2010年华东师范大学外语学院811翻译和写作考研真题及详解【圣才出品】

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2010年华东师范大学333教育综合[专业硕士]考研真题及详解[视频讲解]【圣才出品】

2010年华东师范大学333教育综合[专业硕士]考研真题及详解[视频讲解]一、名词解释1．教育目的【分析】教育学最基本概念之一，非常重要。

多个学校从不同角度以这个知识点出过题目。

例如华东师范大学2011年出教育目的的社会本位论，2011年华中师范大学出教育目的的基本精神。

概念：教育目的是把受教育者培养成为一定社会所需要的人的总要求，是学校教育所要培养的人的质量规格。

意义：教育活动的出发点和归宿。

答：教育目的是指社会对教育所要造就的社会个体质量规格的设想或规定。

教育目的有广义和狭义之分，广义的教育目的是指人们对受教育者的期望，狭义的教育目的是国家对教育培养什么样人才的总要求。

历史上教育思想家对教育目的有不同论述，大致可分两类：①从社会的需要来认定教育目的，是为社会本位论；②从个体发展来确定教育目的，是为个人本位论。

教育目的对一切教育工作的都有意义，教育制度的制定、教育内容的确定、教育和教学方法的运用，无一不受教育目的的制约。

教育目的是整个教育工作的方向，是一切教育工作的出发点，教育目的的实现则是教育活动的归宿。

2．双轨制【分析】学制的一种类型。

学制的概念是教育学最基本概念之一，非常重要。

历史上先后出现的三种学制类型都应该掌握，双轨制、单轨制和分支制。

了解基本含义和代表国家以及改革的方向。

双轨制：西欧，学术-职业。

单轨制：美国，一体化。

分支制：前苏联，混合学制。

答：双轨制是历史上学校制度的一种类型，与“单轨制”相对。

19世纪资本丰义国家实施普及义务教育时，存在这种学校制度类型。

以法国、英国、德国的学校为代表，特点是设有两套学校体系，一套为贵族和资产阶级子女设立，从小学、中学直到大学；另一套为劳动人民子女设立，小学毕业只能升人各种职业学校，不能升入普通中学和大学。

前者师资设备等条件优越，学费昂贵，教学质量较高；后者师资设备条件差，经费不足，教学质量低。

两套学校体系形同双轨，互不沟通。

3．京师同文馆【分析】中国近代教育史上一个重要的洋务学堂，比较重要。

华东师范大学汉语国际教育考研真题及答案

育明教育视频辅导课程讲解的是：《现代汉语》黄伯荣、廖序东；《语言学纲要》叶蜚声；《古代汉语》王力；《对外汉语教育学引论》刘珣；《中国文化要略》程裕祯等重要参考书的考试范围，考试重点，视频课程价格是 2500 元，可以在研究生初试之前不限次数的观看，购买视频课程赠送上面介绍的 598 元的汉教真题资料和笔记。
三、选择题（每小题 1 分，共 30 分）
1.各方言之间的区别最小的结构是_________。
A.语音 B.词汇 C.语法 D.语用
2.普通话中的浊音字母是_____________。
A.b、d、g、l B.w、y、m、n C.m、n、g、r D.m、n、l、r
3．普通话中的送气声母是_____________。
A.我们 B.在食堂 C.一起 D.吃饭
10.“大伙儿”这个词含有___________。
A.三个语素、三个音节
B.三个语素、两个音节
C.两个语素、三个音节
D.两个语素、两个音节
11.下列各汉字中都是形声字的是__________。
A.张、帽、即 B.帮、够、须 C.忘、浪、D.放、桐、则
12.下列汉字中以象形方式构字的是________.
五、汉字能力题（共 15 分） 1.填空题（每小题 1 分） ①“随”字有________笔。 ②“戕”字有________笔。 ③“衷”字的形体结构是_________。
④“慕”字的形体结构是_________。 ⑤“雕”字的声旁是____________。 ⑥“闻”字的形旁是___________。 ⑦“敝”字的第一笔是________。 ⑧“凸”字的第四笔是_______。 ⑨“及”字的笔顺是_________。 ⑩“乃”字的笔顺是_________。

2010年华东师范大学333教育综合[专业硕士]考研真题【圣才出品】

2010年华东师范大学333教育综合[专业硕士]考研真题
一、名词解释
1．教育目的
2．双轨制
3．京师同文馆
4．活教育
5．骑士教育
6．《莫雷尔法案》
二、简答题
1．举例说明螺旋式课程内容组织及其依据和适用性。

2．何谓发展性教学原则？在教学中遵循发展性教育原则有哪些基本要求。

3．举例说明学校实施德育的途径。

4．简述埃里克森人格发展理论的教育意义。

三、论述题
1．试分析学校转型变革背景下教师的基本素养。

2．阅读以下材料，分析和评论其中的教育思想。

虽嘉肴，弗食不知其旨也；虽有至道，弗学不知其善也。

是故，学然后知不足，教然后知困。

知不足，然后能自反；知困，然后能自强也。

故曰：教学相长也。

《兑命》曰：教学半。

其此之谓乎？
3．试述永恒主义教育理论及其对当代世界教育实践的影响。

4．结合学习实例，论述问题解决过程中各阶段的主要策略。

2011年华东师范大学805翻译考研真题及详解【圣才出品】

2011年华东师范大学805翻译考研真题及详解Ⅰ. Translate the following into Chinese. (75 points)(A)Among the mind’s powers is one that comes of itself to many children and artists. It need not be lost, to the end of his days, by anyone who has ever had it. This is the power of taking delight in a thing, or rather in anything, everything, not as a means to some end, but just because it is what it is, as the lover dotes on whatever may be the traits of the beloved object. A child in the full health of his mind will put his hand flat on the summer turf, feel it, and give a little shiver of private glee at the elastic firmness of the globe. He is not thinking how well it will do for some game or to feed sheep upon. That would be the way of the wooer whose mind runs on his mistress’s money. The child’s is sheer affection, the true ecstatic sense of the thing’s inherent characteristics. No matter what the things may be, no matter what they are good or no good for, there they are, each with a thrilling unique look and feel of its own, like a face; the iron astringently cool under its paint, the painted wood familiarly warmer, the clod crumbling enchantingly down in the hands, with its little dry smell of the sun and of hot nettles; each common thing a personality marked by delicious differences.The joy of an Adam new to the garden and just looking round is brought by the normal child to the things that he does as well as those that he sees. To be sufferedto do some plain work with the real spade used by mankind can give him a mystical exaltation: to come home with his legs, as the French say, re-entering his body (Note: Here “with his legs re-entering his body” is a French idiom meaning extremely tired.) from the fatigue of helping the gardener to weed beds sends him to sleep in the glow of a beatitude that is an end in itself...The right education, if we could find it, would work up this creative faculty of delight into all its branching possibilities of knowledge, wisdom, and nobility. Of all three it is the beginning, condition, or raw material.【参考译文】在心智的各种能力中，有一种能力对于许多儿童和艺术家来说是与生倶来的，而且一旦获得，就终身不会失去。

【华东师大】【MTI翻译硕士】2011年各科【真题】

2011年华东师范大学大学翻译硕士真题回顾今天先谈谈百科知识和汉语写作。

百科知识是25道选择题，题目客观地说，难度不大，很多都是常识，我考试只花了15分钟不到就全部搞定。

我也看过华师大去年的百科真题，发现一个小规律，华师大的百科知识有很多是考English-speaking国家的东西，美国，英国（包括苏格兰那些国家），澳大利亚等等。

所以同学在复习的时候，要注意这点，不要将太多的精力放在中国的东西上。

应用文写作是书信，去年也考的是书信。

我想这是有原因的。

虽然mti大纲中说关于应用文的考察很多种形式，如通知，广告，说明书之类的，但因为字数要求是400多字。

除了书信等为数不多的考查形式，其它的其实不需要这么多字数；你写一个什么广告通知的，有必要写这么多字吗？所以我觉得，同学们要更加注意书信这种形式。

下面我把真题大概说一下：有一青年自幼品学兼优，毕业于国内顶级医药大学，想要去一家500强医药公司上班。

他参加了该公司的招聘考试，考完后感觉不错，但出成绩后他不幸落榜，所以一气之下走上轻生之路。

因为自杀技术不佳，没死成。

后来得到消息，因为公司的计算出现失误，该青年的成绩是上榜的。

他欣喜若狂，但马上接到了公司的解聘通知：如果你连落榜的压力都承受不了，又怎么能承受公司繁忙的业余压力呢？要求写两封信，一封是青年给公司老总的，另一封是老总的回信。

汉语大作文的题目是“活在俗世中的我”，材料给了两段菜根谭的话，涉世浅，点染亦浅；历事深，机械亦深。

故君子与其练达，不若朴鲁：与其曲谨，不若疏狂；“势利纷华，不近冬为洁，近之而不染者尤洁；智械机巧，不知者为高，知之而不用者为尤高。

”要求思考如何做一个真君子，以“活在俗世中的我”为题，写一篇800字的文章。

自己立意和选择角度。

好了，今天就说这些了，下次我再谈谈翻译卷和基础卷哈~~:lov eliness:再谈谈翻译卷。

大家都知道翻译卷是有30分的单词词组英汉互译和120分的英汉段落互译。

2009年华东师范大学外语学院811翻译和写作考研真题及详解【圣才出品】

第一部分翻译（共80分）一、改错1．ハイヒールの音がして女性があらわれた。

燃えるような金髪で、たしなみのいいスーツ。

三十前後、若さの美が消えかける寸前、かわって熟した果実の艷が全身をつつんでいる。

译文：这时传来一阵髙跟鞋的声音，一位女士出现了。

30岁左右，灿烂的金发，时髦的裙装，正处于青春美貌开始消失的前夕，全身散发出成熟果实般的光彩。

【答案】这时传来一阵髙跟鞋的声音，一位女士出现了。

30岁左右，灿烂的金发，时髦的裙装，专属青春的美艳即将消失，取而代之的是全身散发出成熟果实般的光彩。

【解析】译文将「若さの美が消えかける寸前」翻译为“正处于青春美貌开始消失的前夕”是不够准确，「かける」接下动词的连用形后面确实可以表示动作的开始，但在这句话中应该表示的是动作的即将发生，即“将要消失”。

2．ガラスごしに中が見えたが、ポル卜ガル文化庁の役人らしい人が、退屈そうに新聞を読んでいた。

きちんと髮をなでつけ、窮屈そうな背広にネクタイ。

赴任してきて愕然としたのではあるまいか。

シャツを巻き上げ、肩のところに洗灌バサミをつけた人々に、いかにしてボルトガル文化を普及すればいいのだろう？译文：隔着玻璃窗能看见里面有个人正无精打采地看着报纸，像是葡萄牙文化庁的官员。

头发梳得一丝不乱，略显紧小的西装上配着领带，可能才上任不久，尚不太适应吧。

还不知道该如何向人们普及葡萄牙文化，他们喜欢巻起汗衫并用晾衣夹固定在肩上。

【答案】隔着玻璃窗能看见里面有个人正无精打采地看着报纸，像是葡萄牙文化庁的官员。

头发梳得一丝不乱，略显紧小的西装上配着领带，可能才上任不久，尚不太适应吧。

面对喜欢卷起汗衫并用晾衣架固定在肩上的人们，他们还不知道如何去普及葡萄牙文化。

【解析】译文对原文最后一句话的「シャツを巻き上げ、肩のところに洗灌バサミをつけた人々に、いかにしてボルトガル文化を普及すればいいのだろう？」有误。

这句话的主语是「役人らしい人」，「シャツを巻き上げ、肩のところに洗灌バサミをつけた」修饰「人々」的定语，而不是译文中翻译的那样修饰「役人らしい人」。

2008年华东师范大学外语学院翻译考研真题及详解【圣才出品】

一、改错1．わたしたちが毎日使っていることばの中には、パン、ミルク、コッブなどのように、主に西洋の国々から入って来て、日本語になったことばがある。

こういうことばを外来語という。

外来語は、外国との行き来や貿易にともなって、その国の文物とともに入って来たものである。

译文：在我们每天使用的单词当中有像“面包”、“牛奶”、“杯”等，主要是来自西欧各国，业己成为日语的单词。

像这样的单词称为外来语。

外来语是随着与外国的交往，贸易的往来，与这些国家的文物一起进来的。

【答案】在我们每天使用的单词当中有像“面包”、“牛奶”、“杯”等，主要是来自西方各国，业己成为日语的单词。

像这样的单词称为外来语。

外来语是随着与外国的交往，贸易的往来，与这些国家的文物一起进来的。

【解析】译文中对「西洋」这一词的翻译不准确，根据历史常识可以得知，「西洋」既包括“欧洲各国”，还包括“美国”等。

因此，译文仅将其限定为“西欧”是不正确的。

2．禅海和尚には虚栄心がなかった。

高位の憎の陥りがちな弊であるが、人物から書画骨董にいたるまでの万般の鑑識眼を恃まれるので、あとで鑑識の誤まりを嗤われぬように、断定的なことを言うまいとする人がある。

もちろん禅僧風の独断を即座に下してみせるが、どちらにも意味のとれるような余地を残しておくのである。

禅海和尚はそうではなかった。

彼が見たまま感じたままを言っていることがよくわかった。

彼|は自分の単純な強い目に映る事物に、ことさら意味を求めたりすることはなかった。

意味はあってもよく、なくてもよい。

译文：禅海大和尚不慕虚荣，虽然在声誉高的方丈身上这是极易出现的通病。

一股人总是从交友到鉴赏书画古董，万般皆凭所谓的鉴识眼；所以生怕贻笑大方，从来不肯说句肯定的话。

纵然有时也带有禅僧的独断与顿悟，总还是要留有灵活解脱的余地来。

禅海却不这样，他是怎么想就怎么说，看事情全凭自己单纯的透视、解析，概不另求是否还有什么其它意义。

【答案】禅海和尚没有虚荣心。

2010年河南师范大学821英语写作与翻译考研真题及详解【圣才出品】

2010年河南师范大学821英语写作与翻译考研真题及详解Ⅰ.Match file following numbers with the corresponding letters according to the contents,write the corresponding letter into the bracket（5points）:wrence Venuti2.Eugene Nida3.Andre Lefevere4.Peter Newmark5.Qian ZhongshuA.Reaching the acme of perfectionB.Foreignization and domesticationmunicative and semantic translationD.Rewriting theoryE.Functional equivalence【参考答案】1.B美国学者L.Venuti（文努迪）于1995年提出翻译的归化与异化（domestication andforeignization），指出翻译有两种情况，一种是让读者靠近作者即异化，另一种是让作者靠近读者即归化2.E功能对等理论（functional equivalence）是由美国语言学家尤金·A·奈达（EugeneNida）提出，他认为最大的功能对等是指译文文本的读者应该基本上能以原文读者理解和欣赏原文的方式来理解和欣赏译文文本。

3.D安德烈·勒菲弗尔（Andre Lefevere）基于前人研究基础提出“翻译即改写”的翻译理论观,并认为译作受意识形态、诗学和赞助人三因素的操控。

4.C交际翻译和语义翻译（communicative translation and semantic translation）是英国翻译家纽马克（Newmark）翻译理论的两种基本策略。

交际翻译法集归化、意译和地道翻译的优势。

2002年华东师范大学翻译考研真题及详解【圣才出品】

2002年华东师范大学翻译考研真题及详解Ⅰ. Translate the following passages into Chinese. (50%)A (35%)So Mrs. Moore had all she wished; she escaped the trial, the marriage, and the hot weather; she would return to England in comfort and distinction, and see her other children. At her son’s suggestion, and by her own desire, she departed. But she accepted her good luck without enthusiasm. She had come to that state where the horror of the universe and its smallness are both visible at the same time—the twilight of the double vision in which so many elderly people are involved. If this world is not to our taste, well, at all events there is Heaven, Hell, Annihilation—one or other of those large things, that huge scenic background of stars, fires, blue or black air. All heroic endeavor, and all that is known as art, assumes that there is such a background, just as all practical endeavor, when the world is the our taste, assumes that the world is all. But in the twilight of the double vision, a spiritual muddledom is set up for which no high-sounding words can be found; we can neither act nor refrain from action, we can neither ignore nor respect Infinity, Mrs. Moore had always inclined to resignation. As soon as she landed in India it seemed to her good, and when she saw the water flowing through the mosque-tank, or the Ganges（恒河）, or the moon, caught in the shawl of night with all the other stars, it seemed a beautiful goal and an easy one. To be one with the universe! So dignifiedand simple. But there was always some little duty to be performed first, some new card to be turned up from the diminishing pack and placed, and while she was pottering about, the Marabar struck its gong.(E. M. Forster: A Passage to India) 【参考译文】摩尔太太得偿所愿。

2012年华东师范大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解【圣才出品】

2012年华东师范大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解【圣才出品】2012年华东师范大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解I. Grammar and Vocabulary: Choose ONE best answer to fill in the blank. (30 points, 1 point for each):1. ______a holiday, all the shops were shut.A. BeingB. It isC. T o beD. It being【答案】D【解析】本题考查独立主格结构。

it是独立主格的逻辑主语，holiday与be之间是主动关系，因此D项正确。

2. There are some books on the shelf. I will lend you such as ______ me.A. belongs toB. belong toC. is belonged toD. are belonged to【答案】B【解析】这句话中such后省略了books。

as引导定语从句，修饰books，因此belong to应该用原型。

3. I am sure there is no one there but ______ with what I’m saying.A. agreeB. agreesC. agreeingD. agreed【答案】B【解析】这句话中but作为关系代词，用在no或none之后，后接一个从句。

but在从句中作代词用，代替某物或某人，其含义是否定的，从句相当于that或who引导的否定意义的从句。

这样整个句子就是双重否定，语气强于一般肯定句。

4. The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as______.A. possibly little nourishmentB. nourishment possibly littleC. little as possible nourishmentD. little nourishment as possible【答案】D【解析】空格处是动词have的宾语。

2010考研英语一大作文真题解析及范文

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n (图略)文化“火锅”：既美味又营养 ky.c 文字说明：佛、解构、人本、功夫、毕?、儒、礼、后现代、老舍、莎士比亚、爱因斯坦、道、 fx 仁、天鹅湖、启蒙、京剧等 .m 真题解析 www 2010 年考研英语(一)大作文再次考察图画作文，这已是考研写作第十二次考查图画作文这种题
参考范文
As is symbolically illustrated in the portrayal, there is a boiling hotpot containing
various ingredients of multi-cultures. These pluralistic cultures can be categorized as
考翔 2002 年考研写作题目即“文化——民族与世界”，八年之后，考研写作再次考查文化交流这一飞话题。如果大家参加过新东方的培训，我们的写作培训教材 34 页和 35 页分别提供了 2002 年教育部梦公布的当年写作状元与榜眼：20 分和 18 分的高分作文，其中诸多表达均可用于 2010 年写作。我的
www In my view, multi-cultures can be kept alive by the people with the time to do so, and
is extremely vital in ensuring a community’s future development and prosperity. As a
321 The purpose of the cartoonist is to show us that instead of being outdated and of little 81 value in a rapidly modernizing world, cultural blending should be encouraged and maintained. QQ: On the one hand, mosaic cultures are part of the universal heritage of humanity and they

华东师范大学2010年考研真题(868语言基础)

华东师范大学2010年攻读硕士学位研究生入学试题考试科目及名称：868 语言基础招生专业（领域）名称：语言学及应用语言学对外汉语教学汉语言文字学第一部分《语言学概论》一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）1、乔姆斯基（Noam Chomsky）创立的语言学可以成为（）A、传统语言学B、历史比较语言学C、结构注意语言学D、转换-生成语言学2、从音质角度划分出来的最小的语言单位是（）A、音色B、音素C、音位D、音节3、[p]的发音特征是（）A、双唇不送气清塞音B、双唇不送气浊塞音C、舌尖前送气清塞音D、舌尖前不送气清塞音4、下列音节中“a”在音质上完全相同的是（）A、tā liánB、tán tangC、liàn lànD、dá ná5、根据语法结构的特点，把句子的某些部分重读重音是（）A、节律重音B、语法重音C、固定重音D、强调重音6、下列各个汉语词语中的“子”是词根语素的是（）A、房子B、鸭子C、瓜子D、月子7、在“这些东西我很讨厌”这个语言片段中，关于其中的“这些东西”和“我很讨厌”的性质，下列说法正确的是（）A、既是成分也是组合B、是成分，不是组合C、是组合，不是成分D、不是成分也不是组合8、“美丽”和“漂亮”在词义上的主要差别是（）A、理性意义不同B、语体色彩不同C、形象色彩不同D、语气意义不同9、下列各组句子中，甲和乙之间是预设关系的事（）A、（甲）他有一个哥哥——（乙）他有一个妹妹B、（甲）那学生借给他一本《飘》——（乙）那个人借给他一本《飘》C、（甲）他的帽子破了——（乙）他有一顶帽子D、（甲）那个人借给他一本《飘》——（乙）那个同学借给他一本书10、在语言谱系分类的层级体系中，最大的类别是（）A、语系B、语群C、语族D、语支二、填空（本大题共5小题，每小题1分，共5分）1、汉语中的“基因”来自英语的gene，该词造词的方式属于_______。

2010年华东师范大学汉语国际教育考研真题及答案解析

【温馨提示】现在很多小机构虚假宣传，育明教育咨询部建议考生一定要实地考察，并一定要查看其营业执照，或者登录工商局网站查看企业信息。

目前，众多小机构经常会非常不负责任的给考生推荐北大、清华、北外等名校，希望广大考生在选择院校和专业的时候，一定要慎重、最好是咨询有丰富经验的考研咨询师.2010年华东师范大学汉语国际教育考研真题讲解及分析中外文化及跨文化交际基础知识（共80分）一、填空（每小题1分，共30分）中国第一部纪传体断代史是《_____》。

____是汉代普遍使用的字体，又称分书或八分。

孔庙是第一座祭祀孔子的庙宇，位于今山东省_____境内。

油画《最后的晚餐》是意大利画家______最著名的绘画作品之一。

中国的四大发明中，出现年代最晚的是_____。

唐玄宗曾封道家的代表人物之一______为“南华镇人”。

京剧有四项基本功，即唱，念，_______，打。

伊斯兰教的创始人是_________。

在中国，举行登高，饮酒，常菊花，插茱萸等习俗活动的传统节日是______。

世界上现存最早，保存最完整的古代石拱桥赵州桥建于_____代。

古希腊《荷马史诗》包括《伊利亚特》和《_______》两个部分。

清代官修的《_______》是现今中国保存最完整，抄写最统一，内容最浩大的一套丛书。

儒家的代表人物之一_______又被称为“素王”。

中国第一部，也是最大的断代诗歌总集是清代彭定求等人编辑的《_______》。

五行学说是中国古代的一种朴素的唯物主义哲学思想，这种学说认为宇宙之间的一切事物，都是由_______，火，土，金，水五种物质所组成。

中国第一部现代白话诗集是胡适的《______》诗歌风格被评价概括为“沉郁顿挫”的唐代著名诗人是________。

中国书法史上有两位书法家的书法均挺劲有力，但风格有所不同，有所谓“颜骨柳筋”之名，其中的“颜”指的是________。

基督教有三大派别，其中依循由东罗马帝国所流传下来的基督教传统的派别是______。

2010考研英语一真题+答案解析word版可打印

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting 大1家workers' productivity. Instead, the studiesended 大2家giving their name to the "Hawthorne effect", the extremely influential idea that the very 大3家to being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior.The idea arose because of the 大4家behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to 大5家of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 大6家what was done in the experiment; 大7家something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 大8家that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 大9家to alter workers' behavior 大10家itself.After several decades, the same data were 大11家to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 大12家the descriptions on record, no systematic 大13家was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to 大14家interpretation of what happened. 大15家, lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output 大16家rose compared with the previous Saturday and 大17家to rise for the next couple of days. 大18家, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers 大19家to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 大20家 a plateau and then slackening off.This suggests that the alleged "Hawthorne effect" is hard to pin down.1.[A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored2.[A] at [B] up [C] with [D] off3.[A] truth [B] sight [C] act [D] proof4.[A] controversial [B] perplexing [C] mischievous [D] ambiguous5.[A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6.[A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work7.[A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long so8.[A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9.[A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10.[A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by11.[A] compared [B] shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12.[A] Contrary to [B] Consistent with[C] Parallel with [D] Peculiar to13.[A] evidence [B] guidance [C] implication [D] source14.[A] disputable [B] enlightening [C] reliable [D] misleading15.[A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence[D] As usual16.[A] duly [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17.[A] failed [B] ceased [C] started [D] continued18.[A] Therefore [B] Furthermore [C] However [D] Meanwhile19.[A] attempted [B] tended [C] chose [D] intended20.[A] breaking [B] climbing [C] surpassing [D] hittingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in Englandbetween the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors hav e brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define …journalism‟ as …a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.‟”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England‟s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus‟s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that .[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by .[A] free themes[B] casual style[C] elaborate layout[D] radical viewpoints23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers‟ duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism[D] Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. received one for its "one-click" online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known , is "a very big deal", says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It "has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents."Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should "reconsider" its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for "inventions" that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are "reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court", says HaroldC. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of.[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions.[B] It involves a very big business transaction.[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit.[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S..28. The word “about-face” (Line 1, Para 3) most probably means.[A] loss of good will[B] increase of hostility[C] change of attitude[D] enhancement of dignity29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents.[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are often unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for patent holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business-method patents[B] Protection for business-method patent holders[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the "two step flow of communication": Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trendsIn their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don't seem to be required of all.The researchers' argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function ofmedia, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of varia bles relating to people‟s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. They found that the principal requirement for what is called “global cascades”—the widespread propagation of influence through networks—is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to .[A]analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B]discuss influentials‟ function in spreading ideas[C]exemplify pe ople‟s intuitive response to social epidemics[D]describe the essential characteristics of influentials32. The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory” .[A]serves as a solution to marketing problems[B]has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C]has won support from influentials[D]requires solid evidence for its validity33.What the researchers have observed recently shows that .[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34. The underlined phrase “these people” in Paragraph 4 refers to the ones who .[A] stay outside the network of social influence[B] have little contact with the source of influence[C] are influenced and then influence others[D] are influenced by the initial influential35. What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A]The eagerness to be accepted.[B]The impulse to influence others.[C]The readiness to be influenced.[D]The inclination to rely on others.Text 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it's just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB's chairman, cried out against those who "question our motives." Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls "the use of judgment by management."European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did "not live in a political vacuum" but "in the real word" and that Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank's shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America's new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to .[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules[B]collect payments from third parties[C]cooperate with the price managers[D]reevaluate some of their assets37. According to the author, the rule changes of the FASB may result in .[A]the diminishing role of management[B]the revival of the banking system[C]the banks‟ long-term asset losses[D]the weakening of its independence38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to .[A]keep away from political influences[B]evade the pressure from their peers[C]act on their own in rule-setting[D]take gradual measures in reform39. The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet” in that they .[A]misinterpreted market price indicators[B]exaggerated the real value of their assets[C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts[D]denied booking losses in their sale of assets40. The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of .[A]satisfaction[B]skepticism[C]objectiveness[D]sympathyPart BDirections:For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)[A] The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe's largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated bypotential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don't eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as "horeca": hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe's wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail s ales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.41→42→43→44→E→45Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it .We invert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effectthat insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, I think, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.Section ⅢWritingPart A51. Directions:You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization, you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative.You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "postgraduate association" instead.Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2010年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文选自2009年6月22日The Economist《经济学人》，原文标题是Questioning the Hawthorne Effect(《质疑“霍桑效应”》的文章。

2010考研英语真题及答案

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语真题答案(万学海文做的答案)Section I Use of English1.A2.B3.C4.B5.C6.B7.D8.A9. C10.D11.C12.A13.A14.D15.B16.A17.D18.C19. B20.DSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21.B22.A23.C24.A25.B26.C27.D28.C 29.B30.D31.B32.D33.A34.C35.C36.A37.A38.C39.C40.DPart B41.B42.F43.D44.G45.APart C Translation46.科学家们赶紧拿出某些明显站不住脚的证据前来救驾，大致说的是如果鸟儿不能控制害虫的话，害虫就会把我们吃掉。

47.但是我们至少已经几乎承认了这样一种观点：那就是鸟儿的生存是它们的固有权利，不管它对我们是否有经济利益。

48.曾几何时，生物学家总是重述以下的这条证据：这些生物是为了维持食物链的正常运行去捕食弱小的生物或“没有价值的物种”。

49.在生态林业较为先进的欧洲，没有成为商业化对象的树种被视为原始森林群落的成员适当地加以保护。

50.他容易忽视并最终消灭很多缺乏商业价值的物种，然而这些物种对于整个生物群落的健康运行是至关重要的。

Section III Writing51.小作文以研究生会的名义写一封通知，通知的内容是为全球一体化的国际会议招募志愿者，这个通知必须包括申请者的基本职位要求及你认为相关的其他信息。

写100个字左右，不要在通知末尾写你自己的名字，用“Postgraduates’Association”代替。

参考范文一：NoticeVolunteers for the International Conference of Global Integration are wanted.Anyone who is in good command of English and experienced in cross-cultural communication are expected to take part in this activity.The major task for this position are as follows:to begin with,to propaganda the theme of globalization to people all over the world;in addition,to provide E-C interpretation service to those representatives of the international conference,aiming atfacilitating the process of the meeting;at last,you should be strictly available according to the time schedule of the conference. Those who are interested in this post are cordially welcome!Postgraduates’Association参考范文二：NoticeTwenty volunteers for the International Conference of Global Integration are wanted among the students in our school.Thepositions recruited include receptionist,conference guider, transportation guider and English interpreter.The volunteers are requested to speak fluent English and are expected to be active,open-minded and conscientious.The Conference falls on September23at China Institute of International Studies,and all the volunteers will be trained for5days before the conference and provided with free transportation and meal.For those who are interested in taking part in the activity,please send your resume to the email address: postgraduates@ before September 1.Postgraduates’Association参考范文三：AnnouncementPostgraduates’Association is recently looking for Volunteersfor the International Conference of Global Integration.Applicants should be currently studying at the university,and should preferably have the experience of being a part-time volunteer in several international events。

翻译考研华东师大805文学与翻译考研配套考研真题集

翻译考研华东师大805文学与翻译考研配套考研真题集一、华东师范大学翻译考研真题及详解Ⅰ. Translate into Chinese the following extract from “The Rose,”written by Logan Pearsall Smith in 1918.The old lady had always been proud of the great rose-tree in her garden, and was fond of telling how it had grown from a cutting she had brought years before from Italy, when she was first married. She and her husband had been travelling back in their carriage from Rome (it was before the time of railways) and on a bad piece of road south of Siena they had broken down, and had been forced to pass the night in a little house by the road-side. The accommodation was wretched of course; she had spent a sleepless night, and rising early had stood, wrapped up, at her window, with the cool air blowing on her face, to watch the dawn. She could still, after all these years, remember the blue mountains with the bright moon above them, and how a far-off town on one of the peaks had gradually grown whiter and whiter, till the moon faded, the mountains were touched with the pink of the rising sun, and suddenly the town was lit as by an illumination, one window after another catching and reflecting the sun’s beam, till at last the whole little city twinkled and sparkled up in the sky like a nest of stars.That morning, finding they would have to wait while their carriage was being repaired, they had driven in a local conveyance up to the city on the mountain, where they had been told they would find better quarters; and there they had stayed two or three days.The Cafe of the simple inn where they stayed was the meeting place of the notabilities of the little city; and among them they noticed a beautiful, slim, talkative old man, with bright black eyes and snow-white hair—tall and straight and still with the figure of a youth, although the waiter told them with pride that the Conte was molto vecchio—would in fact be eighty in the following year. He was the last of his family, the waiter added—they had once been great and rich people—but he had no descendants; in fact the waiter mentioned with complacency, as if it were a story on which the locality prided itself, that the Conte had been unfortunate in love, and had never married.The old gentleman, however, seemed cheerful enough; and it was plain that he took an interest in the strangers, and wished to make their acquaintance. This was soon effected by the friendly waiter; and after a little talk the old man invited them to visit his villa and garden which were just outside the walls of the town. So the next afternoon, when the sun began to descend, and they saw in glimpses through door-ways and windows, blue shadows beginning to spread over the brown mountains, they went to pay their visit. It was not much of a place, a small,modernized, stucco villa, with a hot pebbly garden, and in it a stone basin with torpid gold-fish, and a statue of Diana and her hounds against the wall. But what gave a glory to it was a gigantic rose-tree which clambered over the house, almost smothering the windows, and filling the air with the perfume of its sweetness. Yes, it was a fine rose, the Conte said proudly when they praised it, and he would tell the Signora about it. And as they sat there, drinking the wine he offered them, he alluded with the cheerful indifference of old age to his love-affair, as though he took for granted that they had heard of it already.Notes:1. Siena: name of an Italian town2. Conte: (Italian) Earl3. molto vecchio: (Italian) very old4. Signora: (Italian) madam【参考译文】老太太总以自家花园里那棵高大的玫瑰树为荣。

年考研英语(一)写作解析(英语学习).doc

2010年考研英语（一）写作解析（英语学习）一、小作文部分Part A51. Directions:You are supposed to write for the postgraduate’association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization. The notice should include the basic qualification for applicants and the other information which you think is relevant.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use “ postgraduate’association “ inste ad.(10 points)真题解析：2010年考研英语（一）小作文考察了告示这种题型。

在2009年10月22日教育部考试中心出版的《考试大纲》和《考试分析》中并未提到告示，但从2004年考研大纲改革以来，历年教育部考试中心出版的《大纲解析》一书中均详细讲解了告示的写法。

2009年8月25日出版的《大纲解析》中将小作文明确分为书信类应用文和告示类应用文两大题型，详尽分析了告示的写作方法，并提供了六篇告示范文。

这再次证明了考研写作的反押题倾向，命题者重在考查考生的实际英语(论坛)水平，经常与考生预测逆向思维，反其道而行之。

针对2011年及之后的考研写作复习，希望考生扎扎实实提高英语写作实力，杜绝侥幸和押题心理，对于书信、摘要、告示、备忘录、报告等大纲提及的题型均应仔细复习，以不变应万变。

大家如果参加过新东方的培训，我的强化班和基础班写作讲义中均提供了告示范文。