【优质】物流经济学 案例题知识点

请将现代的供应链理念与传统的分销渠道概念进行比较，详细分析它们有哪些相似点和区别？
Similarity：(1) Acknowledgedependence between business firms
相似点：承认企业之间是互相依靠的
To overcome challenges of commercial trading, firms developed business relationships with other product and service companies to jointly perform essential activities. Such acknowledged dependency was necessary to achieve benefits of specialization. Managers began to strategically plan core competency, specialization, and economy of scale. The result was realization that working closely with other businesses was essential for continued success. This understanding that no firm could be totally self-sufficient contrasted to some earlier notions of vertical owner-ship integration.
Lecture 4 Inventory management
2. Discuss the relationship between service level, uncertainty, safety stock, and order quantity. How can trade-offs between these elements be made?
Service level defines inventory performance objectives.
Order quantity is the amount ordered for replenishment. It determined the average cycle inventory.
Lecture3 Outbound Logistics (Customer Accommodation)
1.Why are the four primary service outputs of spatial convenience, lot size, waiting time, and product variety important to logistics management? Provide examples of competing firms that differ in the level of each service output provided to customers.
To achieve a high service level we can increase inventory (increase the order quantity and safety stock). An alternative approach may be the use of faster or more reliable transportation and collaboration with customers and service providers to reduce uncertainty. Therefore higher service level can either be achieved by increasing safety stock and order quantity or by reducing uncertainty.
Spatial convenience refers to the amount of shopping time and effort that will be required on the part of the customer. Higher levels of spatial convenience are achieved in a supply chain by providing customers with access to its products in a larger number of places.
Customers are different and services provided must be matched to accommodate unique requirements and purchase potential at realistic total cost expenditure.
Products variety and assortment refers to the different levels of variety and assortment that supply chains offer to their customerservice outputs can overcome three discrepancies: discrepancy in space, discrepancy in time, and discrepancy in quantity and assortment to accommodate the customer’s need. There is no such thing as a homogeneous market where all consumers desire the same services presented in the same way. They may differ in terms of which services are most important and in terms of the level of each of the services desired to accommodate their needs. Additionally, customers differ in terms of how much they are willing to pay for services. The four primary service outputs have important implications for how supply chains are ultimately configured, what types of participating companies may be included to satisfy service requirement, and the costs that are incurred in the process. So the four primary service outputs are important to logistics management.
为了克服商业贸易中出现的挑战，企业提出与其他产品或服务的企业建立业务关系，共同合作。这种相互依存的关系非常必要，有助于企业将更多的经历放在自己的专业领域。在经历了早期工业革命后，管理者们开始站在战略的高度考虑去他的核心竞争力、专业化以及规模经济等问题。这使他们意识到只有与其他企业进行紧密合作才能不断获得成功。与早期的垂直所有者一体化的观念相反，现在管理者们明白任何企业都不能完全做到自给自足。
Lotsize refers to the number of units to be purchased in each transaction.
Waiting time refers to the amount of time the customer must wait between ordering and receiving products.
Lecture 2 Logistics
5. Describe the logistics value proposition. Be specific regarding specific customer accommodation and cost.
Commitment to key customer expectations and requirements in an exacting cost framework is the logistics value proposition.
Using a single supplier increases the buyer’s dependence on one supplier. The risks associated with using a single supplier is that the buyer will depend on one supplier that increasing the risk of supply disruptions such as strike, a fire, or internal quality problems.
Volume consolidation refers to an effective procurement strategy that consolidates volumes with a limited number of suppliers through reduction in the number of suppliers.
Safety stock is maintained in a logistical system to protect against demand and performance cycle uncertainty. Safety stock is used only near the end of replenishment cycles when uncertainty has caused higher-than-expected demand or longer-than expected performance cycle times.