汉英语言对比 第十二讲 跨文化拓展
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In western cultures, communication is studied as the means of transmitting ideas. Western cultures emphasize the instrumental function of communication; that is, effectiveness is evaluated in terms of success in the manipulation of others to achieve one’s personal goal.
-----Kroeber and Kluckhohn
Characteristics of Culture
LEARNED
ADAPTIVE CULTURE IS…
DYNAMIC
PERVASIVE
INTEGRATED
Communication and Intercultural Communication
Eastern perspective of communication
Definitions of communication from many Asian countries stress harmony, which is most notable in cultures with a Confucian tradition. Eastern cultures’ understanding would define communication as a process where all parties are searching to develop and maintain a social relationship.
Overview: Human Perception
Cross-cultural Differences In Sensation and Perception
Barriers Accurate Perception
to
How to Improve Your Perceptual Skills
A Basic Model
试翻译
• “Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially their attached values”.
.
Receiver （信息接收者） 信息接收者）
A receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message.
Decoding （解码） 解码）
Decoding is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols he/she has received.
第十二讲 汉英对比 之Байду номын сангаас跨文化拓展
A: The Nature of Culture
• Think about the following similes and metaphors, how do you think culture is? • 1. Culture is like an iceberg. • 2. Culture is our software. • 3. Culture is like the water a fish swims in. • 4. Culture is the grammar of our behavior.
Feedback （反馈） 反馈）
The response of a receiver to a sender’s message is called feedback.
Noise （干扰） 干扰）
Noise is a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange of messages, including external noise ，physiological noise, psychological noise and semantic noise. Noise is inevitable.
思维障碍
(1) Ignoring Details (2) Over-generalizing (3) Holding on to Preconceptions and Stereotypes (4) Imposing Consistency (5) Preconnecting Causes and Effects (6) Preferring Simple Explanations (7) Ignoring Circumstances (8) Crediting Irrelevant Information (9) Focusing on the Negative (10) Seeing Good or Bad
(2) Physiological Noise
illnesses and disabilities
(3) Psychological Noise
forces with the sender or receiver that interfere with understanding: egotism; hostility; preoccupation; fear; etc.
Components of communication
Sender/Source （信息源） A sender/source is the person who transmits a message. Message （信息） 信息） A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver. Encoding （编码） 编码） Encoding refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message. Channel /Medium （渠道） Channel/Medium is the method used to deliver a message
Physiological
Sensing
Sociological
Perceiving
Psychological
• Sensation: It is the neurological process by which people become aware of their environment. It refers to the initial detection of energy from the physical world. 感觉： 感觉是人们意识到周围环境的神经过程,是对物质世界的第一察觉 是对物质世界的第一察觉。 感觉： 感觉是人们意识到周围环境的神经过程 是对物质世界的第一察觉。 • Perception: It is the process by which we become aware of objects, events, and especially people and their behavior through our various senses and involves higher-order cognition in the interpretation of the sensory information. 知觉：知觉是一种人们通过各种感觉来觉察事物、事件、 知觉：知觉是一种人们通过各种感觉来觉察事物、事件、人和人的行为的过 它是解释感觉信息更为高阶的认知过程。 程。它是解释感觉信息更为高阶的认知过程。 • Selection: It is a process in which we screen out what we need from all the stimuli and information around us. • 选择 选择是从周围选择的刺激信息中筛选出所需要的信息的过程。 选择:选择是从周围选择的刺激信息中筛选出所需要的信息的过程 选择是从周围选择的刺激信息中筛选出所需要的信息的过程。 • Organization: It is the process during which we need to organize and impose structure on what we observe in a meaningful way. • 组织： 组织是把从周围选择的刺激信息，以一种有意义的方式整理，组合的 组织： 组织是把从周围选择的刺激信息，以一种有意义的方式整理， 过程。 过程。 • Interpretation: It refers to attaching meaning to sense data and is synonymous with decoding.释义：释义是赋予感觉信息意义的过程， 类似 释义： 释义 释义是赋予感觉信息意义的过程， 于解码过程。 于解码过程。
Communication
Characteristics of Communication
Culture and Communication
Intercultural Communication
Communication Defined
Dynamic
Intercultural Communication Defined
Components of Communication
Systemic Forms of Intercultural Communication
Symbolic
Irreversible
Transactional
Self-reflective
Contextual
Western Perspective of communication
(4) Semantic Noise
caused by using different languages; the use of jargon; different understanding of the message delivered; etc.
Culture’s Influence on Perception
艺术、文学、戏剧、 古典音乐、流行音 乐等。 民族舞蹈、游戏、 烹饪、服饰
谦虚的概念、审美观、教育子女的理念、对后代的规范、 宇宙观、与动物的关系、上下级的关系模式、如何定义 罪孽、求爱的方式、公平的概念、工作的动机、领导的 概念、工作的速度、集体决策的模式、洁净的概念、 对于独立的态度、疾病的理论、解决问题的方法、对于 地位稳定性的理解、眼神交流、与年龄、性别、阶层、 职业、亲情等有关的角色认识、对于不安全的定义、友 谊的本质、对于“自我”的定义、视觉感知模式、肢体 语言、面部表情、对于逻辑和效度的理解、处理情感的 方式、不同社会情景下交谈模式、对于过去和未来的看 待方式、对于时间的安排、对于竞争或合作的喜好、社 交比率、青春期的概念、对于空间的利用等。
(1)External Noise
Sounds that distract communicators: voices in the next room; annoying ring of someone’s cell phone in a meeting; etc. Other types of external noise that don’t involve sound: an overcrowded room or a smelly cigar
-----Kroeber and Kluckhohn
Characteristics of Culture
LEARNED
ADAPTIVE CULTURE IS…
DYNAMIC
PERVASIVE
INTEGRATED
Communication and Intercultural Communication
Eastern perspective of communication
Definitions of communication from many Asian countries stress harmony, which is most notable in cultures with a Confucian tradition. Eastern cultures’ understanding would define communication as a process where all parties are searching to develop and maintain a social relationship.
Overview: Human Perception
Cross-cultural Differences In Sensation and Perception
Barriers Accurate Perception
to
How to Improve Your Perceptual Skills
A Basic Model
试翻译
• “Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially their attached values”.
.
Receiver （信息接收者） 信息接收者）
A receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message.
Decoding （解码） 解码）
Decoding is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols he/she has received.
第十二讲 汉英对比 之Байду номын сангаас跨文化拓展
A: The Nature of Culture
• Think about the following similes and metaphors, how do you think culture is? • 1. Culture is like an iceberg. • 2. Culture is our software. • 3. Culture is like the water a fish swims in. • 4. Culture is the grammar of our behavior.
Feedback （反馈） 反馈）
The response of a receiver to a sender’s message is called feedback.
Noise （干扰） 干扰）
Noise is a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange of messages, including external noise ，physiological noise, psychological noise and semantic noise. Noise is inevitable.
思维障碍
(1) Ignoring Details (2) Over-generalizing (3) Holding on to Preconceptions and Stereotypes (4) Imposing Consistency (5) Preconnecting Causes and Effects (6) Preferring Simple Explanations (7) Ignoring Circumstances (8) Crediting Irrelevant Information (9) Focusing on the Negative (10) Seeing Good or Bad
(2) Physiological Noise
illnesses and disabilities
(3) Psychological Noise
forces with the sender or receiver that interfere with understanding: egotism; hostility; preoccupation; fear; etc.
Components of communication
Sender/Source （信息源） A sender/source is the person who transmits a message. Message （信息） 信息） A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver. Encoding （编码） 编码） Encoding refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message. Channel /Medium （渠道） Channel/Medium is the method used to deliver a message
Physiological
Sensing
Sociological
Perceiving
Psychological
• Sensation: It is the neurological process by which people become aware of their environment. It refers to the initial detection of energy from the physical world. 感觉： 感觉是人们意识到周围环境的神经过程,是对物质世界的第一察觉 是对物质世界的第一察觉。 感觉： 感觉是人们意识到周围环境的神经过程 是对物质世界的第一察觉。 • Perception: It is the process by which we become aware of objects, events, and especially people and their behavior through our various senses and involves higher-order cognition in the interpretation of the sensory information. 知觉：知觉是一种人们通过各种感觉来觉察事物、事件、 知觉：知觉是一种人们通过各种感觉来觉察事物、事件、人和人的行为的过 它是解释感觉信息更为高阶的认知过程。 程。它是解释感觉信息更为高阶的认知过程。 • Selection: It is a process in which we screen out what we need from all the stimuli and information around us. • 选择 选择是从周围选择的刺激信息中筛选出所需要的信息的过程。 选择:选择是从周围选择的刺激信息中筛选出所需要的信息的过程 选择是从周围选择的刺激信息中筛选出所需要的信息的过程。 • Organization: It is the process during which we need to organize and impose structure on what we observe in a meaningful way. • 组织： 组织是把从周围选择的刺激信息，以一种有意义的方式整理，组合的 组织： 组织是把从周围选择的刺激信息，以一种有意义的方式整理， 过程。 过程。 • Interpretation: It refers to attaching meaning to sense data and is synonymous with decoding.释义：释义是赋予感觉信息意义的过程， 类似 释义： 释义 释义是赋予感觉信息意义的过程， 于解码过程。 于解码过程。
Communication
Characteristics of Communication
Culture and Communication
Intercultural Communication
Communication Defined
Dynamic
Intercultural Communication Defined
Components of Communication
Systemic Forms of Intercultural Communication
Symbolic
Irreversible
Transactional
Self-reflective
Contextual
Western Perspective of communication
(4) Semantic Noise
caused by using different languages; the use of jargon; different understanding of the message delivered; etc.
Culture’s Influence on Perception
艺术、文学、戏剧、 古典音乐、流行音 乐等。 民族舞蹈、游戏、 烹饪、服饰
谦虚的概念、审美观、教育子女的理念、对后代的规范、 宇宙观、与动物的关系、上下级的关系模式、如何定义 罪孽、求爱的方式、公平的概念、工作的动机、领导的 概念、工作的速度、集体决策的模式、洁净的概念、 对于独立的态度、疾病的理论、解决问题的方法、对于 地位稳定性的理解、眼神交流、与年龄、性别、阶层、 职业、亲情等有关的角色认识、对于不安全的定义、友 谊的本质、对于“自我”的定义、视觉感知模式、肢体 语言、面部表情、对于逻辑和效度的理解、处理情感的 方式、不同社会情景下交谈模式、对于过去和未来的看 待方式、对于时间的安排、对于竞争或合作的喜好、社 交比率、青春期的概念、对于空间的利用等。
(1)External Noise
Sounds that distract communicators: voices in the next room; annoying ring of someone’s cell phone in a meeting; etc. Other types of external noise that don’t involve sound: an overcrowded room or a smelly cigar