供应链设计与管理考试重点教学文稿

供应链设计与管理考

试重点

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Chapter1.Iroduction to Supply Chain Management供应链管理介绍

1.【supply chain】供应链定义

The system of suppliers, manufacturers, transportation, distributors, and vendors that exists to transform raw materials to final products and supply those products to customers.

【supply chain management】SCM is a set of approaches utilized （利用）to efficiently integrate 整

合的；完全的suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, and stores, so that merchandise n. 商品；货物is produced and distributed at the right quantities, to the right locations, and at the right time. In order to minimize systemwide costs while satisfying service level requirements.

2.【What makes supply chain management difficult?】供应链难度原因

①Supply chain strategies cannot be determined in isolation. They are directly affected by another

chain that most organizations have, the development chain

(供应链管理战略不能孤立地考虑。它们直接受大多数组织都具有的另一链---开发链).

②It is challenging to design and operate a supply chain so that total systemwide costs are minimized,

and systemwide service levels are maintained.

（为了使系统综合成本最小化并维持系统的服务水平，设计与运作一条供应链极具挑战性）

③Uncertainty and risk are inherent adj. 固有的；内在的；与生俱来的，遗传的in every supply chain.

（不确定性和风险存在于每一条供应链中）

3.【Strategies for SCM】供应链管理策略

①Global Optimization（全局优化）

②Managing Uncertainty（管理不确定性）

4.【Why is Global Optimization Hard?】全局优化很难

①The supply chain is a complex network.

供应链是个复杂的网络

②Different facilities设施、工具 in the supply chain frequently have different, conflicting objectives.

供应链的不同环节通常具有不同甚至冲突的目标

③The supply chain is a dynamic system that evolves进化、进展 over time

供应链是一个动态系统，会随着时间不断发展.

④System variations over time are also important consideration

系统随时间变化也是一个重要的因素

5.【Why Is Uncertainty Hard to Deal With?】管理不确定性(原因)

①Matching supply and demand is a major challenge. 匹配供应与需求是主要的挑战

②Forecasting doesn’t solve the problem.预测不解决问题

③Inventory and back-order levels typically fluctuate波动 considerably across the supply chain, even

when customer demand for specific products does not vary变化 greatly.

供应链中库存和缺货水平波动也会很大

④Demand is not the only source of uncertainty.需求并不是影响不确定性的唯一因素

⑤Recent trends such as lean manufacturing, outsourcing, and offshoring that focus on reduction

increase risks significantly. 近来致力于降低成本的精益生产、外包和离岸化都明显增大了风险

6.【The three principles of all forecasting techniques】预测三个原则（属于Chapter2.的内容）

①Forecasting is always wrong.

②The longer the forecast horizon 范围, the worse the forecast.

③Aggregate聚合的 forecasts are more accurate.

Chapter2.Inventory Management, Supply Contracts and Risk Pooling

1.【何时低（高）于平均需求】与边际成本有关

If the cost of not selling an additional unit is larger than the profit from selling an additional unit, the optimal quantity in general will be less than average demand, while if the reverse相反is true, the optimal order quantity in general will be greater than average demand.

2.【平均需求与最优订货量的关系】The optimal order quantity is not necessarily equal to average, or

forecast demand.

3.【Coefficient of variation】变异系数

①Coefficient系数 of variation（标准差/平均需求）

②The Standard deviation measures the absolute variability of customer demands客户的绝对变化的要求,

the coefficient of variation measures variability可变性 relative to average demand.

4.【Risk Pooling: three critical points】重点：衡量风险分担(变异系数)的要点

①Centralizing inventory control reduces both safety stock and average inventory level for the same