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P2P 金融下的中小企业融资互联网金融外文文献翻译最新译文

文献出处: Waitz M. The small and medium-sized enterprise financing under P2P finance [J]. Journal of Business Research, 2016, 8(6): 81-91.原文The small and medium-sized enterprise financing under P2P financeWaitz MAbstractSmall and medium-sized enterprise financing difficult is worldwide difficult problem. Article introduces the concept of the Internet financial, mainly summarized the P2P financial in the development of financial innovation and integration of science and technology, a combination of academic research on P2P financial now of the five directions of various views and opinions. Points out the current P2P financial problems in the development of risk control, and analyses the trend of the Internet financial.Keywords: P2P financial; Financial innovation; Risk control1 IntroductionLook from the history of enterprise development, a large enterprise originate from small and medium-sized enterprises. Small and medium-sized enterprises (smes) is the most dynamic part of the national economy, often walk in the forefront of technology development, in the high-tech industry, clean energy, green economy, etc, have good performance, play an important role in the economic transformation. Small and medium-sized enterprise financing difficult is worldwide difficult problem. These small and medium-sized enterprise financing environment and narrow channels, more than 60% are unable to get a bank loan. At present, science and technology enterprises and the characteristics of light assets, financing difficulties, become a huge bottleneck of sustainable development.2 The concept of the Internet financialIn the past two years, the Internet financial show explosive growth, since 2014, the Internet financial sector performance strength. Current economic field exists the phenomenon of two special contradiction, one is the small and medium-sizedenterprises in the total number of enterprises accounted for a large, but the universal problems of financing difficulties; Second, folk idle capital, but in addition to the stock market and housing market, it is difficult to invest in other areas. And on the basis of the Internet, cloud computing, big data and highly fit market leads the development of the Internet financial, to solve these two problems, better serve the real economy, especially small and medium-sized enterprise development to create a good financial environment, but also for China's overtaking play an important role in the implementation of international competition corners.Internet financial besides master client, also facilitate completes the upstream suppliers, downstream capital use party, the integration of point and point, combining with the characteristics of the Internet (P2P) and the nature of financial (capital).Based on the development of the Internet financial, financial supply ability is improved, inclusive to strengthen, can mobilize more financial resources, broader, more coverage, more decentralized, more diversified needs.The Internet the most narrow financial concept is P2P (Peer - to - Peer Lend - ing) financial platform, the core of the P2P model is: on the web site has a qualification platform, the borrower credit information, and provide the loan project specific situation, the borrower's integrity and economic strength and other related information; Investors according to the platform to provide information, make decisions, and finally made a decision of to make loans to borrowers.P2P finance is a new kind of financial model, through the Internet and large data, make to minimize the asymmetric information, this new financing channels, for individuals and businesses to provide great convenience, is a beneficial supplement of the existing banking system. Peer-to-peer (P2P) had a great influence on financial business in China. Traditional banking business model, mainly is the savings and loan business, P2P entirely new business models, deconstructs the traditional banking business model, breaking the monopoly of state-owned Banks, to a certain extent, in the form of fragmentation added to the drawback of the market.P2P financial innovation of science and technology and financial integration development, the release of the science and technology system reform and the doubledividend of financial reform, to introduce more financial products to serve the scientific and technological innovation, support the development of science and technology enterprises, solve to create light assets of small and mid-sized enterprise multidimensional financing difficulties; Also is helpful for financial innovation, find new investment direction, in order to obtain a higher return on investment.In 2005, the world's first P2P Zopa, a financial company (Zone of Possi - ble Agreement) was founded in London. In 2006, the United States, the first a P2P financial company Prosper founded in California. In 2007, our country the first P2P finance company established on credit, at present, the P2P financial firms more than more than 300, traded as high as more than 200 one hundred million. Financial risk is a highly amplified industry, P2P financial with convenient Internet natural attributes, but relative to the traditional financial institutions, financial in the Internet's openness also determines the P2P web site platform, information security, etc, could be affected by a great deal of challenges, risk control will be more pressure.3 The five direction of current P2P financial3.1 What is: it is subversive or supplementaryHas view: P2P financial is the innovation of the Internet with the traditional financial integration, at present is still in the stage of integration, there are a lot of problems, problems are not terrible, problems can also be seen as a contradiction, the process to solve the problem, is to promote the process of developing a new thing, this is the necessary stage P2P financial growth. To correctly treat the present P2P financial problems and drawbacks: a guide; Second, we must avoid risk. Only in this way, will lead to financial and the Internet have more innovation, to the prosperity of the rational.3.2 What: high-end service grassroots or serviceComprehensive research achievements of this direction, mainly has the following kinds of views and opinions. Has view: is a multi-level capital market, the P2P finance is one of the components, compared with traditional financial companies, should follow the development way of differentiation and mainly for the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprise service. View: P2P financial if theservice object, mostly low risk customers, then there will be a problem, must do a certain size, can have a better economic returns, and to do a certain size, must put the human cost, time cost and the cost of capital, the same small P2P financial companies, will form a lot of pressure, therefore, some P2P financial enterprises gradually became the "pool", big customers, lending if big client management problems, is easy to appear P2P financial risk, and even lead to P2P financial business owners "run". So P2P financial enterprises, should do more small loans, don't dabble in big customers, big customer risk is too big, not P2P financial companies can undertake. And do more small loans, the cost is lower than the bank, have a competitive advantage.3.3 How to do: innovation mode of risk preventionComprehensive research achievements of this direction, mainly has the following kinds of views and opinions. The argument goes, the Internet technology and the integration of financial haven't reached a very reasonable, scientific, P2P financial there will be many new problems. And when the P2P financial after reaching a certain size, risk control will be the key to the healthy development of the P2P financial. If the P2P financial regulation, also will become a important test of P2P regulators wisdom. Have a view is: to the P2P financial risk control, should start from to the customer credit, credit reporting system perfect, to both sides of the docking loans, although to do so is very hard, but can avoid many risks, guarantee the healthy development of the financial industry, the P2P.At the same time, to clear the main body of industry regulations, for the convenience of management, appendage management should be implemented.3.4 Who is going to do: working in the financial sector or non-financial areasComprehensive research achievements of this direction, mainly has the following kinds of views and opinions. The argument goes, P2P financial done by a team with a finance background is better; Due to the P2P finance is based on the Internet, with Internet gene, so the team should have the knowledge and skills of specialized personnel to participate in the Internet. View: P2P financial can be developed from the traditional financial transformation, also can by Internet companies innovation, finally formation of the team, must have both the financial and investment knowledge, andthe Internet. Knowledge of finance and investment aspects of the personnel, in accordance with the rules of the financial industry control risk; The persons with Internet knowledge, according to the rules of the network industry big data analysis, selected customers for sales, customer maintenance, at the same time do a good job in network security. View: P2P financial represents the future direction of financial development, some commercial Banks now also vigorously develop P2P financial, but at the same time to prevent the transfer of risk to the banking system, increased regulation of lending to P2P network platform.3.5 How to pipe: cross-border development and supervised respectivelyHas view: P2P financial, in essence, is still a financial, compared with the traditional industry, is only the change of the financial model, so must be regulated. If not strengthen supervision, can appear the problem such as run, adverse to the healthy development of the industry, and easy to bring serious social problems, affect social stability. View: in research regulation, there should be a state investment fund, to support the top in the field of technology innovation.P2P financial as a new financial form, to the top ahead of research and development, to prevent the banking system similar to the problem now. The argument goes: Europe, the United States based on large data of individual credit reporting system is relatively developed, can effectively prevent fraud. One is to establish individual credit system as soon as possible. The second is to establish P2P lending related laws and regulations as soon as possible. Three is to strengthen self-discipline of the P2P lending industry. Four is entry qualifications have to be very clear, the implementation system of archival filing registration.译文P2P 金融下的中小企业融资Waitz M摘要中小企业融资难是世界性难题。

互联网金融发展文献综述及外文文献资料P2P金融

本份文档包含：关于该选题的外文文献、文献综述一、外文文献标题: Online brokers lead the way for French internet finance作者: Caffard, Christophe期刊名称: International Financial Law Review卷: 20；期: 3；页: 20-24Online brokers lead the way for French internet finance1 Regulated brokersRegulated brokers are legal entities which have an investment services licence and are subject to the prudential regulations of the Comite de Reglementation Bancaire et Financiere (CRBF) and the Conseil des Marches Financiers (CMF).* Choice of legal form: regulated brokers are not required to be incorporated in a specific legal form; however, under article 13 of the MAF Law, the CECEI checks whether the legal form of the brokerage company is appropriate for providing investment services. In practice, any type of commercial company is admitted: societes de capitaux (limited companies) or societes de personnes (partnerships). The formalities of share transfer, tax and the scope of liability of a company's management will be relevant factors to the choice of legal form.* Application for an investment services licence from the CECEI: the most important part of the application is the description of the investment services, and a business plan including prospective financial statements for the following three years. The CMF will check whether the business plan is consistent with the investment services licence requested by the broker. The CECEI will ensure that the applicant's own initial funds are consistent with the business plan.The scope of the investment services licence is variable and covers one or more ofthe following investment services:Reception and transmission of orders to another investment services provider on behalf of investors, for execution. This is the core investment service provided by thebrokerage companies and, as such, a licence to provide this service is the minimum required for a brokerage company. Brokerage companies may request an investment services licence limited to the reception and transmission of orders. In this case, there will need to be a tripartite agreement between the investor, the broker and an investment services provider authorized to execute the orders of the investor. These single-- licensed brokerage companies are mere intermediaries remunerated by a commission paid by the investors. They are not entitled to benefit from the European passport under the ISD.Execution of such order other than for own account. This is defined as the execution of orders on behalf of a customer under the provision of an agency or a brokerage agreement. The brokerage company authorized to execute orders received from the investors offers a larger range of services with more potential. The broker with an investment services licence covering the execution of orders will be in charge of executing the final orders on the regulated markets, provided it is has been authorized as a market member. Unauthorized brokerage companies transmit the orders they have received to authorized market members. Authorized brokerage companies may offer investors a quasi-immediate execution of orders on the markets.Placing. This is the search for subscribers or purchasers on behalf of the issuer or seller of financial instruments. According to the CMF, in the case of a public offer of listed financial instruments placed by a market firm (for example on the Paris Stock Exchange or Nouveau March&), an online broker, which sells financial instruments online, is deemed to be providing his client with a reception-transmission of orders service and not a placing service. A placing service requires the broker to comply with capital adequacy ratios whenever it is associated with an underwriting commitment.Account-keeping, custody and clearing. These are not considered to be investment services, but assimilated services restricted to credit institutions or investment firms, and are subject to the CMF's General Regulations.CRBF regulators. CBF regulations subject brokerage companies to the following requirements: the minimum issued and paid-up share capital depends on the nature and number of investment services carried out; brokerage companies who offeraccount-keeping, custody and reception, transmission and execution of orders must have a minimum paid-up share capital of Ffrl million (about $160,000). This is reduced to Ffr350,000 when the brokerage company is not involved in account-keeping or custody services;* the minimum shareholder funds must be equal to the higher of- 25% of the overheads of the previous year, or overheads forecast in the business plan; and- the aggregate client positions divided by 150;* internal compliance procedures must be established; and* the brokerage company must comply with certain ratios relating to solvency and large exposure.Regulated brokers are also subject to the CMF's rules on the appointment of a compliance officer, information and advice for clients, mandatory clauses to be inserted in clients' agreements, professional cards required from certain employees and reporting requirements to the CMF.2 Non-regulated brokersNon-regulated brokers are sole agents appointed by an investment firm authorized by the CECEI, or an appropriate authority of an EU member state. Sole agents are nonregulated entities and are neither subject to the minimum capital and shareholder funds requirements nor to the CMF/CRBF regulations.Sole agents enter into investment services agreements with clients on behalf and in the name of their principal, who must be a regulated investment services provider. These agreements are binding on who is, as a general rule, solely liable visa-vis clients and the supervisory authorities (the CMF and/or the Bank of France). In this respect, the incorporation and activities of a sole agent brokerage is simpler, safer and cheaper than for regulated brokers. However, sole agents are fully dependent on the principal since they are not authorized to be appointed by more than one investment firm and if, for any reason, the mandate is cancelled or terminated, sole agents must stop any brokerage activity, unless they get a new mandate or are granted an investment service licence by the CECEI. Sole agents do not benefit from theEuropean passport under the ISD, as they are not considered to be investment firms. It is important to note that the sole agent does not own the brokerage business, since clients simply have a contractual relationship. This is why sole agent status is generally more suitable when the principal and agent are companies within the same group or with long-term common interests.French branches of EU investment service providersThe licence for an EU investment service provider allows it to set up branches in France, subject to authorization from the authorities of its home state.This procedure is much simpler and quicker than an application for an investment services licence with the CECEI. The other advantages of operating in France in this way are that a branch is not required to show an endowment capital in France, and that prudential ratios of the home state apply to the French branch.As a general rule under the ISD, the home state authorities retain jurisdiction over the branch in the home state, with the exception of the public policy rules, which will apply to the branches. In France, the regulation referred to below is considered to be a public policy rule with which French branches operating online brokerage services in France must comply.Regulations applicable to brokerage servicesThe offer of brokerage services and the provision of brokerage services are regulated by reference to the nature of the financial instruments offered online.The offer of brokerage servicesAdvertising / marketingThe advertising of financial instruments is heavily regulated when advertisements are included in a public offering process. In this case the advertisement is in the form of a prospectus, which must comply with COB regulations, which provide detailed requirements regarding the form and content of the prospectus. As a general rule, any other form of advertising in a public offering process must refer to the prospectus approved by the COB.* The marketing in France of financial instruments listed on a foreign market must comply with COB regulation no. 99-04. This provides that, before anytransaction, the broker must send his clients an information memorandum presenting the foreign market and the financial instruments dealt on that market. This may be sent to clients via the internet.Any advertising of operations on the foreign market must include certain mandatory information, including the identification of the legal entity which is soliciting French clients.As a general rule, the advertising of collective investment schemes is subject to regulation by the COB, which ensures that any advertisement is consistent with the notice d'information and with regulations applicable to collective investment schemes generally. SICA Vs and FCPs subject to COB regulation no. 89-02 may not be marketed until the management company has been notified of the COB's approval.However, any direct or indirect solicitation to invest in collective investment schemes subject to the simplified COB approval procedure (less formal because the scheme only targets professional investors), must contain a disclaimer informing investors that any subscription or transfer of shares or units, is restricted to qualified investors or investors whose initial investment is at least euro500,000 ($457,000) or (depending on the scheme) euro,30,000. The disclaimer must also mention that these collective investment schemes are not approved by the COB and adhere to specific investment rules.* The COB has issued guidelines no. 99-02 relating to the marketing and sale via the internet of i) collective investment scheme units or shares; and ii) discretionary mandates. These guidelines are not binding. Its purpose is to clarify certain aspects of the COB regulations which apply to collective investment schemes (management company and depositary) and to any information on financial instruments disclosed during a public offering. The COB is preparing new guidelines relating to financial advice and information disseminated via the internet.* COB regulations and recommendations are applicable to online brokers whenever financial instruments (listed or otherwise) are offered to the public.* Under the CMF's regulations, regulated brokers are bound to inform and advise their clients after having assessed their financial knowledge.* In any event, there is a prohibition on advertising units of investment funds which invest in futures markets (Article 23 of the law of 23/12/1988), or to market non-OECD financial instruments in France without the prior consent of the French Ministry of Economy.3 Canvassing lawUnder the law of 1972 relating to financial canvassing, canvassing consists of contacting potential clients by way of visits, letters, circulars and telephone calls to: i) induce them to subscribe, purchase, exchange or sell securities or participate in such operations; and ii) offer services and advice on a regular basis.The law of 1972 is not adapted to the internet and legislative reform in this field is awaited. The CMF, the COB and the CECEI consider that offers to provide e-banking and e-brokerage services would be treated in the same manner as offers of services or advice by way of letters, circulars or telephone calls.It is difficult to determine which information systems or practices will qualify as financial canvassing (and therefore regulated) or merely as financial advertising (and therefore permitted); the CECEI and the COB have not yet given any clear guidance on this question.According to a discussion and research paper on internet risk released by the Commission Bancaire (the supervisory arm of the Bank of France) in July 2000, advertising messages, including a link to the seller's site (in the case of banks) displayed on general purpose websites, or posting information, advice or offers on sites or news groups in the client's country, would be viewed as financial advertising and would not constitute financial canvassing.The Bank of France takes the view that in these examples there is no active solicitation of clients since they access the financial advertisements deliberately and of their own accord, as if visiting the premises of a bank.In contrast with these passive marketing techniques, sending messages to email addresses would be equated with sending letters and as such would qualify as canvassing, according to the Bank of France.In any case, before soliciting French customers, the brokerage company mustnotify the Bank of France (CECEI) of its intention to solicit such customers; and employees of the brokerage company must be granted a specific solicitation card by the French authorities. Any breach of this rule would constitute a criminal offence.4 Public offering regulationsPublic offering regulations are applicable whenever financial instruments are issued or transferred to the public in France, using advertising, canvassing, credit institutions or investment service providers. Public offerings are heavily regulated and are subject to a number of requirements, including prior approval by COB of a prospectus, filing with the Commercial Registry of the French translation of the issuer's constitutional documents, publication of a legal notice in the BALO and continuing information obligations.The public offering regulations apply to offers of both listed and unlisted financial instruments. In this respect, online brokers offering listed shares to the public are subject to public offering regulations and in particular COB Regulation no. 99-08, under which the online broker must comply with the following disclosure and advertising rules:* the preparation of a simplified prospectus which must be approved by the COB and made freely available to the public; and * any advertisement must refer to the simplified prospectus and specify how to obtain a copy.A private placement (as opposed to a public offering) is defined as the issue or transfer of financial instruments to qualified investors or to a restricted circle of investors.In order to ensure a private placement via the internet, it is necessary to restrict electronic access to the broker's website by passwords granted solely to qualified investors. It is also mandatory under COB Regulation No. 99-09 that a private placement disclaimer be displayed on the webpages of the broker's website. The disclaimer must mention that:* offering materials (advertisements, information memoranda, etc) have not been submitted to the COB for its approval;* qualified investors must participate in the private placement for their ownaccount;* any offer to the public of the financial instruments subscribed or purchased by the qualified investors in the private placement would be subject to public offering regulations; and* if the investors are members of a restricted circle of more than 100, they must certify that they are associated with the management of the issuer on a professional or a personal basis. The provision of online brokerage servicesRules of conduct applicable to online brokers Regulated brokers and principals of non-regulated brokers are investment service providers and are subject to the rules of conduct set out in its General Regulation. The CMF has issued General Decision no. 99-07 providing regulations and guidelines. It implements the CMF rules of conduct.As a general rule, the message must clearly identify the issuer of a message offering the service of reception or transmission of orders. In particular, the website must display the legal status of the broker and the investment service it is authorized to provide. Regulated brokers and non-regulated brokers must be clearly distinguished, and the latter must disclose the identity of their investment service provider whom they are asking as agent.If the online broker is not in charge of account-keeping and custody services, whoever is must be clearly identified. Before entering into a contract with any new client, theonline broker must verify the client's identity and domicile by requesting the following documents:a photocopy of a valid official identity document (passport, identity card, driving licence);* bank details; and* written evidence of address.The broker must send confirmation that he has received these documents and, in doing so, check the client's address. These formalities and verifications may not be carried out via the internet.Once the identity and domicile ofthe new client have been checked, the onlinebroker can provide investment services to his client where:* the client has signed an agreement relating to the evidential rules and procedures applicable to the reception of orders via the internet;* the funds or financial instruments have been credited to the client's account. This does not apply to the broker if it is not the account keeper or the custodian;* the broker has checked that its client may receive the information on the relevant financial instruments and risks via the internet; and* the broker must ensure that the client receives in advance more detailed information regarding operations involving financial instruments which do not correspond to the client's regular dealings.In cases where the broker is responsible for account-- keeping, it should operate an automated system monitoring the accounts of the client and freezing any order in the event of insufficient provision or margin cover.The CMF also recommends that this automated system should freeze any order sent by the client which does not comply with market regulations.Compliance with these rules of conduct raises problems when the broker's website is outsourced to a third party, which happens frequently. The authorities are concerned that brokers may lose control over the operation of their websites and would be unable to take any operational responsibility, while remaining liable. This is why the Commission Bancaire is considering imposing an obligation on investment firms and credit institutions providing online financial services, to monitor their outside internet service providers and/or software companies.5 Regulation of contracts entered Into by online brokersContracts with clients These are subject to the CMF regulations, and in particular to CMF General Decision no. 98-28 relating to the mandatory clauses which must be included in agreements entered into with clients. It came into force in June 2000 and any existing contract is required to be duly amended.The agreements must contain a clause setting out the identity of the client and its legal capacity. In particular, qualified investors must be identified among other legal entities as well as the investment services provided. The categories of financialinstruments and financial services must also be stated in the agreement. This is important since it is taken into account when determining whether the broker has properly assessed the skills of his client. In this respect, it is recommended that high-risk speculative and/or complex operations, such as operations on futures markets, be restricted to informed clients or to qualified investors.In practice, the online broker asks new clients to answer a questionnaire which acts as proof that the broker has fulfilled its obligations to assess the skills ofits client.The agreement must contain a confidentiality clause which is binding. In this respect, it is useful for the online broker to provide exceptions to this obligation so that information on clients can be centralized within a member ofthe same group of companies, or accessed by an outside software company.Contracts with other investment services providersThe number of contracts entered into by brokers with other investment service providers depends on the scope of its licence. Non-regulated brokers must enter into an exclusive mandate with a licensed investment service provider.Regulated brokers which are not market members or not licensed for the execution of orders must conclude a transmission of orders agreement with market members or other investment service providers.These contracts are not subject to the CMF General Decision no. 98-28 or to other specific regulations, with the exception of.* clearing agreements;* when a client gives a broker with whom he has an account an order for transmission to another non-resident institution with comparable status, the broker is forbidden from being remunerated in the form of hard commission (a commission rebate) by the institution to which the order has been transmitted; and* a non account-keeping broker receiving orders from a client for transmission to another institution may be remunerated in the form of a hard commission, provided that the broker informs the client when entering into contractual relations (and thereafter annually) of the terms and conditions and amount of the hard commission.Contracts entered into with software companiesThese contracts might at first appear to have regulatory implications. However, recent financial regulations applicable to e-- brokerage now have a direct bearing on implications for IT agreements.In practice, brokers must ensure that the operation of the website and the reception and transmission of software orders complies with the CMF General Decision and any other applicable regulations applicable. The upgrade clause of the IT agreement entered into with the software company should address the question of the software being upgraded in the event of changes to applicable regulations.It is also recommended that any outsourcing agreement contains a clause which sets out how the online broker monitors the operation of the outsourced website.二、文献综述互联网金融发展文献综述摘要互联网金融的快速发展成为近年来中国经济金融领域备受瞩目的重要现象，国内学术界讨论互联网金融的文献数量也急速膨胀，但目前尚缺少对与互联网金融相关的各类文献进行全面梳理的综述类论文。

互联网金融安全中英文对照外文翻译文献

互联网金融安全中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Database Security in a Web Environment IntroductionDatabases have been common in government departments and commercial enterprises for many years. Today, databases in any organization are increasingly opened up to a multiplicity of suppliers, customers, partners and employees - an idea that would have been unheard of a few years ago. Numerous applications and their associated data are now accessed by a variety of users requiring different levels of access via manifold devices and channels – often simultaneously. For example:• Online banks allow customers to perform a variety of banking operations - via the Internet and over the telephone – whilst maintaining the privacy of account data.• E-Commerce merchants and their Service Providers must store customer, order and payment data on their merchant server - and keep it secure.• HR departments allow employees to update their personal information –whilst protecting certain management information from unauthorized access.• The medical profession must protect the confidentiality of patient data –whilst allowing essential access for treatment.• Online brokerages need to be able to provide large numbers of simultaneous users with up-to-date and accurate financial information.This complex landscape leads to many new demands upon system security. The global growth of complex web-based infrastructures is driving a need for security solutions that provide mechanisms to segregate environments; perform integrity checking and maintenance; enable strong authentication andnon-repudiation; and provide for confidentiality. In turn, this necessitates comprehensive business and technical risk assessment to identify the threats,vulnerabilities and impacts, and from this define a security policy. This leads to security definitions throughout the infrastructure - operating system, database management system, middleware and network.Financial, personal and medical information systems and some areas of government have strict requirements for security and privacy. Inappropriate disclosure of sensitive information to the wrong parties can have severe social, legal and regulatory consequences. Failure to address the basics can result in substantial direct and consequential financial losses - witness the fraud losses through the compromise of several million credit card numbers in merchants’ databases [Occf], plus associated damage to brand-image and loss of consumer confidence.This article discusses some of the main issues in database and web server security, and also considers important architecture and design issues.A Simple ModelAt the simplest level, a web server system consists of front-end software and back-end databases with interface software linking the two. Normally, the front-end software will consist of server software and the network server operating system, and the back-end database will be a relational orobject-oriented database fulfilling a variety of functions, including recording transactions, maintaining accounts and inventory. The interface software typically consists of Common Gateway Interface (CGI) scripts used to receive information from forms on web sites to perform online searches and to update the database.Depending on the infrastructure, middleware may be present; in addition, security management subsystems (with session and user databases) that address the web server’s and related applications’ requirements for authentication, accesscontrol and authorization may be present. Communications between this subsystem and either the web server, middleware or database are via application program interfaces (APIs)..This simple model is depicted in Figure 1.Security can be provided by the following components:• Web server.• Middleware.• Operating system.. Figure 1: A Simple Model.• Database and Database Management System.• Security management subsystem.The security of such a system addressesAspects of authenticity, integrity and confidentiality and is dependent on the security of the individual components and their interactions. Some of the most common vulnerabilities arise from poor configuration, inadequate change control procedures and poor administration. However, even if these areas are properlyaddressed, vulnerabilities still arise. The appropriate combination of people, technology and processes holds the key to providing the required physical and logical security. Attention should additionally be paid to the security aspects of planning, architecture, design and implementation.In the following sections, we consider some of the main security issues associated with databases, database management systems, operating systems and web servers, as well as important architecture and design issues. Our treatment seeks only to outline the main issues and the interested reader should refer to the references for a more detailed description.Database SecurityDatabase management systems normally run on top of an operating system and provide the security associated with a database. Typical operating system security features include memory and file protection, resource access control and user authentication. Memory protection prevents the memory of one program interfering with that of another and limits access and use of the objects employing techniques such as memory segmentation. The operating system also protects access to other objects (such as instructions, input and output devices, files and passwords) by checking access with reference to access control lists. Security mechanisms in common operating systems vary tremendously and, for those that are lacking, there exists special-purpose security software that can be integrated with the existing environment. However, this can be an expensive, time-consuming task and integration difficulties may also adversely impact application behaviors.Most database management systems consist of a number of modules - including database querying and database and file management - along with authorization, concurrent access and database description tables. Thesemanagement systems also use a variety of languages: a data definition language supports the logical definition of the database; developers use a data manipulation language; and a query language is used by non-specialist end-users.Database management systems have many of the same security requirements as operating systems, but there are significant differences since the former are particularly susceptible to the threat of improper disclosure, modification of information and also denial of service. Some of the most important security requirements for database management systems are: • Multi-Level Access Control.• Confidentiality.• Reliability.• Integrity.• Recovery.These requirements, along with security models, are considered in the following sections.Multi-Level Access ControlIn a multi-application and multi-user environment, administrators, auditors, developers, managers and users – collectively called subjects - need access to database objects, such as tables, fields or records. Access control restricts the operations available to a subject with respect to particular objects and is enforced by the database management system. Mandatory access controls require that each controlled object in the database must be labeled with a security level, whereas discretionary access controls may be applied at the choice of a subject.Access control in database management systems is more complicated than in operating systems since, in the latter, all objects are unrelated whereas in a database the converse is true. Databases are also required to make accessdecisions based on a finer degree of subject and object granularity. In multi-level systems, access control can be enforced by the use of views - filtered subsets of the database - containing the precise information that a subject is authorized to see.A general principle of access control is that a subject with high level security should not be able to write to a lower level object, and this poses a problem for database management systems that must read all database objects and write new objects. One solution to this problem is to use a trusted database management system.ConfidentialitySome databases will inevitably contain what is considered confidential data. For example, it could be inherently sensitive or its source may be sensitive, or it may belong to a sensitive table, thus making it difficult to determine what is actually confidential. Disclosure is also difficult to define, as it can be direct, indirect, involve the disclosure of bounds or even mere existence.An inference problem exists in database management systems whereby users can infer sensitive information from relatively insensitive queries. A trivial example is a request for information about the average salary of an employee and the number of employees turns out to be just one, thus revealing the employee’s salary. However, much more sophisticated statistical inference attacks can also be mounted. This highlights the fact that, although the data itself may be properly controlled, confidential information may still leak out.Controls can take several forms: not divulging sensitive information to unauthorized parties (which depends on the respective subject and object security levels), logging what each user knows or masking response data. The first control can be implemented fairly easily, the second quickly becomesunmanageable for a large number of users and the third leads to imprecise responses, and also exemplifies the trade-off between precision and security. Polyinstantiation refers to multiple instances of a data object existing in the database and it can provide a partial solution to the inference problem whereby different data values are supplied, depending on the security level, in response to the same query. However, this makes consistency management more difficult.Another issue that arises is when the security level of an aggregate amount is different to that of its elements (a problem commonly referred to as aggregation). This can be addressed by defining appropriate access control using views.Reliability, Integrity and RecoveryArguably, the most important requirements for databases are to ensure that the database presents consistent information to queries and can recover from any failures. An important aspect of consistency is that transactions execute atomically; that is, they either execute completely or not at all.Concurrency control addresses the problem of allowing simultaneous programs access to a shared database, while avoiding incorrect behavior or interference. It is normally addressed by a scheduler that uses locking techniques to ensure that the transactions are serial sable and independent. A common technique used in commercial products is two-phase locking (or variations thereof) in which the database management system controls when transactions obtain and release their locks according to whether or not transaction processing has been completed. In a first phase, the database management system collects the necessary data for the update: in a second phase, it updates the database. This means that the database can recover from incomplete transactions by repeatingeither of the appropriate phases. This technique can also be used in a distributed database system using a distributed scheduler arrangement.System failures can arise from the operating system and may result in corrupted storage. The main copy of the database is used for recovery from failures and communicates with a cached version that is used as the working version. In association with the logs, this allows the database to recover to a very specific point in the event of a system failure, either by removing the effects of incomplete transactions or applying the effects of completed transactions. Instead of having to recover the entire database after a failure, recovery can be made more efficient by the use of check pointing. It is used during normal operations to write additional updated information - such as logs, before-images of incomplete transactions, after-images of completed transactions - to the main database which reduces the amount of work needed for recovery. Recovery from failures in distributed systems is more complicated, since a single logical action is executed at different physical sites and the prospect of partial failure arises.Logical integrity, at field level and for the entire database, is addressed by the use of monitors to check important items such as input ranges, states and transitions. Error-correcting and error-detecting codes are also used.Security ModelsVarious security models exist that address different aspects of security in operating systems and database management systems. For example, theBell-LaPadula model defines security in terms of mandatory access control and addresses confidentiality only. The Bell LaPadula models, and other models including the Biba model for integrity, are described more fully in [Cast95] and [Pfle89]. These models are implementation-independent and provide a powerfulinsight into the properties of secure systems, lead to design policies and principles, and some form the basis for security evaluation criteria.Web Server SecurityWeb servers are now one of the most common interfaces between users and back-end databases, and as such, their security becomes increasingly important. Exploitation of vulnerabilities in the web server can lead to unforeseen attacks on middleware and backend databases, bypassing any controls that may be in place. In this section, we focus on common web server vulnerabilities and how the authentication requirements of web servers and databases are met.In general, a web server platform should not be shared with other applications and should be the only machine allowed to access the database. Using a firewall can provide additional security - either between the web server and users or between the web server and back-end database - and often the web server is placed on a de-militarized zone (DMZ) of a firewall. While firewalls can be used to block certain incoming connections, they must allow HTTP (and HTTPS) connections through to the web server, and so attacks can still be launched via the ports associated with these connections.VulnerabilitiesVulnerabilities appear on a weekly basis and, here, we prefer to focus on some general issues rather than specific attacks. Common web server vulnerabilities include:• No policy exists.• The default configuration is on.• Reusable passwords appear in clear.• Unnecessary ports available for network services are not disabled.• New security holes are not tracked. Even if they are, well-known vulnerabilities are not always fixed as the source code patches are not applied by system administrator and old programs are not re-compiled or removed.• Security tools are not used to scan the network for weaknesses and changes or to detect intrusions.• Faulty and buggy software - for example, buffer overflow and stack smashingAttacks• Automatic directory listings - this is of particular concern for the interface software directories.• Server root files are generally visible or accessible.• Lack of logs and bac kups.• File access is often not explicitly configured by the system administrator according to the security policy. This applies to configuration, client, administration and log files, administration programs, and CGI program sources and executables. CGI scripts allow dynamic web pages and make program development (in, for example, Perl) easy and rapid. However, their successful exploitation may allow execution of malicious programs, launching ofdenial-of-service attacks and, ultimately, privilege escalation on a server.Web Server and Database AuthenticationWhile user, browser and web server authentication are relatively well understood [Garf97], [Ghos98] and [Tree98], the introduction of additional components, such as databases and middleware, raise a number of authentication issues. There are a variety of options for authentication in a simple model (Figure 1). Firstly, both the web server and database management system can individually authenticate a user. This option requires the user to authenticatetwice which may be unacceptable in certain applications, although a singlesign-on device (which aims to manage authentication in a user-transparent way) may help. Secondly, a common approach is for the database to automatically grant user access based on web server authentication. However, this option should only be used for accessing publicly available information. Finally, the database may grant user access employing the web server authentication credentials as a basis for its own user authentication, using security management subsystems (Figure 1). We consider this last option in more detail.Web-based communications use the stateless HTTP protocol with the implication that state, and hence authentication, is not preserved when browsing successive web pages. Cookies, or files placed on user’s machine by a web server, were developed as a means of addressing this issue and are often used to provide authentication. However, after initial authentication, there is typically no re authentication per page in the same realm, only the use of unencrypted cookies (sometimes in association with IP addresses). This approach provides limited security as both cookies and IP addresses can be tampered with or spoofed.A stronger authentication method, commonly used by commercial implementations, uses digitally signed cookies. This allows additional systems, such as databases, to use digitally signed cookie data, including a session ID, as a basis for authentication. When a user has been authenticated by a web server (using a password, for example), a session ID is assigned and is stored in a security management subsystem database. When a user subsequently requests information from a database, the database receives a copy of the session ID, the security management subsystem checks this session ID against its local copy and, if authentication is successful, user access is granted to the database.The session ID is typically transmitted in the clear between the web server and database, but may be protected by SSL or even by physical security measures. The communications between the browser and web servers, and the web servers and security management subsystem (and its databases), are normally protected by SSL and use a web server security API that is used to digitally sign and verify browser cookies. The communications between the back-end databases and security management subsystem (and its databases) are also normally protected by SSL and use a database security API that verifies session Ids originating from the database and provides additional user authorization credentials. The web server security API is generally proprietary while, for the database security API, many vendors have adopted standards such as the Generic Security Services API (GSS-API) or CORBA [RFC2078] and [Corba].Architecture and DesignSecurity requirements for designing, building and implementing databases are important so that the systems, as part of the overall infrastructure, meet their requirements in actual operation. The various security models provide an important insight into the design requirements for databases and their management systems.Secure Database Management System ArchitecturesIn multi-level database management systems, a variety of architectures are possible: trusted subject, integrity locked, kernels and replicated. Trusted subject is used by most of the leading database management system vendors and can be integrated in existing products. Basically, the trusted subject architecture allows users to access a database via an un trusted front-end, a trusted database management system and trusted operating system. The operating systemprovides physical access to the database and the database management system provides multilevel object protection.The other architectures - integrity locked, kernels and replicated - all vary in detail, but they use a trusted front-end and an un trusted database management system. For details of these architectures and research prototypes, the reader is referred to [Cast95]. Different architectures are suited to different environments: for example, the trusted subject architecture is less integrated with the underlying operating system and is best suited when a trusted path can be assured between applications and the database management system.Secure Database Management System DesignAs discussed above, there are several fundamental differences between operating system and database management system design, including object granularity, multiple data types, data correlations and multi-level transactions. Other differences include the fact that database management systems include both physical and logical objects and that the database lifecycle is normally longer.These differences must be reflected in the design requirements which include:• Access, flow and infer ence controls.• Access granularity and modes.• Dynamic authorization.• Multi-level protection.• Polyinstantiation.• Auditing.• Performance.These requirements should be considered alongside basic information integrity principles, such as:• Well-formed transactions - to ensure that transactions are correct and consistent.• Continuity of operation - to ensure that data can be properly recovered, depending on the extent of a disaster.• Authorization and role management – to ensure that distinct roles are defined and users are authorized.• Authenticated users - to ensure that users are authenticated.• Least privilege - to ensure that users have the minimal privilege necessary to perform their tasks.• Separation of duties - to ensure that no single individual has access to critical data.• Delegation of authority - to ensure that the database management system policies are flexible enough to meet the organization’s requirements.Of course, some of these requirements and principles are not met by the database management system, but by the operating system and also by organizational and procedural measures.Database Design MethodologyVarious approaches to design exist, but most contain the same main stages. The principle aim of a design methodology is to provide a robust, verifiable design process and also to separate policies from how policies are actually implemented. An important requirement during any design process is that different design aspects can be merged and this equally applies to security.A preliminary analysis should be conducted that addresses the system risks, environment, existing products and performance. Requirements should then beanalyzed with respect to the results of a risk assessment. Security policies should be developed that include specification of granularity, privileges and authority.These policies and requirements form the input to the conceptual design that concentrates on subjects, objects and access modes without considering implementation details. Its purpose is to express information and process flows in a complete and consistent way.The logical design takes into account the operating system and database management system that will be used and which of the security requirements can be provided by which mechanisms. The physical design considers the actual physical realization of the logical design and, indeed, may result in a revision of the conceptual and logical phases due to physical constraints.Security AssuranceOnce a product has been developed, its security assurance can be assessed by a number of methods including formal verification, validation, penetration testing and certification. For example, if a database is to be certified as TCSEC Class B1, then it must implement the Bell-LaPadula mandatory access control model in which each controlled object in the database must be labeled with a security level.Most of these methods can be costly and lengthy to perform and are typically specific to particular hardware and software configurations. However, the international Common Criteria certification scheme provides the added benefit of a mutual recognition arrangement, thus avoiding the prospect of multiple certifications in different countries.ConclusionThis article has considered some of the security principles that are associated with databases and how these apply in a web based environment. Ithas also focused on important architecture and design principles. These principles have focused mainly on the prevention, assurance and recovery aspects, but other aspects, such as detection, are equally important in formulating a total information protection strategy. For example, host-based intrusion detection systems as well as a robust and tested set of business recovery procedures should be considered.Any fit-for-purpose, secure e-business infrastructure should address all the above aspects: prevention, assurance, detection and recovery. Certain industries are now starting to specify their own set of global, secure e-business requirements. International card payment associations have recently started to require minimum information security standards from electronic commerce merchants handling credit card data, to help manage fraud losses and associated impacts such as brand-image damage and loss of consumer confidence.网络环境下的数据库安全简介数据库在政府部门和商业机构得到普遍应用已经很多年了。

互联网金融电子银行外文文献翻译2014年译文3050字大数据

文献出处:RICHARD C. Internet Finance's Impact on Traditional Finance [J]. The Journal of International Finance, 2014, 6(12): 13-29.（本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库）原文Internet Finance's Impact on Traditional FinanceRICHARD CAbstractWith the advent of the era of web2.0, Banks have full access to the Internet age, the large data of the Internet is profoundly affects the future of the Banks, represented by the Banks of financial enterprises and represented by electric business enterprise Internet companies, is a financial of the Internet and the Internet financialization swing. The large data of the Internet is profoundly affecting the bank's future development direction, it also marks a new era of financial, the rapid development of Internet financial, also brought unprecedented challenges to electronic banking, regardless of technical strength, talent resources level, or the problem such as system innovation are all faced with great challenge and opportunity.Key words: Internet financial; Electronic banking; Third-party payment; big data1 The concepts of Internet financialInternet finance is the product of the combination of both financial and Internet, is to use the Internet technology and mobile communication technology to realize capital flow and information transfer mode of new financial, Internet financial is different from traditional finance: financial business adopted by the media, financial participants direct contact through the Internet, make the transparency of financial business, higher intermediate cheaper, more convenient way.The current Internet financial landscape, is made up of traditional financial institutions and non-financial institutions. Traditional financial institutions are mainly the Internet innovation of traditional financial business and electricity, such as innovation, non-financial institutions mainly refers to the use of Internet technologiesto finance the operation of the electric business enterprise lending to network platform, the raise pattern of network investment platform, dig choir class mobile banking APP, and third party payment platform, etc.2 Status quo of Internet financial developmentSince the birth of the Internet technology, Internet financial development and there are two paths: one is the financialization of Internet enterprise development, namely the Internet into financial, a financial enterprise development of the Internet, that Banks and other financial institutions use the Internet technology and the Internet channel to realize the existing business, Internet finance is in the Internet under the new formats, financial institutions through in-depth change to provide is suitable for the characteristics of the Internet financial services to the customers, namely financial the Internet and the Internet are related to the financial industry. But from the point of the current situation, the Internet enterprise financialization of development are clearly in the offensive, Internet companies continuously introduce new products and new business model, constantly eating away at the traditional banking business. Internet financial and banking camp slightly passive, for sudden Internet enterprise competition, struggling to keep up, change the traditional bank Internet more stop electronic banking, electronic banking for Banks is just a kind of more channels. Third-party payment rapid development with the rapid development of the Internet trading platform, as the credit intermediary third-party payment application and the emergence of a third party payment, both buyers and sellers of mutual distrust embarrassing questions, and play a huge role in promoting the development of electronic commerce. Internet users around the world use third-party payment complete online payment, direct payment after the bank on the net; Third-party Internet payment after net silver, become the second largest Internet users electronic payment.Mobile payment business remain high growth, with the mature development of mobile technology, in recent years, with mobile phone "tablets such as the widely application of the intelligent terminal, apple, android and other mobile Internet payment to booming spring rate, and begun to take shape. In addition, the rapiddevelopment of network finance network finance is the investor (or family) analysis of merchants to provide financial product information via the Internet, according to the change of external conditions for the existence of its remaining assets form to adjust, to maximize personal or family property yields a series of activities. In the rapidly changing financial market" s financial information explosion, the network financial investors especially personal financial investors provide great convenience.3 The electronic banking development under the Internet financial3.1 Attach importance to the user experience, improve service qualityThe biggest challenge for traditional Banks, and lies in the change of thinking mode. Internet financial irreversible situation will bring the bank internal technology, talent, and a variety of mechanisms policy adjustments. For electronic banking this team is the most favorable to build customer experience department. Because electronic banking sector is one of the most customer groups. Since the establishment of electronic banking operations, and directly serving the customer, and not like a traditional bank, through the counter "lobby manager to provide service! If improper process experience design in the background, will have service personnel to assist the follow up, but the mobile banking and Internet banking in the financial service of Internet, almost no bank staff to help, the user experience can complete data, including customers in the use of time, the function of be fond of and so on. The electronic bank grasp the first-hand information of the user experience, through the analysis of data, timely adjustments, maximize meet customer demand, therefore, only attach importance to the customer experience, seeing it as a lifeline of the development of the electronic banking can promote the rapid development of electronic banking, promote financial Internet.3.2 Scale operationThe Internet represents advanced productive forces has three meanings: the first layer is external ability, such as the Internet product design platform performance; the second is the customer of the Internet enterprise operation ability; Open the third layer is the "share and innovation spirit. The combination of financial and Internet also need to be reflected in the three levels at the same time. The nature of the Internet financialstrategy is a kind of platform, the platform strategy, refers to connect two (or more) specific group, providing them with interactive mechanism, to meet the needs of all groups, and ingeniously profit business model. At present, for Banks, have set up the network platform and through its complete financial business, but the Internet is just a way for it. Besides, set up the Internet financial physical platform is the first step, only into the platform through the platform operation to attract a large number of customers, you can't really play the value of the platform, if there is no customer security, and banking has discouraged Internet financial! And attract customers into the platform, through the platform to retain customers, financial focused on using Internet platform to attract customers" operating customers, finally, the transaction demand for customers to bank trading system to complete implementation. In short, the bank will convert the Angle of view, changing ideas, empathy, and reflect the value of customers, do the platform scale is large, and the bank can get their own value.3.3 Speed up new Internet technology and the integration of new business development banAt present, a lot of financial business needs to be done through the online operation, especially the bank on the net "third-party payment" mobile payment business, developing very rapidly. But the financial sector of the Internet, make a lot of supporting measures cannot follow up in time, there are a lot of potential safety hazard, especially on the application of safety technology, lack of necessary guidance standards. Platform development and utilization of the banking system and the lack of necessary and sufficient time for testing, will also leave a safe hidden trouble. The Internet technology put forward higher requirements for Banks. Bank network background of the operating system, database and even a very important core system, once a problem, even very small fault, will cause serious influence to banking! For the banking system, therefore, the construction of "maintenance, and the security of bank business continuity, put forward higher request. The bank should strengthen the Internet of the new technology research and application, especially for large data mining analysis, Banks have access to the first-hand customer data convenience (bankbusiness is money, but money is the corresponding data, the bank is essentially operating data), in addition, the application of new technology research at the same time, speed up new technology and new business integration development bank, gather enough stamina for electronic banking development of mobile payment to integrate development. Of course, the high quality of the network financial talent is a new technology and the Internet bank a prerequisite for new business development, at the same time, the bank related personnel will need to continue to strengthen its own theoretical accomplishment and operation skills. Electronic banking is based on the Internet and application, its openness, also, some important data information has stolen using the risk of tampering, mobile payment in recent years the immense, play a strong role for the development of electronic banking, but also over a wireless network for mobile payments, so also are faced with the risk of information security. Therefore, strengthen the publicity of information security" guidance, especially to the customers in the electronic banking security guide appears especially important.4 ConclusionsIn a word, with the development of Internet financial, electronic banking begins to change ideas, innovation as the breakthrough point to user requirements and the Internet, the innovation of electronic banking service mode, fast improving electronic banking customer experience and channel integration level, through the meet the rapidly changing financial consumption demand and convenient and safe service experience demand to improve customer satisfaction, attach great importance to the safety control and risk management, carry out scientific development and sustainable development of electronic banking. Also, to actively explore new application of digital marketing. By investing in external activities, such as social media channels or web crawler technology, such as access to social relationship tree relationship with the customer behavior, flexible matching intermediary business pricing policy and marketing activities, realize effective social marketing; Customer data collected about browsing mobile phone or card number as the center, to accumulate accurate marketing resources; To strengthen and Internet companies, operators in LBS data, data such as contact, joint to carry out new marketing activities. On the whole, in theface of the rapid development of Internet financial, commercial Banks should be ready, must absorb and draw lessons from the latest industry innovation, to achieve faster and better development of electronic banking business.译文互联网金融下的电子银行发展作者：理查德·科勒摘要随着web2.0时代的到来，银行业已经全面进入互联网时代，互联网的大数据正深刻地影响着银行的未来，以银行为代表的金融企业和以电商企业为代表的互联网企业，正在掀起金融互联网化和互联网金融化的浪潮。

互联网金融外文文献翻译 2

外文出处：DeBonisR, Silvestrini A. Internet finance and its influence ontraditional banking [J]. Applied FinancialEconomics, 2016,3(5):409-425.原文Internetfinanceanditsinfluenceontraditionalbanking DeBonisR, SilvestriniAA b stractsWith the rapid development of information technology, Internet financialmodel graduallyrise.ThispapersummarizestheInternetfinancialmodelonthebasisofth e concept, features and functions of Internet financial model in strategy,customer channels,financing, pricingand financial disintermediation of the impact of the tra di ti o nal c om mercial bank. T his paper a r g ue s t hat Inte rne t financ i al m ode l in the short term will not stand in the way of commercial bank's traditional business modelandprofit,butinthelongtermcommercialBanksshoulduseoftheInternetfinancial model,in order to obtain the new development. At the same time, the sustainedandhealthy development of the Internet industry to rely on Internet financialenterprises e lf-di s c i pli ne,posit i ve i nnovat i on,but a lsoattrac t m orec us t ome rs,strengt he nt h e construction ofsystemsecurity.Key words: Financial innovation; Internet financial; FinancialdisintermediationAt p r e s ent, m obi le payment, online ba nking, m obil e ba nki ng and financ i al businessinChina'sbooming financialinnovationssuchascloud,thusformedanew kind of financial model -- the Internet finance. Big data era and brand creation,spread tothedevelopmentoffinancialinstitutionsisbothachallengeandopportunity.Alo ng with the development of the Internet financial, emerging Internet traditionalfinancialcompanies and financial institutions will be a fierce competition, the future mayeven change thetraditional financial management mode and operationpattern. The Inter net financial concepts, features andfunctions Theconcept of the Inter net financial.After years of development, Internet companies stay in business does not providetechnicalsupporttofinancialinstitutionsandservicelevel,thedataaccumulated through the depth of mining information, to expand our business to thefinancial sector,buildfinancialmodelsandInternetbecometheemergingfieldofcombining inf orm a ti on technol o g ya ndca pi ta l.I nt e rne tfina n ci a lmodelisdiffer e ntfromindirectfinancing of commercial bank, it is also different from directfinancing capital market'sthirdfinancialfinancingmodel.Fromthe perspectiveofthe financingmode of Internet financial mode in essence is a kind of direct financing mode. Butcompared withthetraditionalmodeofdirectfinancing,Internetfinancingmodelhasalarge am ount ofinforma t ion,l ow e r transa c tioncost s,hig he ffic i en c y,et c.Adoptappropria t eth e Internet finance is a kind of financial model in the information age. Theauthor believesthattheInternetfinanceisbasedonmoderninformationtechnologyin financia l activities, with functions of financing, payment and transactionintermediary.Thecharacteristicsofthe Internetfinancial.Availabili t y of f i nancia l resources. Financia l exclusi on is defined as: people i nthefinancialsystemlackaconditioninwhichthe share of financial services,includingthesocialvulnerablegroupsinthelackofwaysormethodsiscloseto financialinstitutions,aswellasintheuseoffinancialproductsorfinancialservicesexist difficulties and obstacles. The current management mode,thetraditionalcom m ercia l Banks un able t o effi ci ent ly deal with small comp ani es, and part ofth eindividual customer's business requirements, lead to the financial exclusion of certaincustomers .Internet financial mode, the customer can break through the geographical restrictions, on the Internet looking for financial resources, alleviate thefinancialexclusion, enhance the level of socialwelfare.Trading the relative information. The traditional financing mode, thefinancial institutionstoobtaininvestmententerprises,especiallysmallmicroenterprise inform ation cost is higher, income and cost does not match. Internetfinancial generationanddisseminationofinformation throughsocial network, any enterpriseandindividualinformationwillcontactwithothersubjects.Bothpartiestocollect inform ation via the Internet, can be more comprehensive understanding of a businessor personal financial and credit situation, reduce the information asymmetry. Whenloandefault object, Internet financial enterprises through public default and reducing rating information, increase the cost ofdefault.The allocation of resources to mediation. The traditionalfinancing mode, the money s upplyand de m and both s i des inform a ti on often don't m a t c h.Capitaldemanders can't get the money in time to support at the same time, capitalsuppliers also can't find good investment projects. Internet financial mode, the money supply anddemandbothsidesnolongerneedtheintermediaryinstitutionssuchasBanksor exch angeset,canbedonethroughthenetworkplatformtoinformationscreening,ma t chi ng, pricing and tra di ng, di sintermediation effect isobvious.The Inter net financialfunction.The platform function Financial enterprises establish the platform ofnetwork financial via the Internet, customers can choose the suitable financial products,justmove your fingers, which can carry out payment, loan, investment, financialactivities,s uc h as convenient and quick, from running er r ands, and w a iti ng f or c us tome r.The allocation of resources(i.e.,financing) function. Internet financialisessentiallyawayofdirectfinancing.Internetfinancialmode,wecaneasilycheck counter party transaction records; To find the right risk management tools andriskdiversification; In-depth analysis the data by information technology,comprehensiveand i n-depth master competitors in form atio n, improve the effi c iency ofr e s o urce allocation.Asthe Internetfinancialmodel,the conceptof"sincethe financial"arisesatthehistoricmoment.3,paymentfunction.Internetfinancial mode, between merchants and customers to pay by a third party to complete, convenient,efficient,lower cost. The third party payment or will weaken the commercial bank, the statusofthe traditional payment platform. At present, the people's bank of China for about200third-party payment companies issued payment business license. In 2012, our country third party online payment market size of 3.8trillion.Information gatheringand processing.Traditional financialmode, theinformationresourcesdispersed,confuseddataisdifficult toeffectivelyhandlethe application. Internet financial mode, people use"cloudcomputing"principle,information asymmetry, thepyramid can be flattened, realize the standardizationofdata, structured, increasing the service efficiency of the data.Second, the Internet's influence on the traditional commercial bankingfinancial mode to review the financial strategy, to adapt to the challenges of the Internet fina nc ial model. The emergence of the Int e rnet f i nancial m o delfor s m al l andmedium-sized bank provides an opportunity to competewith the big Banks. If you canmakegooduseofthismodel,thepositiveinnovation,willcatchupwiththebig Banks in some emerging business, the formation of competitiveness. Traditional bankingmaybebecauseoftheInternet financialmodelchangeinthecompetitive la n dscape.SomeInternetcom pa niesha v enots a ti s fyon lydo t hird-pa rtyonl i nepayment platform, but with the advantages of data accumulation andinformation mining,directlytothesupplychain,smallmicroenterprisecreditfinancingexpansi on,the future may impact the core of the traditional banking business, rob Bankscustomerresources,alternative physical channels, overturning traditionalbankma na gement mode and profitable w ay.The development of banking customer andchannelThe customer is the basis ofcommercial Banks and other financial institutionsto the business. Internet financial model for commercial Banks to expand thecustomerbase. In 2012, the global Internet users up to 2012 people; Chinese Internet users is565 m i ll i on (2), the numbe r of onlin e s hoppi ng, 193 million (3).U nde r the modeof Internetfinancial,commercialBankscanbecombinedwithits ownstrategy,on theonehand,toattractnewcustomers;Ontheotherhand,increase customer adhesiveness, close business relationship with clients. Internet financial mode, thebank may change to traditional target audience and traditional physicalnetworkadvantages weakening, the pursuit of diversification personalized service of smalland medium-sized enterprises and individual customers more inclined to participate in a variety of financial transactions via the Internet. Commercial Banks willchange traditionalvaluecreationandrealizationway,abletoprovidefast,lowcostservicesoffin ancial institutionsto get marketfavor.Improve efficiency of resource allocation, effectively solve the smallmicroenterprise financing difficult problem.Internet financial companies with large data, cloud computing, and microlending technology. These three technologies can make a comprehensive understandingofthe Internetfinancialinstitutionsthebusinesspracticesofsmallbusinessesandindividual custom e rs and c redit ra ting, and esta bl ish a database and ne t w o rk c r edit sys t em. Inthecredit review, investors will network trading and credit history as a referenceand analysisindicators.Loanobjectsuchasadefault,financialfirmsstillcanusethe Internetnetworkplatformtocollectandpublishinformation,increasingdefaultcost,red ucetheriskofinvestors,intheserviceofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprise fina n cin g, a nd personal l oans has a unique advantage. T here f or e, t he Int e r n etfi n an c ialmodelcangobeyondthetraditionalfinancingwayofresourceallocationeffic iency,significantlyreducetransactioncosts,stronglysupportthedevelopmentofthereal economy. Thepricediscoveryfunction,andpromote themercerizationofinterest rate.Int e rne t fi nan c ial m ode l ca n obj e ctivel y r e fle c t the mar ke ts uppl y a nd d e mand bothsidespricepreferences, commercial Banks and other financial institutionsrespond to interest rate marketization.Debit offer Internet financial as a trading platform, funds, credit on the basis of the liquidity preference choice, risk factors,such as loan object, the two sides bargaining to clinch a deal, tradingmarketcom pl et e ly. W i t h m arket-ori ented inter es t r a te, financialinstituti ons ca nnotcompletelydependontheguidanceofthecentralbank'sbenchmarkrate,shouldtaketheinitiativetofindbenchmarkinterestratesinthemarket .TheInternetmode,financial institutions, financial market interest rate movements can be done viatheInternet, determine specific customer base interest rates. If can also in-depthstudyofdatamining,canevenformcompletelydeterminedbythemarket"rateindex",soas to improve the loanpricing.To speed up financial disintermediation.Traditional Banks inthe financial business,mainly ACTS as afinancialintermediaryfunction. Internet financial will acceleratefinancial disintermediation,make the funds of commercial Banks intermediary function marginalized. IntheInternet financial mode, Internet companies to provide financial search platform forcapitalsupplyanddemand,asmoneyinformationintermediaryrole.Fromthe perspectiveoffinanc ing,capitalsupplyanddemandbothsidesusingsearchplatform fortradingobject,afterthefinanci ngdealisdonebybothsides.Fromtheperspective of t h e pa y third-party payme nt pla t form, ca n provide c us t ome r s wit h paying,automatic collecting and transfer the remittance and settlement and paymentservices,with the traditional bank payment form instead.Third, the Internet financial mode development trendand strategy of commercialBanks.Overall,theInternetfinancial institutions development speed is fast,b ut the vol umeisre lat ive ly smal l,s h ort-te rm w ou ldnots ha kecomm e rcialbank's traditional business model and profit way. Sustained and healthy development ofthe financialindustry,theauthorthinksthat,theInternet,needtopayattentiontothe following four points: first, the Internet financial enterprises shouldself-discipline,business development can notdrill loophole legal and regulatory loopholes, shouldbeto support the rea l e c onomy as the start i ng point. Sec ond, the I nternet f inanci a l enterprisesshouldactivelyinnovation,andconstantlygraftfunctionof financialservicesandinformationtechnology,explorenewbusinessareas,complementarywith th e traditional financial business model. Again, the Internet financial enterprises touseits own resources,breakthe geographical boundaries,attract morecustomers,opera t in g a s "ma k ing a fool of. Fina l ly, the Inte rne t fi nan c ial enterpr i sesshould strengthentheconstructionofsystemsecurity,toensurethesafetyof capital,informationofthetrader. Fromthesocialenvironment, peopleshould give the Internet financial enterprises more open and tolerant attitude. Under the premiseofguarantee the financial stability and security, relevant departments can considertobreak through the geographical, trade restrictions, encourage financialindustry competition, safeguardsocial financial ecologicalenvironment.Traditional model of commercial Banks in the Internet age still mercialBanks'capitalstrength,cognitiveandhighcreditstanding,perfectinfrastructure,physicaloutletsarewidelydistributed, entitybank can establish the trust of the tangible. In addition to providing traditional commercial bankloanbusiness, wealth depository and provide payment and settlement business media, alsoforthesocietytoprovideliquidityinsurance,supportnormaleconomicactivity.Some financial business needs professional experience judgment, informationtechnology cannot completely replace the face the vigorous development of the Internet financial bus i ness, comme rc ia l B a nks and other financi a l i ns t i tut i ons should pa y c l osea t te nt ionto the development of the Internet financial trends, changing the conceptof development, actively adjust strategy. Commercial Banks to use the Internet financial mode, can deep integration of Internet technology and the bank's corebusiness,improve customer service quality, expand the service channels, improve the level of business, t o ada pt to the Int e rnet fina ncia l model to the impac t of t he tradi t iona l financial pattern, obtain new development. Based on comparative advantage, in support, service the real economy At the same time, create value for shareholders.译文互联网金融以及它对传统银行业的影响作者：伯尼斯；席尔瓦尼摘要随着信息技术的快速发展，互联网金融模式逐渐兴起。

互联网金融外文文献翻译

互联网金融外文文献翻译随着信息技术的迅猛发展，互联网金融已成为当今金融领域的热门话题。

为了深入了解这一领域的国际前沿动态，对相关外文文献的翻译显得尤为重要。

互联网金融是指利用互联网技术和信息通信技术实现资金融通、支付、投资和信息中介服务的新型金融业务模式。

它打破了传统金融的时间和空间限制，极大地提高了金融服务的效率和覆盖面。

在翻译互联网金融外文文献时，首先要面对的是专业术语的翻译。

例如，“PeertoPeer Lending”通常被翻译为“P2P 借贷”，“Blockchain Technology”则是“区块链技术”，“Fintech”是“金融科技”。

准确翻译这些术语对于理解文献的核心内容至关重要。

同时，互联网金融领域的发展日新月异，新的概念和词汇不断涌现。

这就要求译者时刻关注行业动态，及时掌握最新的术语和表达方式。

比如，“Digital Currency”（数字货币）、“RoboAdvisor”（智能投顾）等都是近年来出现的新词汇。

除了术语，句子结构的处理也是翻译中的难点。

外文文献中常常会出现长难句，句子成分复杂，逻辑关系隐晦。

在翻译时，需要对句子进行仔细分析，理清其结构和逻辑关系，然后用符合中文表达习惯的方式进行翻译。

例如：“The rapid development of fintech has not only disrupted the traditional financial landscape but also created numerous opportunities for innovative financial services, which has posed both challenges and prospects for the regula tory framework” 可以翻译为：“金融科技的快速发展不仅颠覆了传统的金融格局，还为创新金融服务创造了众多机会，这给监管框架带来了挑战和前景。

互联网金融国外文献-外文文献怎么找

互联网金融国外文献-外文文献怎么找互联网上查找外文文献的地方互联网上查找外文文献的地方香港科技大学图书馆Dspacehttp:///dspace包括香港科技大学的学术论文、学位论文、研究报告等内容，均可免费获取全文。

Openj-gatehttp:///提供4350种开放获取的期刊的数百万期刊全文文献。

加利福尼亚大学国际和区域数字馆藏http:///escholarship/加利福尼亚大学国际和区域数字馆藏研究项目。

EScholarshipRepository主要提供已出版的期刊论文、未出版的研究手稿、会议文献以及其他连接出版物上的文章1万多篇，均可免费阅读。

剑桥大学机构知识库http:///由Cambridge University Library和University Computing Service 维护，提供剑桥大学相关的期刊、学术论文、学位论文等电子资源。

发展中国家联合期刊库http:///非营利的电子出版物服务机构，提供来自发展中国家的开放获取的多种期刊的全文。

美国密西根大学论文库http:///美国密西根大学论文库2万多篇期刊论文、技术报告、评论等文献全文。

包含艺术学、生物学、社会科学、资源环境学等学科的相关论文，另还有博硕士论文。

标识为OPEN的可以打开全文。

jfg CERN Document Serverhttp:///主要覆盖物理学及相关学科，提供360,000多篇全文文献，包括预印文献、期刊论文、图书、图片、学位论文等等。

kl ArXivhttp:///ArXiv是属于Cornell University的非盈利教育机构，面向物理学、数学、非线性科学、计算机科学和定量生物学等学科提供16种免费电子期刊的访问。

NASA Technical Reports Serverhttp:///?method=browse主要是关于航空航天领域研究的科技报告和会议论文。

National Service Center for Environmental Publicationshttp:///ncepihom/National Service Center for Environmental Publications提供的是美国环境保护总署(EPA)出版物。

互联网金融背景下英语翻译特征及人才培养路径探析

互联网金融背景下英语翻译特征及人才培养路径探析作者：林圆园来源：《宁波职业技术学院学报》2020年第03期摘要：随着全球化的深入发展，国与国之间的融合度和依赖度达到新的水平，尤其在互联网技术的推动下，全球一体化进程更加明显，催生一批新业态。

其中互联网金融发展最为迅速，对相关从业人员提出了新要求，在此背景下，对英语翻译人员能力要求也越来越高，需要通过拓宽互联网金融领域的知识，提高翻译专业词汇和术语水平，增强长难句翻译技巧等措施，不断提升英语翻译人才专业素养，助推互联网金融健康可持续发展。

关键词：互联网金融; 英语翻译; 人才培养; 路径中图分类号： H319 文献标志码： A 文章编号： 1671-2153（2020）03-0072-04一、互联网金融及其英语翻译的重要性互联网行业和金融领域的发展需要，尤其是金融变革的深层次需要，驱动着互联网金融的快速发展。

金融业可以拓展互联网服务功能的广度和深度，互联网也有助于金融业创新产品和服务及低成本扩张，对传统金融体系形成有益补充，满足不断增长的异质金融需求。

在全球一体化不断深入推进下，中国与其他国家之间的经濟交流越来越密切，在国际市场上发挥着重要的作用。

英语作为世界性通用语言，在金融行业发挥着媒介和桥梁的作用，通过学习提高专业英语能力，翻译国外的金融法规和政策，能够帮助了解国外经济形势，缩短不同种族及地区人们在时间和空间上的距离，有利于建立一种全新的金融生态环境，高质量的英语翻译能便捷、安全、高效、简洁的在若干维度为不同主体提供最佳服务体验，保证不同主体间的黏性，促进他们的交流互动，实现可持续发展。

近几年，互联网金融在全球范围内的发展势如破竹，通过互联网与金融的深度融合改变传统金融业务模式，互联网金融发展的去中心化特征，相对传统金融行业，平台金融初始成本更低，业务范围更广，智力支撑需求更多。

互联网金融的这些变化，对英语翻译带来了新的机遇和挑战。

在互联网金融特有背景下的新兴词汇也应运而生，如第三方支付、点对点信贷、移动支付、普惠金融、比特币和大数据等。

P2P互联网金融外文翻译文献

P2P互联网金融外文翻译文献P2P互联网金融外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)译文：P2P 金融下的中小企业融资摘要中小企业融资难是世界性难题。

文章介绍了互联网金融的概念，重点概括了 P2P 金融在科技和金融创新融合方面的发展，综合了现在学术界对 P2P 金融研究的五大方向方面的各种观点和见解。

指出了当前 P2P 金融发展的突出问题风险控制，并对互联网金融的大趋势进行了分析。

关键词: P2P金融; 金融创新; 风险管控1引言从企业发展的历史看，大型企业都来源于中小企业。

中小企业是国民经济中最具活力的部分，往往走在技术发展的最前端，在高科技产业、清洁能源、绿色经济等方面都有很好的业绩，在经济转型中发挥着巨大作用。

中小企业融资难是世界性难题。

这些中小企业融资环境和渠道狭窄，有 60% 以上无法获得银行贷款。

目前，科技型企业又有轻资产的特点，融资困境，成为困扰可持续发展的巨大瓶颈。

2 互联网金融的概念近两年来，互联网金融呈现井喷式发展， 2014 年以来，互联网金融板块表现强势。

当前经济领域存在两个特别矛盾的现象，一是中小企业在企业总数中占比很大，但普遍存在融资难的问题; 二是民间闲散资金多，但除了股市和房市，往别的领域投资很难。

而以互联网、大数据、云计算为基础和高度契合市场引领的互联网金融的发展，对于解决这两个难题，更好地为实体经济，尤其是中小企业发展创造良好的金融环境，也为中国在国际竞争当中实现弯道超车起到重要作用。

互联网金融除了掌握客户端外，还便于做好上游资本供给方、下游资本使用方点与点的整合，结合互联网的其中特质( P2P) 及金融的本质( 资本) 。

依托互联网金融的发展，金融供给能力得以提高，包容性得以增强，可以动员更多的金融资源，覆盖面更广，覆盖度更多，满足更分散、更多元化的需求。

互联网金融最狭隘的概念就是 P2P( Peer-to-Peer Lend-ing) 金融平台，P2P 模式的核心是: 在这个具有资质的网站平台上，借款人发出借贷信息，并提供借贷项目的具体情况、借款人的相关诚信及经济实力等有关信息; 投资人根据平台上提供的信息，进行决策，最后做出向借款人发放贷款的决定。

互联网金融外文翻译

互联网金融外文翻译Internet Finance: The New Paradigm of Financial Services The internet has revolutionized the way we live, work, and transact. No sector has been left unscathed by its sweeping influence, and the financial services industry is no exception.互联网金融，便是这一场革新的见证者和参与者。

互联网金融，以其独特的优势和不断创新的产品，正逐渐改变着金融服务的传统模式，引领着新的金融趋势。

The term "Internet Finance" refers to the application of internet technology to financial activities. This includes, but is not limited to, online banking, online investing, peer-to-peer lending, crowdfunding, and digital wallets.这些互联网技术使得金融服务变得更加便捷、高效，同时也拓宽了金融服务的覆盖面，使得更多的人能够享受到金融服务。

One of the key advantages of Internet Finance is its accessibility. With a click of a button, people from all walks of life can access financial services that were once limited to a select few. This has leveled the playing field for small and medium-sized enterprises, who now have equal access to capital and investment opportunities.这一优势尤其对中小企业来说意义重大，它们现在有了平等的融资和投资机会，不再受限于过去的种种限制。

互联网大数据金融中英文对照外文翻译文献

互联网大数据金融中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Internet Finance's Impact on Traditional FinanceAbstractAs the advances in modern information and Internet technology, especially the develop of cloud computing, big data, mobile Internet, search engines and social networks, profoundly change, even subvert many traditional industries, and the financial industry is no exception. In recent years, financial industry has become the most far-reaching area influenced by Internet, after commercial distribution and the media. Many Internet-based financial service models have emerged, and have had a profound and huge impact on traditional financial industries. "Internet-Finance" has win the focus of public attention.Internet-Finance is low cost, high efficiency, and pays more attention to the user experience, and these features enable it to fully meet the special needs of traditional "long tail financial market", to flexibly provide more convenient and efficient financial services and diversified financial products, to greatly expand the scope and depth of financial services, to shorten the distance between people space and time, andto establish a new financial environment, which effectively integrate and take use of fragmented time, information, capital and other scattered resources, then add up to form a scale, and grow a new profit point for various financial institutions. Moreover, with the continuous penetration and integration in traditional financial field, Internet-Finance will bring new challenges, but also opportunities to the traditional. It contribute to the transformation of the traditional commercial banks, compensate for the lack of efficiency in funding process and information integration, and provide new distribution channels for securities, insurance, funds and other financial products. For many SMEs, Internet-Finance extend their financing channels, reduce their financing threshold, and improve their efficiency in using funds. However, the cross-industry nature of the Internet Finance determines its risk factors are more complex, sensitive and varied, and therefore we must properly handle the relationship between innovative development and market regulation, industry self-regulation.Key Words：Internet Finance; Commercial Banks; Effects; Regulatory1 IntroductionThe continuous development of Internet technology, cloud computing, big data, a growing number of Internet applications such as social networks for the business development of traditional industry provides a strong support, the level of penetration of the Internet on the traditional industry. The end of the 20th century, Microsoft chairman Bill Gates, who declared, "the traditional commercial bank will become the new century dinosaur". Nowadays, with the development of the Internet electronic information technology, we really felt this trend, mobile payment, electronic bank already occupies the important position in our daily life.Due to the concept of the Internet financial almost entirely from the business practices, therefore the present study focused on the discussion. Internet financial specific mode, and the influence of traditional financial industry analysis and counter measures are lack of systemic research. Internet has always been a key battleground in risk investment, and financial industry is the thinking mode of innovative experimental various business models emerge in endlessly, so it is difficult to use a fixed set of thinking to classification and definition. The mutual penetration andintegration of Internet and financial, is a reflection of technical development and market rules requirements, is an irreversible trend. The Internet bring traditional financial is not only a low cost and high efficiency, more is a kind of innovative thinking mode and unremitting pursuit of the user experience. The traditional financial industry to actively respond to. Internet financial, for such a vast blue ocean enough to change the world, it is very worthy of attention to straighten out its development, from the existing business model to its development prospects."Internet financial" belongs to the latest formats form, discusses the Internet financial research of literature, but the lack of systemic and more practical. So this article according to the characteristics of the Internet industry practical stronger, the several business models on the market for summary analysis, and the traditional financial industry how to actively respond to the Internet wave of financial analysis and Suggestions are given, with strong practical significance.2 Internet financial backgroundInternet financial platform based on Internet resources, on the basis of the big data and cloud computing new financial model. Internet finance with the help of the Internet technology, mobile communication technology to realize financing, payment and information intermediary business, is a traditional industry and modern information technology represented by the Internet, mobile payment, cloud computing, data mining, search engines and social networks, etc.) Produced by the combination of emerging field. Whether financial or the Internet, the Internet is just the difference on the strategic, there is no strict definition of distinction. As the financial and the mutual penetration and integration of the Internet, the Internet financial can refer all through the Internet technology to realize the financing behavior. Internet financial is the Internet and the traditional financial product of mutual infiltration and fusion, the new financial model has a profound background. The emergence of the Internet financial is a craving for cost reduction is the result of the financial subject, is also inseparable from the rapid development of modern information technology to provide technical support.2.1 Demands factorsTraditional financial markets there are serious information asymmetry, greatly improve the transaction risk. Exhibition gradually changed people's spending habits, more and more high to the requirement of service efficiency and experience; In addition, rising operating costs, to stimulate the financial main body's thirst for financial innovation and reform; This pulled by demand factors, become the Internet financial produce powerful inner driving force.2.2 Supply driving factorData mining, cloud computing and Internet search engines, such as the development of technology, financial and institutional technology platform. Innovation, enterprise profit-driven mixed management, etc., for the transformation of traditional industry and Internet companies offered financial sector penetration may, for the birth and development of the Internet financial external technical support, become a kind of externalization of constitution. In the Internet "openness, equality, cooperation, share" platform, third-party financing and payment, online investment finance, credit evaluation model, not only makes the traditional pattern of financial markets will be great changes have taken place, and modern information technology is more easily to serve various financial entities. For the traditional financial institutions, especially in the banking, securities and insurance institutions, more opportunities than the crisis, development is better than a challenge.3 Internet financial constitute the main body3.1 Capital providersBetween Internet financial comprehensive, its capital providers include not only the traditional financial institutions, including penetrating into the Internet. In terms of the current market structure, the traditional financial sector mainly include commercial Banks, securities, insurance, fund and small loan companies, mainly includes the part of the Internet companies and emerging subject, such as the amazon, and some channels on Internet for the company. These companies is not only the providers of capital market, but also too many traditional so-called "low net worth clients" suppliers of funds into the market. In operation form, the former mainly through the Internet, to the traditional business externalization, the latter mainlythrough Internet channels to penetrate business, both externalization and penetration, both through the Internet channel to achieve the financial business innovation and reform.3.2 Capital demandersInternet financial mode of capital demanders although there is no breakthrough in the traditional government, enterprise and individual, but on the benefit has greatly changed. In the rise and development of the Internet financial, especially Internet companies to enter the threshold of made in the traditional financial institutions, relatively weak groups and individual demanders, have a more convenient and efficient access to capital. As a result, the Internet brought about by the universality and inclusive financial better than the previous traditional financial pattern.3.3 IntermediariesInternet financial rely on efficient and convenient information technology, greatly reduces the financial markets is the wrong information. Docking directly through Internet, according to both parties, transaction cost is greatly reduced, so the Internet finance main body for the dependence of the intermediary institutions decreased significantly, but does not mean that the Internet financial markets, there is no intermediary institutions. In terms of the development of the Internet financial situation at present stage, the third-party payment platform plays an intermediary role in this field, not only ACTS as a financial settlement platform, but also to the capital supply and demand of the integration of upstream and downstream link multi-faceted, in meet the funds to pay at the same time, have the effect of capital allocation. Especially in the field of electronic commerce, this function is more obvious.3.4 Large financial dataBig financial data collection refers to the vast amounts of unstructured data, through the study of the depth of its mining and real-time analysis, grasp the customer's trading information, consumption habits and consumption information, and predict customer behavior and make the relevant financial institutions in the product design, precise marketing and greatly improve the efficiency of risk management, etc. Financial services platform based on the large data mainly refers to with vast tradingdata of the electronic commerce enterprise's financial services. The key to the big data from a large number of chaotic ability to rapidly gaining valuable information in the data, or from big data assets liquidation ability quickly. Big data information processing, therefore, often together with cloud computing.4 Global economic issuesFOR much of the past year the fast-growing economies of the emerging world watched the Western financial hurricane from afar. Their own banks held few of the mortgage-based assets that undid the rich world’s financial firms. Commodity exporters were thriving, thanks to high prices fo r raw materials. China’s economic juggernaut powered on. And, from Budapest to Brasília, an abundance of credit fuelled domestic demand. Even as talk mounted of the rich world suffering its worst financial collapse since the Depression, emerging economies seemed a long way from the centre of the storm.No longer. As foreign capital has fled and confidence evaporated, the emerging world’s stockmarkets have plunged (in some cases losing half their value) and currencies tumbled. The seizure in the credit market caused havoc, as foreign banks abruptly stopped lending and stepped back from even the most basic banking services, including trade credits.Like their rich-world counterparts, governments are battling to limit the damage (see article). That is easiest for those with large foreign-exchange reserves. Russia is spending $220 billion to shore up its financial services industry. South Korea has guaranteed $100 billion of its banks’ debt. Less well-endowed countries are asking for help.Hungary has secured a EURO5 billion ($6.6 billion) lifeline from the European Central Bank and is negotiating a loan from the IMF, as is Ukraine. Close to a dozen countries are talking to the fund about financial help.Those with long-standing problems are being driven to desperate measures. Argentina is nationalising its private pension funds, seeminglyto stave off default (see article). But even stalwarts are looking weaker. Figures released this week showed that China’s growth slowed to 9% in the year to the third quarter-still a rapid pace but a lot slower than the double-digit rates of recent years.The various emerging economies are in different states of readiness, but the cumulative impact of all this will be enormous. Most obviously, how these countries fare will determine whether the world economy faces a mild recession or something nastier. Emerging economies accounted for around three-quarters of global growth over the past 18 months. But their economic fate will also have political consequences.In many places-eastern Europe is one example (see article)-financial turmoil is hitting weak governments. But even strong regimes could suffer. Some experts think that China needs growth of 7% a year to contain social unrest. More generally, the coming strife will shape the debate about the integration of the world economy. Unlike many previous emerging-market crises, today’s mess spread from the rich world, largely thanks to increasingly integrated capital markets. If emerging economies collapse-either into a currency crisis or a sharp recession-there will be yet more questioning of the wisdom of globalised finance.Fortunately, the picture is not universally dire. All emerging economies will slow. Some will surely face deep recessions. But many are facing the present danger in stronger shape than ever before, armed with large reserves, flexible currencies and strong budgets. Good policy-both at home and in the rich world-can yet avoid a catastrophe.One reason for hope is that the direct economic fallout from the rich world’s d isaster is manageable. Falling demand in America and Europe hurts exports, particularly in Asia and Mexico. Commodity prices have fallen: oil is down nearly 60% from its peak and many crops and metals have done worse. That has a mixed effect. Although it hurtscommodity-exporters from Russia to South America, it helps commodity importers in Asia and reduces inflation fears everywhere. Countries like Venezuela that have been run badly are vulnerable (see article), but given the scale of the past boom, the commodity bust so far seems unlikely to cause widespread crises.The more dangerous shock is financial. Wealth is being squeezed as asset prices decline. China’s house prices, for instance, have started falling (see article). This will dampen domestic confidence, even though consumers are much less indebted than they are in the rich world. Elsewhere, the sudden dearth of foreign-bank lending and the flight of hedge funds and other investors from bond markets has slammed the brakes on credit growth. And just as booming credit once underpinned strong domestic spending, so tighter credit will mean slower growth.Again, the impact will differ by country. Thanks to huge current-account surpluses in China and the oil-exporters in the Gulf, emerging economies as a group still send capital to the rich world. But over 80 have deficits of more than 5% of GDP. Most of these are poor countries that live off foreign aid; but some larger ones rely on private capital. For the likes of Turkey and South Africa a sudden slowing in foreign financing would force a dramatic adjustment. A particular worry is eastern Europe, where many countries have double-digit deficits. In addition, even some countries with surpluses, such as Russia, have banks that have grown accustomed to easy foreign lending because of the integration of global finance. The rich world’s bank bail-outs may limit the squeeze, but the flow of capital to the emerging world will slow. The Institute of International Finance, a bankers’ group, expects a 30% decline in net flows of private capital from last year.This credit crunch will be grim, but most emerging markets can avoid catastrophe. The biggest ones are in relatively good shape. The morevulnerable ones can (and should) be helped.Among the giants, China is in a league of its own, with a $2 trillion arsenal of reserves, a current-account surplus, little connection to foreign banks and a budget surplus that offers lots of room to boost spending. Since the country’s leaders have made clear that they will do whatev er it takes to cushion growth, China’s economy is likely to slow-perhaps to 8%-but not collapse. Although that is not enough to save the world economy, such growth in China would put a floor under commodity prices and help other countries in the emerging world.The other large economies will be harder hit, but should be able to weather the storm. India has a big budget deficit and many Brazilian firms have a large foreign-currency exposure. But Brazil’s economy is diversified and both countries have plenty of reserves to smooth the shift to slower growth. With $550 billion of reserves, Russia ought to be able to stop a run on the rouble. In the short-term at least, the most vulnerable countries are all smaller ones.There will be pain as tighter credit forces adjustments. But sensible, speedy international assistance would make a big difference. Several emerging countries have asked America’s Federal Reserve for liquidity support; some hope that China will bail them out. A better route is surely the IMF, which has huge expertise and some $250 billion to lend. Sadly, borrowing from the fund carries a stigma. That needs to change. The IMF should develop quicker, more flexible financial instruments and minimise the conditions it attaches to loans. Over the past month deft policymaking saw off calamity in the rich world. Now it is time for something similar in the emerging world.5 ConclusionsInternet financial model can produce not only huge social benefit, lower transaction costs, provide higher than the existing direct and indirect financingefficiency of the allocation of resources, to provide power for economic development, will also be able to use the Internet and its related software technology played down the traditional finance specialized division of labor, makes the financial participants more mass popularization, risk pricing term matching complex transactions, tend to be simple. Because of the Internet financial involved in the field are mainly concentrated in the field of traditional financial institutions to the current development is not thorough, namely traditional financial "long tail" market, can complement with the original traditional financial business situation, so in the short term the Internet finance from the Angle of the size of the market will not make a big impact to the traditional financial institutions, but the Internet financial business model, innovative ideas, and its apparent high efficiency for the traditional financial institutions brought greater impact on the concept, also led to the traditional financial institutions to further accelerate the mutual penetration and integration with the Internet.译文：互联网金融对传统金融的影响作者：罗萨米;拉夫雷特摘要网络的发展，深刻地改变甚至颠覆了许多传统行业，金融业也不例外。

电子银行研究互联网金融外文文献翻译

电子银行研究互联网金融外文文献翻译文献出处：Safeena R. The study on the development of electronic banking business [J]. International Journal of Information, 2015, 12(2): 55-65.原文The study on the development of electronic banking businessSafeena RAbstractThis article mainly from the electronic banking business development present situation and problems, this paper carefully analyses the electronic banking operational risk, reputation risk and legal risk, so as to find out the healthy development of the electronic banking technology security measures should be taken, the external resource management, professional and technical training and the establishment of the emergency measures, etc., To vigorously promote the development of electronic banking business.Keywords: Electronic banking; Business development; strategy1 IntroductionRefers to the banking financial institutions to use electronic banking facing the social public open communication channel, or open the public network, as well as the bank for particular self-service facilities or customers to establish dedicated network, provide banking services to customers. Way to the new service for the customer, make customer not limited by geographical and time and space, (Anytime), at any time, Anywhere (Anywhere), in any way (Anyhow) to provide services, namely say usually 3Aservice. Banks through electronic channels to provide customers with related products and services include: commercial POS terminals, ATM teller machines, telephone banking, personal computer, Internet, mobile phone, etc. Electronic banking business belongs to a whole new way of banking services, is the combination of information technology and the existing banking product innovation, and added to the promotion of counter service. Electronic banking business from scratch, since the childhood, in recent years has entered a fast track of development, with online banking, telephone banking, mobile banking, self-service banking, online securities, such as online insurance new service way, for the majority of users has brought convenient service experience.2 The existing problems in the development of electronic banking business2.1 Electronic trading ideas are fairly weakAlthough the bank has now had the very big development, but there are quite a few people remain skeptical about whether electronic trading actually, the idea of people also can't keep up with the development of network technology and quality. Electronic trading requires not only the popularity of network terminal equipment, also need to participants for mastering and using of e-commerce and network technology, and the several aspects are also quite weak.2.2 Lack of national unity, authority CA authentication centerAt present, the bank on the net is directly or indirectly, the CA founded on their own. From the perspective of the specification, only to the construction of unified national public certification center, can play the role of neutral, authoritative certification center. The people's bank has sent in April 1999, thetender, start building unified CA authentication center, but progress has been slow. When this kind of situation hindered the pace of construction of commercial bank for online banking, commercial Banks or pedestrian area of the branch will be redesigned. If Banks or regions are building their own CA authentication center, construction before they are unified, there will be a cross certification, if coupled with cross with foreign Banks. Certification, will greatly hinder the bank on the net service efficiency and accuracy, and can also lead to repeated construction and waste of resources.2.3 Credit mechanism is not sound, the market environment is imperfectDespite the current market economy has had the very big development, but the bottom of the credit system development process is relatively low, the current commercial bank electronic payment system is fragmented, patchy credit, enterprises and individual customers cannot share information resources, its overall advantages is not apparent. Associated with electronic payment of customs, taxation, transportation department failed to form a complete set of network with the bank of network level, restrict the development of electronic banking business.2.4 SecurityCustomer identification and guarantee data confidentiality and integrity, is the fundamental guarantee of electronic banking development. Due to the openness of the Internet it and the complexity of electronic banking in technology, information security problems become the core problem in the course of the construction of electronic banking. The network bank three hidden trouble in security: one is the most computer hardware equipment mainly rely on imports from;2 it is system encryptionprogram is not enough, easy resulting in the loss of customer funds; Three is a network system is not stable, easy operating problems, etc.2.5 The laws and regulations is still relatively lagging behindThe rules are in use electronic banking information transmission is the TCP/IP protocol, clear with the customer in a signed a contract on the basis of the rights and obligations relations, problems are resolved through arbitration. Because of the lack of related laws, problem involves responsibility identification, bear, after the execution of arbitration results such as complex legal relationship is difficult to solve now. The new "contract law" although admitted the legal effect of electronic contract, did not solve the problem of the digital signature. These virtually increase the bank and customer trouble of electronic bank financial transactions and risk.2.6 Poor single financial varieties, system integrationTo build an electronic bank, first should basically have the following characteristics: service to all-ionization, risk diversification, information integration, electronic business market, the internationalization of standards and methods. But the single most varieties of banking and finance, the risk is very concentrated; Poor internal business systems integration, data is not uniform, it is difficult to link up the relevant unit organically, and the electronic banking and electronic commerce management and service system also can't keep up with, can't meet the needs of customers. Social economy and the rapid development of science and technology, the overall management of commercial Banks had a profound effect, since entering the foreign Banks gradually into the financial markets, the increasingly fierce competition of banking, electronicbanking become an important competitive weapon. Commercial Banks in order to continue to survival and development under the newsituation, put forward the fundamental requirement to the development of electronic banking, not only effectively pushing it forward quickly, and determines the final development direction.Economic globalization, social information, changed people's thinking and ideas of a new life pattern are emerging. Faster and faster pace of life, more and more active economic activities, make people more and more pursuit of all-weather, anywhere, in any way can enjoy convenient service to the bank. In order to meet this need, commercial Banks must speed up the use of information technology, to launch all kinds of electronic banking self-service products, fully replace traditional counter business, realize electronic banking service mode 3A to permeate the full range of social and economic life, so as to occupy the market, stable customer. In the long run, the income structure of commercial Banks will change, the savings and loan will be more and smaller, poor by loan is poor profit space also more and more narrow, non interest income share will increase steadily. In response to this change, commercial Banks must take electronic banking platform construction into and securities, insurance, funds and other financial enterprises cooperation platform, key development has broad market prospects of electronic banking business innovation, including securities, investment, consulting, intermediary business, how kind of modern business, expanding profit channel and source of income, improve comprehensive selling long-term profitability.3 The operation risk of electronic banking businessWith the rapid development of information in the bank, electronic banking potential risk is increasingly revealed. Because of the electronic banking business is different with the traditional banking business has many characteristics, such as networking, virtualization, self-support, categories of the risk, risk control methods and means there are a lot of particularity, realize electronic banking risk, effective risk prevention, to avoid risk of banking industry and ensure steady and healthy development of the electronic bank has great significance to the maintenance aspects and so on bank credit. Electronic banking business risk the variety, content and form is differ, but generally can be divided into operation risk, reputation risk and legal risk, etc.3.1 Operating riskOperational risk refers to the incomplete due to internal procedure or failure and problems about system, system or manual operation, or the risk of external factors. Concrete and including security risk, system design, operation and maintenance of the risk. Security risk. Due to the increase of the electronic computer function route entry points in the geographic dispersion, and include the Internet public networks such as the use of various communication systems, to enter the bank's core accounting control system and risk management systems are becoming increasingly complicated, a variety of specific access and authentication problems could happen, make the electronic banking system of external attack. Banks will also be due to the negligence of employee fraud and negligence at risk. The system design, operation and maintenance. Banks face the choice of system design is not perfect or run the risk of not smooth. Such as electronic banking system may not be the matchthe needs of customers, business development sluggish; External service providers may not have the necessary professional technology or not update in time or because of their own enterprise fails to fulfill the obligation of technical services; Application system paralysis is not back to normal in time, etc. Due to the development of information technology with each passing day, Banks face the risk of system to be eliminated, and so on.3.2 Reputation riskReputation risk is caused by negative public opinion on bank risk, the bank's ability to establish and maintain customer relationship severely damaged, leading to the significant loss of financing or customer base. For example, online banking products and services produced negative public opinion, or process so that seriously affects the Banks' earnings or damage to the bank's capital, reputation risk when they generate. It will affect the Banks to build new client relationships, so that the agency faces lawsuits, financial losses or reputation losses.3.3 The legal risksLegal risk is due to the violation of laws, regulations, rules or trading habits orprofessional moral and ethical standards, or inconsistent with, or the rights and obligations of the parties fail to allocate, or through electronic media to conclude the agreement for the risks caused by uncertainty, and so on and so forth. Due to lack of electronic banking development can be based on standards, and electronic banking business in trading rules, the validity of contracts, the trade both parties responsibilities and consumers' rights and interests protection, compared with the traditional bank more complex and more difficult to define, the existence ofthe corresponding laws and regulations blank, it is easy to produce fringes of phenomenon, and once a dispute is difficult to solve.译文电子银行业务发展研究Safeena R摘要本文主要从电子银行业务发展的现状及其存在的问题入手, 认真分析了电子银行存在的操作风险、声誉风险和法律风险,从而找出电子银行健康发展应采取的技术安全措施、外部资源的管理、专业技术的培训和应急措施的建立等, 以大力促进电子银行业务发展。

互联网大数据金融中英文对照外文翻译文献

人力资源外文文献翻译

人力资源外文文献翻译外文译文题目：感觉好和做得好：心理资本和幸福感的关系Feeling Good and Doing Great: The Relationship BetweenPsychological Capital and Well-BeingMaura J. Mills , Satoris S. Culbertson , Clive J. Fullagar Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,2010,15(4) :421～433 感觉好和做得好：心理资本和幸福感的关系Maura J. Mills , Satoris S. Culbertson , Clive J. Fullagar 职业健康心理学杂志，2010，15(4): 421～433绪论这项研究旨在寻求确定心理资本和雇员的实现和快乐幸福感之间的关系。

调查数据是在两周的期间内从102名外派人员那得到的。

另外，日常调查数据从67名参加者中获取。

两周后，经测量后的调查数据的结果表明心理资本和快乐论幸福感之间的关系是由实现论幸福感调节。

从每日测量的结果发现日常实现论工作幸福感同日常积极的心态和生活满意度显著联系在一起，并且人们的心理资本预示着实现论工作幸福感的变动。

关键词：心理资本积极心理学快乐论幸福感实现论幸福感近年来,人们对采用一种积极的方法对组织和组织行为进行研究越来越感兴趣。

相对于专注于如何预测个人和组织的负面结果（如,人员流动、职业倦怠），研究人员已经开始寻找可以达到积极成果的方法和确定方便个人的蓬勃发展和健康的因素。

更具体地说，积极组织行为学(POB) 已定义为“以积极的以人力资源优势和心理能力为中心的研究与应用”（Luthans，2002b、第59 页）。

在积极组织行为学研究中出现的一个重要的概念是心理资本（PsyCap），一个积极的高阶的心理要素包括效能，乐观，希望，和应变能力(Luthans，Avolio，Avey & Norman，2007)。

互联网金融外文翻译文献

文献信息：文献标题：INTERNET FINANCE: DIGITAL CURRENCIES AND ALTERNATIVE FINANCE LIBERATING THE CAPITAL MARKETS（互联网金融：数字货币和替代金融解放资本市场）国外作者：Kim Wales文献出处：《Journal of Governance and Regulation》, 2015,4(1):190-201 字数统计：英文2505单词，13427字符；中文4405汉字外文文献：INTERNET FINANCE:DIGITAL CURRENCIES AND ALTERNATIVE FINANCE LIBERATING THE CAPITAL MARKETS Abstract This article discusses how the sudden shift in policy reform and innovation has the potential to liberate the financial markets. The economic potential of internet finance is beginning to take hold across the capital markets as industries like Peer–to–Peer Lending, Equity and Debt based Crowdfunding and virtual currencies and cryptocurrencies which are types of digital currency are quickly transforming the way businesses are being financed. From borrowing and lending, buying and selling securities, to conducting wire transfers internationally, these innovations are creating a new class and generation of investors will source investments opportunities. Helping institutions and governments assess risks and manage performance in order to determine where to deploy capital; and showing signs of lessening the inequality gap. Following the neolithic agricultural revolution and the industrial revolution, this new revolution will enable more people to access financial services in less traditional ways, especially the unbanked world with its huge potential. These new financial opportunities, such as peer – to -peer (P2P) lending, will be discussed and examined, and we will stress how they can allow people to bypasscurrent barriers in the global economy. We conclude by arguing that all these developments, energized by the efforts of innovators and entrepreneurs, have the potential to radically transform the world in which we live, while promoting the core values of industrialized societies including democracy, capital formation, sustainability, and equality without solely relying on tax increases.Key Words:Internet Finance, Digital Currencies, Capital Markets, Alternative FinanceIntroductionThe way we do business is being revolutionized. There is decreasing trust of traditional banks, mainly due to the aftershocks of the 2008 financial crisis and the string of scandals that has affected banks reputation since then, including the LIBOR interest rate rigging scandal, money laundering, high risk lending and tax evasion. As access to traditional funding becomes more elusive and as more and more people join the ranks of the “unbanked,” it is clear that new ways of creating business, job and capital, in a more equitable way must be found. And indeed, an economic revolution is underway, which is radically transforming the financial ecosystem, via emerging technologies, changing legislation, and alternative funding mechanisms.Barriers in the Global EconomyKendall and V oorhies (2014) note that in some countries, “the most important buffers against crippling financial setbacks are financial tools such as personal savings, insurance, credit, or cash transfers from family and friends. Yet these are rarely available because most of the world’s poor lack access to even the most basic banking services.” In addition, Webber (2014) notes that the World Bank calculates that about 75% “of the world’s poor is unbanked,” amounting to roughly 2.5 billion people who are unable to access any banking services. These unbanked people are often reliant on “a patchwork of informal and often precarious arrangements to manage their financial lives.”However, “technology and new business models are beginning to shape differenttypes of business finance and funding” available across the globe [Vistage(2013)], especially in developing countries. For instance, 75% of Kenyans now have mobile banking services, while in Brazil basic banking transactions are now available at local shops [Webber (2014)].But while the ‘unbanked’ are increasingly being served in developing countries, Webber (2014) notes that inclusion in traditional banking services is becoming more problematic in the EU and US: The Alliance for Financial Inclusion, a global network of policymakers, reported that there are “58 million people in the EU without bank access and another 92 million are ‘underserved’ – having access, say, to just one bank while in the US, nearly 10 million households are believed to be outside of the formal banking system.”Increasingly, the wealthy are being relied upon to redirect investment dollars toward emerging growth companies through different types of incentives and new funding models, however understanding the new range of financial services and means of access will be ‘challenging” but important for all involved [Vistage(2013)]. In particular, understanding the important differences between the huge range of finance and funding options available – from bank lending to crowd-sourced funding to microfinance to private equity and venture capital – is a challenge, but will be fundamental for business leaders, emerging growth companies and investors as they consider their place in the economic equation. At the same time, as I have written in an earlier paper, it is also important that average working class individuals are also given the chance to take advantage of these new investment and financing opportunities [Wales(2014)].Maney (2013) says that the world is undergoing a third revolution (following on from the Neolithic Agricultural Revolution and the Industrial Revolution), and this is a very apt description. Humankind’s collective knowledge is being aggregated and disseminated and is increasingly allowing complete access to the surge of universal information and we all have the ability to connect with almost everyone on the planet [Maney(2013)]. Democratization of the capital markets with financial and investment products such as securities based crowdfunding, peer-to-peer lending (P2P), Bitcoinand more -- in parallel -- with technological advances on the Internet, social media, and the smartphone have all equally revolutionized the way that we do things. This new revolution, started in the developing world, will enable more people to access financial services in less traditional ways. These new financial opportunities, such as peer to peer (P2P) lending and bitcoin will now be discussed in turn.Dawn of a New Era: P2P and the CrowdIn recent years, peer-to-peer lending has attracted borrowers and lenders that had been displaced by the banks. The “new normal’ in this sea of change is leveraging networks of social capital, better known as “the crowd” to infuse the money needed into a company in order to start, grow or sustain its practice.According to the Small Business Administration, recovering is continuing in both “borrowing and lending conditions”, although recovery is slower for smaller firms. Unfortunately, businesses have experienced a downturn in their financial position, which has made securing funds from banks very difficult during a time of increasing financial regulation. This is reflected in a number of studies into small business lending over the last few years.The New York Federal Reserve regularly surveys small business owners regarding “their needs and experiences,” in order to gauge the credit environment, and in the. April/May 2012 survey, 544 small businesses participated. The feedback from the survey indicates that “the recent drop in lending may be due in part to weaker firms self-selecting out of the credit market”: about two- thirds of the participants did not apply for any financing, and half of these respondents did not do so because they feared their applications would be declined. Participants also reported “higher denial rates” for microloans than for loans of higher amounts, suggesting that the demand for microloans is there.Oxfam’s (2014) report into global economic inequality stated that a mere 1% of the global population controls almost half of the global wealth. Furthermore, this 1% owns $110 trillion which is 65 times the combined wealth of the “poorest 3.5 billion people,” the 85 richest people own the same as the combined total wealth of thebottom 50% of the global population, and 70% of the population reside in countries where “economic inequality has increased in the last 30 years”. These statistics emphasize the fact that there is a disproportionate amount of capital not making its way into the hands of “the crowd” as well as the difficulty of gaining access to that capital.History illustrates that during periods of radical change, it took two world wars to shift the economy [Piketty(2014)]. Now inequality is rising back to pre-1915 war levels. According to Piketty (2014), this should be counteracted via global tax on wealth or similar measures.While here we agree on the inequality rise, I submit that wealth inequality could improve naturally through advances in technology and the democratization of capital under the umbrella of “internet finance” rather than through fiscal policy alone.Globally, peer – to – peer platforms originated an estimated $70 billion in 2014. Yet, these loans only make up a small portion of the total number of small business loans [Eavis(2014)]. In the first quarter of 2014, banks lent a total of $291 billion to small businesses, according to FDIC figures, while in contrast, US P2P lending platform, Prosper Marketplace originated over $3 billion of loans on platform as of 1Q2015. As of the 2014, Peer – to – Peer Lending (Debt) originated $11 billion in loans in the U.S., $56 billion in China and $5.6 billion in Europe in 2014, respectively. These numbers are projected to double by the end of 2015.Mobile bankingMobile banking is becoming increasingly popular and its applications have the “potential to encourage financial discipline in even more effective ways”[Kendall and V oorhies (2014)] Mobile banking has three advantages over traditional banking models, which can also be translated for primary and secondary markets [Kendall and V oorhies (2014)]:—Mobile transactions are virtually free. Counter services at financial institutions make up most of the routine bank costs, however, with mobile banking, the same transactions can be made with little or no cost to the financial institutions or mobileservice providers, and by extension those servicing transactions within the primary and secondary markets.—These mobile transactions create huge amounts of data, “which banks and other providers can use to develop more profitable servers and even substitute for traditional credit scores (which can be hard for those without formal records or financial histories to obtain)”. Over time, there will be an emergence of mobile ratings agencies that will assist entrepreneurs and investors to overcome this hurdle in the primary and secondary markets.—Mobile platforms operate in real time, allowing instantaneous account information, messaging and new services sign up.Digital Currency: the case of virtual and crypto currenciesDigital currency businesses are now proliferating with $350 million invested by venture capitalist in 2014 and $230 million invested the year prior. For a moment, let’s explore how the crypto currency, Bitcoin could transform financial markets, by serving as a catalyst for capital formation, especially in underserved regions like Africa and Haiti, which are in dire need of banking facilities and access to capital and technology like blockchain is beginning to serve as the backbone infrastructure for the movement of currencies.Bitcoin is currency that can be traded internationally and anonymously, and because it is a decentralized digital currency, there are no fees, government regulation, and oversight by banks and government-backed securities [Pagliery (2014a)].Five years after its introduction, Bitcoin is among the most studied and traded financial products. Bitcoin payments occur peer-to-peer with no administrator and this cryptocurrency is now a popular form of digital currency. A number of top investors support this digital currency (including, for example, Marc Andreessen and the Winklevoss twins). Merchants see Bitcoin with favor because of its lower fees when compared with credit cards, and the fact that fees are paid by the purchaser and not by the vendor. However, Bitcoin has also been quite volatile so far and has been subject to intense scrutiny by governments.Indeed, last year the bitcoin exchange, Mt. Gox, collapsed, which raised questions regarding “the security of investing in a virtual currency that isn’t regulated by governments”[Vaishampayan (2014)]. However, other players, such as SecondMarket, created a new, and more secure, bitcoin exchange and launched a Bitcoin Investment Trust.There is an excellent and potentially revolutionary opportunity to incorporate cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin into products such as crowdfunding platforms and mobile-enabled platforms that could serve the unbanked, underserved, and the emerging middle class, who represent well over 2 billion people worldwide. $90 billion a year is spent by this population on alternative services such as check cashers and payday loans [Schutte (2014)] and they struggle to obtain the financing, beyond limited microfinance opportunities, to create businesses. Creating value for this segment of the population could be very exciting if social capital and technology are leveraged properly.Bitcoin could be used for remittances, liquidity access to cash, and credit for frontier and emerging countries.ConclusionThe world is embarking upon a new economic revolution. Institutional market making may become a profession of the past as the democratization of capital is being driven more and more by retail investors. The catalyst for this phenomenon originated in the global economic recession. Unemployment, while going down, is till a problem, and interest rates remain at historic lows of almost zero percent while startup and emerging growth companies find it difficult to raise capital via traditional avenues.Start-ups are major job creators (small firms created 65% of new jobs in the US between 1993 and 2009), but they aren’t getting the funding to remain operational.2.5 billion people are unbanked [Chaia et al (2010)] while over 2 billion are living on less than $2 a day. With all of the global resources, it is hard to understand why the wealth disparity gap continues to increase in the 21st century with 1% of thepopulation controlling over 50% of the world’s wealth.On April 5, 2012, President Barack Obama signed into legislation The Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (JOBS Act), igniting a change to 80-year-old securities laws while spurring a changing of the guards globally and enabling the democratization of the capital markets. Technological advances such as Web 3.0, social capital, smartphones and mobile technology, and Bitcoin are fueling this economic revolution. This revolution is also known as “frictionless capitalism”, a term coined by Bill Gates in 1994, in his book, The Road Ahead, which suggests a new generation of internet companies are innovating to find ways of reducing friction within the internet economy. I will take this thought one step further and propose that the internet is becoming the new industrial network where we can connect with one another directly allowing for advances in creating “frictionless labor markets.”As these examples show, a new economic revolution has the potential to disrupt social and capital norms. Every aspect of life will be transformed due to the interrelated nature of the ecosystem because increased activity in one part of the ecosystem spurs an increase in activity in others.I conclude by arguing that all these developments, energized by the efforts of innovators and entrepreneurs, have the potential to radically transform the world in which we live, while promoting the core values of industrialized societies including democracy, capital formation, sustainability, and equality. A brave new world of business and finance, which is more equal and fairer, is just around the corner.中文译文：互联网金融：数字货币和替代金融解放资本市场摘要本文讨论了政策改革和创新的突然转变是如何解放金融市场的。

关于互联网金融对居民消费的外文文献

互联网金融对居民消费的影响With the development of the Internet, Internet finance has also appeared. What impact does Internet finance have on consumers' consumption behavior?Internet innovation in finance -- take Hua Bai as an exampleThe so-called Internet finance, in fact, is a new financial model generated after the combination of finance and Internet. Compared with traditional finance, Internet finance is actually based on the data of the Internet and relies on the network as a platform, ultimately realizing the expansion and extension of traditional financial services. The so-called Ant Huayuan is actually a new product under Ant Financial, which is a financial service generated after combining with e-commerce. On Singles' Day in 2015, the number of transactions paid by Ant Huabei reached 60.48 million, and the success rate of payment basically reached 99.99%. For the person in charge of ant Huabian operation, it estimated that after the payment success rate of the flower is improved by 2-3 percentage points, the consumption of 130 million yuan can be generated by one percentage point improvement.▲Internet FinanceCollect data on Internet financeThrough an online survey can know, is expected to a total of 332 copies of questionnaires, and the actual recycling about 332questionnaires, efficiency reached 100%, through the network of the efficient transmission characteristics has certain representativeness questionnaire samples will certainly, so in the process of related research, it provides abundant data resource.Data analysis of Internet financeAfter obtaining certain data, it is necessary to analyze these data. The first is the influence of different factors on the average online shopping amount of each month. Since various innovative products of financial research are mainly studied, and the Internet financial model is generated by combining Ant Huabian with e-commerce as the representative, the relevant questionnaire mainly takes online shopping as the center. From the consumption function, we can also know that there is a certain relationship between income and consumption, and income is related to a person's occupation, age, gender and the city where the person works and other types of factors. The so-called marginal consumption, income level and other influences, the characteristics of various consumption factors are closely correlated. If the linear regression is carried out for these factors, it is obvious that the city type and occupation type are not obvious at the significance level of 0.05. Considering multiple regression, may be because of the characteristics of the variable exists between a contribution of, make individual variables is not obvious, so we're going to make thecollinearity diagnosis for the model of the process, will find that the value of the model is deviating from the ten words, model is the better, simply does not exist a variety of linear features. After removing the insignificant variables, we can return to regression analysis. Through relevant understanding, we can know that gender, age, monthly income level, monthly total online shopping and monthly living consumption have obvious influence characteristics. And through the analysis of the analysis of the age and gender, women on the average number of online shopping is certainly more than men on average the number of online shopping, with online shopping and monthly average amount showed a negative correlation between age and the relationship between the monthly income level and consumption of life and is to present a kind of direct proportion relationship between average monthly online shopping.▲Internet FinanceFor installment payment choice of study, through to the inadequacy of commodity prices installment quota, consumers choose the correlation, after various investigation, can know the price of a commodity as 590 yuan, 600 yuan will be able to achieve, analysis of payment will be 26.5% of the people can analyze payment limit insufficient in commodity prices, Choose to single way to fight to implement instalment, this shows that the installment payment forconsumers there is a very attractive, the appeal may make the lower limit of goods payment in the edit control process, make the price elasticity of change, cool, price elasticity changes, the process of pricing for consumers, has very important reference significance. In the past, it has a certain pricing method for consumer psychology, and in this process, the pricing method will also change. If the attraction of installment payment to consumers exceeds the process of this pricing method, then it will produce an attraction in the process of bringing a strong psychological hint. Rational consumers tend to make some different choices than before.▲Internet FinanceThrough the analysis of the data after the conclusionThe amount of consumers also has a certain influence. According to the results of the survey, it can be known that the average monthly consumption amount can increase by about 25% after the use of Huayuan. If the consumption limit increases by 300~500 yuan, it can increase by 12%; if the consumption limit increases by more than 500 yuan, it accounts for a long time, and the value of the unchanged people is controlled at 53%. After only 1% of people use Huayuan, the average consumption limit of each month will decrease.▲Internet FinanceThese data reflect that in this part of the investigation process,nearly 50% of people's consumption amount will increase after using Huayuan, the average increase amount. It has reached about 150 yuan. Among these users, the monthly online shopping consumption is controlled at 42.77 percent. In general, and their average monthly online consumption control in 320 yuan, although the data without any seasonal consumption characteristics of the price level as well as a variety of subjects is not completely consistent, so may a certain influence on the result, but this value reached 40%, for growth, there are still some problems.▲Internet FinanceFor consumption structure also has a certain influence, yin-hua wang is used, in addition to the total amount have an impact on consumption, in fact for the consumption structure, it also can produce certain change, in Tmall and flower bai installment purchase, merger use spend bai can shaanxi instalment privileges, but only when prices to more than 600 yuan, In order to use the installment payment method, spend bai shopping analysis, payment setting, there are three periods, these three periods can be free of interest, the user only after confirming the receipt of goods on the 10th of the next month, then pay off the first phase of the payment can be. The later payment will be paid back over several months, which means that as long as the product supports installment payment, the users of Ant Huabai will be able to get interestfree repayment for a long period of time. This will also make many users in the face of choosing less than 600 yuan of goods, will be more than 600 yuan of goods will be tempted, have a certain impact.▲Internet finance network diagramSo in the price of consumer goods to choose, because such preferential, make consumers to choose some goods price analysis of more than 600 yuan payment offline, because take bai the existence of this kind of consumer credit, from above consumable funds for each month, consumers are a increases, for some people income level is low, Payment when there is no such an analysis, consumer credit products produced, and their financial status is not able to use a credit card, they are most likely to choose one quality is poor, lower commodity prices, or simply does not have certain purchasing power for some goods, so consumer credit can be completely that some problems are solved, It distracts them from the various consumption pressures they face at present. For those people with unstable income, this kind of consumer credit can also make their consumption curve become very smooth, reduce the impact of unstable income, and relieve the pressure of their life.▲Internet finance network diagramThe process of making people unable to use the same funds is to achieve the best results. Especially for the young generation, people cannot quickly change the concept of consumption. When undertaking large expend to overdraw consumption then, this just is a breakthrough point.▲Internet finance network diagramSummary and suggestions of Internet financeInternet financial innovation, it has brought the very big influence to people's life, through the relevant data can prove that gender, age, income level and consumption amount, for the total amount of online shopping will have a certain influence, and based on these, the use of the Internet financial products ants spend bai, impact on consumer spending behavior, Some analysis has also been made. Through these analysis, we want to make some Suggestions, the first is for consumers, the Internet financial innovation has made some consumers increases, the consumer behavior of flower bai such consumer credit and a variety of electronic currency phenomenon, may produce some consumers excessive consumption, produce certain pressure to the daily lives of consumers, Therefore, for consumers, they should choose rational consumption and make a correct evaluation of the value of goods and their consumption ability.▲Internet finance network diagramFollowed by merchants for groups of advice, don't undergo differentiation marketing, for different consumer groups, the innovative financial products has to be differentiated marketing, but for differentconsumer object, adopt various flexible marketing means, such as for online shopping, shopping more affirmation is a girl, can increase some publicity, Realistic presence of specific women's products, rather than wool harvesting, can increase the use of financial services. Get more users for yourself. In this way, the market share has also been significantly improved. It can also provide differentiated products and services. Based on the theory of industrial organization, the extent to which enterprises control the market depends on how successful they are in differentiating their products. For different consumption levels of consumer groups.▲Internet finance network diagramTheir demand for a variety of financial products and financial services are different, such as in the student body without some income, so their consumption level is not high, can proper makes the lower limit of the installment, reduce to give a detailed their feet long, the time of reimbursement, so as to make the product sales increase. And that they can fully use of price elasticity, better products for a variety of price elasticity, adopt the method of payment by installment, bring attractive at the same time, also make all kinds of psychological suggestion attractive, people to consumption, product sales have brought, businesses can in the process, appropriate price adjustment. For example, the limit of 600 yuan can actually be reduced to 599 yuan.Although this psychological implication is not very obvious, many people are still attracted by the fact that the number at the beginning of the hospital is different after the hospital is lost. In this case, the form of installment payment will play a certain role of icing on the cake. Therefore, financial service institutions and merchants can achieve win-win cooperation.。

互联网金融作文英文范文

互联网金融作文英文范文英文：As an individual who has been actively involved in the world of internet finance, I have witnessed firsthand the incredible impact that this industry has had on the global economy. Internet finance, also known as fintech, has revolutionized the way we manage our finances, access credit, and invest our money. It has provided a level of convenience and accessibility that was previously unimaginable.One of the most significant benefits of internet finance is the ability to access financial services from anywhere in the world. For example, I can easily transfer money to a friend in another country using a mobile payment app, without having to go through the hassle of traditional banking processes. This level of convenience has truly made a difference in my life, and I know many others who feel the same way.In addition to convenience, internet finance has also opened up new opportunities for investment. Through online investment platforms, I have been able to diversify my portfolio and explore new investment opportunities that were previously out of reach. This has allowed me to take control of my financial future in a way that was not possible before internet finance became mainstream.However, it is important to acknowledge that internet finance also comes with its own set of risks. The ease of access to financial services and investment opportunities can sometimes lead to impulsive decision-making, which can result in financial loss. It is crucial for individuals to educate themselves about the potential risks and to approach internet finance with caution.中文：作为一个积极参与互联网金融行业的人，我亲眼见证了这个行业对全球经济的不可思议影响。

互联网金融外文翻译

互联网金融外文翻译随着信息技术的飞速发展，互联网金融已成为当今金融领域的热门话题。

互联网金融是指利用互联网技术和信息通信技术实现资金融通、支付、投资和信息中介服务的新型金融业务模式。

它不仅改变了传统金融的运作方式，也为金融服务带来了更高的效率和更广泛的覆盖范围。

在国际上，对于互联网金融的研究和实践也在不断深入。

许多国外学者和机构从不同的角度对互联网金融进行了探讨和分析。

例如，有学者认为互联网金融降低了金融交易成本，提高了金融市场的透明度和竞争程度。

通过互联网平台，金融机构能够更有效地收集和处理信息，减少信息不对称，从而降低风险和成本。

另外，一些研究指出互联网金融拓宽了金融服务的渠道和受众。

传统金融服务往往受到地域、时间和成本等因素的限制，而互联网金融能够打破这些限制，为更多的个人和企业提供便捷的金融服务。

无论是在偏远地区还是在发展中国家，人们都可以通过互联网获得金融支持，促进了金融的普惠性。

在外文文献中，对于互联网金融的风险控制也是一个重要的研究方向。

由于互联网金融的虚拟性和开放性，其面临着诸如网络安全风险、信用风险和法律风险等多种挑战。

因此，如何建立有效的风险管理体系，保障金融交易的安全和稳定，成为了互联网金融发展中的关键问题。

在翻译互联网金融相关的外文文献时，需要注意一些关键的术语和概念。

例如，“Fintech”（金融科技）、“PeertoPeer Lending”（P2P 借贷）、“Online Payment”（在线支付）、“Digital Currency”（数字货币）等。

准确理解和翻译这些术语对于传达原文的意思至关重要。

同时，由于不同语言的语法和表达习惯存在差异，在翻译过程中还需要灵活调整句子结构和语序，以确保译文通顺自然。

例如，英文中常常使用被动语态和长句，而在中文中则更倾向于使用主动语态和短句。

因此，在翻译时需要进行适当的转换，使译文更符合中文的表达习惯。

此外，对于一些涉及到特定文化背景和行业惯例的内容，翻译时需要进行必要的注释和解释，以便读者更好地理解。

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文献出处：Oyelere P. The study on internet financial talent’s structure[J]. Accounting & Taxation, 2016, 2(1): 79-91.原文The study on internet financial talent’s structurePeter OyelereAbstractThe rapid development of Internet financial, Internet financial products and model innovation. Development of industry, however, cannot leave the talent support, especially the financial industry, the Internet has many industries such as the Internet, finance, media convergence characteristics, demand for talent is diversified and complex, the traditional financial talent and IT can't satisfy the Internet financial demand for talent. So you need to study summary to the existing Internet financial model, analyzes the talent structure, these talents knowledge skills. On the one hand, fill the blank of the theoretical study of the Internet financial talent; on the other hand, for education to cultivate the Internet play a guiding role of financial talent. Keywords: internet financial, personnel structure, business process1 IntroductionSince the Internet technology in the 20th century was born in the United States, with the Internet as the core of information technology into the era's most important global wave of technology, and the immeasurable speed and energy changing all walks of life, to People's Daily lives, a major impact on politics, economy, culture, promote the society into the network social form. In essence, financial itself is digital, and the Internet have the same number gene. Since the birth of the Internet technology, the Internet is closely related with the financial sector, the symbiotic development. Consistent innovation based on the Internet for the whole industry and the domestic special financial environment, the development of the Internet financial has its prime mover and broad prospects. On the one hand, the rapid development of Internet financial and good expectations, on the other hand is a lack of good and bad areintermingled and talent development in the process of enterprise.2 The ecological analysis of Internet financial2.1 The development of the Internet financialFrom a global perspective on the history of the Internet financial check, you can find the following events: the iconic 1992 E - Trade companies in the United States launched online securities trading; The United States in 1995 established the first network bank, the security first network bank (SFNB);In the late 1990 s, the mobile phone bank was born in the Czech republic; In Japan in 1999, the first complete the insurance company of business of selling insurance via the Internet;1998 pay (Paypal) as a trading company in the United States; In 2005, the world's first appeared in Britain P2P lending platform Zopa; In 2008 the first the indiegogo raise platform was established in the United States.In 2005-2012.At this stage, no longer pure Internet and finance is the combination of technology, and deep into the financial business areas: network lending began to sprout, the suggests to enter, third-party payment gradually grow. After that, the P2P lending rapid development platform. Moreover some traditional Banks, brokerages and other financial institutions also rely on the Internet, the restructuring of the business model innovation, speed up the construction of innovative online platform. The future, the Internet financial will rely on big data, cloud computing application data, and even the Internet of things to produce more likely.2.2 The definition of internet financial modelThe Internet financial as a spectrum, and according to various financial form in pay three differences, information processing, the allocation of resources will be in the field is divided into six main types: 1) the financial Internet, the Internet for financial intermediation and market instead of physical network, human services, including Internet banking, mobile banking, securities and insurance companies, network financial trading platform, online sales of financial products.2) mobile payments with the third party payment, reflect the Internet's impact on financial payment.3) the Internet currency, is the Internet's impact on monetary form.4) basedon big data inquiry and network loans, refers to using technology of data base and credit assessment and loan, greatly improve the information asymmetry.5) loans, P2P network based on Internet platform of personal debt, debt financing mode.6) the suggests, it is through the Internet equity financing model for the investment projects to raise equity capital. Starting from the demand of financial to categorize. Whether in traditional financial times or the financial times, the Internet is consistent, the basic demand for financial, investment, financing, and payment. Pay on demand, Internet financial sector has a third-party payment mode and Internet currency; In terms of investment and financing needs, by providing enterprise (regardless of the enterprise for the Internet company or financial institution or both) its own financial products to investors and financiers capital turnover and respectively: electronic banking, securities and insurance network sales, big data loans, Banks, such as the Internet insurance mode; In investment and financing channels on both sides of the third party intermediary, and produced: fund net sales and Internet brokerages, P2P loans, the raise pattern, etc. In the field of information supply produced a big data reference model. Produced in the field of payment for the mediation of the third party pay model and as a medium of payment mode of Internet currency.3 The structure process of internet financial talentTalent structure, this article from the perspective of group research state, but not from macroscopic Angle research group talent structure, but from the perspective of medium industry, enterprise, Internet finance talent group structure were studied. Besides talent structure dimension is more, we mainly focus on the knowledge skill structure this dimension.3.1 The structure of third party payment talentsThird party payment of Internet financial models need to be first to the payment system, pay sites, mobile construction, maintenance, operation, in these two show platform construction, the operational personnel demand. In the third-party payment mechanism, the platform system development team is the core enterprise personnel.3.2 Large data structure of talents for the loanBig data loan pattern, first is the development of loan products, secondly, its eachlink involve large data acquisition and analysis, on the basis of a large amount of data to establish various models such as the hydrology trading model, default risk model, the interest rate sensitivity model applied to loans, such as bulk loan so as to realize low cost, so big data talents is the core requirements. Once again, as the loan business, also in terms of customer credit as traditional loans to credit rating. Traditional financial institutions issue loans, credit audit personnel first collecting the data, information from the central bank credit reporting system, from the borrower to provide business information, financial information and the information about assets, secondly to identify borrowers data authenticity, this link time-consuming, often leads to the traditional loan process long, according to the information summary credit decision. Unlike traditional lenders is that its credit rating personnel main job is to the credit index screening, credit, risk model was constructed, the validity of the evaluation model, optimize the model, etc. According to established the credit evaluation model, the risk model, etc., can complete the related data into the credit rating, credit.3.3 The structure of P2P lending talentsP2P lending the summary of the formation of the form according to the above, the first P2P lending relying on Internet platform, platform operating experience, although not significantly affect the choice of the investors, but the platform security is investors consider important factors. Although many small-scale P2P companies choose to buy ready-made website templates, or the website development contract to a third party software developers, but cause the late operation and maintenance difficulties, links and maintenance personnel for long-term development of the P2P lending platform construction is still indispensable.In addition, looking for investors and lenders to link, link and post-loan credit audit collection, most of the P2P lending platform would inevitably involve offline activities, offline activities more fully, the higher the degree of risk control platform. On the hand, the current P2P lending also needs O2O talents.For the platform construction maintenance personnel, mainly to computer knowledge, financial knowledge, marketing knowledge; For product developmenttalents, also need a computer, finance, marketing knowledge; Talent for big data is needed for the computer knowledge, big data and business knowledge; For credit evaluation talented person need is a economic and financial knowledge, mathematics, statistics knowledge, the financial and accounting knowledge, etc. Need for O2O talent is organization, coordination and negotiation skills. For project promotion personnel, need is marketing knowledge. Intellectual skills required to comprehensive the above, the Internet financial talent structure is: the computer knowledge, financial knowledge, big data knowledge, marketing knowledge, business knowledge, organization and coordination ability.4 ConclusionsFor has entered the Internet in the field of financial enterprises, talent is the basis of its sustainable development, innovation, to make it into the field for the future of the enterprise, whether to have relevant talent is whether it can enter the factors to consider.Not only that, but for the Internet financial enterprises, can not have the talent and knowledge structure, Internet financial enterprise and the traditional financial institutions on the organizational structure and culture is also a huge difference between the two. In terms of organizational structure, the Internet post Settings of a financial enterprise, responsibility and organization structure is often based on the enterprise business model and subject to change and the adjustment of the management goal, set up its departments and positions, responsibilities, organization structure must be relatively flexible and flexible. In addition, employees often need to form into a group or team to complete each work, so as to adapt to rapidly changing job content. In terms of culture, culture of the Internet financial enterprises is a sharing, learning, and encourage innovation, to better communication barriers between across the industry convergence and fast learning new knowledge in the development of industry.译文互联网金融人才结构研究Peter Oyelere摘要互联网金融的飞速发展，互联网金融的产品与模式也不断创新。