荷马史诗伊利亚德奥德赛Iliad_and_Odyssey
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– Hector as Tragic Hero – Women and Family Life – Fate
• Troy & Hector • Trojan Women
• Is Hector a sympathetic hero? Why or why not?
10
Iliad (Book IX)
• Embassy to Achilles
– Discourse among equals? – Odysseus’ plea – Phoenix’s plea – Ajax’s parting words
• Is Achilles being unreasonable? Why or why not?
11
Death and Heroism
• Gods
– Zeus, Apollo, Awk.baidu.comhrodite
– Athena, Hera, Thetis
7
Iliad (Book I)
• Wrath of Achilles, Part I
– In medias res: Trojan War & Plague of Apollo
– Menis: Quarrel with Agamemnon
Timé
Honor, material symbol of status among others, usually capable of being taken away (prize, booty, trophies).
Kleos
Glory or Fame, understood as public opinion, or what others say or remember.
13
Iliad (Book XXI)
• Wrath of Achilles, Part II
6
Persons in the Iliad
• Acheans
– Achilles & Patrocles – Agamemnon &
Menalaos – Odysseus, Ajax,
Phoenix
• Trojans
– Hector & Alexandros – Priam, Helen,
Andromache
• And resulting kleos (glory) is the hero’s only immortality.
12
Sarpedon declares to Glaukos (Book
XII.322-28)
“Man, supposing you and I, escaping this battle, would be able to live on forever, ageless, immortal, so neither would I myself go on fighting in the foremost nor would I urge you into the fighting where men win glory. But now, seeing that the spirits of death stand close about us in their thousands, no man can turn aside nor escape them, let us go on and win glory for ourselves, or yield it to others.”
• The prospect of death drives the heroes to pursue timé(honor).
• The hero is defined by his(her) action in the face of mortality, especially in combat or contests.
– Taken as History – Hellenic Unity – Educational Texts
3
Some Themes
• Glories of War/Adventure
– Reasons for War – Realistic Descriptions
• Ideals of Heroism
• Consequences
– Thetis’ Supplication of Zeus – Glimpse of Olympus
• Is Achilles’ anger his own fault?
8
Thetis supplicant to Zeus
9
Iliad (Book VI)
• Behind the Walls of Troy
– Areté, timé, and kleos – Fate & Courage – “shame culture”
• Others
– Gods & Humans – Individual vs. Society – Word vs. Deed
4
Greece and Trojan War
5
Areté
– Written c. 750 BCE from oral trad. (c. 1200 BCE) – Recited by Rhapsodes – Epic = dactylic hexameter or long poem on war/myth
• Cultural Importance for Greeks
Excellence, virtue, or what makes and individual the best or among the best; usually some combination of physical prowess & persuasive speech or command.
Iliad & Odyssey
1
Outline
• Homer in Ancient Greece • Themes and Persons • Illiad • Odyssey • Closing Thoughts
2
Homer in Ancient Greece
• Earliest Greek Literature
• Troy & Hector • Trojan Women
• Is Hector a sympathetic hero? Why or why not?
10
Iliad (Book IX)
• Embassy to Achilles
– Discourse among equals? – Odysseus’ plea – Phoenix’s plea – Ajax’s parting words
• Is Achilles being unreasonable? Why or why not?
11
Death and Heroism
• Gods
– Zeus, Apollo, Awk.baidu.comhrodite
– Athena, Hera, Thetis
7
Iliad (Book I)
• Wrath of Achilles, Part I
– In medias res: Trojan War & Plague of Apollo
– Menis: Quarrel with Agamemnon
Timé
Honor, material symbol of status among others, usually capable of being taken away (prize, booty, trophies).
Kleos
Glory or Fame, understood as public opinion, or what others say or remember.
13
Iliad (Book XXI)
• Wrath of Achilles, Part II
6
Persons in the Iliad
• Acheans
– Achilles & Patrocles – Agamemnon &
Menalaos – Odysseus, Ajax,
Phoenix
• Trojans
– Hector & Alexandros – Priam, Helen,
Andromache
• And resulting kleos (glory) is the hero’s only immortality.
12
Sarpedon declares to Glaukos (Book
XII.322-28)
“Man, supposing you and I, escaping this battle, would be able to live on forever, ageless, immortal, so neither would I myself go on fighting in the foremost nor would I urge you into the fighting where men win glory. But now, seeing that the spirits of death stand close about us in their thousands, no man can turn aside nor escape them, let us go on and win glory for ourselves, or yield it to others.”
• The prospect of death drives the heroes to pursue timé(honor).
• The hero is defined by his(her) action in the face of mortality, especially in combat or contests.
– Taken as History – Hellenic Unity – Educational Texts
3
Some Themes
• Glories of War/Adventure
– Reasons for War – Realistic Descriptions
• Ideals of Heroism
• Consequences
– Thetis’ Supplication of Zeus – Glimpse of Olympus
• Is Achilles’ anger his own fault?
8
Thetis supplicant to Zeus
9
Iliad (Book VI)
• Behind the Walls of Troy
– Areté, timé, and kleos – Fate & Courage – “shame culture”
• Others
– Gods & Humans – Individual vs. Society – Word vs. Deed
4
Greece and Trojan War
5
Areté
– Written c. 750 BCE from oral trad. (c. 1200 BCE) – Recited by Rhapsodes – Epic = dactylic hexameter or long poem on war/myth
• Cultural Importance for Greeks
Excellence, virtue, or what makes and individual the best or among the best; usually some combination of physical prowess & persuasive speech or command.
Iliad & Odyssey
1
Outline
• Homer in Ancient Greece • Themes and Persons • Illiad • Odyssey • Closing Thoughts
2
Homer in Ancient Greece
• Earliest Greek Literature