodplain(valley flat)阶地 terrace 冲积平原 alluvial plain三角洲 delta古河道 fossil river course, fossil stream channel冲积扇 alluvial fan洪积扇 diluvial fan分水岭 divide盆地 basin岩溶地貌 karst land feature, karst landform溶洞 solution cave, karst cave2地层岩性地层geostrome (stratum, strata)岩性lithologic character, rock property岩层 bed stratum岩层 layer, rock stratum母岩 matrix, parent rock相变 facies change硬质岩 strong rock, film软质岩 weak rock硬质的 competent软质的 incompetent基岩 bedrock覆盖层 overburden交错层理 cross bedding层面 bedding plane片理 schistosity层理 bedding波痕 ripple-mark泥痕 mud crack雨痕 raindrop imprints造岩矿物 rock-forming minerals粘土矿物 clay mineral高岭土 kaolinite蒙脱石 montmorillonite伊利石 illite云母 mica白云母 muscovite黑云母 biotite石英 quartz长石 feldspar正长石 orthoclase斜长石 plagioclase辉石 pyroxene, picrite角闪石 hornblende 方解石 calcite构造 structure结构 texture组构 fabric(tissue)矿物组成 mineral composition产状 attitude火成岩 igneous岩浆岩 magmatic rock火山岩（熔岩）lava火山 volcano侵入岩 intrusive(invade) rock 喷出岩 effusive rock 深成岩 plutonic rock浅成岩 pypabysal rock酸性岩 acid rock中性岩 inter-mediate rock基性岩 basic rock超基性岩 ultrabasic rock岩基 rock base (batholith)岩脉（墙） dike岩墙 rock dike岩床 rock sill岩脉 vein dyke花岗岩 granite 流纹岩 rhyolite闪长岩 diorite辉长岩 gabbro玄武岩 basalt橄榄岩 dunite火山角砾岩 vulcanic breccia火山集块岩 volcanic agglomerate 凝灰岩 tuff沉积岩 sedimentary rock碎屑岩 clastic rock粘土岩 clay rock粉砂质粘土岩 silty claystone化学岩 chemical rock生物岩 biolith砾岩 conglomerate角砾岩 breccia砂岩 sandstone石英砂岩 quartz sandstone粉砂岩 siltstone钙质粉砂岩 calcareous siltstone 泥岩 mudstone页岩 shale盐岩 saline石灰岩 limestone白云岩 dolomite泥灰岩 marl泥钙岩argillo-calcareous 泥砂岩argillo-arenaceous 砂质arenaceous泥质 argillaceous硅质的 siliceous有机质 organic matter粗粒 coarse grain中粒 medium-grained沉积物 sediment (deposit)漂石、顽石 boulder卵石 cobble砾石 gravel砂 sand粉土 silt粘土 clay粘粒 clay grain砂质粘土 sandy clay粘质砂土 clayey sand壤土、亚粘土 loam砂壤土、亚砂土轻亚粘土 sandy loam浮土、表土 regolith (topsoil)软泥 ooze淤泥 mire, oozed mud, sludge, warp clay冲积物（层） alluvion冲积的 alluvial洪积物（层） proluvium, diluvium, diluvion 洪积的diluvial冰川沉积物（层）glacier (drift)deposits 崩积物（层）colluvial deposits, colluvium残积粘土 residual clay变质岩 metamorphic rock板岩 slate千枚岩 phyllite片岩 schist片麻岩 gneiss石英岩 quartzite大理岩 marble3地质构造地质构造 geologic structure大地构造 geotectonic构造运动 tectogenesis造山运动 orogeny 升降运动 vertical movement 水平运动 horizontal movement完整性 perfection(integrity)产状要素 elements of attitude产状 attitude, orientation走向 strike倾向 dip倾角 dip angle, angle of dip褶皱fold褶曲 fold单斜 monocline向斜 syncline背斜 anticline穹隆 dome挤压 squeeze上盘 upper section下盘bottom wall, footwall, lower wall断距 separation相交 intersect断层 fault正断层 normal fault逆断层 reversed fault平移断层 parallel fault层理 bedding, stratification地堑 graben地垒 horst, fault ridge断层泥 gouge, pug, selvage, fault gouge擦痕 stria, striation断裂 fracture破碎带 fracture zone节理 joint节理组joint set裂隙 fissure, crack微裂隙 fine fissure, microscopic fissure原生裂隙 original joint次生裂隙 epigenetic joint张裂隙 tension joint剪裂隙 shear joint卸荷裂隙 relief crack碎裂结构 cataclastic texture板状结构 platy structure薄板状 lamellose块状的 lumpy, massive层状的 laminated巨厚层 giant thick-laminated薄层状的 finely laminated软弱夹层 weak intercalated layer夹层 inter bedding,intercalated bed, interlayer, intermediate layer 夹泥层 clayey intercalation夹泥 inter-clay连通性 connectivity切层 insequent影响带 affecting zone完整性 integrity n.Integrate v. & a.degree of integrality破碎 crumble胶结 cement泥化 argillization尖灭 taper-out错动 diastrophism错动层面 faulted bedding plane断续的 intermittent共轭节理 conjugated joint透镜状的 lens-shaped a.岩屑 cuttings, debris 薄膜 membrane, film层理 stratification高角度 high dip angle缓倾角 low dip angle反倾 anti-dip互层 interbed v.Interbedding n.粒径 particle size构造层 tectonosphere挤压 compression均一的 homogeneous致密 close, compact构造岩 tectonite糜棱岩 mylonite断层角砾岩 fault breccia方解石脉 calcite vein碎块岩 clastic rock角砾 breccia岩粉 rock powder岩屑 debris, debry固结 consolidation4水文地质条件hydrogeological conditions 大气圈atmosphere水圈 hydrosphere岩石圈 geosphere地表径流 surface runoff地下径流 subsurface runoff流域 valley, drainage basin流域面积 drainage area, river basin area汇水面积 catchment area地下水 ground water, subsurface water地表水 surface water大气水 atmospheric water气态水 aqueous (vapour) water液态水 liquid water固态水 solid water吸着水 hygroscopic (adsorptive) water介质 medium空隙 void孔隙水压力 pore water pressure静水压力 hydrostatic pressure外静水压力external hydrostatic pressure动水压力 hydrodynamic pressure渗透力 seepage pressure外水压力 external water pressure内水压力 internal water pressure水位 water level, stage level水头 water head含水层 aquifer透水层 permeable layer, pervious layer不透水层（隔水层） aquifuge, impervious layer,impermeable layer, aquiclude地下分水岭 groundwater ridge孔隙水 pore water裂隙水 fissure water岩溶水 karstic water结合水bound water, combined water 吸着水hydroscopic water薄膜水 pellicular water毛细水 capillary water 重力水 gravitational water凝结水 condensation water地下水埋藏条件condition of groundwater occurrence地下水埋藏深度depth of groundwater occurrence压水试验 packer permeability test5工程勘察 engineering investigation勘测survey勘察阶段investigational stage初步设计 primary design初步规划 preliminary scheme初步勘探 preliminary prospecting初步踏勘 ground reconnaissance可行性研究阶段 feasibility stage初步设计阶段preliminary stage踏勘reconnaissance, inspection地质测绘geological survey工程地质测绘engineering geological mapping钻探borehole operation, boring物探geophysical exploration 洞探exploratory adits钎探rod sounding坑探exploring mining槽探trenching比例proportion地形图geographic map地貌图geomorphological map地质图geological map实测地质剖面图field-acquired geologicalprofile(section)构造地质图geological structure map第四纪地质图quarternary geological map地质详图detail map of geology地质柱状图geologic columnar section, geologic log纵剖面图longitudinal section横剖面图cross section展示图reveal detail map节理玫瑰图rose of joints基岩等高线bed rock contour层底等高线contour of stratum bottom岩层界线strata boundary岩面高程elevation of bed rock surface坐标coordinate分层bed separation地质点geological observation point 勘探点exploratory point (spot)勘探线exploratory line勘探孔exploration hole金刚石钻进diamond drilling6安全监控可靠性检查reliability checking监控模型 monitoring and prediction model监测 monitoring资料 datum, data可靠性 reliability稳定性stability安全safety评估 evaluation, appraise评定 assessment, assess, rate评价准则 criterion 灾害 hazard, calamity确定性方法论Deterministic methodology 应急行动计划EAP(emergency action plan)事故 accident静力（Static Analysis）动力（Dynamic Analysis）Evidently 明显的Correspondingly adv.相应地; 相关地; 相同地。

地质学常用中英文词汇对照表(按章节)

阐述expound(explain), state引入introduce into相应的corresponding概念conception概论overview概率probability概念化conceptualize宏观的macroscopic补充complement规划plan证明demonstrate, certify, attest证实confirmation补偿compensate, make up, imburse 组合式combined type相互作用interaction稳定性评价stability evaluation均质性homogeneity介质medium层layer, stratum1地形地貌geographic and geomorphic地形land form地貌geomorphology, relief地貌单元landform unit, geomorphic unit 坡度grade地形图relief map河谷river valley河道river course河床river bed(channel)冲沟gully, gulley, erosion gully, stream(brook)河漫滩floodplain(valley flat)阶地terrace冲积平原alluvial plain三角洲delta古河道fossil river course, fossil stream channel冲积扇alluvial fan洪积扇diluvial fan分水岭divide盆地basin岩溶地貌karst land feature, karst landform 溶洞solution cave, karst cave2地层岩性地层geostrome (stratum, strata)岩性lithologic character, rock property岩层bed stratum岩层layer, rock stratum母岩matrix, parent rock相变facies change 硬质岩strong rock, film软质岩weak rock硬质的competent软质的incompetent基岩bedrock覆盖层overburden交错层理cross bedding层面bedding plane片理schistosity层理bedding波痕ripple-mark泥痕mud crack雨痕raindrop imprints造岩矿物rock-forming minerals 粘土矿物clay mineral高岭土kaolinite蒙脱石montmorillonite伊利石illite云母mica白云母muscovite黑云母biotite石英quartz长石feldspar正长石orthoclase斜长石plagioclase辉石pyroxene, picrite角闪石hornblende方解石calcite构造structure结构texture组构fabric(tissue)矿物组成mineral composition 产状attitude火成岩igneous岩浆岩magmatic rock火山岩（熔岩）lava火山volcano侵入岩intrusive(invade) rock 喷出岩effusive rock深成岩plutonic rock浅成岩pypabysal rock酸性岩acid rock中性岩inter-mediate rock基性岩basic rock超基性岩ultrabasic rock岩基rock base (batholith) 岩脉（墙）dike岩墙rock dike岩床rock sill岩脉vein dyke花岗岩granite流纹岩rhyolite闪长岩diorite辉长岩gabbro玄武岩basalt橄榄岩dunite火山角砾岩vulcanic breccia火山集块岩volcanic agglomerate凝灰岩tuff沉积岩sedimentary rock碎屑岩clastic rock粘土岩clay rock粉砂质粘土岩silty claystone化学岩chemical rock生物岩biolith砾岩conglomerate角砾岩breccia砂岩sandstone石英砂岩quartz sandstone粉砂岩siltstone钙质粉砂岩calcareous siltstone泥岩mudstone页岩shale盐岩saline石灰岩limestone白云岩dolomite泥灰岩marl泥钙岩argillo-calcareous泥砂岩argillo-arenaceous砂质arenaceous泥质argillaceous硅质的siliceous有机质organic matter粗粒coarse grain中粒medium-grained沉积物sediment (deposit)漂石、顽石boulder卵石cobble砾石gravel砂sand粉土silt粘土clay粘粒clay grain砂质粘土sandy clay粘质砂土clayey sand壤土、亚粘土loam砂壤土、亚砂土轻亚粘土sandy loam浮土、表土regolith (topsoil)软泥ooze淤泥mire, oozed mud, sludge, warp clay冲积物（层）alluvion冲积的alluvial洪积物（层）proluvium, diluvium, diluvion洪积的diluvial冰川沉积物（层）glacier (drift)deposits崩积物（层）colluvial deposits, colluvium残积粘土residual clay变质岩metamorphic rock板岩slate千枚岩phyllite片岩schist片麻岩gneiss石英岩quartzite大理岩marble3地质构造地质构造geologic structure大地构造geotectonic构造运动tectogenesis造山运动orogeny升降运动vertical movement水平运动horizontal movement完整性perfection(integrity)产状要素elements of attitude产状attitude, orientation走向strike倾向dip倾角dip angle, angle of dip褶皱fold褶曲fold单斜monocline向斜syncline背斜anticline穹隆dome挤压squeeze上盘upper section下盘bottom wall, footwall, lower wall断距separation相交intersect断层fault正断层normal fault逆断层reversed fault平移断层parallel fault层理bedding, stratification地堑graben地垒horst, fault ridge断层泥gouge, pug, selvage, fault gouge 擦痕stria, striation断裂fracture破碎带fracture zone节理joint节理组joint set裂隙fissure, crack微裂隙fine fissure, microscopic fissure 原生裂隙original joint次生裂隙epigenetic joint张裂隙tension joint剪裂隙shear joint卸荷裂隙relief crack碎裂结构cataclastic texture板状结构platy structure薄板状lamellose块状的lumpy, massive层状的laminated巨厚层giant thick-laminated薄层状的finely laminated软弱夹层weak intercalated layer夹层inter bedding,intercalated bed, interlayer, intermediate layer夹泥层clayey intercalation夹泥inter-clay连通性connectivity切层insequent影响带affecting zone完整性integrity n.Integrate v. & a.degree of integrality破碎crumble胶结cement泥化argillization尖灭taper-out错动diastrophism错动层面faulted bedding plane断续的intermittent共轭节理conjugated joint透镜状的lens-shaped a.岩屑cuttings, debris薄膜membrane, film层理stratification高角度high dip angle缓倾角low dip angle反倾anti-dip互层interbed v.Interbedding n.粒径particle size构造层tectonosphere挤压compression均一的homogeneous致密close, compact 构造岩tectonite糜棱岩mylonite断层角砾岩fault breccia方解石脉calcite vein碎块岩clastic rock角砾breccia岩粉rock powder岩屑debris, debry固结consolidation4水文地质条件hydrogeological conditions大气圈atmosphere水圈hydrosphere岩石圈geosphere地表径流surface runoff地下径流subsurface runoff流域valley, drainage basin流域面积drainage area, river basin area 汇水面积catchment area地下水ground water, subsurface water 地表水surface water大气水atmospheric water气态水aqueous (vapour) water液态水liquid water固态水solid water吸着水hygroscopic (adsorptive) water 介质medium空隙void孔隙水压力pore water pressure静水压力hydrostatic pressure外静水压力external hydrostatic pressure动水压力hydrodynamic pressure渗透力seepage pressure外水压力external water pressure内水压力internal water pressure水位water level, stage level水头water head含水层aquifer透水层permeable layer, pervious layer 不透水层（隔水层）aquifuge, impervious layer,impermeable layer, aquiclude地下分水岭groundwater ridge孔隙水pore water裂隙水fissure water岩溶水karstic water结合水bound water, combined water 吸着水hydroscopic water薄膜水pellicular water毛细水capillary water重力水gravitational water凝结水condensation water地下水埋藏条件condition of groundwater occurrence地下水埋藏深度depth of groundwater occurrence压水试验packer permeability test5工程勘察engineering investigation勘测survey勘察阶段investigational stage初步设计primary design初步规划preliminary scheme初步勘探preliminary prospecting初步踏勘ground reconnaissance可行性研究阶段feasibility stage初步设计阶段preliminary stage踏勘reconnaissance, inspection地质测绘geological survey工程地质测绘engineering geological mapping钻探borehole operation, boring物探geophysical exploration洞探exploratory adits钎探rod sounding坑探exploring mining槽探trenching比例proportion地形图geographic map地貌图geomorphological map地质图geological map实测地质剖面图field-acquired geological profile(section)构造地质图geological structure map第四纪地质图quarternary geological map 地质详图detail map of geology地质柱状图geologic columnar section, geologic log纵剖面图longitudinal section横剖面图cross section展示图reveal detail map节理玫瑰图rose of joints基岩等高线bed rock contour层底等高线contour of stratum bottom岩层界线strata boundary岩面高程elevation of bed rock surface 坐标coordinate分层bed separation地质点geological observation point勘探点exploratory point (spot) 勘探线exploratory line勘探孔exploration hole金刚石钻进diamond drilling6安全监控可靠性检查reliability checking监控模型monitoring and prediction model监测monitoring资料datum, data可靠性reliability稳定性stability安全safety评估evaluation, appraise评定assessment, assess, rate评价准则criterion灾害hazard, calamity确定性方法论Deterministic methodology应急行动计划EAP(emergency action plan)事故accident静力（Static Analysis）动力（Dynamic Analysis）Evidently 明显的Correspondingly adv.相应地; 相关地; 相同地。

地质年代表最新版

地质年代表(Geological Time Scale)宙(宇)显生宙Phan(P erH) ozoic元古宙Prec (P a T) mbrian 太古宙Arch (A ae R) an 冥古宙(HD) 古生代(Pz)元古代(Pt)太古代(Ar)地质时代、地层单位及其代号纪(系)第四纪(Q)Quaternary新新近纪(N)(Kz)Cenozoic古近纪(E)晚古生代中生代白垩纪(K)Cretaceous侏罗纪(J)Jurassic三叠纪(T)Triassic二叠纪(P)Permian石炭纪(C)Carboniferous泥盆纪(D)DevonianPalaeozoicProterozoicArchaeozoic(Pz1)新元古代(Pt3)中元古代(Pt2)古元古代(Pt1)新太古代(Ar2)古太古代(Ar1)志留纪(S)Silurian奥陶纪(O)Ordovician寒武纪(Є)Cambrian震旦纪(Z/Sn)Sinian青白口纪蓟县纪长城纪世(统)全新世(Q4/Q h)Holocene更新世(Q1Q2Q3/Q p)Pleistocene上新世(N2)Pliocene中新世(N1)Miocene渐新世(E3)Oligocene始新世(E2)Eocene古新世(E1)Palaeocene晚白垩世(K2)早白垩世(K1)晚侏罗世(J3)中侏罗世(J2)早侏罗世(J1)晚三叠世(T3)中三叠世(T2)早三叠世(T1)晚二叠世(P2)早二叠世(P1)晚石炭世(C3)中石炭世(C2)早石炭世(C1)晚泥盆世(D3)中泥盆世(D2)早泥盆世(D1)晚志留世(S3)中志留世(S2)早志留世(S1)晚奥陶世(O3)中奥陶世(O2)早奥陶世(O1)晚寒武世( Є3)中寒武世( Є2)早寒武世( Є1)同位素年龄(百万年Ma)时间间距约 2-32.821813.216.512707342407247307160230200400400700500800距今年龄0.0122.48(1.64)5.323.336.55365135(140)208250290362(355)409439510570(600)8001000140018002500300038004600构造阶段大阶段阶段印支阶段印支|海西阶段晋宁阶段吕梁阶段2800陆核形成生物演化阶段动物植物人类出现被子两栖蕨类植物繁盛鱼类裸蕨繁盛植物繁盛海生无脊椎动物繁盛硬壳动物繁盛裸露动物繁盛真核生物出现(绿藻)原核生出现生命现象开始出现中国主要地质、生物现象冰川广布，黄土生成西部造山运动，东部低平，湖泊广布哺乳类分化蔬果繁盛，哺乳类急速发展(我国尚无古新世地层发现)造山作用强烈，火成岩活动矿产生成恐龙极盛，中国南山俱成，大陆煤田生成中国南部最后一次海侵，恐龙哺乳类发育世界冰川广布，新南最大海侵，造山作用强烈气候温热，煤田生成，爬行类昆虫发生，地形低平，珊瑚礁发育森林发育，腕足类鱼类极盛，两栖类发育珊瑚礁发育，气候局部干燥，造山运动强烈地热低平，海水广布，无脊椎动物极繁，末期华北升起浅海广布，生物开始大量发展地形不平，冰川广布，晚期海侵加广沉积深厚造山变质强烈，火成岩活动矿产生成早期基性喷发，继以造山作用，变质强烈，花岗岩侵入地壳局部变动，大陆开始形成注： 1、表中震旦纪、青白口纪、蓟县纪、、长城纪，只限于国内使用；原来的早第三纪和晚第三纪分别更名为古近纪和新近纪。

地质学常用中英文词汇对照表按章节

引入 introduce into相应的 corresponding概念 conception概论 overview概率 probability概念化 conceptualize宏观的 macroscopic补充 complement规划 plan证明demonstrate, certify, attest证实 confirmation补偿 compensate, make up, imburse 组合式 combined type相互作用 interaction稳定性评价 stability evaluation均质性 homogeneity介质 medium层 layer, stratum1地形地貌 geographic and geomorphic地形 land form地貌 geomorphology, relief地貌单元 landform unit, geomorphic unit坡度 grade地形图 relief map河谷 river valley河道 river course河床 river bed(channel)冲沟 gully, gulley, erosion gully, stream(brook)河漫滩 floodplain(valley flat)阶地 terrace冲积平原 alluvial plain三角洲 delta古河道 fossil river course, fossil stream channel冲积扇 alluvial fan洪积扇 diluvial fan分水岭 divide盆地 basin岩溶地貌 karst land feature, karst landform溶洞 solution cave, karst cave2地层岩性地层 geostrome (stratum, strata)岩性 lithologic character, rock property 岩层 bed stratum岩层 layer, rock stratum母岩 matrix, parent rock相变 facies change硬质岩 strong rock, film 软质岩 weak rock硬质的 competent软质的 incompetent基岩 bedrock覆盖层 overburden交错层理 cross bedding层面 bedding plane片理 schistosity层理 bedding波痕 ripple-mark泥痕 mud crack雨痕 raindrop imprints造岩矿物 rock-forming minerals粘土矿物 clay mineral高岭土 kaolinite蒙脱石 montmorillonite伊利石 illite云母 mica白云母 muscovite黑云母 biotite石英 quartz长石 feldspar正长石 orthoclase斜长石 plagioclase辉石 pyroxene, picrite角闪石 hornblende方解石 calcite构造 structure结构 texture组构 fabric(tissue)矿物组成 mineral composition产状 attitude火成岩 igneous岩浆岩 magmatic rock火山岩（熔岩）lava火山 volcano侵入岩 intrusive(invade) rock喷出岩 effusive rock深成岩 plutonic rock浅成岩 pypabysal rock酸性岩 acid rock中性岩 inter-mediate rock基性岩 basic rock超基性岩 ultrabasic rock岩基 rock base (batholith)岩脉（墙） dike岩墙 rock dike岩床 rock sill岩脉 vein dyke花岗岩 granite流纹岩 rhyolite闪长岩 diorite辉长岩 gabbro玄武岩 basalt橄榄岩 dunite火山角砾岩 vulcanic breccia火山集块岩 volcanic agglomerate 凝灰岩 tuff沉积岩 sedimentary rock碎屑岩 clastic rock粘土岩 clay rock粉砂质粘土岩 silty claystone化学岩 chemical rock生物岩 biolith砾岩 conglomerate角砾岩 breccia砂岩 sandstone石英砂岩 quartz sandstone粉砂岩 siltstone钙质粉砂岩 calcareous siltstone 泥岩 mudstone页岩 shale盐岩 saline石灰岩 limestone白云岩 dolomite泥灰岩 marl泥钙岩 argillo-calcareous泥砂岩 argillo-arenaceous砂质 arenaceous泥质 argillaceous硅质的 siliceous有机质 organic matter粗粒 coarse grain中粒 medium-grained沉积物 sediment (deposit)漂石、顽石 boulder卵石 cobble砾石 gravel砂 sand粉土 silt粘土 clay粘粒 clay grain砂质粘土 sandy clay 粘质砂土 clayey sand壤土、亚粘土 loam砂壤土、亚砂土轻亚粘土 sandy loam浮土、表土 regolith (topsoil)软泥 ooze淤泥 mire, oozed mud, sludge, warp clay冲积物（层） alluvion冲积的 alluvial洪积物（层） proluvium, diluvium, diluvion 洪积的diluvial冰川沉积物（层）glacier (drift)deposits 崩积物（层）colluvial deposits, colluvium残积粘土 residual clay变质岩 metamorphic rock板岩 slate千枚岩 phyllite片岩 schist片麻岩 gneiss石英岩 quartzite大理岩 marble3地质构造地质构造 geologic structure大地构造 geotectonic构造运动 tectogenesis造山运动 orogeny升降运动 vertical movement水平运动 horizontal movement完整性 perfection(integrity)产状要素 elements of attitude产状 attitude, orientation走向 strike倾向 dip倾角 dip angle, angle of dip褶皱fold褶曲 fold单斜 monocline向斜 syncline背斜 anticline穹隆 dome挤压 squeeze上盘 upper section下盘bottom wall, footwall, lower wall断距 separation相交 intersect断层 fault正断层 normal fault逆断层 reversed fault平移断层 parallel fault层理 bedding, stratification地堑 graben地垒 horst, fault ridge断层泥 gouge, pug, selvage, fault gouge擦痕 stria, striation断裂 fracture破碎带 fracture zone节理 joint节理组joint set裂隙 fissure, crack微裂隙 fine fissure, microscopic fissure原生裂隙 original joint次生裂隙 epigenetic joint张裂隙 tension joint剪裂隙 shear joint卸荷裂隙 relief crack碎裂结构 cataclastic texture板状结构 platy structure薄板状 lamellose块状的 lumpy, massive层状的 laminated巨厚层 giant thick-laminated薄层状的 finely laminated软弱夹层 weak intercalated layer夹层 inter bedding,intercalated bed, interlayer, intermediate layer夹泥层 clayey intercalation夹泥 inter-clay连通性 connectivity切层 insequent影响带 affecting zone完整性 integrity n.Integrate v. & a.degree of integrality破碎 crumble胶结 cement泥化 argillization尖灭 taper-out错动 diastrophism错动层面 faulted bedding plane断续的 intermittent共轭节理 conjugated joint透镜状的 lens-shaped a.岩屑 cuttings, debris 薄膜 membrane, film层理 stratification高角度 high dip angle缓倾角 low dip angle反倾 anti-dip互层 interbed v.Interbedding n.粒径 particle size构造层 tectonosphere挤压 compression均一的 homogeneous致密 close, compact构造岩 tectonite糜棱岩 mylonite断层角砾岩 fault breccia方解石脉 calcite vein碎块岩 clastic rock角砾 breccia岩粉 rock powder岩屑 debris, debry固结 consolidation4水文地质条件 hydrogeological conditions 大气圈 atmosphere水圈 hydrosphere岩石圈 geosphere地表径流 surface runoff地下径流 subsurface runoff流域 valley, drainage basin流域面积 drainage area, river basin area汇水面积 catchment area地下水 ground water, subsurface water地表水 surface water大气水 atmospheric water气态水 aqueous (vapour) water液态水 liquid water固态水 solid water吸着水 hygroscopic (adsorptive) water介质 medium空隙 void孔隙水压力 pore water pressure静水压力 hydrostatic pressure外静水压力external hydrostatic pressure动水压力 hydrodynamic pressure渗透力 seepage pressure外水压力 external water pressure内水压力 internal water pressure水位 water level, stage level水头 water head含水层 aquifer透水层 permeable layer, pervious layer不透水层（隔水层） aquifuge, impervious layer,impermeable layer, aquiclude地下分水岭 groundwater ridge孔隙水 pore water裂隙水 fissure water岩溶水 karstic water结合水 bound water, combined water 吸着水 hydroscopic water薄膜水 pellicular water毛细水 capillary water重力水 gravitational water凝结水 condensation water地下水埋藏条件condition of groundwater occurrence地下水埋藏深度depth of groundwater occurrence压水试验 packer permeability test5工程勘察 engineering investigation勘测survey勘察阶段investigational stage初步设计 primary design初步规划 preliminary scheme初步勘探 preliminary prospecting初步踏勘 ground reconnaissance可行性研究阶段 feasibility stage初步设计阶段preliminary stage踏勘reconnaissance, inspection地质测绘geological survey工程地质测绘engineering geological mapping钻探borehole operation, boring物探geophysical exploration 洞探exploratory adits钎探rod sounding坑探exploring mining槽探trenching 比例proportion地形图geographic map地貌图geomorphological map地质图geological map实测地质剖面图field-acquired geological profile(section)构造地质图geological structure map第四纪地质图quarternary geological map地质详图detail map of geology地质柱状图geologic columnar section, geologic log纵剖面图longitudinal section横剖面图cross section展示图reveal detail map节理玫瑰图rose of joints基岩等高线bed rock contour层底等高线contour of stratum bottom岩层界线strata boundary岩面高程elevation of bed rock surface坐标coordinate分层bed separation地质点geological observation point 勘探点exploratory point (spot)勘探线exploratory line勘探孔exploration hole金刚石钻进diamond drilling6安全监控可靠性检查reliability checking监控模型 monitoring and prediction model监测 monitoring资料 datum, data可靠性 reliability稳定性stability安全safety评估 evaluation, appraise评定 assessment, assess, rate评价准则 criterion灾害 hazard, calamity确定性方法论 Deterministic methodology 应急行动计划 EAP(emergency action plan)事故 accident静力（Static Analysis）动力（Dynamic Analysis）Evidently 明显的Correspondingly adv.相应地; 相关地; 相同地。

地质年代表——中英文版

(Ar)
新太古代(Ar2) 古太古代(Ar1)
Archaeozoic
500
3000
800 3800
冥古宙 (HD) 4600
始形成
注：1、表中震旦纪、青白口纪、蓟县纪、、长城纪，只限于国内使用；原来的早第三纪和晚第三纪分别更名为古近纪和新近纪。
地史单位表
国际性时间（年代）地层单位宇界系统 Series 阶 Eonthem Erathem System 上 Upper 中 Middle 下 Lower Stage 时带 Chronozone 世 Epoch 地质（年代）时代单位宙代 Eon Era 晚 Late 群 Group 地方性岩石地层单位
纪 Period 组 Formation 段层 Member Bed 中 Middle 早 Early 期 Age 时 Chron
地质年代表 (Geological Time Scale)
地质时代、地层单位及其代号宙(宇) 代(界) 纪(系) 第四纪 (Q) Quaternary 世(统) 全新世(Q4/Qh) Holocene 更新世(Q1Q2Q3/Qp) Pleistocene 上新世(N2) 新近纪 (N) Pliocene 中新世(N1) Miocene 渐新世(E3) Oligocene 古近纪 (E) 始新世(E2) Eocene 古新世(E1) Palaeocene 白垩纪(K) 中生代 (Mz) Mesozoic 三叠纪(T) Triassic 二叠纪(P) 晚古生代 (Pz2) 泥盆纪(D) Devonian Permian 石炭纪(C) Carboniferous Cretaceous 侏罗纪(J) Jurassic 晚白垩世(K2) 早白垩世(K1) 晚侏罗世(J3) 中侏罗世(J2) 早侏罗世(J1) 晚三叠世(T3) 中三叠世(T2) 早三叠世(T1) 晚二叠世(P2) 早二叠世(P1) 晚石炭世(C3) 中石炭世(C2) 早石炭世(C1) 晚泥盆世(D3) 中泥盆世(D2) 早泥盆世(D1) 晚志留世(S3) 中志留世(S2) 早志留世(S1) 晚奥陶世(O3) 中奥陶世(O2) 早奥陶世(O1) 晚寒武世(∈3) 中寒武世(∈2) 早寒武世(∈1) 230 200 400 400 700 60 570(600) 71 510 30 439 47 409 72 362(355) 联合古陆形成加里东阶段硬壳动物繁盛裸露动物繁盛真核生地台形 2500 成普宁阶段物出现 (绿藻) 海生无脊椎动物繁盛藻类及菌类繁盛地热低平，海水广布，无脊椎动物极繁，末期华北升起浅海广布，生物开始大量发展地形不平，冰川广布，晚期海侵加广沉积深厚造山变质强烈，火成岩活动矿产生成 40 42 250 印 290 支 | 海西阶段海西阶段鱼类繁盛裸蕨植物繁盛森林发育，腕足类鱼类极盛，两栖类发育两栖动物繁盛蕨类植物繁盛 73 208 2.82 约 2-3 0.012 同位素年龄(百万年 Ma) 时间间距距今年龄构造阶段大阶段阶段人类出 2.48(1.64) ( 现冰川广布，黄土生成生物演化阶段动物植物中国主要地质、生物现象

地质学常用中英文词汇对照表按章节

阐述expound(explain), state引入introduce into相应的corresponding概念conception概论overview概率probability概念化conceptualize宏观的macroscopic补充complement规划plan\证明demonstrate, certify, attest证实confirmation补偿compensate, make up, imburse 组合式combined type相互作用interaction稳定性评价stability evaluation均质性homogeneity介质medium层layer, stratum/1地形地貌geographic and geomorphic地形land form地貌geomorphology, relief地貌单元landform unit, geomorphic unit 坡度grade地形图relief map河谷river valley河道river course河床river bed(channel)冲沟gully, gulley, erosion gully, stream(brook).河漫滩floodplain(valley flat)阶地terrace冲积平原alluvial plain三角洲delta古河道fossil river course, fossil stream channel冲积扇alluvial fan洪积扇diluvial fan分水岭divide盆地basin岩溶地貌karst land feature, karst landform&溶洞solution cave, karst cave2地层岩性地层geostrome (stratum, strata)岩性lithologic character, rock property岩层bed stratum 岩层layer, rock stratum母岩matrix, parent rock 相变facies change硬质岩strong rock, film软质岩weak rock&硬质的competent软质的incompetent基岩bedrock覆盖层overburden交错层理cross bedding层面bedding plane片理schistosity层理bedding波痕ripple-mark泥痕mud crack@雨痕raindrop imprints造岩矿物rock-forming minerals 粘土矿物clay mineral高岭土kaolinite蒙脱石montmorillonite伊利石illite云母mica白云母muscovite黑云母biotite石英quartz】长石feldspar正长石orthoclase斜长石plagioclase辉石pyroxene, picrite角闪石hornblende方解石calcite构造structure结构texture组构fabric(tissue)矿物组成mineral composition 】产状attitude火成岩igneous岩浆岩magmatic rock火山岩（熔岩）lava火山volcano侵入岩intrusive(invade) rock 喷出岩effusive rock深成岩plutonic rock浅成岩pypabysal rock酸性岩acid rock；中性岩inter-mediate rock基性岩basic rock超基性岩ultrabasic rock岩基rock base (batholith)岩脉（墙）dike岩墙rock dike岩床rock sill岩脉vein dyke花岗岩granite流纹岩rhyolite<闪长岩diorite辉长岩gabbro玄武岩basalt橄榄岩dunite火山角砾岩vulcanic breccia火山集块岩volcanic agglomerate 凝灰岩tuff沉积岩sedimentary rock碎屑岩clastic rock粘土岩clay rock￥粉砂质粘土岩silty claystone化学岩chemical rock生物岩biolith砾岩conglomerate角砾岩breccia砂岩sandstone石英砂岩quartz sandstone粉砂岩siltstone钙质粉砂岩calcareous siltstone 泥岩mudstone—页岩shale盐岩saline石灰岩limestone白云岩dolomite泥灰岩marl泥钙岩argillo-calcareous泥砂岩argillo-arenaceous 砂质arenaceous泥质argillaceous硅质的siliceous!有机质organic matter粗粒coarse grain中粒medium-grained沉积物sediment (deposit)漂石、顽石boulder卵石cobble砾石gravel砂sand粉土silt粘土clay《粘粒clay grain砂质粘土sandy clay粘质砂土clayey sand 壤土、亚粘土loam砂壤土、亚砂土轻亚粘土sandy loam浮土、表土regolith (topsoil)软泥ooze淤泥mire, oozed mud, sludge, warp clay冲积物（层）alluvion冲积的alluvial{洪积物（层）proluvium, diluvium, diluvion洪积的diluvial冰川沉积物（层）glacier (drift)deposits崩积物（层）colluvial deposits, colluvium残积粘土residual clay变质岩metamorphic rock板岩slate千枚岩phyllite片岩schist片麻岩gneiss，石英岩quartzite大理岩marble3地质构造地质构造geologic structure大地构造geotectonic构造运动tectogenesis造山运动orogeny升降运动vertical movement水平运动horizontal movement完整性perfection(integrity)-产状要素elements of attitude产状attitude, orientation走向strike倾向dip倾角dip angle, angle of dip褶皱fold褶曲fold单斜monocline向斜syncline背斜anticline《穹隆dome挤压squeeze上盘upper section下盘bottom wall, footwall, lower wall断距separation相交intersect断层fault正断层normal fault逆断层reversed fault平移断层parallel fault.层理bedding, stratification地堑graben地垒horst, fault ridge断层泥gouge, pug, selvage, fault gouge擦痕stria, striation断裂fracture破碎带fracture zone节理joint节理组joint set裂隙fissure, crack（微裂隙fine fissure, microscopic fissure 原生裂隙original joint次生裂隙epigenetic joint张裂隙tension joint剪裂隙shear joint卸荷裂隙relief crack碎裂结构cataclastic texture板状结构platy structure薄板状lamellose块状的lumpy, massive!层状的laminated巨厚层giant thick-laminated薄层状的finely laminated软弱夹层weak intercalated layer夹层inter bedding,intercalated bed, interlayer, intermediate layer夹泥层clayey intercalation夹泥inter-clay连通性connectivity切层insequent&影响带affecting zone完整性integrity n.Integrate v. & a.degree of integrality破碎crumble胶结cement泥化argillization尖灭taper-out错动diastrophism错动层面faulted bedding plane*断续的intermittent共轭节理conjugated joint透镜状的lens-shaped a.岩屑cuttings, debris薄膜membrane, film层理stratification高角度high dip angle 缓倾角low dip angle反倾anti-dip互层interbed v.'Interbedding n.粒径particle size构造层tectonosphere挤压compression均一的homogeneous致密close, compact构造岩tectonite糜棱岩mylonite断层角砾岩fault breccia方解石脉calcite vein（碎块岩clastic rock角砾breccia岩粉rock powder岩屑debris, debry固结consolidation4水文地质条件hydrogeological conditions大气圈atmosphere水圈hydrosphere岩石圈geosphere^地表径流surface runoff地下径流subsurface runoff流域valley, drainage basin流域面积drainage area, river basin area 汇水面积catchment area地下水ground water, subsurface water地表水surface water大气水atmospheric water气态水aqueous (vapour) water液态水liquid water!固态水solid water吸着水hygroscopic (adsorptive) water 介质medium空隙void孔隙水压力pore water pressure静水压力hydrostatic pressure外静水压力external hydrostatic pressure动水压力hydrodynamic pressure渗透力seepage pressure外水压力external water pressure【内水压力internal water pressure水位water level, stage level水头water head含水层aquifer透水层permeable layer, pervious layer不透水层（隔水层）aquifuge, impervious layer,impermeable layer, aquiclude地下分水岭groundwater ridge孔隙水pore water@裂隙水fissure water岩溶水karstic water结合水bound water, combined water 吸着水hydroscopic water薄膜水pellicular water毛细水capillary water重力水gravitational water凝结水condensation water地下水埋藏条件condition of groundwater occurrence地下水埋藏深度depth of groundwater occurrence…压水试验packer permeability test5工程勘察engineering investigation勘测survey勘察阶段investigational stage初步设计primary design初步规划preliminary scheme初步勘探preliminary prospecting初步踏勘ground reconnaissance可行性研究阶段feasibility stage）初步设计阶段preliminary stage踏勘reconnaissance, inspection地质测绘geological survey工程地质测绘engineering geological mapping钻探borehole operation, boring物探geophysical exploration洞探exploratory adits钎探rod sounding坑探exploring mining槽探trenching￥比例proportion地形图geographic map地貌图geomorphological map地质图geological map实测地质剖面图field-acquired geological profile(section)构造地质图geological structure map第四纪地质图quarternary geological map 地质详图detail map of geology地质柱状图geologic columnar section, geologic log[纵剖面图longitudinal section横剖面图cross section展示图reveal detail map节理玫瑰图rose of joints基岩等高线bed rock contour层底等高线contour of stratum bottom岩层界线strata boundary岩面高程elevation of bed rock surface 坐标coordinate分层bed separation地质点geological observation point勘探点exploratory point (spot)勘探线exploratory line勘探孔exploration hole金刚石钻进diamond drilling6安全监控可靠性检查reliability checking监控模型monitoring and prediction model监测monitoring资料datum, data可靠性reliability稳定性stability安全safety评估evaluation, appraise评定assessment, assess, rate评价准则criterion灾害hazard, calamity确定性方法论Deterministic methodology应急行动计划EAP(emergency action plan)事故accident静力（Static Analysis）动力（Dynamic Analysis）Evidently 明显的Correspondingly adv.相应地; 相关地; 相同地。

2012最新国际地层表(英文原版+中英双语)

Units of all ranks are in the process of being defined by Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Points GSSP for their lower () boundaries including those of the Archean and Proteroz oic long , , defined by Global St andard Stratigraphic Ages GSSA Charts (). a nd detailed information on ratified GSSPs are available at the website http www stratigraphy org://..Numerical ages are subject to revision and do not define units in the Phanerozoic and the Ediacaran only GSSPs do For boundaries ; . in the Phanerozoic without ratified GSSPs or without constrained numerical ages an approximate numerical age is provided , .(~)Numerical age s for all systems except Triassic Cretaceous and , Precambrian are taken from A Geologic Time Scale2012 'by Gradstein et al 2012those for the Triassic and Cretaceous were . (); provided by the relevant ICS subcommissions .00117.0126.0781.1806.2588.3600.5333.7246.1162.1382.1597.2044.2303.281.339.380.413.478.560.592.616.660.7212. .±08362. .±08635. .±08983. .±0939.1005..1130.1250.1294.1329.1398.1450145008.. ±15219. .±015730. .±116350. .±116612. .±116833. .±117034. .±117410. .±118277. .±019080. .±119933. .±020132. .±0~ .2085~ 22825421. .±025994. .±026514. .±026885. .±027235. .±027936. .±029011. .±030371. .±030701. .±031522. .±032324. .±033092. .±034674. .±035894. .±029892. .±029554. .±0~ 235~ 2422472.2512.25225. .±0358.904.±37226. .±138276. .±138778. .±039332. .±140766. .±241088. .±241922. .±342303. .±242569. .±042745. .±043057. .±043348. .±043851. .±144082. .±144345. .±144524. .±145307. .±045849. .±046731. .±147004. .±147774. .±148549. .±1541010. ±..4895.5005.5045~ 541850100012001400160018002050230025002800320036004000presentSeries / Epoch Stage / Age numerical age Ma ()E o n o t h e m E o n /E r a t h e m E r a /S y s t e m P e r i o d/Series / Epoch Stage / Agenumerical age Ma ()E o n o t h e m E o n /E r a t h e m E r a /S y s t e m P e r i o d/Series / Epoch Stage / Agenumerical age Ma ()System Period/Erathem Era /numerical age Ma ()E on o t h e m E o n /E r a t h e m E r a /S y s t e m P e r i o d/Eonothem/ Eon G S S PG S S PG S S P G S S AG S S PINTERNATIONAL CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC CHART International Commission on StratigraphyAugust 2012www stratigraphy org..Coloring follo ws the Commission for theGeological Map of the World htt p www ccgm org . ://..Chart drafted by K M Cohen S Finney P L Gibbard .. , . , .. () , c International Commission on Stratigraphy August 2012宇宙 /界/代系/纪统世/ 阶/期宇宙 /界/代系/纪宇宙 /界/代系/纪统世/ 阶/期统世/ 阶/期系/纪界/代宇宙/国际地层表0.01170.1260.7811.8062.5883.6005.3337.24611.6213.8215.9720.4423.0328.133.938.041.347.856.059.261.666.072.1 ±0.283.6 ±0.286.3 ±0.589.8 ±0.393.9100.5~ 113.0~ 125.0~ 129.4~ 132.9~ 139.8~ 145.0145.0 ± 0.8152.1 ±0.9157.3 ±1.0163.5 ±1.0166.1 ±1.2168.3 ±1.3170.3 ±1.4174.1 ±1.0182.7 ±0.7190.8 ±1.0199.3 ±0.3201.3 ±0.2~ 208.5~ 228254.2 ±0.1259.9 ±0.4265.1 ±0.4268.8 ±0.5272.3 ±0.5279.3 ±0.6290.1 ±0.1303.7 ±0.1307.0 ±0.1315.2 ±0.2323.2 ±0.4330.9 ±0.2346.7 ±0.4358.9 ±0.4298.9 ±0.2295.5 ±0.4~ 235~ 242247.2251.2252.2 ±0.5358.9 ± 0.4372.2 ±1.6382.7 ±1.6387.7 ±0.8393.3 ±1.2407.6 ±2.6410.8 ±2.8419.2 ±3.2423.0 ±2.3425.6 ±0.9427.4 ±0.5430.5 ±0.7433.4 ±0.8438.5 ±1.1440.8 ±1.2443.4 ±1.5445.2 ±1.4453.0 ±0.7458.4 ±0.9467.3 ±1.1470.0 ±1.4477.7 ±1.4485.4 ±1.9541.0 ±1.0~ 489.5~ 494~ 497~ 500.5~ 504.5~ 509~ 514~ 521~ 529~ 541~ 635850100012001400160018002050230025002800320036004000presentSeries / Epoch Stage / Agenumerical age (Ma)E o n o t h e m / E o n E r a t h e m / E r a S y s t e m / P e r i o dSeries / Epoch Stage / Agenumerical age (Ma)E o n o t h e m / E o n E r a t h e m / E r a S y s t e m / P e r i o dSeries / Epoch Stage / Agenumerical age (Ma)System / Period Erathem / Era numerical age (Ma)E o n o t h e m / E o n E r a t h e m / E r a S y s t e m / P e r i o dEonothem/ Eon G S S PG S S PG S S P G S S AG S S PInternational Commission on StratigraphyAugust 2012Coloring follows the Commission for theGeological Map of the World. Chart drafted by K.M. Cohen, S. Finney, P.L. Gibbard(c) International Commission on Stratigraphy, August 2012Units of all ranks are in the process of being defined by Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Points (GSSP) for their lower boundaries, including those of the Archean and Proterozoic, long defined by Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages (GSSA). Charts and detailed information on ratified GSSPs are available at the website Numerical ages are subject to revision and do not define units in the Phanerozoic and the Ediacaran; only GSSPs do. For boundaries in the Phanerozoic without ratified GSSPs or without constrained numerical ages, an approximate numerical age (~) is provided.Numerical ages for all systems except Triassic, Cretaceous and Precambrian are taken from ‘A Geologic Time Scale 2012’ by Gradstein et al. (2012); those for the Triassic and Cretaceous were provided by the relevant ICS subcommissions.。