whatever, whoever, whichever引导名词性从句

一、基本用法概说

英语中的-ever 词主要包括whatever, whoever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however 等，其中可引导名词性从句的主要有whatever, whoever, whichever。这里所说的名词性从句主要指主语从句和宾语从句，它们通常不用于引导同位语从句，同时也很少用于引导表语从句。如：

Whatever he said was right. 无论他说什么都是对的。(引导主语从句)

I don’t believe whatever he said. 无论他说什么我都不信。(引导宾语从句)

在某些特定的语境中，也可用于引导表语从句。如：

What he wants to get is whatever you have. 他想得到的是你所拥有的一切。

二、whatever引导的名词性从句

whatever的意思是“所……的一切事或东西”，可视为what的强调说法，其含义大致相当于anything that，whatever在从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语。如：

Do whatever she tells you and you’ll have peace. 她叫你干什么你就干什么，那你就太平了。

I don’t believe in letting children do whatever they like. 我不赞成让孩子为所欲为。Goats eat whatever food they can find. 山羊找到什么食物就吃什么食物。

三、whoever引导的名词性从句

whoever的意思“任何……的人”，在意义上大致相当于anybody who。whoever在从句中可用作主语或宾语。如：

I’ll take whoever wants to go. 谁想去我就带谁去。

Whoever says that is a liar. 说那话的人是个骗子。

She can marry whoever she chooses. 她愿意嫁谁就嫁谁。

I’ll give the ticket to whoever wants it. 谁想要这票，我就把它给谁。

Tell whoever you like — it makes no difference to me. 你爱告诉谁就告诉谁吧，对我是无所谓的。

注：whoever既用作主语也可用作宾语(作宾语时不宜用whomever，因为在现代英语中whomever已几乎不用)。另外，注意以下受汉语意思影响而弄错的句子：

谁赢了都可以获奖。

误：Who wins can get a prize.

误：Anyone wins can get a prize.

正：Whoever wins can get a prize.

正：Anyone who wins can get a prize.

四、whichever引导的名词性从句

whichever的意思“……的那个人或事物”，在意义上大致相当于the person or the thing that。whichever在从句中可用作主语、宾语或定语。如：

You can pick whichever one you like. 你喜欢哪个就挑哪个。

Whichever of you comes first will receive a prize. 你们谁第一谁就能得奖。

We'll eat at whichever restaurant has a free table. 哪个饭馆有空桌我们就在哪儿吃吧。Whichever of us gets home first starts cooking. 我们当中无论哪个先到家，哪个就先开始做饭。

五、引导状语从句的用法

whatever, whoever, whichever除用于引导的名词性从句外，还可用于引导状语从句，分别相当于no matter what, no matter who, no matter which。如：

I’ll stand by you whatever [=no matter what] happens. 无论如何我都支持你。

Whoever [=No matter who] wants to speak to me on the phone, tell them I’m busy. 不管谁要我接电话，就说我现在正忙。

Whichever [=No matter which] you buy, there is a six-month guarantee. 不管买哪个都有六个月的保修期。