中国文化五十话题--中英翻译
英语畅谈中国文化50主题
Table of content： (2)1. The Art of Calligraphy 奇妙的书法 (3)2. The Significance of Chinese Paintings中国画的含意 (4)3. Rediscover Confucius 重新发现孔子 (5)04-Differences Between Chinese and Western Medicines中西医的差异 (6)05-the role of operas戏曲的作用 (7)06-Gardens and Born Sights园林和盆景 (8)7. Glazed Tiles and Imperial Architecture琉璃瓦与宫廷建筑 (8)8. Two Boats in the Yangtze River江里的两条船 (10)9. Chinese fans中国扇子 (11)10.Beijing Opera Facial Masks京剧脸谱 (11)11. Yellow: China’s Favorite Color 黄，中国人崇尚的颜色 (12)12. Red —China’s Favorite Color红，中国人崇尚的颜色 (13)13. The Importance of Chopsticks筷子的重要性 (14)14. The Elegance of Tea-Drinking茶的格调 (15)15. Beijing’s Identity北京人的身份 (16)16. Trendy Shanghai时尚的上海 (17)17. Happy-go-lucky Chengdu幸福的成都 (18)18. Chinese Beauty中国美女 (19)19.Shanghai Men上海男人 (20)20.Family Relations 家庭关系 (21)21 Neighborhood Relationship邻里关系 (22)22. Personal Privacy vs. Hospitality隐私与亲密 (23)23. Exchange of Gifts礼尚往来 (24)24.Chinese Hospitality中国人的待客之道 (25)25 Table Manners餐桌礼仪 (27)英语畅谈中国文化50主题 (28)26 The Fashion of tea-drinking喝茶的时尚 (28)27. Meanings in a Chinese Name中国人姓名的含意 (29)28. Feng shui 风水 (30)29. The secret of numbers 数字的秘密 (31)30. Paintings，Calendars and Christmas Trees 年画、挂历、圣诞树 (32)47 The Monkey King VsHarry Potter孙悟空PK哈利?波特 (40)Table of content：Traditional Culture传统文化1 The Art of Calligraphy奇妙的书法2 The Significance of Chinese Paintings中国画的含意3 Rediscover Confucius重新发现孔子4 Differcnccs betwccn Chinese and Western Medicines 中西医的差异5 The Role of Operas戏曲的作用6 Gardens and Bonsais园林和盆景7 G1azed Tiles and Imperial Architecture琉璃瓦与宫廷建筑8 TWO Boats in the Yangtze River长江里的两条船中国元素9 Chinese Fans中国扇子Chinese Elements 中国元素10 Beijing Opera Facial Masks京剧脸谱11 Yellow：China’S Favorite Color黄，中国人崇尚的颜色12 Rcd：China’S Favorite Color红，中国人崇尚的颜色13 The Importance of Chopsticks筷子的重要性14 The Elegance ofTea-Drinking茶的格调”People and Cities人与城市15 Beijing’S Identity北京人的身份16 Trendy Shanghai时尚的上海17 Happy—Go-Lucky Chengdu幸福的成都18 Chinese Beauty中国美女19 Shanghai Men上海男人Human Relationships人际往来20 Family Relations家庭关系21 Neighborhood Relationship邻里关系22 Personal Privacy vsHospitality隐私与亲密23 7he Exchange ofGifts礼尚往来24 Chinese Hospitality中国人的待客之道25 7able Manners餐桌礼仪Folk Customws新老民俗26 The Fashion of7ea-Drinking喝茶的时尚27 Meanings in a Chinese Name中国人姓名的含意28 Fengshui风水29 The Secret ofNumbers数字的秘密30 Paintings，Calendars and Christmas Trees年画、挂历、圣诞相Fashion时尚生活31 Tea or Coffee? 茶还是咖啡？32 The Color of Food美食的色相33 The Ultimate Luxury Products顶级奢侈品。
英语畅谈中国文化50主题3
Rediscover Confucius 重新发现孔子Did you see the statue of Confucius launched by the China Confucius Fund?A:你看到中国孔子基金会发布的孔子标准像了吗？B:Yes, I did. It doesn’t quite match the Confucius image in my mind though.I heard there are many different opinions about this so-called official statue. But, to be fait, it’s an impossible job to create an official statue of someone who lived more than 2,500 years ago. No one knows what he looked like, just like no one in the West knows what Plato looked like. Nevertheless, Confucius was a great philosopher, an educator, a plitician, as well as the founder of Confucianism, which still has a tremendous influence over people today.B:看到了，但它不完全是我心目中的孔子形象。
据说有很多人对这个标准像持不同意见。
这也难怪，也已毕竟生活在２５００多年前，没有谁能够想像他真实的长相，就像你们西方人不知道柏拉图的面孔一样。
但是，孔子对今天中国人的生活和思想依然有着重大的影响。
他是中国古代的思想家、教育家、政治家，也是儒学的创始人。
A:Confucianism seems to be back in fashion again. As far as I know, about five to six million Chinese students are currently studying The analects of Confucius. Some companies are using Confucianism as a management tool. The government is also promoting the Confucian values of ethics, fairness, and honesty. They see it as a way to address the social problems that have emerged as a result of the accelerated economic growth.A:儒家思想似乎又风行起来了。
介绍中国文化英语作文 中国中英文介绍(最新)
The Spring FestivelThe Spring Festivel is an important holiday in china.All Chinese families celebrate it.It is always in January or Feberary.It is often very cold at this time of year,but people are all busy and happy.Family members get tegether and then have a big dinner .After dinner we like to watch TV.There is a great Spring Festival Gala on TV every year.翻译：春节是中国的一个重要的假期里的节日.所有的中国家庭都庆祝它.它总是在每年的一月或二月.这个时间通常都很冷,但是所有的人们都很忙碌和快乐.家庭成员们聚在一起,然后吃一顿大餐.大餐之后我们喜欢看电视.这里每年都有一个很棒的新春盛典.Traditional Chinese culture is beginning to capture the attention of the world. This is true even as popular culture that has traditionally been considered Western begins to spread throughout China. Kung Fu, especially, has had a great impact on the millions of people who first learned about China through it. From that, they may come to China and learn about other aspects of this culture, such as traditional operas like the Beijing and Sichuan ones. Asian nations have long known about the greatness of ancient Chinese culture. Their own cultures are a mix of native ones and those Chinese characteristics. Korea and Japan long ago adopted ideas such as Confucianism is something that continues today even as it is challenged by Pop Culture. This strength comes from the ideas given in the Four Books of Confucianism (The Great Learning, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius, and The Book of Mencius). These books built upon the ideas of an even more ancient period codified in the Five Classics. From them, the West learns such things as Fengshui and other concepts that are uniquely Chinese. China has taken steps to further this spread of its culture by establishing Chinese Cultural Centers in such places as the United States and Europe.中国传统文化正在吸引全世界的注意，尽管在传统意义上被看成是西方文化的流行文化开始在中国广泛传播。
英语畅谈中国文化50主题
Historically, Chinese calligraphy and politics were closely intertwined.The new, simplified characters made writing calligraphy less complicated.Most emperors were good at calligraphy.Examinations provided a way for ordinary people to achieve a better life.Many people practice calligraphy as a wayto keep fit.It`s interesting that Chinese paintings can be created on the spot.They like to give meaning to the subjects they paint.It doesn`t take a lot of training to paint landscapesIt all depends on the painter`s personality and ability.It doesn`t quite match the Confucius image in my mind though.它与我心目中的孔子形象不太一样。
Confucianism still has a tremendous influence over people today.儒家思想对今天中国人的生活和思想依然有着重大的影响Confucius developed his philosophy around the concept of benevolence.孔子的思想体系以“仁”为核心It stresses fairness and harmony in guman relationship它强调人际关系的公正和谐Confucianism emphasizes "courtesy" and "respect" whendealing with people or nature 孔子的学说恰好提倡以“礼”来处理人际关系及与自然的关系There have been repeated discussions to give up Chinese medicine.A Chinese medic ine practitioner approaches on the home and abroad perspectiveA Western medicine practitioner deals directly with the symptomsA Chinese doctor relies on some herb medicines and acupuncture.For people with terminal diseases, Chinese medicine may be the last result.Most operas were based on historical eventsThey promoted traditional valuesOperas were able to fill the gaps of education and teachingBeijing opera is no longer as popular as it wasPeople were captivated the audience by its costumes and foodChinese students are in the busy pursuit of fame and wealthEvery man had an obligation to both their immediate and extended familiesY oung people of different time periods have different pursuitsMore and more young Chinese people have also signed up as volunteersBeijing Opera has become a must-see item to entertain foreigners.There is a very distinct Ming Dynasty influence in Beijing Opera costumesRed is a color that represent loyalty and courageI didn’t realize that Beijing Opera’s facial masks are so complicatedThe color preferences of the Chinese people are influenced by the five elementsY ellow was also the color representing the imperial court in traditional China.The yellow color is used to represent both the Imperial Court and bad taste.It can also cause trouble today if a person associates himself with the wrong yellow.Traditionally, red represents the motherland and authorityRed is also a highly-regarded color among ordinary people.Because red is very bright, it is good for warning purposes.Tea drinking is a very sophisticated pastime.Tea houses are always decorated with traditional paintings, calligraphy and furnitureWater came from melted snow which was collected from plum blossom trees the previous winter Ancient scholars enjoys themselves by savouring tea among bamboos or in the moonlightThere are a lot of Chinese expressions that link tea with foodPeople think it can help them lose weight and control their blood pressureUsually tea houses are where ordinary people like to hang aroundNo wonder tea is always mentioned together with food in Chinese culture.For a lot of young people, coffee drinking is a desirable part of their lifestyleI.especially, like the green tea leaves dancing in the glass。
中国文化知识(英汉对照)
中国文化知识（英汉对照）2013年12月全国英语四级必考翻译（四级改革后关于传统文化）1. 中国龙对龙图腾的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年。
中国龙是古人将鱼、蛇、马、牛等动物与云雾、雷电等自然天象集合而成的一种神物。
中国龙的形成与中华民族的多元融合过程同步。
在中国人的心目中，龙具有振奋腾飞、开拓变化的寓意和团结凝聚的精神。
Chinese Dragon Dragon totem worship in China has been around for the last 8,000 years. The ancients in China considered the dragon (or loong) a fetish that combines animals including the fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thunder, lightning and other natural celestial phenomena. The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion process of the Chinese nation. To the Chinese, the dragon signifies innovation and cohesion.2. 秧歌秧歌舞是中国汉族的一种民间传统舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。
秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服装，他们的表演动作有力迅速。
在农历春节、元宵节等节日期间，人们一旦听到锣鼓声，不管外面天气有多冷，他们都会蜂拥到街上看秧歌舞表演。
近年来，中国东北某些城市的老年人自发组织了了秧歌队，队员常年通过跳秧歌舞来保持健康，同事他们也乐在其中。
Yangko Yangko is one of tradition folk dance of Han in China. It is usually performed in northern provinces. The dancers usually wear colorful and light costumes, and the performance is powerful and rapid. During some festivals such as Spring Festival, Lantein Festival, if people hear the sound of drum and gong, no matter how cold the weather is , they will come to street and appreciate the Yangko. Recent years, the old people in city of east-northern of China organized the team of Yangko by themselves, the teamers keep their health by dancing Yangko the whole year.3. 长城是人类创造的世界奇迹之一。
英语畅谈中国文化50主题
Table of content： (1)1. The Art of Calligraphy 奇妙的书法 (4)2. The Significance of Chinese Paintings 中国画的含意 (5)3. Rediscover Confucius 重新发现孔子 (6)04-Differences Between Chinese and Western Medicines中西医的差异 (7)05-the role of operas 戏曲的作用 (8)06-Gardens and Born Sights 园林和盆景 (9)7. Glazed Tiles and Imperial Architecture 琉璃瓦与宫廷建筑 (10)8. Two Boats in the Y angtze River 江里的两条船 (11)9. Chinese f ans 中国扇子 (12)10.Beijing Opera Facial Masks 京剧脸谱 (13)11. Y ellow: China’s Favorite Color 黄，中国人崇尚的颜色 (14)12. Red —China’s Favorite Color 红，中国人崇尚的颜色 (15)13. The Importance of Chopsticks 筷子的重要性 (17)14. The Elegance of Tea-Drinking 茶的格调 (18)15. Beijing’s Identity 北京人的身份 (19)16. Trendy Shanghai 时尚的上海 (21)17. Happy-go-lucky Chengdu 幸福的成都 (22)18. Chinese Beauty 中国美女 (23)19.Shanghai Men 上海男人 (25)20.Family Relations 家庭关系 (26)21 Neighborhood Relationship 邻里关系 (27)22. Personal Privacy vs. Hospitality 隐私与亲密 (29)23. Exchange of Gifts 礼尚往来 (30)24.Chinese Hospitality 中国人的待客之道 (31)25 Table Manners 餐桌礼仪 (33)26 The Fashion of tea-drinking 喝茶的时尚 (34)27. Meanings in a Chinese Name 中国人姓名的含意 (36)28. Feng shui 风水 (37)29. The secret of numbers 数字的秘密 (38)30. Paintings，Calendars and Christmas Trees 年画、挂历、圣诞树 (40)31 Tea or Coffee? 茶还是咖啡？ (40)32 The Color of Food 美食的色相 (41)T able of content：1 The Art of Calligraphy 奇妙的书法2 The Significance of Chinese Paintings 中国画的含意3 Rediscover Confucius 重新发现孔子4 Differcnccs betwccn Chinese and Western Medicines 中西医的差异5 The Role of Operas 戏曲的作用6 Gardens and Bonsais 园林和盆景7 G1azed T iles and Imperial Architecture 琉璃瓦与宫廷建筑8 TWO Boats in the Y angtze River 长江里的两条船中国元素9 Chinese Fans 中国扇子Chinese Elements 中国元素10 Beijing Opera Facial Masks 京剧脸谱11 Y ellow：China’S Favorite Color 黄，中国人崇尚的颜色12 Rcd：China’S Favorite Color 红，中国人崇尚的颜色13 The Importance of Chopsticks 筷子的重要性14 The Elegance ofTea-Drinking 茶的格调”People and Cities 人与城市15 Beijing’S Identity 北京人的身份16 Trendy Shanghai 时尚的上海17 Happy—Go-Lucky Chengdu 幸福的成都18 Chinese Beauty 中国美女19 Shanghai Men 上海男人Human Relationships 人际往来20 Family Relations 家庭关系21 Neighborhood Relationship 邻里关系22 Personal Privacy vsHospitality 隐私与亲密23 7he Exchange ofGifts 礼尚往来24 Chinese Hospitality 中国人的待客之道25 7able Manners 餐桌礼仪Folk Customws 新老民俗26 The Fashion of7ea-Drinking 喝茶的时尚27 Meanings in a Chinese Name 中国人姓名的含意28 Fengshui 风水29 The Secret ofNumbers 数字的秘密30 Paintings，Calendars and Christmas Trees 年画、挂历、圣诞相Fashion 时尚生活31 Tea or Coffee? 茶还是咖啡？32 The Color of Food 美食的色相33 The Ultimate Luxury Products 顶级奢侈品。
高中英语 畅谈中国文化 第24章 中国人的待客之道素材
英语畅谈中国文化50主题第24章 Chinese Hospitality 中国人的待客之道A：I was invited to a traditional Beijing household for dinner once. It was an eye-opening experience. The girl who invited me was my colleague. Her father was over 60 years old. He didn’t eat much but was cons tantly proposing a toast. His wife was busy cooking in the kitchen all the time. I asked her to join us but her husband said “No, she doesn’t.” After dinner, I asked my colleague why her father didn’t eat much and why her mother didn’t join us. She said th at was an old tradition. Her father was there to keep me company because I was a guest of honor and usually women did not eat with the guests.A：我曾到一个老北京家里做客，可真是开了眼了。
请客的是这家的女儿，她是我的同事。
她的父亲六十多岁，作为主人，他在饭桌上几乎没吃什么，只是隔一会儿就端起酒杯劝酒。
他的太太一直在厨房里忙着。
我们招呼她一起吃，同事的父亲说“她不上桌”。
告辞出来，我问同事为什么她父亲几乎不吃东西，而她母亲一直不加入我们。
她说这是老礼数。
高中英语 高考英语作文有关中国传统文化的范文5篇带中文翻译
高中英语高考英语作文有关中国传统文化的范文5篇带中文翻译以下是五篇有关中国传统文化的高考英语作文范文，附有中文翻译：范文一：Chinese Traditional Culture中国传统文化China has a rich and profound traditional culture that has been passed down for thousands of years. It encompasses various aspects such as philosophy, literature, art, and customs. Traditional Chinese culture plays a significant role in shaping the values and identity of the Chinese people.中国拥有丰富而深厚的传统文化，已传承了几千年。
它包含了哲学、文学、艺术和风俗等各个方面。
传统中国文化在塑造中国人民的价值观和身份认同方面起着重要作用。
One prominent element of Chinese traditional culture is Confucianism, which emphasizes moral values, filial piety, and social harmony. Confucian teachings have had a profound impact on Chinese society, influencing not only the way people behave but also the way they think and interact with others.中国传统文化的一个显著元素是儒家思想，强调道德价值观、孝顺和社会和谐。
儒家的教导对中国社会产生了深远影响，不仅影响人们的行为方式，还影响着他们的思维方式和与他人的互动。
中国文化五十话题--中英翻译
Topic 1 文化概述在中国五千年的文明史上，中国人有无数的发明和创造，如汉字、中医、丝绸、瓷器(porcelain)、指南针、造纸术、印刷术和火药(gunpowder)。
这些独特的发明和创造是中国人对世界文明的伟大贡献，证明中华民族是一个富于原创性的民族。
与此同时，中国人又有一种开放的胸怀，欢迎远方来的朋友，并以极高的热情吸收和包容外来的文化。
大唐盛世和明代郑和七下西洋都表明，中华文明具有开放性和包容性。
Over a history of 5 000 years, Chinese people have produced numerous inventions. These unique inventions, including Chinese characters, traditional Chinese medicine, silk, porcelain, compass, papermaking, printing and gunpowder, are significant contributions Chinese made to the global civilization, proving that the Chinese nation is full of creativity. In the meanwhile, the Chinese people have always kept an open mind toward foreign friends and absorbed foreign cultures with great enthusiasm. Both the prosperity of Tang Dynasty and Zheng He’s seven long voyages to the West Seas in Ming Dynasty demonstrate the openness and inclusiveness of Chinese culture.Topic 2 四大发明说到中国古代的科技文明，就不能不说四大发明（the Four Great Inventions）。
【最新】英语畅谈中国文化50主题整理
英语畅谈中国文化50主题1MP3英汉对照查看大图作者：李霞I S B N：9787119047423页数：201开本：大16开封面形式：简裝本出版社：外文出版出版日期：2007-3-8定价：25元英语畅谈中国文化50主题1MP3英汉对照内容简介英语国际人——知性英语自信表达内知国情，外知世界；在国际交流中挥洒自如，在世界舞台上展示自我；融语言技巧与谈话情趣于一体，再现原生态的口语交流情景。
作者以深厚的英文功底以及对中西文化的透彻了解，以中国传统文化，以及当下中国的社会现象为主题，语言技巧与谈话情趣与一体，再现原生态的口语交流情景，既是为了让读者了解外国人对中国文化的兴趣点，也是为了帮助读者关注现实问题，学会用英文去思考、表达你对世界的认识，让读者内知国情，外知世界。
英语畅谈中国文化50主题1MP3英汉对照本书目录Traditional Culture 传统文化1 The Art of Calligraphy 奇妙的书法2 The Significance of Chinese Paintings 中国画的含意3 Rediscover Confucius 重新发现孔子4 Differences between Chinese and Western Medicines 中西医的差异5 The Role of Operas 戏曲的作用6 Gardens and Bonsais 园林和盆景7 Glazed Tiles and Imperial Architecture 琉璃瓦与宫廷建筑8 Two Boats in the Yangtze River 长江里的两条船Chinese Elements 中国元素9 Chinese Fans 中国扇子10 Beijing Opera Facial Masks 京剧脸谱11 Yellow：China's Favorite Color 黄，中国人崇尚的颜色12 Red：China's Favorite Color 红，中国人崇尚的颜色13 The Importance of Chopsticks 筷子的重要性14 The Elegance of Tea-Drinking 茶的格调People and Cities 人与城市15 Beijing's Identity 北京人的身份16 Trendy Shanghai 时尚的上海17 Happy-Go-Lucky Chengdu 幸福的成都18 Chinese Beauty 中国美女19 Shanghai Men 上海男人Human Relationships 人际往来20 Family Relations 家庭关系21 Neighborhood Relationship 邻里关系22 Personal Privacy vs．Hospitality 隐私与亲密23 The Exchange of Gifts 礼尚往来24 Chinese Hospitality 中国人的待客之道25 Table Manners 餐桌礼仪Folk Customs 新老民俗26 The Fashion of Tea-Drinking 喝茶的时尚27 Meanings in a Chinese Name 中国人姓名的含意28 Fengshui 风水29 The Secret of Numbers 数字的秘密30 Paintings，Calendars and Christmas Trees 年画、挂历、圣诞树Fashion 时尚生活31 Tea or Coffee? 茶还是咖啡?32 The Color of Food 美食的色相33 The Ultimate Luxury Products 顶级奢侈品34 Driving on the Horse Road 开车上路35 A Hectic Long Holiday 忙碌的长假36 Chinese Tourists Abroad 出境旅游热37 The Reputation of Dogs 狗的名声38 TOEFL or No TOEFL? 考不考托福?Pop Culture 流行文化39 Blogging Fever 博克热40 The Appeal of Cracy Stones 《疯狂的石头》的魅力41 The Film Makers' Responsibility 电影人的责任42 The Crazy TV Box 电视，疯狂的盒子43 English as a Door Opener 英语，敲门砖Culture Conflicts 文化碰撞44 When English Meets Chinese 当英语与汉语相遇45 Chinese and Western Set Phrases 中国俗语和西方俗语46 The Ideal Man 理想男人47 The Monkey King vs．Harry Potter 孙悟空PK哈利·波特48 New Year Movies 贺岁片49 Globalization of Sports 体育运动的全球化50 NBA:opular or Privileged? NBA:大众还是精英？。
中国文化英语翻译整理
Unit1 中国丝绸中国是丝绸的故乡。
栽桑、养蚕、缫丝、织绸是中国古代人民的伟大发明。
商周时期（前1600——前256）丝绸的生产技术就已发展到相当高的水平。
西汉（前206——公元25）时张蹇通西域，把中元与波斯湾、地中海紧密联系起来，开辟了中外交流贸易的新纪元。
从此中国的丝绸以其卓越的品质、精美的花色和丰富的文化内涵闻名于世，成为中国文化的象征、东方文明的使者。
Chinese SilkChina is the home of silk. Mulberry planting, sericulture, silk reeling and thickening are all great inventions of the ancient Chinese. As early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties (1600-BC256BC), the Chinese people’s silk-weaving techniques had reached an extremely high level. During the Western Han Dynasty(206BC-25AD),Zhang Jian ,an outstanding diplomat ,traveled around central Asia and connected China with the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean, opening up a new era of Sino-foreign trade, exchange and communication. From then on, China’s silk became well known for its extraordinary quality, exquisite design and color , and abundant cultural connotations. Hitherto, Chinese silk has been accepted as a symbol of Chinese culture and the emissary of oriental civilization.Unit 2 中国园林中国园林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等与自然地貌有机结合的环境艺术，是我国古代建筑艺术的珍宝。
最新英语畅谈中国文化50主题EnglishVersion【完整版】整理
英语畅谈中国文化50主题1. The Art of Calligraphy 奇妙的书法A: Some critics suggest that different genres o f Chinese calligraphy have different political implications. Take Wang Xizhifor example. His calligraphy was repudiated as unorthodox during his lifetime but, only a few decades after his death, was established as an orthodox genre.B: That’s for sure! Historically, Chinese calligraphy and politics were closely intertwined. O ver 2,000 years ago, EmperorQin Shihuang, the first Emperor in Chinese history, established the official Chinese writing characters. The new, simplified characters made writing calligraphy less complicated. It allowed people to use characters with more straight strokes, thusmaking it easier to write with brushes. This created the Li genre. Over time, other variations were also developed, which eventuallly lead to the formation of the five genres in Chinese calligraphy. These were the Zhuan, Li, Kai, Xing and Caogenres.calligraphy. The Tang Dynasty Emperor Li Shimin was an avid collector ofA: I’ve heard that most emperors were good atWang Xizhi’s writings.B: That’s right. Qing Dynasty Emperor Qian Long played a key role in compiling an authoritative collection of calligraphy.To some extent, preferences of the Emperors had an influence on the rise and fall of certain calligraphy genres.A: Ordinary Chinese people also seemed to like calligraohy a lot.B: Part of the reason was the sponsorship by the Emperors. Another reason was the Imperial Civil Service examinationsthat started in the 7th century. Those examinations were focused on writing and provided a way for ordinary people toachieve a better life. As a result, calligraphy became widely accepted. Calligraphy also had its practical values because itwas a good way to make friends and was more presentable as a gift rather than jewelry or money.A: Does calligraphy still have these practical functions now?B: Yes. Many people practice calligraphy as a way to raise their cultural accomplishment. O lder people use calligraphicwriting as a method to keep fit. They believe that when a person concentrates on writing calligraphy, his inner wellbeing is stimulated.A: I had thought computers would lead to the disappearance of Chinese calligraphy. Now I understand that’s not likely to happen. How can you give your boss computer-printed calligraphy as a gift?B: You don’t, unless you want him to fire you.2. The Significance of Chinese Paintings中国画的含意A:It`s interesting that Chinese paintings can be created on the spot, even though most of them have similar subjects. Peony,plum blossoms, mountains, creeks or cottages are very popular. There are often painters at significant celebratory and commemorative events.B:Their educational function is, in fact, a unique feature of Chinese painting. Human profiles were used as a method toeither glorify heroes or condemn traitors 2,000 years ago. Tang Dynasty officials even tried to bring painting intoConfuction ideology. The Court of the Song Dynasty published an official guide to paintings. This raised criteria not onlyfor human profiles but also for landscape and object paintings.A:Oh, what was that?B:It classified paintings into ten categories covering religious beliefs, Confucianism and state power. This classfication gavean official definition of the value and significance of the paintings. The purpose of landscape paintings was to portray thefive mountains, while fruit and birds were used to exemplify or eulogize the Gods. In this case, the subjects were used as references to people in order to deliver moral messages. For example, peony and peacocks represented wealth and fortune; pine trees, bamboo, plum blossoms and orchids represented elegance and accomplishment; and pine trees and cypressessymbolized loyalty.A:As far as I know, painters who did not have to make a living by painting used diffferent skills to those specified in theguide, even though they painted the same subjects.B:Artists are usually against pragmatism. They like to give meaning to the subjects they paint. Bamboo symbolizes integrityand pine trees symbolize never giving up. Artists also like landscapes. It doesn`t take a lot of training to paint landscapes. Itall depends on the painter`s personality and ability, as well as his unique touch. Most of today`s non-professional paintersfollow the landscape style. The objective of these painters is purely entertainment and self-satisfaction. The more successfulartists have the opportunity to exhibit at public functions. T hat is probably the climax of their painting careers.A:What are professional painters doing?B:Some of them make a great effort to improve their painting skills. They want to develop new and innovative paintingmethods by borrowing from other genres. Others are busy making money. They have found ways to produce commerciallyattractive paintings. Some people say they are no longer artists. Instead they have become manufacturers of paintings.3. Rediscover Confucius 重新发现孔子Did you see the statue of Confucius launched by the China Confucius Fund?A:你看到中国孔子基金会发布的孔子标准像了吗？B:Yes, I did. It doesn’t quite match the Confucius image in my mind though. I heard there are many different opinions about this so-called official statue. But, to be fait, it`s an impossible job to create an official statue of someone who lived morethan 2,500 years ago. No one knows what he looked like, just like no one in the West knows what Plato looked like.Nevertheless, Confucius was a great philosopher, an educator, a politician, as well as the founder of Confucianism, whichstill has a tremendous influence over people today.B:看到了，但它不完全是我心目中的孔子形象。
9篇关于中国文化的英语短文翻译和高频热词2023四六级考试和考研必看
9篇关于中国文化的英语短文翻译和高频热词2023四六级考试和考研必看这是9篇关于中国文化的短文翻译，这些主题都是四六级考试、考研英语里面的重要话题，注意学习哦！同时还给大家推荐一下这个写作文的必备模板句：孔庙(Temple of Confucius)孔庙(Temple of Confucius)坐落于山东省曲阜市南门内,是纪念我国伟大思想家、教育家孔子的祠庙建筑(temple building) ,也是一组具有东方风格的大型建筑群。
由于孔子创立的儒家思想(Confucianism)对于维护社会统治安定所起到的重要作用,孔庙便被古代帝王所器重。
在古代经常举办祭孔典礼。
或者是由皇帝自己，或者是由皇帝委任的高级官员。
祭孔的规模和祭天- -样宏大。
由此，孔子在历史上的重要地位便可见一斑。
参考翻译:翻译解析1.孔庙坐落于山东省曲阜市南门内,是纪念我国伟大思想家、教育家孔子的祠庙建筑,也是一组具有东方风格的大型建筑群该句由三个小分句组成。
第一个分句可译为located引导的地点状语从句 ,其中“坐落”可译为located,表示“处于,位于”。
2.由于孔子创立的儒家思想对于维护社会统治安定所起到的重要作用,孔庙便被古代帝王所器重该句可以用the importance of.做主语。
其中"维护社会统治安定"可译为maintain social ruling stability,“器重”可译为put a high value on。
同义词组还有attach great importance to。
西湖(the West Lake)杭州最著名的景点是西湖(the West Lake)。
西湖是人造湖泊,是根据中国人喜爱的休闲式的花园风格公园而建造的。
十个世纪以来,西湖一直被中国的文人墨客(men of letters)视为精神家园。
宋代诗人苏轼把西湖比作中国古代最美丽的女人西子。
中国古代人民将西湖周围的区域誉为神奇美丽的土地。
中国文化英语翻译
文化小译一、对龙图腾他的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年。
中国龙是古人将鱼、蛇、马、牛等动物与云雾、雷电等自然天象集合而成的一种神物。
中国龙的形成与中华民族的多元融合过程同步。
在中国人的心目中，龙具有振奋腾飞、开拓变化的寓意和团结凝聚的精神。
Chinese Dragon Dragon totem worship in China has been around for the last 8,000 years. The ancients in China considered the dragon (or loong) a fetish that combines animals including the fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thunder, lightning and other natural celestial phenomena. The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion process of the Chinese nation. To the Chinese, the dragon signifies innovation and cohesion.二、秧歌舞是中国汉族的一种民间传统舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。
秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服装，他们的表演动作有力迅速。
在农历春节、元宵节等节日期间，人们一旦听到锣鼓声，不管外面天气有多冷，他们都会蜂拥到街上看秧歌舞表演。
近年来，中国东北某些城市的老年人自发组织了了秧歌队，队员常年通过跳秧歌舞来保持健康，同事他们也乐在其中。
Yangko is one of tradition folk dance of Han in China.It is usually performed in northern provinces. The dancers usually wear colorful and light costumes, and the performance is powerful and rapid. During some festivals such as Spring Festival,Lantein Festival, if people hear the sound of drum and gong, no matter how cold the weather is , they will come to street and appreciate the Yangko. Recent years, the old people in city of east-northern of China organized the team of Yangko by themselves, the teamers keep their health by dancing Yangko the whole year.三、长城是人类创造的世界奇迹之一。
英语畅谈中国文化50主题English Version【完整版】
英语畅谈中国文化50主题1. The Art of Calligraphy 奇妙的书法A: Some critics suggest that different genres of Chinese calligraphy have different political implications. Take Wang Xizhi for example. His calligraphy was repudiated as unorthodox during his lifetime but, only a few decades after his death, was established as an orthodox genre.B: That’s for sure! Historically, Chinese calligraphy and politics were closely intertwined. Over 2,000 years ago, Emperor Qin Shihuang, the first Emperor in Chinese history, established the official Chinese writing characters. The new, simplified characters made writing calligraphy less complicated. It allowed people to use characters with more straight strokes, thus making it easier to write with brushes. This created the Li genre. Over time, other variations were also developed, which eventuallly lead to the formation of the five genres in Chinese calligraphy. These were the Zhuan, Li, Kai, Xing and Cao genres.A: I’ve heard that most emperors were good at calligraphy. The Tang Dynasty Emperor Li Shimin was an avid collector of Wang Xizhi’s writings.B: That’s right. Qing Dynasty Emperor Qian Long played a key role in compiling an authoritative collection of calligraphy. To some extent, preferences of the Emperors had an influence on the rise and fall of certain calligraphy genres.A: Ordinary Chinese people also seemed to like calligraohy a lot.B: Part of the reason was the sponsorship by the Emperors. Another reason was the Imperial Civil Service examinations that started in the 7th century. Those examinations were focused on writing and provided a way for ordinary people to achieve a better life. As a result, calligraphy became widely accepted. Calligraphy also had its practical values because it was a good way to make friends and was more presentable as a gift rather than jewelry or money.A: Does calligraphy still have these practical functions now?B: Yes. Many people practice calligraphy as a way to raise their cultural accomplishment. Older people use calligraphic writing as a method to keep fit. They believe that when a person concentrates on writing calligraphy, his inner wellbeing is stimulated.A: I had thought computers would lead to the disappearance of Chinese calligraphy. Now I understand that’s not likely to happen. How can you give your boss computer-printed calligraphy as a gift?B: You don’t, unless you want him to fire you.2. The Significance of Chinese Paintings中国画的含意A:It`s interesting that Chinese paintings can be created on the spot, even though most of them have similar subjects. Peony, plum blossoms, mountains, creeks or cottages are very popular. There are often painters at significant celebratory and commemorative events.B:Their educational function is, in fact, a unique feature of Chinese painting. Human profiles were used as a method to either glorify heroes or condemn traitors 2,000 years ago. Tang Dynasty officials even tried to bring painting into Confuction ideology. The Court of the Song Dynasty published an official guide to paintings. This raised criteria not only for human profiles but also for landscape and object paintings.A:Oh, what was that?B:It classified paintings into ten categories covering religious beliefs, Confucianism and state power. This classfication gave an official definition of the value and significance of the paintings. The purpose of landscape paintings was to portray the five mountains, while fruit and birds were used to exemplify or eulogize the Gods. In this case, the subjects were used as references to people in order to deliver moral messages. For example, peony and peacocks represented wealth and fortune; pine trees, bamboo, plum blossoms and orchids represented elegance and accomplishment; and pine trees and cypressessymbolized loyalty.A:As far as I know, painters who did not have to make a living by painting used diffferent skills to those specified in the guide, even though they painted the same subjects.B:Artists are usually against pragmatism. They like to give meaning to the subjects they paint. Bamboo symbolizes integrity and pine trees symbolize never giving up. Artists also like landscapes. It doesn`t take a lot of training to paint landscapes. It all depends on the painter`s personality and ability, as well as his unique touch. Most of today`s non-professional painters follow the landscape style. The objective of these painters is purely entertainment and self-satisfaction. The more successful artists have the opportunity to exhibit at public functions. That is probably the climax of their painting careers.A:What are professional painters doing?B:Some of them make a great effort to improve their painting skills. They want to develop new and innovative painting methods by borrowing from other genres. Others are busy making money. They have found ways to produce commercially attractive paintings. Some people say they are no longer artists. Instead they have become manufacturers of paintings.3. Rediscover Confucius 重新发现孔子Did you see the statue of Confucius launched by the China Confucius Fund?A:你看到中国孔子基金会发布的孔子标准像了吗？B:Yes, I did. It doesn’t quite match the Confucius image in my mind though. I heard there are many different opinions about this so-called official statue. But, to be fait, it`s an impossible job to create an official statue of someone who lived more than 2,500 years ago. No one knows what he looked like, just like no one in the West knows what Plato looked like. Nevertheless, Confucius was a great philosopher, an educator, a politician, as well as the founder of Confucianism, which still has a tremendous influence over people today.B:看到了，但它不完全是我心目中的孔子形象。
高中英语 高考英语作文有关中国传统文化的范文5篇带中文翻译
高中英语高考英语作文有关中国传统文化的范文5篇带中文翻译范文一：中国传统节日Chinese traditional festivals play an important role in Chinese culture. Among them, the Spring Festival is the most significant one. It is a time for family reunion, when people gather together, have festive meals, and exchange blessings. The Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival are also celebrated widely. These festivals not only offer people a chance to relax and enjoy themselves, but also promote traditional values and customs, such as filial piety and respect for ancestors. Through these festivals, we can learn more about Chinese history, traditions, and customs, and pass them on to future generations.范文二：中国传统艺术Chinese traditional art, with a history of thousands of years, is a treasure of Chinese culture. Calligraphy, for example, is considered as the essence of Chinese culture. It not only requires skillful brushwork, but also embodies the beauty of Chinese characters. Chinese paintings, known for their unique painting techniques and rich cultural connotations, are admired by people all over the world. In addition, traditional Chinese music, opera, and dance are also highly appreciated for their elegance and grace. These art forms not only reflect the aesthetics of Chinese people, but also convey profound cultural meanings.范文三：中国传统美食Chinese traditional cuisine is renowned worldwide for its diversity and flavors. From the spicy Sichuan cuisine to the delicate Cantonese cuisine, each region has its own specialty dishes. For example, Peking duck, known for its crispy skin and tender meat, is a must-try when visiting Beijing. Dim sum, a variety of bite-sized dishes, is a popular choice for breakfast or afternoon tea in southern China. Chinese cuisine not only satisfies people's taste buds, but also reflects the philosophy of balance and harmony in Chinese culture. The art of Chinese cooking has been passed down from generation to generation, and it continues to evolve and innovate while preserving its traditional roots.范文四：中国传统服饰Traditional Chinese clothing, known as Hanfu, has a long history and unique charm. It is characterized by its loose, flowing silhouette and exquisite craftsmanship. Hanfu consists of various garments, such as the Ruqun for women and the Zhongshan suit for men. Each garment has its own distinctive style and symbolic meaning. Traditional Chinese clothing not only reflects the aesthetic taste of different dynasties, but also represents the etiquette and social status of the wearers. Nowadays, Hanfu is experiencing a revival, and more and more people are embracing it as a way to showcase their cultural identity and appreciation for Chinese traditions.范文五：中国传统建筑Chinese traditional architecture, with its distinctive style and profound cultural connotations, is a true representation of Chinese culture. The Forbidden City in Beijing, with its grandeur and meticulous design, is a masterpiece of traditional Chinese architecture. The classical gardens in Suzhou, known for their harmonious layout and exquisite details, showcase the perfect integration of nature and human creations. Traditional Chinese architecture also emphasizes the balance of Yin and Yang, and the harmony between man and nature. It is not only a manifestation of architectural skills, but also a reflection of the wisdom and philosophy of the Chinese people.范文一：中国传统节日中国传统节日在中国文化中占有重要地位。
英语畅谈中国文化50主题
1. The Art of Calligraphy 奇妙的书法A: Some critics suggest that different genres of Chinese calligraphy have different political implications. Take Wang Xizhi for example. His calligraphy was repudiated as unorthodox during his lifetime but, only a few decades after his death, was established as an orthodox genre.B: That’s for sure! Historically, Chinese calligraphy and politics were closely intertwined. Over 2,000 years ago, Emperor Qin Shihuang, the first Emperor in Chinese history, established the official Chinese writing characters. The new, simplified characters made writing calligraphy less complicated. It allowed people to use characters with more straight strokes, thus making it easier to write with brushes. This created the Li genre. Over time, other variations were also developed, which eventuallly lead to the formation of the five genres in Chinese calligraphy. These were the Zhuan, Li, Kai, Xing and Cao genres.A: I’ve heard that most emperors were good at calligraphy. The Tang Dynasty Emperor Li Shimin was an avid collector of Wang Xizhi’s writings.B: That’s right. Qing Dynasty Emperor Qian Long played a key role in compiling an authoritative collection of calligraphy. To some extent, preferences of the Emperors had an influence on the rise and fall of certain calligraphy genres.A: Ordinary Chinese people also seemed to like calligraphy a lot.B: Part of the reason was the sponsorship by the Emperors. Another reason was the Imperial Civil Service examinations that started in the 7th century. Those examinations were focused on writing and provided a way for ordinary people to achieve a better life. As a result, calligraphy became widely accepted. Calligraphy also had its practical values because it was a good way to make friends and was more presentable as a gift rather than jewelry or money.A: Does calligraphy still have these practical functions now?B: Yes. Many people practice calligraphy as a way to raise their cultural accomplishment. Older people use calligraphic writing as a method to keep fit. They believe that when a person concentrates on writing calligraphy, his inner wellbeingis stimulated.A: I had thought computers would lead to the disappearance of Chinese calligraphy. Now I understand that’s not likely to happen. How can you give your boss computer-printed calligraphy as a gift?B: You don’t, unless you want him to fire you.2. The Significance of Chinese Paintings 中国画的含意A: It’s interesting that Chinese paintings can be created on the spot, even though most of them have similar subjects. Peony, plum blossoms, mountains, creeks or cottages are very popular. There are often painters at significant celebratory and commemorative events.B: Their educational function is, in fact, a unique feature of Chinese painting. Human profiles were used as a method to either glorify heroes or condemn traitors 2,000 years ago. Tang Dynasty officials even tried to bring painting into Confuction ideology. The Court of the Song Dynasty published an official guide to paintings. This raised criteria not only for human profiles but also for landscape and object paintings.A: Oh, what was that?B: It classified paintings into ten categories covering religious beliefs, Confucianism and state power. This classification gave an official definition of the value and significance of the paintings. The purpose of landscape paintings was to portray the five mountains, while fruit and birds were used to exemplify or eulogize the Gods. In this case, the subjects were used as references to people in order to deliver moral messages. For example, peony and peacocks represented wealth and fortune; pine trees, bamboo, plum blossoms and orchids represented elegance and accomplishment; and pine trees and cypresses symbolized loyalty.A: As far as I know, painters who did not have to make a living by painting used different skills to those specified in the guide, even though they painted the same subjects.B: Artists are usually against pragmatism. They like to give meaning to the subjects they paint. Bamboo symbolizes integrity and pine trees symbolize never giving up.Artists also like landscapes. It doesn’t take a lot of training to paint landscapes. It all depends on the painter’s personality and ability, as well as his unique touch. Most of today’s non-professional painters follow the landscape style. The objective of these painters is purely entertainment and self-satisfaction. The more successful artists have the opportunity to exhibit at public functions. That is probably the climax of their painting careers.A: What are professional painters doing?B: Some of them make a great effort to improve their painting skills. They want to develop new and innovative painting methods by borrowing from other genres. Others are busy making money. They have found ways to produce commercially attractive paintings. Some people say they are no longer artists. Instead they have become manufacturers of paintings.3. Rediscover Confucius 重新发现孔子A: Did you see the statue of Confucius launched by the China Confucius Fund?B: Yes, I did. It doesn’t quite match the Confucius image in my mind though. I heard there are many different opinions about this so-called official statue. But, to be fait, it`s an impossible job to create an official statue of someone who lived more than 2,500 years ago. No one knows what he looked like, just like no one in the West knows what Plato looked like. Nevertheless, Confucius was a great philosopher, an educator, a politician, as well as the founder of Confucianism, which still has a tremendous influence over people today.A: Confucianism seems to be back in fashion again. As far as I know, about five to six million Chinese students are currently studying The analects of Confucius. Some companies are using Confucianism as a management tool. The government is also promoting the Confucian values of ethics, fairness, and honesty. They see it as a way to address the social problems that have emerged as a result of the accelerated economic growth.B: Confucianism is the backbone of Chinese culture. Confucius developed his philosophy around the concept of benevolence. The Analects of Confucius is a record of his political views. Confucianism represents a set of moral principles because it stresses fairness and harmony in guman relationships, as well as theindividual`s social responsibility for their country. For Confucius, political honesty is based on individual ethical integrity.A: Some American scholars did a comparative study of Confucius with Greek and Roman philosophers. Their conclusion was that there is more practical value in Confucianism. Why it that?B: Well it has extensive application in Chinese society. Confucius was also an accomplished educator. He treated his students as his equal by teaching them democratic and open-minded ideas. In the words of the American scholars, Confucius wanted to train his students to become more unrestrained and adaprable to external influences.A: There is also an increasing awareness of Confucianism in other parts of the world. This may be a result of various political, cultural, and environmental challenges due to China`s growing economic importance. As a result, the rise of individualism in the community has become a serious threat to social harmony and progress. A different set of values are needed as a counterbalance. Confucianism emphasizes "courtesy" and "respect" whendealing with people or nature so it should be very beneficial for building harmony in any society.B: You are right. A scholar once said that answers concerning our survival can be found in the wisdom of Confucius, even though he lived more than 25 centuries ago.4. Differences between Chinese and Western Medicines 中西医的差异A: For many years, there have been repeated discussions to give up Chinese medicine. Its recently become a hot topic once again. And because believe the Chinese medicine is not scientifically based in comparison to Western medicine.B: Although it is debatable why Chinese medicine is scientifically sound .You cannot deny it has a rich philosophic significance. This is very different from Western medicine. Usually, a Chinese medicine practitioner approaches on the home and abroad perspective,emphasis its entirety and dialectical implications. This is why some people view it as a holistic medicine. In contrast, a Western doctor deals to recipe with symptoms. For instance, if someone has a sore throat,a Western doctor will treated it as a throat problem while a Chinese doctor may link it to the disorder of the patient’s stomach.A: What's the difference between Chinese and Western medicines?B: A Chinese doctor examines its patients by using methods like observing, smelling , asking and feeling. His Western counterparts relies on symptoms or evidence, like body temperature and lab tests . A Chinese doctor determines the problem of patients interior organs by influence through observing very exterior signs such as complexion or the tongue .A Western doctor, on the other hand, makes his judgement based on the results of lab tests on the internal organs. He then reinforces its judgement byexamining exterior symptoms. A Western doctor uses chemical based medicines and surgery, but a Chinese doctor relies on some herb medicines and acupuncture.A: For patient, which is preferable?B: It depends. Usually a Chinese doctor will recommend Western medicine for intensive treatment and Chinese medicine for the recovery. In fact, Chinese medicine is probably more effective in treating some functional diseases, while the cause is difficult to discover.A: What will happen if Chinese medicine is indeed abandoned?B: No idea, but for people with terminal diseases, Chinese medicine may be the last result.Chinese medicine can not only alleviate pain but also offers the option of different treatment.5. The role of operas 戏曲的作用A: In his book, Chinese characteristics, which was written more than 100 years ago, A.H. Smith said the Chinese people liked opera. To them, opera was the only entertainment like sports for the British and bull-fighting for the Spanians.B: In the traditional Chinese society, opera was used as vehicles to spread knowledge and ethical teachings. Most operas were based on historical events, fore clown or classical novels. T hey promoted traditional values and moral principles such as punishing the evil and eulogizing the good, loyalty and kindness and denunciation of ungraceful. Operas were able to fill the gaps of education and teaching , especially in the agricultural society.A: Opera fans were like today's popular music fans. They enjoy singing in an arena.B: The dominant Emperor Cixi in the Qing Dynasty was a super opera fan. She often had opera troops perform for her in her court. This is why Beijing opera overtook all other operas and became national entertainment. It was said the emperors were deeply influenced by the teachings of the operas. Especially those who relating to gratitude.A: I know she would pardon anyone to whom she thought in dated regardless any mistakes.B: That's right. Some of her stories even suggests that when she engaged the boxes to fight against the Westerners. She was under the illusion they were invisible. She got the notion from the operas they could not be heard by bullets. Of course, she was wrong. And the boxes were quickly defeated by the Westerners.A: Well, if emperors had so much influence on the danger operas I think it would be even more so on ordinary people. Seems Beijing opera is no longer as popular as it was. Does it still have influence on people?B: Now, it is TV. Since every household has a TV. Its influence should not be underestimated. There was a popular Korean TV drama not long ago which captivated the audience by its costumes and food. As a result, some studios in Beijing began taking photo portraits in Korean costumes and some restaurants introduce similar Korean food. A: Now, I understand why the government discourages TV house from imitating Hongkong and T aiwan accents. It also explains why TV stations are forbidden for every programs about dottery and other ethical topics.B: That's great, China has been experiencing in any increasingly high divaricates where dottery is decided as the main reason6. Gardens and Born Sights 园林和盆景A: Have you ever been to Suzhou? You can find over one hundreds private gardens from the old times in this city.B: Suzhou is one of my favourite cities. Gardens in that area are known for their skillfulcombination of landscapes. The use manmade structures such as creeks, rocks, trees, plants civilians, platforms, terraces and bridges. Together, they created a poetic atmosphere, just like painting that combines poems, calligraphy, and scenery all in well. The rocks in the garden don’t have to be huge to look meaningful as long as they arranged in order. The same is true with the creeks. It is not the length of the creeks but the term of the curve which give the garden the feeling of liveliness. This is the manifestation of Confucian belief of harmony between man and nature. And the tower is worship of nature.A: I don’t see a lot of harmony between man and na ture in those particular gardens. There is too much human interference. You never find vast expenses grass and trees, most objects are symbolic and artificial, and they are separated from outside of the world by a wall.B: This is something to do with Chinese philosophy. The imitation of nature reflects the worship of the nature. And pursuit a poetic state of mind. The walls around the garden are in effect a way to show modesty and unpretentiousness. Also, it separates people with different backgrounds.A: human’s interference is at its utmost with Chinese born sights, instead of allowing them to growing freely, the plant is restricted and distorted in a crowed space.B: Indeed, born sights are forced on different environments to plants. However, people like them for the philosophic applications, representing and interaction with world through portrait landscape, the used to be a saying to goes: three leaves and two flowers represent the world. In other words, the few pieces of leaves and flowers are enough to make you feel the change of the weather, the earth and the universe. That’s the beauty of born sights, the miniature give people of feeling of closeness to nature.A: Frankly, I still think is a bizarre way to enjoy nature by distorting at the first place. But thanks for your explanation, it help me understand that this is an unique view through an unique culture.B: This is diversify of the world, we need to learn to accommodate each other. Maybe these were traditional Chinese gardens and born sights are all about.7. Glazed Tiles and Imperial Architecture琉璃瓦与宫廷建筑A: I went to the Forbidden City on Sunday. It was a beautiful day with a blue sky and white clouds. The yellow tiles look gorgeous.B: Glazed tiles are unique to Chinese architecture. They were used exclusively on imperial palaces and buildings. Junior officials or ordinary people were not allowed to use them. That’s why you can only see them in the Forbidden Palace, the Summer Palace and other imperial architecture. There’s a place in Beijing called ‘Liulichang’, which means glazed tile factory. It is where glazed tiles were made during the Ming Dynasty.A: Is yellow the only color for those tiles?B: No, there are other colors, such as green、blue、purple and black. There were strict rules for the use of the tiles: yellow tiles for imperial palaces, and green tiles for the homes of the emperors’ brothers.A: Sound special. Could you tell me more about the colors?B: The colors are related to the five elements that make up our world. Those elements are metal、wood、water、fire and earth. And they are represented by the colors of white、green、black、red and yellow. Each element is also influenced by the four seasons. The five regions on earth are ruled respectively by five different emperors. The yellow emperor is in the center and is assisted by the god of earth. In the east is the green emperor, who is assisted by the god of wood and responsible for spring. The red emperor in the south is assisted by the god of fire and responsible for summer. The white emperor is in the west. He is assisted by the god of metal and responsible for autumn. The black emperor is in the north, being assisted by the god of water and responsible for winter. So, the colors used in traditional architecture correspond to the theory of the five elements and five regions.A: Are those theories used in any of the contemporary buildings?B: Not much. The Ten-mile Stone buildings built in the 1950s follow the traditional style, but not today’s landmark buildings in Beijing. Those buildings were designed together with western architects. They seldom use any of the traditional colors.A: If Beijing uses the five Olympic colors to dress up the city, it will definitely look very impressive. It’ll also be true with five-color theory.B: That’s an interesting thought. Unfortunately, there’s no white in Olympic colors. Otherwise, it would be a perfect match to the five colors.8. Two Boats in the Yangtze River江里的两条船M: A Norwegian was told by his Chinese friend that figuratively the Yangtze River has two boats, one called fame, and the other wealth. He said that Chinese students are in the busy pursuit of fame and wealth, while their western counterparts are more interested in an ordinary life.F: Although many westerners are critical of the obsession with fame and wealth by young Chinese people, few westerners understand the reason behind it. In traditional Chinese culture, fame and wealth were two indicators of a family's glory. Every man had an obligation to both their immediate and extended families as well as to the entire village. His action would either glorify or defame his family.M: Why is that?F: Well, China is a developing country with scarce resources and opportunities, which means that one has to be very successful in order to live a quality life. For example, in rural areas, in order for someone in the family to go to university, his brothers and sisters may have to drop out of school to save costs. After graduation, the student would do everything he can to gain fame and wealth in the hope of lifting his family out of poverty. Such is a popular story line of a number of movies. But Gao Jianlin in a 1980's movie called "Life" is probably the most well-known. He has to do everything he can in order to live in a city, even though it is achieved at the expense of giving up his hometown sweatheart.M: To be further, there are also many young Chinese who are less interested in fame and wealth, and are more focused on the life style they can enjoy.F: Correct. Chinese economic progress has made it possible for these young people to choose that sort of life style. Young people of different time periods have different pursuits. In the 1950s and 1960s, shortly after the People's Republic was founded, people truly believe there wouldn't be any personal wealth without building a prosperous country in the first place. So they devoted themselves to the construction of a new China. The economic reforms in the 1980s and 1990s gave people an opportunity to focus on their personal prusuits. Today, thanks to increased disposable income, people are able to constantly upgrade their life style. However, many people have begun to worry about China's future, because they see a diminishing sense of family and social responsibility among the young generation.M: I'm not too worried though. As people become more affluent, their sense of responsibility will become stronger, and they will make decisions which best reflect their values. Many young people in the west have chosen to do voluntary work in Asia, Africa and other underdeveloped areas. As a matter of fact, more and more young Chinese people have also signed up as volunteers.9. Chinese fans中国扇子Fans seem to have special meaning in Chines e culture. I’ve received a number of them as gifts from my Chinese friends. The fans are very pretty. So I assume they are notmeant to be used. Also they are too cute for a man like me to use.Fans used to be a favorite item for women in China. You may have noticed that nearly all female figures in traditional Chinese paintings carry a silk fan. In the movies of the 1930s and 1940s, fans are a very visible article for Shanghai women on the bond. Usually the structure of the fans is made of sand wood, and the faces are made of silk or paper. Because the fans are always scented, women who use them appeared even more attractive. Fans are probably one of the most appropriate expressions of female elegance. Men also use fans. But these fans are usually much big ger. Men’s fans often use valuable materials for that structure and the faces are always painted with plants, landscapes or calligraphy to express the only status and aspirations.But none of fans I have look the same as what you have just told me. The paintings are also different. Mine are painted with either Beijing Opera masks or Chinese dragons.As a result of open-door policy, fans have become popular again, not for people to use at home, but as a gift for foreigners. However, unlike fans of the old days, the ones people use as gifts nowadays do not take a lot of craftsmanship to make. Neither are the materials unique. In some of the popular tourist markets around Beijing, you can buy traditional Zhejiang fans made of blue painted cloth. In stead of sand wood, very scented substitute materials are used for the structures. Because fans are small, inexpensive and typically Chinese, many people like to use them as gifts from the overseas trips. I heard westerners appreciate these gifts. My Mexican friends told me that Chinese fans are all over the place in Mexico. Things are probably true in Chinatowns throughout the United States. That reminds me of an article by a Chinese writer. He wrote that two former Soviet Union experts paid a special visit to a fan factory in Suzhou during the 1960s. They wanted to buy some fans to take home. The workers were very excited about that visit. The factory held a meeting of its 200 workers to discuss the production plan. They were determined to make the best fans they could for their Soviet friends. Now, although fans are still a very good gift for foreigners, we seem to be using excessively. Someone needs to have a look at the fans factory and people who go on overseas trips about the over-supply of fans.10. Beijing Opera Facial Masks京剧脸谱Beijing Opera is the cream of the Chinese culture. As such it has become a must-see item to entertain foreigners. But I don’t like its shrieking singing and noisy . I enjoy the costumes and facial masks better. As a traditional art form, Beijing Opera has problems and appealing to the days theatre goes. It is very slow and monotonous. Its costumes and facial masks are more attractive. It has real distinct Ming Dynasty influence on Beijing Opera costumes. They are colorful and majestic. Two long pieces of wide silk at the end of the sleeves create a graceful feeling during dancing. Different styles of costumes are used to reflect the status of different characters. There are more decorations in the costumes of nobles, while those of the poor tend to be simple and less elemental, as the same materials are used for all costumes to ensure the desired hierarchical presentation. Present-day designers are also borrowing from Beijing Opera for their work. Facial masks can reflect qualities of different characters. Facial masks using different colors are important ways to portray a character. There are hundreds of different facial mask designs and each character has its own design. For example, Guan Yu is a very well-known warrior. People believe he had a dark-red complexion. So his facial mask is painted red, because red is a color to represent loyalty and courage. As the folk thing goes, all red complexion guys are good guys. The facial mask of Song Dynasty Emperor Zhao Kuangyin depicts a dragon to show his imperial background. Another hero is Yang . There’s a tiger in his facial mask. The word ‘tiger’ is even written on the forehead to show that he is as courageous as tiger. So colors become an important expression. Yes, people can tell a hero from a villain by the colors of the masks. In general, white usually represents treachery, black represents righteousness, yellow represents bravery, blue andgreen represent rebellious fighters, while gold and silver represent divinity and Buddhism.I didn’t realize Beijing Opera facial mask is so complicated. Although I can’t stand its shrieking singing, I still like to go to a Beijing Opera show and listen to mp3 while enjoying the facial masks. Then you can have the best of both wealth.11. Yellow: China’s Favorite Color 黄，中国人崇尚的颜色A：Chinese people seem to like the red and yellow colors a lot. The two colors are used for the Chinese national flag. They are also the predominant colors for the cover design of some important books, as well as in the decorations for major events, such as the flower display in Tian’anmen Square during the National Day holidays.B：The color preferences of the Chinese people are influenced by the five elements of metal, wood, water, fire and earth, in addition to geographical locations and weather. China is a huge and geographically diversified country. It is cold in the north so people there like warm colors. But it is just the opposite in the south. Of all the warm colors, the Han people like yellow especially.A：Maybe because the Hans originated in the Yellow River Plateau, a region where yellow was the prevailing color.B：You are probably right. As far as the five elements are concerned, the corresponding colors are white, green, black, red, and yellow. Yellow is the predominant color and is situated in the center of the diagram. Yellow was also the color representing the imperial court in traditional China. It was established as the authoritative color representing the Emperor during the Han Dynasty more than 2000 years ago. During the Sui Dynasty, yellow was officially designated as the exclusive color for the imperial family. It was used in the Emperor’s clothes, the paper on which the Emperor published his decrees, and the calendar that was printed by the Imperial Court.A：People have a tradition of making a “longevity outfit” for the deceased. The inner side of the outfit is always yellow. The bottom of the coffin is also lined with yellow silk.B：During the 1980s and 1990s, taxis in Beijing were all painted yellow. Those taxis were very popular because of space and low fares. However, they were considered inappropriate for Beijing and were replaced with new models. The new taxis use a standard color pattern with yellow at the bottom, which acts as a reminder of Beijing’s Imperial tradition.A：Nowadays, people always refer to pornography as “yellow literature” and pornographic films as “yellow movies.” That reference can be traced to a newspaper from the 19th century United States, which used to print vulgar paintings in yellow.B：The wor d “yellow” in the campaign statement of “Eradicate the yellow and fight against the illegal” refers to pornography. I guess we all need to be very careful with the yellow color since it is used to represent both the Imperial Court and bad taste. In olden times, a person could be beheaded for the misuse of yellow. It can also cause trouble today if a person associates himself with the wrong yellow.12. Red —China’s Favorite Color红，中国人崇尚的颜色A: Chinese people also like the red color a lot. China used to be called the red country in the past. Even now, Chinese people like to refer ourselves as Chizi, meaning the red descendant.B: Traditionally, red represents the motherland and authority. Official uniforms of the Tang Dynasty were red. In the Qing Dynasty, different shades of red were used on official caps to show different ranking. Even nowadays, headlines of official documents are still painted in red. This is why they are called red-head documents.。
英语泛论中国文明50主题9[整理版]
![英语泛论中国文明50主题9[整理版]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/d0e9fa0da9114431b90d6c85ec3a87c240288aac.png)
9. Chinese fans中国扇子A: Fans seem to have special meanings in Chinese culture. I have received a number of them as gifts from my Chinese friends. The fans are very pretty, So, I assume, they are not meant to be used. Also, they are too cute for a man, like me, to use.0B:Fans used to be a favorite item for women in China. You may have noticed that nearly all female figures in traditional Chinese paintings carry a silk fan. In the movies of the 1930s, and 1940s, fans are a very visible article for Shanghai women on the Bund. Usually, the structure of the fans is made of sandalwood, and the faces are made of silk, or paper. Because the fans are always scented, women who use them appear, even more, attractive. Fans are, probably, one of the most appropriate expressions of female elegance. Men also use fans but, these fans are, usually, much bigger. Men’s fans often use valuable materials for that structure but, the faces are always painted with plants, landscapes, or calligraphy, to express the owner’s status and aspirations.0A: But none of the fans I have look the same as what you just told me. The paintings are also different. Mine are painted with either Peking Opera masks, or Chinese dragons. 0B: As a result of the open-door policy, fans have become popular again, not for people to use at home but, as gifts for foreigners. However, unlike fans of the old days, the ones people use as gifts nowadays do not take a lot of craftsmanship to make. Neither are the materials unique. In some of the popular tourist markets around Beijing, you can buy traditional Zhejiang fans made of blue printed cloth. Instead of sandalwood, various Scented, substitute materials are used for the structures. Because fans are small, inexpensive and , typically Chinese, many people like to use them as gifts from their overseas trips. I hope Westerners appreciate these gifts. 0A:My Mexican friend told me that Chinese fans are “all over the place ”in Mexico. The same is, probably, true in Chinatowns throughout the United States. 0B: That reminds me of an article by a Chinese writer. He wrote that two former Soviet Union experts paid a special visit to a fan factory in Suzhou during the 1960s. They wanted to buy some fans to take home. The workers were very excited about that visit. The factory held a meeting of its 200 workers to discuss the production plan. They were determined to make the best fans they could for their Soviet friends. Now, although fans are still a very good gift for foreigners, we seem to be using them excessively. Someone needs to alert the fans factory, and people who go on overseas trips, about the over-supply of fans.0Background Reading背景阅读Colored Lanterns 花灯The 15th day of the first lunar month is the Lantern Festival in China．It is the custom to hang red lanterns on the door．Children play with colored lanterns，and people go to squares and streets to view and admire decorative lanterns． It is recorded that lanterns adorned the Lantern Festival at least 3，000 years ago, when they were used in memorial ceremonies for the Heavenly Emperor．By the Tang Dynasty，the court had connected lanterns with Buddhism, and made the lighting of lanterns at the Lantern Festival a part of official protocol．Colored lanterns in different regions have their own specific feature．Farmers in northern Shaanxi province make lanterns out of pumpkins, with materials like cotton or in the shape of the head of a goat. In Beijing, which had long been a dynastic capital, the colored lanterns are mainly in the style of imperial palace lanterns．The shapes of the lanterns hung up at festivals have auspicious implications．Lotus—and fish-shaped lanterns symbolize wealth; watermelon lanterns and pomegranate lanterns symbolize many offspring; chicken lanterns and sheep lanterns symbolize luck； and elephant lanterns symbolize the refreshment of everything．Riddles are often inscribed on the lanterns at lantern fairs． The riddles are composed in elegant language and have ingenious structures． Guessing the answer to a lantern riddle is supposed to be a good omen．农历正月十五是中国的元宵节，人们习惯在门外悬挂大红灯笼，孩子们提彩色灯笼玩，大人们则上街观赏各式各样的灯笼。
英语畅谈中国文50主题8
Eight: Two Boats in the Yangtze RiverA: A Norwegian was told by his Chinese friend that，figuratively，the “Yangtze River has two boats one called “fame” and the other，wealth”.He said that Chinese students are in a busy pur suit of fame and wealthwhile their western counterparts are more interested in “an ordinarylife”.B: Although many westerners are critical of the obsession with fame andwealth by young Chinese people few westerners understand the reasonbehind it. In traditional Chinese culture fame and wealth were twoindicators of a familys glory. Every man had an obligation to both theirimmediate and extended families as well as to the entire village. Hisactions would either glorify or defame his family.A: Why is thatB: Well China is a developing country with scarce resources andopportunities which means that one has to be very successful in orderto live a quality life. For example in the rural areas in order for someonein the family to go to university his brothers and sisters may have todrop out of school to save costs. After graduation this student will doeverything he can to gain fame and wealth in the hope of lifting his familyout of poverty. Such is a popular story line of a number of movies butGao Jianlin in a 1980s movie called Life is probably the most well-known.He has to do everything he can in order to live in a city even thoughit is achieved at the expense of giving up his hometown sweetheart.A: To be fair though there are also many young Chinese people who areless interested in fame and wealth and are more focused on a lifestylethey can enjoy.B: Correct. China’s economic progress has made it possible for theseyoung people to choose that sort of lifestyle. Young people of differenttime periods have different pursuits. In the 1950s and 1960s shortlyafter the Peoples Republic was founded people truly believed therewouldnt be any personal wealth without building a prosperous country inthe first place. So they devoted themselves to the construction of a newChina. The economic reforms in the 1980s and 1990s gave people anopportunity to focus on their personal pursuits. Today thanks toincreased disposable income people are able to constantly upgrade theirlifestyle. However many people have begun to worry about Chinas futurebecause they see a diminishing sense of family and social responsibilityamong the young generation.A: Im not too worried though. As people become more affluent their senseof responsibility will become stronger and they will make decisions whichbest reflect their values. Many young people in the West have chosen todo voluntary work in Asia Africa and other underdeveloped areas. As amatter of fact more and more young Chinese people have also signed upas volunteers. Background Reading背景阅读Youth live with Anxiety 年轻人的生存压力A recent online survey by the social research center of China YouthDaily found that 55 per cent of young people thought they lacked enthusiasmfor life，and 71 per cent considered themselves under heavy pressure．It is hard to judge whether the whole social group is so pessimisticjust based on the result of a survey of about 4，000 people．But anxietyis surely a common phenomenon among young Chinese today．According topsychologists a healthy mental status should be one of optimism andconfidence．Anxiety is a mental problem whose roots are in inner fearover the uncertainties in life．Or，say，it is a feeling of insecurity．Theprospering market economy reflected in conspicuous consumption is thereason for some people’s anxiety．Brand-name cars，luxurious houses andelitist lives are within sight of common people with high profiles．Butas they are hardly achievable for many，some people feel frustrated．Such anxiety over the worship of money，however，is notrepresentative．The major reasons causing anxiety for most people arehighhousing prices，education expenses and medical costs．People are livingunder high pressure but they see little hope for escape as their incomesare low and their increases are slow．At a time that seems to be full ofopportunities people live with many anxieties．据《中国青年报》最近的网上调查显示，55％的中国青年认为自己对生活缺乏热情，71的人认为他们承受着巨大的压力。
介绍中国文化英语作文80字带翻译宾语从句
介绍中国文化英语作文80字带翻译宾语从句China has the history of more than 5,000 years and we are so proud of the profound culture.Every year,we are so looking forward to spending the holiday during the traditional festivals.They are the important part of Chinese traditional culture.But for young people,the meaning of these festival is fading away.When young people are asked about the meaning of traditional festival,some of them have no idea.For example,some young people believe that Mid autumn Festival is to in honor of the ancestors,or it is a day to eat mooncake.Actually,most festivals have been advocated by the commercial ads,and they show people to buy more products to spend the festivals happily.Some ads try to implant people the wrong idea about the meaning of festival,just toattract more customers.中国有着5000多年的历史，我们为这个源远流长的文化感到骄傲。
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Topic 1 文化概述在中国五千年的文明史上，中国人有无数的发明和创造，如汉字、中医、丝绸、瓷器(porcelain)、指南针、造纸术、印刷术和火药(gunpowder)。
这些独特的发明和创造是中国人对世界文明的伟大贡献，证明中华民族是一个富于原创性的民族。
与此同时，中国人又有一种开放的胸怀，欢迎远方来的朋友，并以极高的热情吸收和包容外来的文化。
大唐盛世和明代郑和七下西洋都表明，中华文明具有开放性和包容性。
Over a history of 5 000 years, Chinese people have produced numerous inventions. These unique inventions, including Chinese characters, traditional Chinese medicine, silk, porcelain, compass, papermaking, printing and gunpowder, are significant contributions Chinese made to the global civilization, proving that the Chinese nation is full of creativity. In the meanwhile, the Chinese people have always kept an open mind toward foreign friends and absorbed foreign cultures with great enthusiasm. Both the prosperity of Tang Dynasty and Zheng He’s seven long voyages to the West Seas in Ming Dynasty demonstrate the openness and inclusiveness of Chinese culture.Topic 2 四大发明说到中国古代的科技文明，就不能不说四大发明（the Four Great Inventions）。
人们普遍认为，指南针、火药(gunpowder)、造纸术和印刷术的发明对中国古代的政治、经济、文化的发展产生了巨大的推动作用；并且，这些发明经由各种途径传至西方，也影响着世界的文明进程。
从历史发展的角度来看，中国古代的四大发明是为人类社会生活带来革命性变化的科学发明，这是中国人对世界文明的伟大贡献。
中国的四大发明在人类科学文化史上留下了灿烂的一页，推动了人类历史的前进。
When it comes to science and technology in ancient China, the Four Great Inventions, including compass, gunpowder, papermaking and printing, should always be discussed. It is commonly believed that the Four Great Inventions have promoted the development of politics, economy and culture of ancient China dramatically; moreover, these inventions have a great impact on the civilization of the world since they have been introduced into the Western world in various ways. From the perspective of historical development, the Four Great Inventions of ancient China are scientific inventions that bring revolutionary changes to the social life of human beings, which are great contributions Chinese made to the civilization of the world. The Four Great Inventions of ancient China are brilliant in the history of human science and culture and promote the progress of human history.Topic 3 长城说到中国文化，不得不提到长城。
从公元前7世纪到公元16世纪，在大约2 200 年的时间里，先后有19个朝代修建过长城，所修的长城累计有10万千米以上。
主要的长城修建工程是在秦代、汉代和明代。
现今存有遗迹的主要是明长城，从东边人海口的山海关( Shanhai Pass)开始，一直到沙漠深处的嘉峪关(Jiayu Pass)，全长6 700 千米。
长城是世界历史上最伟大的工程，其建造时间之长、参与人数之多、工程难度之大，在世界上无出其右。
When it comes to Chinese culture, the Great Wall is the one that will be definitely referred to. From the 7th century BC to the 16th century, through about 2 200 years, the Great Wall was built in 19 dynasties and reached a length of more than 100 000 kilometers. Major construction was carried out in Qin, Han and Ming Dynasties. The Great Wall we visit nowadays is mainly theGreat Wall of Ming Dynasty, stretching 6 700 kilometers from Shanhai Pass on the eastern seashore to Jiayu Pass in the depth of desert. The Great Wall is the greatest project in the historyof the world for its unparalleled span of construction, number of labors and difficulty.Topic 4 移民现象现在，很多人选择在国外生活，这引起了人们极大的关注。
越来越多的人，特别是大量知识分子(intellectual)，移民到美国、英国和加拿大等发达国家。
并且，很多在国外学习和工作的人都在为“绿卡”而奋斗。
造成这种现象的原因有很多，其中，追求高质量的生活是关键。
再者，这些人中大多数人移居国外是想让孩子在那儿接受良好的教育。
此外，一些人只是想体验他们所喜欢的异域文化。
以上这些就是造成他们决定移居他国的原因。
Nowadays many people choose to live in a foreign country, which has aroused great concern. More and more people, especially plenty of intellectuals, migrate to some developed countries, such as America, Britain and Canada. In addition, there are still many people studying and working in foreign countries struggling for green cards. There are many reasons accounting for this phenomenon. Among all these factors, pursuing high-quality life plays a critical role. Moreover, most of them migrate to some foreign countries with a view to making their children Receive good education there. Besides, some people just want to experience the foreign culture they like. All these above factors contribute to their choice to migrate to another country.Topic 5 中国汉字近年来，随着经济的快速增长，中国的国际影响力提升了，世界上学汉字的人也多了起来。
这套独特的符号系统积淀了丰富的历史文化内容，西方人在学汉字的过程中甚至能体会到这个东方民族的微妙心灵。
如今在中国，汉字也越来越受到人们的重视。
人们发现，这一文字符号包含着丰富的文化内涵和审美意蕴，在科技飞速发展的今天，反而越来越显示出它的光彩。
古老的文字在现代的文化生活中焕发出新的魅力。
With its rapid economic development in recent years, China’s international influence has greatly increased, so the number of Chinese character learners across the world has been on the rise. This unique symbol system accumulates the rich historical and cultural content in it. When Western people learn Chinese characters, they may even understand the delicate thoughts of this oriental nation. Nowadays, great importance is attached to Chinese characters in China. It is found that the glamour of these character symbols with rich cultural and aesthetic connotation is greatly shown especially in the current society with rapid scientific development. These ancient characters are revitalized in modern civilization.Topic 6 郑和下西洋公元1405 年7月11日，地球蓝色的海洋上出现了一支庞大的船队，前后有208 艘船，这是有史以来最大的一支船队，船上所载的各类人员有27 500多人，也是有史以来最多的航海人员。