跨文化交际导论课件2

Further Explanation
Classification of human communication according to the number of persons involved in communication: Intrapersonal communication Interpersonal communication Organizational communication Mass communication
Further Explanation
There is a language shared between communicators.
Human language
Verbal
Nonverbal
Non-word sounds
Body language
e.g. Chinese, English
e.g. Sounds uttered to control
Classification of Communication
Communication Human ~ Non-social ~ Social ~
Biological/ physical ~
Intra-personal ~
Interpersonal ~
Organizational ~
Mass ~
Definition of “Communication”
Samovar and Porter’s (1997) definition: “Communication occurs whenever meaning is attributed to behavior or the residue of behavior.” (p.9) It means when someone perceives our behavior or its residue and attributes meaning to it, communication has taken place regardless of whether our behavior was conscious or unconscious, intentional or unintentional. e.g. tapping one’s fingers
Fig. 2-2 Classification of Communication
Further Explanation
There is some contact between communicators. Two-way contact: communicators can see each other and monitor each other’s behavior – direct communication; One-way contact: communicators cannot see each other, and hence cannot monitor each other’s behavior. So, communication can also be divided into direct communication vs. indirect communication, face-to-face communication and distance communication.
Further Explanation
There are at least two or more people: In terms of who communicate with whom, whether it being human, animals or machines, the classification is as follows: Human communication Animal communication Human-animal communication Human-machine communication Machine-to-machine communication
Biblioteka Baidu
II. Needs and Functions of Communication
1. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Self-actualization needs (self-development and realization) Esteem needs (self-esteem, recognition, status) Social needs (sense of belonging, love) Safety needs (security, protection) Physiological needs (hunger, thirst)
e.g. Gestures, head movements
Fig. 2 – 3 Language for Communicating (Human language)
Further explanation
Artificial Language
Special purpose
Symbolic
Machine
Further Explanation
Attribution means that we draw upon our past experiences and give meaning to the behavior that we observe. Residue refers to those things that remain as a record of our actions. e.g. smoking in the elevator and the odor
Samovar and Porter’s Approach
Therefore, Samovar and Porter’s approach to communication has focused on the behavior of one individual causing or provoking a response from another by the attribution of meaning to behavior. These various meanings have developed throughout our lifetime as a result of our culture acting upon us as well as the result of our individual experiences within that culture.
2. Functions of communication
Practical function: e.g. buying food, renting an apartment, securing a job, etc. Social function: to meet others, establish ties, maintain friendships, etc. Decision making function: We use information to decide what job to take, where to live, and who to marry, etc. Personal growth function: Through self-expression and feedback from others, we define and confirm who we are, feel appreciated and successful, obtain new information, increase our level of selfawareness, and expose ourselves to challenging new experiences. As a result, we grow up.
III. The Classification of Communication
Communication occurs when – there are at least two or more people. there is some contact between communication. there is a language shared by communicators. there is an exchange of information that has taken place.
I. Communication Defined
Can you find a Chinese equivalent for the word ‘communication’? 沟通/ 传播/ 通信/ 交流/ 交际/ 传通 Cross-cultural communication / intercultural communication 跨文化交际（跨文化交流、跨文化沟通） Communication, which is etymologically related to both “communion” and “community”, comes from the Latin “communicare”, which means , “to make common’, or “to share”. Dance and Larson (1972) found 126 definitions of communication, and many more have been added since then. Communication is a form of human behavior derived from a need to connect an interact with other human beings. Therefore, communication can simply refer to the act and process of sending and receiving messages among people.
e.g. Braille
e.g. Logic animals
e.g. Computer
Fig. 2-3 Language for Communicating (Artificial Language)
Further explanation
There is an exchange of information that has taken place. Various degrees of success in communication, ranging from - complete success, - partial success to - failure.
Fundamentals of Intercultural Communication
Chapter 2
Chapter 2: Basic Communication Theories
I. II.
III. IV.
V. VI.
Communication defined Needs and Functions of communication 1. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs 2. Functions of communication The classification of communication The process of communication 1. Components of communication 2. Models of communication The characteristics of communication The challenge of effective communication in interpersonal encounters