语言学基础知识2005答案
资料:语言学和应用语言学2005[试卷+答案]
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北京外国语大学2005年硕士研究生入学考试语言学和应用语言学专业试卷Time limit: Three hoursTotal points:150All the questions are to be answered in English on the answer sheets provided.1.Examine the following two statements about language,and discuss the similarities and differences between them. Do you agree with the two statements? Explain your answer.(25 points) 1) Sapir (1921:Language): “Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas,emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols”(p.8). 2) Bloch and Trager (1942:Outline of Linguistic Analysis): “A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group co-operates”(p.5).2.What are phonemes,phones and allophones? Explain their relationship with examples from English or Chinese.(15 points)3.Is it possible to separate semantics and pragmatics? Why or why not? What are the implications of your answer for second language teaching? (30 points)4.It has been noticed that Chinese learners of English tend to make mistakes in the marking of pas tense,even at the advanced level of proficiency. What do you think are the possible causes of this problem? How call language teachers help solve this problem and why?(30 points)5.Look at the following real newspaper headlines and explain why they are considered ambiguous. Then revise the headlines so that they Call express the intended meanings unambiguously.(20 points)(1) Complaints about NBA Referees Growing Ugly(2) Milk Drinkers Are Turning to Powder(3) Two Sisters Reunited After 18 Years at Checkout Counter(4)Enraged Cow Injures Farmer with Ax(5)Safety Experts Say School Bus Passengers Should Be Belted6.In interpreting utterances such as(1)and(2),the hearer generally treats the events described in the two sentences in each group as causally related even though such relationship is not encoded in the meanings of the sentences. That is,the hearer tends to Think that Helen fell on the ground because of Tom's pushing and that the vase broke because it was dropped. Explain why.(30 points)(1)Tom pushed Helen. Helen fell on the ground.(2)Peter dropped the vase. It broke.参考答案北京外国语大学2005年硕士研究生入学考试语言学与应用语言学专业试卷1..Examine the following two statements about language,and discuss the similarities and differences between them. Do you agree with the two statements? Explain your answer.(25 points)1) Sapir (1921:Language): “Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas,emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols”(p.8). 2) Bloch and Trager (1942:Outline of Linguistic Analysis): “A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group co-operates”(p.5).Similarities:1) Both definitions stick to the fact that language is primarily a matter of speech because the primary medium of language is sound. Sapir illustrates this idea by implying that the produced symbols are auditory and Bloch and Trager by explicitly using the word ‘vocal’.2) Both definitions allude to the fact that the association between the words and the things that they denoted is rarely inherent, Sapir by using the word ‘symbols’ and Bloch and Trager by placing emphasis on ‘arbitrary’ and ‘symbols’.Differences:1) Sapir’s definition emphasize that language relates to communication between human beings. It is very different from the communication systems of other creatures, such as bird songs and bee dances. Bloch and Trager do not clearly indicate this property, only saying that it is possessed by a social group.2) Sapir also considers that language is ‘non-instinctive’ and ‘ voluntarily produced’. Thus for him language does not include such instinctive forms of communication as smiling and cries of pain, etc. However, Bloch and Trager’s definition do not include this feature.3) The element ‘system’in Bloch and Trager’s definition reflects the fact that language provides us with the framework for generating appropriate utterances rather than providing us with an infinite store of ready-made utterances. Still elements of lacunae are combined according to rules.4) The function of language is indicated differently in two definitions. Sapir sees language as for communicating ideas, emotions and desires, while Bloch and Trager considers it for a social group’s co-operation. Sapir’s definition proposes ‘communication’ as the principal function of language and specifies what is communicated; Bloch and Trager only vaguely points out that language can be used for co-operation.Each of the two definitions has its own special emphasis, and it not totally free from limitations. We think the two definitions grasp some defining properties of language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication, for example, ‘vocal’, ‘arbitrary’, ’symbol’, ‘purely human’, ‘a system’. But either has some limitation. As for Sapir’s definition, whether one considers language to be instinctive or not is an issue. Language is instinctive in so far as we are all born with a predisposition to speak, we all acquire a language without tuition and when we speak we do not consciously convert our thoughts into speech. Language is, however, non-instinctive in that we can choose what to say or whether to say anything at all. Both the definitio n’s description of language’s function is not precise. Sapir’s definition confines language only to communicating ideas, emotions and desires, and Bloch and Trager’s definition does not point it out at all.2..What are phonemes,phones and allophones? Explain their relationship with examples from English or Chinese. (15 points)A phoneme is a minimally distinctive set of sounds in a language that can signal a difference in meaning. It is an abstract phonological unit represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. A phone is an individual phonetic unit or segment that occurs in speech. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. Each of the set of which correspond to a single of a language is called an allophone. Phonemes are placed between slant lines (/ /) and phones are placed between square brackets ([ ]). Allophones of the same phoneme generally occur in different contexts and never distinguish one word from another. For example, when we pronounce the two words peak and speak, we are aware that the sound [p] is pronounced differently, in the word peak, the sound [p] is pronounced with a strong puff of air stream; but the same stop sound is pronounced slightly differently in the word speak, the puff of air is withheld a little. The [p] sound in peak is called an aspirated [p h] and the [p] sound in speak is an unaspirated [p=]. There is a slight difference in the way they are pronounced, but such a difference dose not give rise to difference in meaning. So /p/is a phoneme in the English sound system, and it can be realized differently as aspirated or unaspirated in different contexts. The phoneme /p/ in English can be realized as aspirated [p h] and unaspirated [p=], which are allophones of the phoneme/p/.3. Is it possible to separate semantics and pragmatics? Why or why not? What are the implications of your answer for second language teaching? (30 points)Though both semantics and pragmatics have to do with the meaning of language, and link language to the world,we think it is possible to separate semantics and pragmatics in linguistic study. Semantics is the study of literal meaning of linguistic expressions, particularly meaning of words, phrases and sentences In using the term sense rather than reference, the focus of semantics is on the way people relate words to each other within the framework of their language. Pragmatics starts from the observation that people use language to accomplish many kinds of acts, broadly known as speech acts thus it is the study of how to do things with words or of the meaning of language in context. This kind of meaning in pragmatics usually refers to as speaker’s meaning, utterance meaning, or contextual meaning. Its interpretation depends more on who the speaker of the sentence is, who the hearer is, when and where it is used. Thus the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is clear: the former is more closely related to the words used, the more constant, inherent side of meanings; the latter is more closely related to the context, the more indeterminate side, or something extra.(以下问题较灵活,给出参考答案)The first implication for second language study involves the appropriate use of target language. The teaching of a foreign language in a classroom involves two types of instruction: one is informational and analytical and can be diagrammed on the axis of general semantic information about the language. But language learning also has a crucially important skill component, which involves the development of the ability to use the language, actively through speaking and writing and passively through listening and reading. This is the pragmatic turn in second language teaching. The language use should be analyzed in relation to the context of communication, and that language teaching and learning should focus on the appropriate use of the target language, oral and written, according to situational and wider social context.The second implication is concerned with vocabulary learning and translation. The learning of second language’s vocabularies involves the understanding and memory of their meanings. Since the differences between the first and second language’s culture, there may be no corresponding meaning underlying the same sayings. Teachers should explain the different usage or implication of the target language’s items. This is of much importance for cross-cultural translation practices.4. It has been noticed that Chinese learners of English tend to make mistakes in the marking of pas tense,even at the advanced level of proficiency. What do you think are the possible causes of this problem? How call language teachers help solve this problem and why? (30 points)Tenses are one of the most difficult aspects for Chinese to master because of the non-inflected nature of the Chinese language In English, the different forms of the verb can tell us whether something is happening in the present or in the past. This information is technically termed as tense. The tense is shown by adding related morphemes at the end of the verb. So the learners can judge the tense easily by looking at the different verb forms. However, the Chinese verb form does not have a well defined past, present or future tense. In writing or in speaking, the Chinese verb in the sentence does not necessarily inform the reader or listener as to whether they are referring to the past, present or future. Therefore, Chinese often places prepositional, phrases, as well as conjunctive adverbs (e.g. Mandarin Chinese le, guo) that indicate time at the front of the sentence so as to inform the speaker or the reader of the appropriate tense. The different ways of expressing the tense cause Chinese learners of English tend to make mistakes in the marking of tense. When translating into English, Chinese writers sometimes forget that English has a well-defined past/present/future verb tense. Therefore, the unconscious tendency of placing several prepositional or other phrases that indicate time at the front of the sentence is often redundant or neglect using different tense form of verb. Another factor which contributes to the difficulties is the difference in the concept of time of Chinese as compared to native speakers of English. Different concepts of time of non-native speakers with those of native speakers contribute to their difficulties in learning the English tenses.As the learning of tenses, Chinese learners are faced with a totally new set of classification of time situations that have no counterpart in their own native language. So in teaching English tenses teachers have to explain English time attributes thoroughly rather than assuming L2 learners will understand them as long as they have acquired the rules. For example, past tense is used for situations which are less probable, or more remote. A lot of Chinese do not have this concept and teachers should spend time in clarifying this to them. Teachers can also allow learners to understand the meanings of the two broad types of English and Chinese tenses and their differences in teaching Chinese learners. Through the comparison of different ways of expressing tense, the teacher can provide the students a clear framework and then students will take special notice in using verb associated with tense.5. Look at the following real newspaper headlines and explain why they are considered ambiguous. Then revise the headlines so that they Call express the intended meanings unambiguously. (20 points)(1) Complaints about NBA Referees Growing Ugly(2) Milk Drinkers Are Turning to Powder(3) Two Sisters Reunited After 18 Years at Checkout Counter(4) Enraged Cow Injures Farmer with Ax(5) Safety Experts Say School Bus Passengers Should Be Belted(1) There are two kinds of comprehension of this headline: the first is “Complaints about NBA Referees are Growing Ugly.”thus with nominal group as the subject and present tense verb is modifying ‘complaints’; the second is “Complaints about NBA Referees Who Are Growing U gly”, thus the whole headline is a nominal group and the present tense verb modify ‘NBA Referees’. We think the first interpretation is the intended meaning, thus the original headline is revised to “Complaints about NBA Referees Are Growing Ugly”(2) The word ‘powder’ is ambiguous in meaning here, because it can imply the drug or medicine in the form of powder. Thus in order to be clear in meaning, the original headline can be revised into “Milk Drinkers Are Turing to Milk Powder”(3) There are two kinds of interpretation of this headline: the first is “ two pair of sisters reunited at checkout counter after 18 years of separation.” The second interpretation is that “two girls who are a pair of sister reunited at checkout counter after 18 years of separation.”The intended meaning should be the second, and the original headline can be revised into “A Pair of Sister Reunited After 18 Years At Checkout Counter”(4) There are two kinds of interpretations of this headline: the first is “Enraged Cow Injures Farmer Who Is With Ax” thus the prepositional group is modifying the compliment ‘farmer’; the second is “Enraged Cow Which Is With Ax Injures Farmer”thus the prepositional group is modifying the subject ‘enraged cow’. However, according to the common sense, the second interpretation doesn’t occur naturally, and we think the first interpretation is the intended meaning. The original headline can be revised to “Enraged Cow Injures Farmer who is with Ax”.(5) The word ‘belt’ is ambiguous in meaning because it can mean the act of hitting or blowing hard. Thus the original headline can be revised into “Safety Experts Say School Bus Passengers’Safety Belt Should Be Tightened”6. In interpreting utterances such as (1) and (2) ,the hearer generally treats the events described in the two sentences in each group as causally related even though such relationship is not encoded in the meanings of the sentences. That is,the hearer tends to Think that Helen fell on the ground because of Tom's pushing and that the vase broke because it was dropped. Explain why. (30 points)(1) Tom pushed Helen. Helen fell on the ground.(2) Peter dropped the vase. It broke.The phenomenon described can be illustrated by the theory of cohesion and coherence in text linguistics and discourse analysis. Text processing requires inferences for establishing coherencebetween successive sentences. Coherence is a semantic property of discourse formed through the interpretation of each individual sentence relative to the interpretation of other sentences, with “interpretation” implying interaction between the text and the reader. The property of coherence of among sentences and text are achieved partially by cohesion which is defined as "the use of explicit linguistic devices to signal relations between sentences and parts of texts." These cohesive devices are phases or words that help the reader associate previous statements with subsequent ones. M.A. Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan identify five general categories of cohesive devices that signal coherence in texts: reference, ellipsis, substitution, lexical cohesion and conjunctionIn the example (1), the two sentences are coherent by use of repetition of the same semantic word ‘Helen’. In comprehending the two sentences, first of all, the hearer comes across the first sentence and establishes a mental model of the event’s description in his mind; then when seeing the second sentence, he sees ‘Helen‘again and try to relate it to what has been described in the former sentences and combine the description in the second sentence with the former one. Thus he establishes a continual mental model of events described in the two sentences. The specific relationship of these two sentences is cause-effect. Similarly, in the example (2), the two sentences are coherent by use of reference, particularly through pronouncial reference ‘It’. The hearer first comprehends and builds a mental model of events as described in the sentence, then when seeing the following pronoun, he will relate ‘It’ with the former ‘the vase’, and subsequent description is corresponding to ‘the vase’. The two sentences are also cause-effect relationship.。
第一章 语言的社会功能

第一章语言的社会功能一、选择辅助性交际工具有( ) (2012年北京语言大学考题)A.文字B.文字、手势语、身势语C.手势语、身势语D语言、手势语、身势语二、填空1.语言与言语的区别是:()()()()()。
(2005年华中师范大学考题)2.语言最主要的社会功能是()和(),最主要的心理功能是()。
(2005年华中师范大学考题)3.语言是一种复杂的符号系统,是人类进行()和()的工具。
(2006华中师范大学考题)4.语言是一种特殊的文化现象,其特殊性就在于语言具有()功能和()功能。
(2007年华中师范大学考题)【参考答案】1.抽象性,社会性,现成性,有限性,稳定性2.交际,认知,思维3.思维,交际4.交际,认知三、名词解释1.言语行为(2012年北京语言大学考题)使用语言符号进行交际以传达意义或意图并获得一定效果的行为,称为言语行为。
言语行为理论是英国哲学家奥欺听汀在20世纪50年代提出来的。
他认为,语句有两层意义:命题意义和施为意义。
前者是语句字面上的意义,是对客观事物的表述;后者指语句在受话者方面产生的效果,即发话人通过言语手段,做出了诸如陈述、警告、命令等等的行为。
2.言语(2005年山东大学考题)言语是指说话和所说的话。
它是个体在活动中运用语言和表达意识活动的过程。
3.语言能力(201 1年北京语言大学考题)抽象思维的能力和灵活发音的能力相结合,表现为人类的语言能力。
语言能力分为潜在的语言能力和现实的语言能力。
掌握语言需要有发达的大脑和灵活的发音器官,恰恰人类具备抽象思维的能力和灵活的发音能力,并能使两者相互结合。
这样,人类就具备了潜在的语言能力,这是先天具备的,至于运用这种能力学会一种语言,是后天的。
人学会语言取决于人所生活的语言环境,语言环境对潜在的语言能力变成现实的语言能力或者维持语言能力,都起着决定性的作用。
现实的语言能力表现在听、说、读、写、译以及运用能力,良好的现实语言能力表现在能造出合乎语法规范的正确句子,而且能依据时机、场合和对象来使用这些句子。
语言学教程试题及答案

语言学教程试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学研究的中心是()。
A. 语言B. 文字C. 语音D. 语法答案:A2. 以下哪个选项不属于语言学的分支学科?A. 语音学B. 词汇学C. 心理学D. 社会语言学答案:C3. 语言的最小意义单位是()。
A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案:C4. 语言的交际功能不包括以下哪一项?A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 社会身份标识D. 艺术创作5. 以下哪个术语不是索绪尔语言学理论中的概念?A. 语言符号B. 语言系统C. 语言行为D. 语言结构答案:C6. 语言的演变过程不包括以下哪一项?A. 语音变化B. 词汇变化C. 语法变化D. 文化变化答案:D7. 以下哪个选项不是语言的交际方式?A. 口头交流B. 书面交流C. 非言语交流D. 内心独白答案:D8. 语言的规范性主要体现在()。
A. 语法规则B. 词汇使用C. 语音系统D. 所有以上选项答案:D9. 以下哪个选项不是语言的变异现象?B. 社会方言C. 语言混合D. 语言的统一答案:D10. 语言的生成性是指()。
A. 语言的创造性B. 语言的稳定性C. 语言的规范性D. 语言的交际功能答案:A二、填空题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学是一门研究人类语言的科学,其研究对象包括语言的结构、功能、起源和发展等。
2. 语言的音位学研究的是语言的_________系统。
答案:语音3. 语言的词汇学研究的是语言的_________单位。
答案:词4. 语言的句法学研究的是语言的_________结构。
答案:句子5. 语言的语用学研究的是语言在_________中的使用。
答案:交际6. 语言的语料库语言学研究的是语言的_________数据。
答案:实际7. 语言的语义学研究的是语言的_________关系。
答案:意义8. 语言的语篇分析研究的是语言的_________结构。
答案:连贯9. 语言的对比语言学研究的是不同语言之间的_________关系。
语言学试题及答案

语言学试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言的最小意义单位是:A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案:C2. 以下哪个选项属于语言的词汇变化?A. 词义的扩展B. 词义的缩小C. 词义的转移D. 以上都是答案:D3. 语言学中,研究语言的生理基础的分支学科是:A. 语音学B. 社会语言学C. 神经语言学D. 心理语言学答案:C4. 语言的语法结构中,句子的基本单位是:A. 词B. 短语C. 从句D. 句子答案:A5. 以下哪个选项不属于语言的交际功能?A. 表达情感B. 传递信息C. 娱乐消遣D. 记录历史答案:D6. 语言学中,研究语言在社会中如何使用和变化的分支学科是:A. 社会语言学B. 历史语言学C. 心理语言学D. 神经语言学答案:A7. 语言的语用学研究的是:A. 语言的物理属性B. 语言的社会属性C. 语言的意义和使用D. 语言的历史发展答案:C8. 以下哪个选项是语言的语音变化?A. 音位的变化B. 音节的变化C. 音素的变化D. 以上都是答案:D9. 语言学中,研究语言与思维关系的分支学科是:A. 心理语言学B. 社会语言学C. 神经语言学D. 认知语言学答案:D10. 以下哪个选项是语言的词汇创新?A. 新词的产生B. 旧词的消失C. 词义的演变D. 以上都是答案:D二、填空题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言的音位变化通常包括音位的______、______和______。
答案:增加、减少、替换2. 语言的词汇变化可以通过______、______和______等方式实现。
答案:创造新词、借用外来词、词义演变3. 语言的语法结构中,______是构成句子的基本单位。
答案:词4. 语言的交际功能包括______、______和______等。
答案:表达思想、传递信息、表达情感5. 语言学中,______是研究语言的物理属性的分支学科。
答案:语音学6. 语言的语用学关注的是语言的______和______。
华中师范大学2005年语言学真题

华中师范大学2005年语言学真题考试科目及代码:329理论语言学一填空(30分)1 语言与言语的区别是_____、______、_____、_____、_____。
2 语言的下层包括____和_____两种语音单位,语言的上层包括____和____三级语言单位。
3 语言最主要的社会功能是_____和___,最主要的心理功能是____和____。
4 格语法的代表人物是____(国名)的____(人名),系统功能语言学的代表人物是____(国名)的____(人名)。
5 常用的文字输入方法有_____、______、_____、_____四类。
6 亲属语言中同一语系内部根据亲属关系得远近可以进一步分为_____、______和_____几个层次。
7 人类语言发展的原因主要有_____、______、_____。
8 语言混合可以分为_____和______两种类型。
二简释(注意适当举例。
30分,每小题6分)1 音素和音位2 上下义词和类义词3 异根式和零根式4 文字和字符5 已知信息和新信息三分析(30分,每小题6分)1 分析下列音节的构成成分a〔i:st〕 b〔uai〕 c〔tuan〕2 试分析下列各个动词的义素结构。
〔叩〕=〔敲〕=〔撞〕=3 分析下列句子的述谓结构:昨天小王在教室里向同学们宣读了校团委的文件。
4 什么是焦点?试分析下列句子的焦点:(1)你刚才说谁来了电报?(2)我给他的书是两本。
(3)一篇文章也没写。
5 分析下列句子中的预设和预设触发语:A他的汽车没油了。
B老王什么时候来?C她妈妈比她更矮。
四简答(注意举例,30分,每小题6分)1 简述文化的性质和类型。
2 举例说明语法意义的各种类型。
3举例说明语素的功能类型。
4 简述地域方言形成的原因。
5 简述心理语言学中后天论的基本观点。
五论述(30分,语言学及应用语言学专业做1、2题,汉语言文字学专业做3、4题。
)1 综合性语言学大批产生的主要原因有哪些?(10分)2 《武汉晚报》2001年9月18日星期二第11版,图片新闻《巨星叹服巨人》:昨日,前来参加上海•••喜力公开赛的阿加西和中国著名篮球明星姚明出席了向希望工程捐款仪式。
专八考试知识语言学部分

语素可以分为自由语素free morpheme 和粘着语素bound morpheme. 自由语素可以单独出现或单独构成词语,比如 pleasant, cell. 粘着语素必须与其他语素一起出现,不能独立成词,比如 dis- ex- con-
上下义:例如animal-the pole bear, kangaroo, crocodile。其中animal是上义词super ordinate, 剩下的词叫下义词 hyponyms.
句子之间的语义关系semantic relations between sentences 有以下几种:1、蕴含entailment 例如:A.他去了中国。B.他去了亚洲。A蕴含于B。A entails B. 判断方法:A真B真,B假A假,A假B不一定,B真A不一定。 2.、预设 presupposition 例如:A.我的自行车需要修理。B.我有自行车。A预设于B。A presupposes B. 判断方法:其中的一个句子以另一个为前提条件。A真B真,A假B还真。
is called ______. (2008) A. hyponymy. B. synonymy. C. polysemy. D. homonymy. 考点:考察词汇之间的涵义关系sense relations.
记忆:涵义关系有5个:同义关系synonymy, 反义关系antonymy, 一词多义
①① 语用学 1. The speech act theory was first put forward by ______. (2005) 2. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion of
2005年10月自考试卷答案语言学概论(小编整理)

2005年10月自考试卷答案语言学概论(小编整理)第一篇:2005年10月自考试卷答案语言学概论 自考及各类其他考试历年试题免费免注册下载超过2万套word文档试题和答案更多试卷答案下载免费试听网校课程2005年10月自考试卷答案语言学概论2005年10月自考试卷答案语言学概论 自考及各类其他考试历年试题免费免注册下载超过2万套word文档试题和答案2005年10月自考试卷答案语言学概论 自考及各类其他考试历年试题免费免注册下载超过2万套word文档试题和答案2005年10月自考试卷答案语言学概论 自考及各类其他考试历年试题免费免注册下载超过2万套word文档试题和答案2005年10月自考试卷答案语言学概论第二篇:00541语言学概论试卷及答案第一部分选择题一、单项选择题:本大题共20小题,每小题l分,共20分。
在每小题列出的备选项中只有一项是最符合题目要求的,请将其选出。
1.下面各项属于汉语北方方言的是A A.武汉话B.温州话C.上海话D.福州话2.下面各项申属于符号的是C A.炊烟B.月晕而风C.红绿灯D.打狗棍3.下面各词中的“子”属于成词语素的是C A.桌子B.柱子C.瓜子 D.镊子 4.明确提出思维决定语言这一观点的是B A.索绪尔 B.维戈茨基 C.保朴 D.皮亚杰 5.汉字“跑”是一个D A.指事字 B.象形字 C.会意字 D.形声字6.靠先天遗传而得到的语言能力被称为A A.语言获得B.语言参与 C.语言学习D.语言自觉7.“你们杀死了一个李公朴,会有千百万个李公朴站起来”采用的修辞手法是D A.比拟 B.夸张 C.比喻 D.借代8.周代称“翁婿”为“舅甥”反映出远古就存在B A.群婚制度B.族外婚制度 C.族内婚制度 D.血亲婚制度 9.人脑中掌管语言的是A A.大脑左半球 B.大脑右半球 C.小脑 D.脑干L0.儿童语言发展的非自控阶段一般出现在婴儿出生后的A A.前6个月 B.6个月到1岁 C.1岁到2岁 D.2岁以后 1.下面各项属于“威尔尼克失语症”患者的症状是C A.不能发音B.不能说出词语C.听不懂别人说话D.昕不到别人说话12.甲骨文“逐”的字形表现了商代的C A.种植活动 B.采集活动 C.狩猎活动 D.渔猎活动13.“横眉冷对千夫指,俯首甘为儒子牛”属于对偶句中的B A.串对 B.反对 C.正对 D.流水对14.一般认为大脑语言功能临界期的最后期限是D A.5-6岁B.7-8岁 C.9—10岁 D.12—13岁15.关于儿童掌握母语的“强化说”来源于巴甫洛夫的B A.生物进化理论 B.条件反射理论 C.激励理论 D.钙化理论 16.文字起源于D A.结绳 B.手势C.实物记事 D.图画和契刻 17.格律诗的韵脚用字应当用A A.平声字 B.上声字 C.去声字 D.入声字18.让计算机能接受语言信号并做出回应动作或答复,这种技术属于B A.语音合成 B.语音识别 C.自动翻译 D.人工智能19.着眼于语言的思维功能研究的语言外围研究学科是D A.社会语言学 B.普通语言学 C.外围语言学 D.心理语言学20.秦始皇名“政”,秦代正月不叫正月而叫“端月”,这是为了C A.讨吉祥 B.讨口彩 C.避讳 D.避难堪二、多项选择题:本大题共5小题,每小题2分,共10分。
自考语言学概论历年真题及答案(2005年-2011年)

2005年10月一、单项选择题(本大题共26小题,每小题1分,共26分)1.关于“说话”这种口头交际行为,下列说法正确的一项是()A.只涉及心理问题,不涉及物理和生理问题B.只涉及物理问题,不涉及生理和心理问题C.只涉及生理问题,不涉及物理和心理问题D.既涉及心理问题,又涉及生理和物理问题2.判断两种话是不同语言还是同一种语言的不同方言应该主要参考()A.相互理解程度B.语言结构的差异程度C.共同的历史文化传统和民族认同感D.是否属于同一个国家3.关于语音四要素,下列说法不正确...的一项是()A.在任何语言中,音高变化都是语调的主要构成要素B.能起区别语言意义作用的是绝对的音高、音强和音长C.音长是由发音体振动的持续时间决定的D.音强是由发音体振动的振幅大小决定的4.下列关于区别特征的表述中,不正确...的一项是()A.音位是通过区别特征相互区别的B.区别特征完全取决于语音的自然属性C.音位的辨义功能由区别特征负担D.区别特征通常都表现为二项对立5.关于“复辅音”,下列说法不正确...的一项是()A.复辅音是一个音节内两个或几个辅音的组合B.复辅音内的几个辅音彼此之间有过渡音联结C.复辅音内的几个辅音的音质变化是突变式的D.复辅音并不是所有语言中都存在的语音现象6.下列各项中,都是低元音的一组是()A.[y,æ] B.[a,Λ] C.[u,ε] D.[Aα,] 7.下列各组辅音中,发音部位相同的一组是()A.[k,η] B.[m, n] C.[n, η] D.[k,p]8.北京话“面”单念时读作[miæn],但“面包”却读作[miæmpαu],这种语流音变象A.弱化B.增音C.同化D.异化9.关于现代汉语“洗”和“浴”两个语素,下列说法不正确...的一项是()A.“洗”是成词语素,“浴”是不成词语素B.“洗”是自由语素,“浴”是黏着语素C.“洗”是不定位语素,“浴”是定位语素D.“洗”和“浴”都是实义语素10.下列各组中,三个复合词构词类型不一致...的一组是()A.席卷耳鸣地震B.打倒切断推翻C.发光散热出气D.天地欢乐爱好11.下列各组词,吸收外来成分的手段存在不一致...情况的一组是()A.丹麦挪威法兰西B.沙拉咖啡麦当劳C.卡车啤酒立邦漆D.香波克隆好莱坞12.语法规则的“抽象性”是指()A.对语言的结构和成分进行类的概括B.相同规则可在一个结构里重复使用C.语法规则之间可以相互推导和解释D.语法规则的发展变化过程十分缓慢13.语法现象可以分成“核心语法现象”和“外围语法现象”,其中“核心语法现象”主要是指()A.词语搭配问题B.意义表达问题C.语音实现问题D.句法结构问题14.主要功能是用来“造句”的同一级语法单位是指()A.语素和语素组B.语素组和词C.词和词组D.词组和句子15.汉语中的词类(词的语法分类)可以首先分出的两个大类是()A.基本词和非基本词B.实词和虚词C.典型词和兼类词D.体词和谓词16.下列关于“直接组成成分分析法”(层次分析法)的表述,不正确...的一项是()A.从最大的词组开始逐层切分,一直切分到词为止B.从最小的词开始逐层组合,一直组合到词组为止C.分析时要依据两条原则:“成结构”和“有意义”D.分析时采用的方法是“先分主干”和“后添枝叶”17.“汽车”和“卡车”是()A.上下位词B.同义词C.等义词D.近义词18.下列各项中,语义结构属于复合述谓结构的一项是()A.这样做不值得B.他跑过去开门C.我们单位需要增加编制D.他们正在研究如何筹集资金19.下列各项中,甲和乙是预设关系的一项是()A.(甲)他买了一支钢笔//(乙)他买了一支笔B.(甲)老王在小李的左边//(乙)小李在老王的右边C.(甲)他早就不在学校工作了//(乙)他以前在学校工作过D.(甲)什么水果他都吃过//(乙)他吃过苹果20.文字最基本的单位是()A.笔画B.字符C.偏旁D.部首21.根据字符跟什么样的语言单位相联系的标准来分类,已知自源文字都属于()A.词语文字B.语素文字C.音节文字D.音位文字22.在语言谱系分类的层级体系中,最大的类别是()A.语族B.语支C.语系D.语群23.在儿童学会说话的过程中,“双词阶段”标志着儿童产生的语言能力是()A.语音能力B.语汇能力C.语法能力D.语义能力24.“萨丕尔(E.Sapir)-沃尔夫(B. L. Whorf)假说”之所以被称作“语言相关论”,主要是因为他们认为()A.思维决定语言B.语言决定思维C.语言和思维互不相干D.语言和思维相互作用25.关于“中介语”现象,下列说法正确的一项是()A.“中介语”越到外语学习后期发展越快B.较高级的“中介语”也不能用于交际C.人们的中介语发展遵循大致相同的规律D.儿童学习母语过程中存在中介语现象26.从语言信息处理技术本身来看,下列各项中,属于未来一段时间研究的主攻方向的是()A.文字编码B.语音识别C.文本检索D.机器翻译二、多项选择题(本大题共5小题,每小题2分,共10分)27.从声音产生方面分析,音质的不同取决于()A.发音体不同B.发音体振动频率不同C.发音体振动幅度不同D.发音的方法不同E.共鸣器形状不同28.关于“常用语汇”,下列说法正确的有()A.常用语汇和基本语汇不是一回事B.常用语汇是和非常用语汇相对而言的C.常用语汇都是使用频率较高的词D.常用语汇是和一般语汇相对而言的E.常用语汇和基本语汇有相当一部分是重合的29.汉语“妈妈买的”这个词组属于()A.体词词组B.谓词词组C.向心词组D.离心词组E.特殊词组30.义素分析的作用和优点有()A.可以简洁地说明词义结构B.有客观的分析标准C.有助于语义描写的形式化D.几十个义素便可以描写整个词义系统E.有助于描写和说明词语的组合条件31.下列关于社会方言的表述中,正确的有()A.社会方言是随着社会的社群分化而产生的B.社会方言是在一种语言或方言内部形成的C.社会方言是在不同语言相互接触中产生的D.社会方言有自己特殊的结构系统E.社会方言具有明显的排他性三、名词解释题,每一名词解释都须举例。
语言学概论习题答案

语言学概论习题答案
一、选择题
1. 语言学的主要研究对象是什么?
A. 语言的物理形式
B. 语言的社会功能
C. 语言的结构和功能
D. 语言的演变过程
答案:C
2. 语音学研究的是什么?
A. 语言的音位系统
B. 语言的语法结构
C. 语言的意义
D. 语言的使用环境
答案:A
3. 下列哪个不是语法学的研究内容?
A. 词类
B. 句法
C. 语义
D. 语用
答案:C
二、填空题
1. 语言学的四个基本分支包括语音学、语法学、语义学和______。
答案:语用学
2. 索绪尔是现代语言学的奠基人,他提出了______的概念,强调语言符号的任意性和差异性。
答案:语言符号
三、简答题
1. 简述语言的任意性原则。
答案:语言的任意性原则是指语言符号的形式与其代表的意义之间没有必然的逻辑或自然联系,这种关系是社会约定俗成的。
2. 描述语言的双重性质。
答案:语言的双重性质指的是语言既有形式也有内容。
形式指的是语言的表达方式,如音位、词汇、句法结构等;内容指的是语言所传达的意义,包括字面意义和隐含意义。
四、论述题
1. 论述语言与文化的关系。
答案:语言与文化是相互影响、相互塑造的。
语言不仅是文化的载体,通过语言可以传递文化信息和价值观念,同时也是文化的产物,反映了一个社群的生活方式、思维方式和社会结构。
语言中的词汇、表达方式和语言使用习惯等都可以反映出特定文化的特点。
请注意,以上内容仅为示例,实际的习题答案应根据具体的课程内容和教学大纲来制定。
2005年01月自考00541语言学概论试题及答案

全国2005年1月高等教育自学考试语言学概论试题课程代码:00541一、单项选择题(每小题1分,共26分)1.关于语言与言语的关系,下列说法中不正确的一项是( A)。
A.用文字记录下来的就是语言,用声音说出来的就是言语B.语言具有内在的一致的规律,而言语则不同,很难找到一致的规律C.语言是言语活动中社会成员约定俗成的共同使用的部分,是均质的D.言语具有个人特点,因此不同于社会约定俗成的“语言”2.最早的比较全面系统地阐述“语言”一般理论的著作通常认为是德国学者( C)的《论人类语言结构的差异及其对人类精神发展的影响》。
A.黑格尔B.康德C.洪堡特D.歌德3.元音音质的差别主要是由下列( B)决定的。
A.发音体B.共鸣腔的不同形状C.发音源D.发音部位4.下列各组辅音中都是双唇音的一组是( A)。
A.[p][p‘]B.[p][f]C.[p][n]D.[b][k]5.语音的本质属性是( D)。
A.物理属性B.生理属性C.心理属性D.社会属性6.北京人把“分配”[f n55p‘ei51]说成[f m55p‘ei51],这种语音变化形象是( A)。
A.同化B.异化C.弱化D.脱落7.下列四组合成词中,( D)含有不成词语素。
A.火车B.热爱C.心疼D.端详8.一般说来,前缀在构词中通常( B )。
A.只改变词的具体意义、不改变词的词类B.只改变词的抽象意义、不改变词的词类C.只改变词的词类、不改变词的具体意义D.只改变词的词类、不改变词的抽象意义9.“一张上海”这句话表面上看起来是词语搭配不当,其实是“买一张去上海的车票”这句话在特定场所(售票处)对话省略。
这种现象说明了( A)。
A.语境对语法的作用B.修辞对语法的作用C.语汇对语法的作用D.语音对语法的作用10.“学习外语”和“政治学习”中的“学习”是( B)。
A.边缘类的词B.兼类词C.同音词D.词性完全相同的词11.义素分析的基本方法是( C )。
2005普通语言学B

外国语学院英语专业2005 -2006 学年第一学期《语言学》I. Define the following terms. (15%)petence and performance2.argument3.IC analysis4.sequential rule5.backformationII. Decide which of the following statements is TRUE and which is FALSE. (10%)1.Animal call systems are genetically transmitted, while human languages are culturally transmitted.2.Both phonetics and phonology are studies of speech sounds, but phonetics is of a general naturewhile phonology is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language.3.Similar to Chomsky‘s distinction between langue and parole is the distinction betweencompetence and performance proposed by Saussure.4.The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctive value. The basic unit inmorphology is morpheme; it is smallest meaningful unit of language.5.In the production of vowels, the air stream meets the same kind of obstruction as in the productionof consonants.6.The adjective ―fast‖ and the verb ―fast‖ are homophones.7.In the formation of ―blueprinted‖, at least two processes are involved.8.Conversation participants nearly always observe the CP and the maxims of the CP.9.―He speaks English‖ presupposes ―He speaks a foreign language‖.10.The surface structure is the syntactic structure of the sentence which a person speaks, hears, readsor writers; while the deep structure is much more abst ract and is considered to be in the speaker‘s writer‘s, hearer‘s or reader‘s mind.Answer: 1-5:_______________________ 6-10:__________________III. Finish the following items according to the requirements (50%)1. Write out the phonetic alphabet based on the given phonetic features 10%1). [voiced alveolar fricative]2). [voiceless labio-dental fricative3). [high front long vowel]4). [velar nasal]5). [voiceless dental fricative]6). [alveolar dark lateral]7). [low front vowel]8). [voiced bilabial approximant]9) [voiced alveolar plosive]10) [glottal fricative]2. Please identify the word-formation processes (in some cases more than one ) involved in producing the italicized forms in the following sentences. (10%)1). Another carjacking has just been reported.2). A Coke, please!3). There are many skyscrapers in our city.4). We have a brunch at 10:00 in the morning.5). Shiel wants to be a footballer.6). Mary babysits at Mr. Smith‘s on weekends.7). There is a gas station at the corner of the street.8). Did you listen to BBC news last night?9). We have croissant and milk at breakfast.10). They met in a motel.3. Can you describe the elements and processes involved in the following examples from Tatalog? (10%)sulat (―write‖) basag (―break‖) tawag (―call‖)susulat (―will write‖) babasag (―will break‖) tatawag (―will call‖)sinulat (―was written‖) binasag (―was broken‖) tinawag (― was called‖)sumusulat (―is writing‖) bumabasag (―is breaking‖) tumatawag(‗is calling‖)sinusulat(―is being written‖) binabasag(―is being broken‖) tinatawag (―is being called‖)4. Identify the sense relations between the following pairs of linguistic items.(10%)1).Above / below2).single / married3). move / run4).a. The girl he married is an heiress.b. He married a girl.5) a. John‘s bike needs repairing.b. John has a bike.5.What kind of inference is involved in interpreting these utterances. (4%)1) a. Can I look at you Chomsky?b. Sure, it‘s on the shelf over there.2) In the restaurant, one waiter asks another: Where‘s the fresh salad sitting?6. For each of the following sentences, (i) identify its sentence form, and (ii) say whether it is a direct or indirect speech act. (6%)1) Give me the mustard!2) Can you pass me the salt?3) It‘s so cold here.IV. Answer the following questions briefly. (15%)1.Why do we say language is unique to human beings?2.How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study?3. Please explain the conceptualist view by means of the classic semantic triangle.V. Please prepare a tree diagram for the following sentences (10%)a. The cat Tom bought likes young children.b. Mary saw the dog with George.Key to paper BI 15%petence refers to the ideal user‘s knowledge of the rules o f his language, and performancemeans the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.2.An argument is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s)in a sentence.3.the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents --- word groups (or phrases),which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.4.Rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called sequential rules.5.Backformation refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived bydeleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language.II. 10%TTFTFF FTTFTIII. 50%1. 10%1) /z/ 2) /f/ 3) /i:/ 4) /m/ 5) /6) /l/ 7) /ǽ / 8) /w/ 9) t/ 10) /h/2. 10%1) blending car+hijack , derivation -ing2) invention/coinage3) calque4) blending breakfast and lunch5) compounding foot+ball, derivation –er6) backformation babysitter--- babysit7) abbreviation/clipping8) alphabetism/acronym9) borrowing10) blending motor and hotel3. 10%Will: repetition of the first syllableWas PP: insert infix –in after first consonantIs doing: repetition of first consonant, insert infix –uma or –umu according first vowelIs being PP: repition of first consonant, insert infix –inu or –ina according first vowel4. 10%1) relational antonymy2) complementary antonymy3) hyponymy4) entailment5) prerequisite5. 4%a. The name of the writer can be used to refer to a book by that name.b. The dish customer order can be used to refer to the customer.6 6%1) imperative direct2) interrogative indirect3) declarative indirectIV. 15%1. It is the d esign Features of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. The following are the frequently discussed ones.1..1. Arbitrariness1. 2. Duality1..3. Creativity1..4. Displacement1..5 Cultural transmission2. Phonetics is of a general nature: it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified. Phonology is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language: it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. It is language specific.3. The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguist form and what it refers to (between language and the real world); rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. This is best illustrated by the classic semantic triangle by Ogden and Richards (1923): THOUGHT/REFERENCE/SENSE.….……………………………………………………………..SYMBOL/FROM REFERENTIn the diagram, the symbol or form is of course the linguistic element—the word, phrases, sentence etc, and the referent, the object in the world of experience, while thought or reference is concept.V. 10%a. The cat Tom bought likes young children.SNP VPNP S V NPDet N NP VPAdj NThe cat Tom bought likes young childrenb. Mary saw the dog with George.SNP VPV NP PPPN Det N Prep NPPNMary saw the dog with George.SNP VPV NPPN Det N PPPrep NP PN Mary saw the dog with George.。
语言学试题及答案

语言学试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学研究的主要内容是什么?A. 语言的起源B. 语言的演变C. 语言的规则D. 语言的规则和演变答案:D2. 下列哪项不是语言学的分支学科?A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 心理学D. 语义学答案:C3. 语言的最小意义单位是什么?A. 音素B. 词C. 句D. 语素答案:D4. 以下哪个选项是语言的交际功能?A. 表达思想B. 娱乐C. 教育D. 所有选项答案:D5. 语言学中,研究语言的物理属性的学科是?A. 社会语言学B. 心理语言学C. 计算语言学D. 语音学答案:D6. 语言的“能指”指的是什么?A. 语言的声音B. 语言的意义C. 语言的书写形式D. 语言的语法结构答案:A7. 以下哪项属于语言的内部因素?A. 社会环境B. 历史发展C. 语言使用者D. 语言规则答案:D8. 语言的“所指”指的是什么?A. 语言的声音B. 语言的意义C. 语言的书写形式D. 语言的语法结构答案:B9. 语言的“共时研究”和“历时研究”分别指的是什么?A. 同时期的语言研究和不同时期语言的变化研究B. 语言的内部结构研究和语言的外部影响研究C. 语言的规则研究和语言的演变研究D. 语言的语法研究和语言的词汇研究答案:A10. 语言的“方言”和“土语”有何区别?A. 方言是大范围的地域性语言,土语是小范围的地域性语言B. 方言是小范围的地域性语言,土语是大范围的地域性语言C. 方言和土语没有区别D. 方言是书面语言,土语是口头语言答案:A二、填空题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学的四大分支包括语音学、语法学、语义学和______。
答案:语用学2. 语言的“词汇”是由一系列______组成的。
答案:词3. 语言的“句法”是指语言中词和词的组合规则。
答案:语法4. 语言的“语义”是指语言中的词和句子所表达的______。
答案:意义5. 语言学中,研究语言与社会的关系的学科是______。
语言学重点试题及答案

语言学重点试题及答案1. 什么是语言的双重性质?答案:语言的双重性质指的是语言既是社会现象,又是心理现象。
作为社会现象,语言是人们交流思想、情感的工具,是社会文化的重要组成部分;作为心理现象,语言是人类大脑活动的产物,是思维的载体。
2. 简述语音学与音系学的区别。
答案:语音学是研究人类语音的物理属性、生理机制和感知过程的学科;音系学则是研究语言中音位的系统和规律的学科。
语音学关注的是语音的自然属性,而音系学关注的是语音在特定语言系统中的功能和结构。
3. 请解释“词义”和“语义”的概念。
答案:词义是指词所表达的具体概念或意义;语义则是指语言符号所表达的意义,包括词汇意义、句法意义和语用意义等。
词义通常指单个词的意义,而语义则涉及整个句子或话语的意义。
4. 什么是语言的同源词?答案:同源词是指来自同一原始语源的词,它们在不同语言中保留了相似的词形和意义。
例如,英语中的“mother”和德语中的“Mutter”就是同源词。
5. 请解释“语用学”的概念。
答案:语用学是研究语言使用者在特定语境中如何使用语言进行交流的学科。
它关注的是语言的交际功能,包括言语行为、话语意义、语境分析等。
6. 什么是语言的方言?答案:方言是指在地理、社会或历史因素影响下形成的具有一定差异的语言变体。
方言通常与标准语或官方语言相对,它们在语音、词汇、语法等方面存在差异。
7. 简述语言的演变过程。
答案:语言的演变过程包括语音变化、词汇变化、语法变化等。
语音变化可能涉及音位的替换、合并或分化;词汇变化可能包括新词的产生、旧词的消亡或词义的演变;语法变化可能涉及句法结构的简化或复杂化。
8. 什么是语言的借词?答案:借词是指从一种语言借用到另一种语言的词汇。
借词通常是因为文化、经济或政治交流而产生的,它们可能在新语言中保留原有的发音和拼写,也可能发生适应性的变化。
9. 请解释“语言的谱系分类”。
答案:语言的谱系分类是根据语言之间的亲缘关系对语言进行分类的方法。
语言学基础试题及答案

语言学基础试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学是研究什么的科学?A. 语言的物理属性B. 语言的社会功能C. 语言的结构和功能D. 语言的历史发展答案:C2. 语音学研究的是语言的哪个方面?A. 语言的物理性质B. 语言的生理机制C. 语言的社会功能D. 语言的心理认知答案:A3. 下列哪项不是语言学的主要分支?A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 语用学D. 心理学答案:D4. 语言的最小意义单位是什么?A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案:C5. 语言中最小的可以独立运用的单位是什么?A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案:B6. 语言的交际功能不包括以下哪一项?A. 表达情感B. 传递信息C. 进行思考D. 艺术表现答案:C7. 语言的符号性质主要体现在哪个方面?A. 任意性B. 线性C. 离散性D. 系统性答案:A8. 语言的哪一项功能与语言的表达形式关系最为密切?A. 认知功能B. 社会功能C. 表达功能D. 工具功能答案:C9. 语言的哪一项功能与语言的交际目的关系最为密切?A. 认知功能B. 社会功能C. 表达功能D. 工具功能答案:B10. 语言的哪一项功能与语言的内在结构关系最为密切?A. 认知功能B. 社会功能C. 表达功能D. 工具功能答案:A二、填空题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学研究语言的________和________。
答案:结构、功能2. 语音学是研究语言的________和________的学科。
答案:物理性质、生理机制3. 语言学的主要分支包括语音学、语法学、语用学和________。
答案:语义学4. 音素是语言中最小的________单位。
答案:区别性5. 语素是语言中最小的________单位。
答案:意义6. 语言的交际功能包括表达情感、传递信息、________和艺术表现。
答案:进行思考7. 语言的符号性质主要体现在其________上。
教学理论和语言学对外汉语教师资格考试题

2005年汉语作为外语教学能力考试语言学及汉语作为外语教学理论试卷真题(考试时间:120分钟)语言学部分1.汉藏语系2.语音的社会属性3.义素4.语言符号的最大特点是____________,即音和义之间没有本质的必然的联系,是自然形成的。
这正是形成人类语言____________的一个重要原因。
5.词组合成句子时,主谓宾定状补等成分都是句子结构里的___________,而这些位置上可能出现的次要到有关局合理去选择,这种聚合就是___________。
6.除了语言以外,还有什么交际工具?它们有什么共同特点?7.什么是地域方言?以汉语为例,说说地域方言的差别。
汉语作为外语教学理论部分8.现代汉语教学理论在教师的“教”和学生的“学”之间,更加强调____________9.语言教学与语言学教学的不同之处表现在____________、教学内容、教学原则、教学方法和教学技巧等方面。
10.替换练习的心理学基础是____________。
11. ____________是外语教学的基本方式,也是实现教学目标的主要途径。
12.许多外语学者在其外语达到一定水平以后,在一段时间内可能会出现止步不停的情况,这种现象被称为“____________”13.听力课一般分为两种:精听和泛厅,前者是为了理解听力内容的细节,后者在于____________。
14.中介语是介于本族语和____________之间的一种独立的语言系统,这种语言系统是由学习者创造的。
15.水平测试和 ____________是外语测试的两种最主要的最常见的测试。
16.对外汉语教学最基本的语言观是:语言是人类最重要的___________;最基本的目的观是:培养学习者的__________。
17.从评分角度来看,作文属于_______。
A客观性试题 B 主观性试题 C 分立式试题 D 理解性试题18.________指的是试卷能否客观地反映测试对象的水平差异A信度 B 效度 C 区分度 D 准确度19.从课程设置的角度看,《汉语语法学》、《汉语语音学》一类的教材属于_______。
语言学复习资料附答案(完整)

语言学复习资料附答案(完整)语法范畴:词形变化表现的语法意义的聚合叫做“语法范畴”。
语法范畴就是词形变化所表达的语法意义的类。
常见的语法范畴主要性、数、格、体、时、态、级等,俄语、德语、法语中的某些词有性的区分。
文字:是指语言的视觉符号性质,是为了记录语言而发明的一种书写符号系统,是在语言的基础上产生的。
文字有音,形,义三部分。
音位变体:处在互补关系中的相似的音素彼此不对立,即不起区别词的语音形式的作用,我们可以把它们归并为一个音位。
如果他们被归为一个音位,则处于互补关系中的各个音素就被看作同一个音位在不同的位置上的代表,是同一个音位的不同的变异形式,所以我么把它们叫做音位变体。
音位变体可以分为“自由变体”和“条件变体”组合关系:符号和符合组合起来,形成高一级的结构,处于高一级结构中的各个符号,称为结构的成份,结构中的各个成分的关系称为组合关系。
聚合关系:如果一些语言符号或更大的单位在结合的某一环节上能够互相替换并且替换后结构关系不会改变,那么这些符号在结构中就具有某种相同的作用,它们自然地聚集成群,它们彼此的关系叫做聚合关系。
直接组成成分:句子是按照一定的规则一层一层组合起来的。
每一层中直接组合起来构成一个更大的语法单位的两个组成成分叫做直接组成部分。
洋泾浜:是当地人在和外来的商人,水手,传教士等打交道的过程中学来的一种变了形的外语。
是当地人没有学好的外语,是外语在当地语言的影响下出现的变种。
“洋泾浜”的共同特点是:语音经过当地语言音系的适当改造,语法规则减少到最低限度,词汇的项目比较少,往往要借助于迂回曲折的总说法指称事物。
“洋泾浜”是一定社会条件下的产物,只有口头形式,用于和外国人交往的特殊场合,没有人把它看作母语作为第一语言。
语言和言语语言的交际功能就是通过言语形式来实现的。
语言学中把对语言的运用及其成果成为言语,通俗点讲言语就是说话(或写作)和所说(所写)的话语言是从言语中概括出来的的为社会所公认的词语和规则的总和。
语言学第一章试题及答案

语言学第一章试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学是研究人类语言的科学,它主要研究语言的哪些方面?A. 语音、语法、语义B. 语音、语法、语用C. 语音、语义、语用D. 语法、语义、语用答案:C2. 以下哪个选项不属于语言的组成部分?A. 词汇B. 语法C. 语义D. 逻辑答案:D3. 语言的最小意义单位是什么?A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句答案:C4. 语言学的哪一项研究关注语言在社会中的使用?A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 语用学D. 语义学答案:C5. 以下哪种语言现象属于语言的演变?A. 音变B. 词义演变C. 句法结构变化D. 所有以上答案:D6. 语言的哪一部分是研究语言的物理属性?A. 社会语言学B. 心理语言学C. 语音学D. 计算语言学答案:C7. 以下哪个选项是研究语言如何表达意义的学科?A. 语音学B. 语用学C. 语义学D. 句法学答案:C8. 语言学中,研究语言如何随时间变化的学科是什么?A. 历史语言学B. 心理语言学C. 社会语言学D. 计算语言学答案:A9. 以下哪个选项是研究语言的起源和发展的学科?A. 比较语言学B. 心理语言学C. 历史语言学D. 社会语言学答案:C10. 语言学中的“转换生成语法”理论是由谁提出的?A. 弗洛伊德B. 乔姆斯基C. 索绪尔D. 布隆菲尔德答案:B二、填空题(每题2分,共10分)1. 语言学的主要分支包括语音学、语法学、语义学和______。
答案:语用学2. 语言的三个基本功能是表达思想、______和表达情感。
答案:交流信息3. 语言学中的“深层结构”和“表层结构”的概念是由______提出的。
答案:乔姆斯基4. 语言的最小音义结合单位是______。
答案:词5. 语言学研究的两个主要对象是语言和______。
答案:言语三、简答题(每题5分,共20分)1. 简述语言学的主要研究内容。
答案:语言学主要研究语言的结构、意义、使用和演变等方面,包括语音学、语法学、语义学、语用学、社会语言学、心理语言学等分支。
语言学入门考试题及答案

语言学入门考试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学的主要研究对象是什么?A. 语言B. 文学C. 历史D. 数学答案:A2. 以下哪个选项不属于语言学的分支?A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 心理学D. 语义学答案:C3. 语言学研究的是哪类现象?A. 物理现象B. 自然现象C. 社会现象D. 文化现象答案:C4. 语言的最小意义单位是什么?A. 音素B. 词C. 句子D. 语篇答案:A5. 以下哪个术语不属于语言变异?A. 方言B. 社会方言C. 语言接触D. 语言死亡答案:D6. 语言的哪一层级负责表达意义?A. 语音层B. 语法层C. 语义层D. 语用层答案:C7. 以下哪个选项是语言的交际功能?A. 表达情感B. 描述事物C. 命令他人D. 所有选项答案:D8. 以下哪个选项是语言的内部结构?A. 音位B. 词汇C. 语音D. 语法答案:D9. 以下哪个选项是语言的外部功能?A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 命令控制D. 所有选项答案:D10. 语言的哪一层级负责表达关系?A. 语音层B. 语法层C. 语义层D. 语用层答案:B二、填空题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学研究的最小意义单位是________。
答案:音素2. 语言学研究的最小语音单位是________。
答案:音位3. 语言学研究的最小语法单位是________。
答案:词4. 语言学研究的最小语义单位是________。
答案:词义5. 语言学研究的最小语用单位是________。
答案:句子6. 语言学研究的最小社会单位是________。
答案:方言7. 语言学研究的最小文化单位是________。
答案:语言8. 语言学研究的最小交际单位是________。
答案:话语9. 语言学研究的最小心理单位是________。
答案:概念10. 语言学研究的最小认知单位是________。
答案:思维三、简答题(每题10分,共30分)1. 简述语言学的主要研究内容。
语言学第三章 经典考题

四、选择题 1. other than compouns. [大连外国语学院2008研] A. Polymorphemic words B. Bound morphemes C. Free morphemes 【答案】A 2. Which two terms can best describe the following pairs of words: table—tables, day + break—daybreak. [大连 外国语学院2008研] A. inflection and compound B. compound and derivation C. inflection and derivation 【答案】A morphemes. [北京第二外国语学院2003研] C. both bound and free
二、选择题 1. Words like pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles are items. [北京第二外国语学院2003研]
A. open-class
【答案】B
B. closed-class
C. neither open-class nor closed-class
. [大连外国语学院2008研]
三、填空题 1. As the lexical words carry the main content of a language while the grammatical ones serve to link its different
parts together, the lexical words are also known as content words and grammatical ones
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1北 京 林 业 大 学
2005年硕士研究生入学考试
语言学基础知识 参考答案I. 多选题:共30分,15题,每题2分。
评分须知:
如果答案为一个选项,则答对给2分,答错不给分;
如果答案为两个选项,则答对一个给1分,答对两个给2分;
如果答案为3个选项,则答对两个给1分,答对三个给2分,只答对一个或没有答对不给分。
答案:
1. C
2. BCD
3. D
4. B
5. B
6. A
7. ABC
8. ABD
9. CD 10. C
11. ABC 12. A 13. C 14. BCD 15. ABD II. 正误题:共20分,10题,每题2分。
评分须知:判断正确给2分,判断错误不给分。
答案:
1. F
2. F
3. F
4. T
5. T
6. F
7. F
8. T
9. T 10. T
III. 解词:共25分,5题,每题5分。
评分须知:根据考生回答完整情况给分。
答案:
1. Displacement means that language can be used to symbolize objects, events and concepts in the past, present, or future or in far-away places. The property of language enables speakers to have an opportunity to talk about a wide range of things, free form the barriers caused by remoteness in time and place.
2. Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.
3. Binding Theory (Chomsky 1981: 188) Binding is a notion borrowed from logic. Chomsky (1981: 188) expresses binding theory as:
i. An anaphor is bound in its governing category.。