英美文学资料3
专八英美文学作家整理3-资产阶级革命时期
III. The Period of the Bourgeois Revolution (资产阶级革命) (1625-1688)1. John Donne 多恩(1572-1631) 玄学派创始人a. Go and Catch a Falling Stara short lyricb. A V alediction: Forbidding Mourninga metaphysical poemc. The Fleaa love poemd. The Sun Risinge. Songs and Sonnetsf. Holy Sonnetsg. A Hymn to God the Fatherh. Death, Be Not Proud2. George Herbert (1593 - 1633) 玄学派圣人1. The Alter2. Easter Wings3. John Milton弥尔顿(1608-1674)a. Paradise Lost 失乐园Genre: an epic (his masterpiece)Poetic form: blank verseb. Paradise Regained复乐园Genre: an epic (a sequel to Paradise Lost)Poetic form: blank verseStructure: 4 booksSource: Luke 4 in The New Testamentc. Samson Agonists (Samson the wrestler or champion) 力士参孙Genre: a poetic drama modeled on Greek tragedy (often called one of Milton’s threeepics together with Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained)Poetic form: blank verseSource: Chapter 16, The Book of Judges in the Old Testament4. John Bunyan 班扬(1628-1688)a. Pilgrim’s Progress天路历程(1684)Genre: a prose allegory (the first prose allegory in the English language) Setting: On the way from the City of Destruction to the Celestial City (Heaven, that is, death)Structure: 2 parts, with a verse introduction in the beginning of either part and a verse conclusion in the end of the bookb. Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinnerc. The Life and Death of Mr. Badmand. The Holy War5. John Dryden 德莱顿(1631-1700)a.All for Love, or The World Well Lost一切为了爱情Genre: blank verseb. Essay on Dramatic Poesy论戏剧诗Genre: a piece of literary criticismc.The Hind and the PantherDidactic poemd. Absalom and Achitophel6. Jeremy Collier (1650 - 1726)A Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage。
英美文学作品赏析(3文艺复兴)
刘智慧 2011.3
英国文艺复兴时期（1558-1603 ）
• The Renaissance in England: Renaissance is the ‘rebirth’ of literature, art and learning that progressively transformed European culture from the mid-14th century in Italy to the mid-17th century in England, strongly influenced by the rediscovery of classical Greek and Latin literature, and accelerated by the development of printing. The Renaissance is commonly held to mark the close of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern Western world.
英国文艺复兴时期（1558-1603 ）
• 1. Background Information: 封建制度逐渐解体，资本主义逐渐
上升。
• 1.1 文艺复兴(the Renaissance) 是指中世纪后期的一次伟大 的思想文化运动，于十四世纪起始于意大利，经十五、十六 世纪，逐渐传遍整个欧洲。文艺复兴运动传入英国的时间较 晚，大约在十六世纪，于伊丽莎白和詹姆士一世时期走向繁 荣。于十七世纪逐渐淡出历史舞台。 • 文艺复兴是西方文化发展史上的转折点。中世纪（约5世 纪——1485 ）是黑暗的教会神学统治时代。在这个漫长的 时期里,人类信仰一个超自然的、无处不在、无所不能的神， 即上帝。人类成了上帝的奴隶，因所谓的“原罪”original sin,在人间受苦，以求得到救赎，死后升入天堂。文艺复兴 宣告了一个新时代。西方的文化文明迅猛发展，百花齐放， 争奇斗艳。自然科学取得了伟大成就，如哥白尼的“日心 说”、伽利略的动力学等动摇了封建神学的统治基础。唯物 主义和无神论渐得人心。反宗教、倡人性成了16、11603 ）
英美文学复习资料
英美文学复习资料English Literary HistoryI. Old and Medieval English Literature (from 450 to 1066, and from 1066 to the second half of the 14th century)1. Beowulf is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons.2. Romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period.3. Geoffrey Chaucer has been called the father of English poetry. His masterpiece is The Canterbury Tales. 坎特伯雷故事集II. The Renaissance Period (from the 14th century to mid-17th century)4. Humanism人文主义is the essence of the Renaissance.5. Edmund Spenser is known as “the poets’ poet”. Masterpiece the Faerie Queene仙后is a great poem of its age.6. Christopher Marlowe克里斯托弗马洛is the most gifted of the “University Wits”大学才子. His masterpieces are Tamburlaine, Dr. Faustus, the Jew of Malta and Edward II. Marlowe’s greatest achievement lies in that he perfected the blank verse and made it the principal medium of English drama and the creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama.7. William Shakespeare is one of the most remarkable playwrights and poets. His greatest tragedies are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人is the most importantplay among the comedies.8. Francis Bacon is a well-known Renaissance philosopher, scientist and essayist.9. John Donne is the leading figure of the “Metaphysical school.”III. The Neoclassical period (from 1660 to 1789)10. The neoclassical period, that is the eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of enlightenment or the Age of Reason. Enlightenment Movement brought about in reviving the interest in old classical works is known as neoclassicism.11. The mid-century was predominated by a newly rising literary form –the modern English novel.12. John Bunyan was a devout Christian, and a firm non-conformist of the Anglican Church. His masterpiece is the Pilgrim’s Progress.天路历程(最成功的宗教寓言诗)13. Alexander Pope’s亚历山大·蒲柏best satiric work is The Dunciad (愚人志).14. Daniel Defoe’s works are the first literary writings devoted to the study of problems of the lower-class people.15. Jonathan Swift(乔纳森.斯威夫特格列佛游记) was a master satirist. His “A Modest Proposal” is generally taken as a perfect model.16. Henry Fielding亨利·菲尔丁is regarded as “father of the EnglishNovel”(英国小说之父). He was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a “comic epic in prose”(散文讽刺史诗), the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.17. Samuel Johnson塞缪尔·约翰逊, as a lexicographer, distinguished himself as the author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman – A Dictionary of the English Language.18. Richard Brinsley Sheridan is the only important English dramatist of the eighteenth century. His plays, especially the Rivals and the School for Scandal, are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw, and as the true classics in English comedy.19. Thomas Gray’s masterpiece, “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard,”(墓园挽歌) establishes his fame as the leader of the sentimental poetry of the day, especially “the Graveyard School.”IV. The Romantic period (from 1789 to 1832)20. English Romanticism is generally said to have begun in 1798 with publication of Wordsworth a nd Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballad s and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament.21. William Blake was literarily the first important English Romantic poet. Symbolism in wide range is also a distinctive feature of his poetry. Hismajor works are Songs of Innocence, Songs of experience and Marriage of heaven and Hell.22. William Wordsworth, together with Robert Southey and Coleridge, became known as the “Lake Poets.” (湖畔诗人华兹华斯、柯勒律治、骚塞)He published Lyrical Ballads(抒情歌谣) in collaboration with Coleridge. The preface to this collection of poems is considered as declarations of romanticism.23. Samual Taylor Coleridge and The Rime of the ancient mariner.24.George Gordon Byron’s masterpiece is Don Juan(唐璜), which was called comic epi c and mock epic.25. Percy Bysshe Shelley’s greatest achievement is Prometheus Unbound. His most well-known lyric is “Ode to the West Wind.”西风颂26. John Keats is known for his many great odes. (Shakespeare, Milton, Wordsworth, and Keats are indisputably great English poets.)27. Jane Austen’s first novel is Sense and Sensibility. Her masterpieces are Pride and Prejudice, and Emma.V. The Victorian period (from 1832 to 1901)28. Novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought.29. Realism emphasizes objectivity, straightforward and matter-of-fact, and adopts a critical tone.30. Charles Dickens is one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age. Dickens is a master of story-telling, andCharacter-portrayal is the most distinguishing feature of his works. 31. Bronte Sisters: Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte and Anne Bronte. Emily is chiefly famous for her only novel, Wuthering Heights.32. Alfred Tennyson’s 丁尼生masterpiece is In Memoriam.悼念33. George Eliot, as a pioneer to the modern psychoanalytical novel, was the first novelist that “started putting all the actions inside.”34. Thomas Hardy’s works, known as “novels of character and environment,” are most representative of him as both a naturalistic and a critical writer, influenced by nature and environment.VI. The Modern Period (1902- )35. Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psychoanalysis as its theoretical base. The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationship between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself.36. Bernard Shaw萧伯纳is a brilliant dramatist. Most of his plays are concerned with political, economic, moral, or religious problems, so his plays can be termed as problem plays. His plays have one passion only, that is, Indignation.37. John Galsworthy is a modern novelist. His first trilogy is Forsyte Saga: The man of property, in chancery and to Let.38. William Butler Yeats was awarded Noble Prize for literature in 1923. His well-known poem is “sailing to Byzantium.”39. T. S. Eliot was originally a very famous American poet, verse dramatist and prose writer. His major poems are “the love song of J. Alfred Prufrock”, and “the waste land.” 荒原是二十世纪诗歌的里程碑40. D. H. Lawrence is one of the greatest English novelist of the 20th century and also the greatest from a working-class family. The Rainbow and Women in Love are regarded as his masterpieces.41. James Joyce is the most prominent stream-of-consciousness novelist. His masterpiece is Ulysses. 尤利西斯是二十世纪小说的里程碑American Literary HistoryI. The Romantic Period (from the end of 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War)42. Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文was one of the first American writers to earn an international reputation. His The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent contains the first modern American short stories and the first great American juvenile literature: Rip Van winkle and “the Legend of Sleepy Hollow”.43. Ralph Waldo Emerson,拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生the American toweringfigure of his era, was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England. His Essays includes his best writings such as The American Scholar, Self-reliance, The Over-soul.44. Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑is one of the most interesting, yet most ambivalent writers in the American literary history. His masterpieces include The Scarlet Letter.45. Walt Whitman惠特曼is a national figure in American literary history. His Leaves of Grass草叶集has always been considered a monumental work, containing “song of myself.”46. Herman Melville’s赫尔曼·梅尔维尔Moby Dick大白鲸is one of the world’s greatest masterpieces.47. Edgar Alan Poe埃德加·爱伦·坡is a famous fictional writer, short story writer.48. James Fenimore Cooper’s詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏lasting fame rests on his frontier stories, including The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, the pathfinder, The Pioneers, and the Prairie.II. The Realistic Period (1856-1914)49. Mark Twain, pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clements, is a great literary giant of America and is considered the true father of American literature. He is known as a local colorist. Major works are Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and the Adventures of Tom Sawyer.50. Henry James is the first American writer to conceive his career in international terms and the founder of steam-of-consciousness. Best works are the Ambassadors, and The Golden Bowl.51. Emily Dickinson is the only woman in this period.52. Theodore Dreiser is generally acknowledged as one of the greatest America’s literary natura lists. Sister Carrie is his best-known novel and An American Tragedy is his greatest work.53. Stephan Crane is a pioneer writing in naturalistic tradition. He is mainly famous for The Red Badge of Courage.III. The Modern Period (1914-)54. Ezra Pound, a leading spokesman of the “Imagist Movement,” was one of the most influential American poets of the 20th century.55. Robert Frost is a four-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize.56. Eugene O’Neill is America’s greatest playwright. He was the only dramati st ever to win a Nobel Prize. He is widely acclaimed “founder of the American drama.” Masterpiece is Long Days Journey Into Night.57. Francis Scott Fitzgerald was a most representative figure of the 1920s. His work, Tales of the Jazz Age, made the 20s called Jazz era. 58. Ernest Hemingway is one of the most popular American novelists of 20th century and a spokesman of the “Lost Generation.” Novels include A Farewell to Arms, the Old Man and the Sea.Quiz1. The Victorian period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history.2. The worsening living and working conditions, the mass unemployment and the new Poor Law of 1834 with its workhouse system finally gave rise to the Chartist Movement.3. The Bronte sisters refers to Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte and Anne Bronte.4. Robert Browning is noteworthy for his mastery of the dramatic monologue form.5. Faulkner’s novel the sound and the fury describes the decay and downfall of an old southern aristocratic family, symbolizing the old social order.6. The poem The Red Wheelbarrow written by William Carlos Williams exemplifies the Imagist-influenced Philosophy of “no ideas but inthings.”7. E. E. Cummings is the most interesting experimentalists in modern American poetry.第二部分：诗歌1.The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls Henry Wadsworth LongfellowFootprints in “The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls”: The transient nature of human achievement2.“She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways” by William Wordsworth Last stanza creates a kind of perfect pathosThe last line creates a perfect pathos. It shows that Lucy…s death, though, is unnoticed by others and made no difference to the world, it has made all the difference to her lover, who loves and values her so deeply and feels a great pain and deep grief over her death.Now Lucy is in the grave and her lover is still living lonely on the earth, there will be no chance for him to communicate with her and to feel her beauty, so Lucy‟s death is a great loss to him. In this way, the last line arouses our deep sympathy both for the girl and her lover.3.“Wuthering Heights” by Emily BrontëGod1 Would you like to live with your soul in the grave?Y our soul---CatherineI love my murderer---but yours!My murderer--- CatherineY ours--- Catherine‟s husband: Edgar Catherine‟s brother: Hindley4. A Clean, Well-Lighted PlaceWhat does the word “insomnia” imply? Ernest Hemingway A Clean, Well-Lighted Place“insomnia”, a physical disease or mental problem, may be a spiritual wound caused by despair, anxiety, alienation and nihilism.In the course of exploring the deeper meaning of life, Hemingway brings the human neurotic nature into readers’ attention. The here ditary nature of neurosis of Hemingway’s heroes contributes proof to the conviction of naturalists that man is generally a threatened species.It implies that the older waiter unconsciously does not want to confront the chaotic world and shuts him away from reality by sleeping during daytime, or indulging in reverie.第三部分阅读理解1.1. “Sonnet 18” by William ShakespeareShăll I| cǒmpáre| thĕe tó| ă súm|mĕr‟s dáy?Thǒu árt| mǒre lóve|ly ánd| mǒre tém|pĕráte.Róugh wínds| dó sháke| thĕ dár|lǐng búds| ǒf Máy,And súm|mĕr‟s léase| hăth áll| tǒo shórt| ă dáte.Sǒmetímes| tǒo hót| thĕ éye| ǒf héav|ĕn shínes,And óf|ten ís| his góld| cǒmpléx|ǐon dímm‟d;And éve|ry fair| frǒm fáir| sǒmetíme| dĕclínes,By chánce,| ǒr ná|tŭre‟s cháng|ǐng cóurse,| ŭntrímm‟d;Bŭt thy| ĕtér|nál súm|mĕr sháll| nǒt fáde,Nǒr lóse| pǒssés|sǐon óf| thát fáir| thǒu ów‟st;Nǒr sháll| Dĕath brág| thǒu wán|d‟rĕst ín| hǐs sháde,Whĕn ín| ĕtér|nál línes| tǒ tíme| thǒu grów‟st;Sǒ lóng| ás mén| cán bréathe,| ǒr éyes| cán sée,Sǒ lóng| lǐves thís,| ánd thís| gǐves lífe| tǒ thée.What is the rhyme and meter of the poem?Meter: iambic pentameterThe rhyme scheme: ABAB CDCD EFEF GG.What does the poem reveal?In the poem, the poet shows his profound meditation on the destructive power of time and the eternal beauty brought forth by poetry to the one he loves and then expounds that all nice and beautiful things in the world will disappear, but the beauty in poetry can last forever. Thus the poem reveals Shakespeare‟s faith in the permanence of poetry, the lasting powerof human art and the creative power of human beings.2.What is the effectiveness of the use of stream of consciousnesstechnique in the story Eveline3.“Meeting at Night” “Parting at Morning”Theme: Love is absorbing and desirable and makes lovers intent, eager and energetic to meet each other.Love is not the lasting place and a man need to face the actual daily life of worries and hard work.Between romance and reality there is a vast expanse.4.“The Glass Mountain” By Donald BarthelmeWhat modernist devices are used in the story?(1)Repetition(2)Catalogues(3)Collage(4)Parody(5)Displacement(6)Subversion(7)Juxtaposition5.What is the difference between realism and modernism?Realism emphasizes objectivity, straightforward and matter-of-fact, andadopts a critical tone. Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psychoanalysis as its theoretical base. The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationship between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself.四．大题1.为什么Robert Frost的诗歌被认为是欺骗性的简单？Robert Frost’s poetry is considered to be deceptively simple, because of the plain language and the common materials. As in this poem, the language is simple, clear and colloquial, and the materials depicted in the poem are everyday incidents, common situations and rural imagery. All these contribute to easy understanding of the poem. But those plain language and common materials are condensed with meaning and wider significance, and contain great lyrical beauty and potent symbolism. Frost implied philosophy of human life in the lines, such as how to deal with choice in our life. Thus there is profound philosophy under the plain lines, which make it simple at the surface. So his poetry is considered to be deceptively simple.2. Give a comparison between Mrs. Mallard and Mrs. Sommers from feminist perspective by talking about their family background, troubles,awakening, desire for freedom, pursuit for the self, tragic end and etc.Although both are questing for self and fulfillment of desire, there are many differences between Mrs. Mallard and Mrs. Sommers.The first difference lies in their family backgrounds. Mrs. Mallard has a relatively good family background. She doesn’t have to care for material, and she belongs to the middle class or above. To the contrary, Mrs. Sommers’ live is hard and poor and she has to make the most of every penny. She has to care for the bread for the children. Before her marriage, her life seems to be better.Next difference is the troubles they faced. Mrs. Mallard’s pursuit of self and freedom is bound by her husband, or rather, by confinement of social norm. But Mrs. Sommers faces the conflict of her responsibility to her children as opposed to her own fulfillment.Their first awakenings are also different. Mrs. Mallard first has a sensuous awakening to the sounds, scents, color that fills the air, such as “the sparrows’ twittering”, “the delicious breath of rain” and beautiful color in the sky. But Mrs. Sommers firstly awakens to the soothing sense when she touches the stocks.The pursuits of freedom are different. Mrs. Mallard’s idea of freedom is that a person has the right to decide what to think and what to do. She pursues self-assertion. But Mrs. Sommers is pursuing the freedom ofself-fulfillment.The last difference is that their tragic ends are different. Mrs. Mallard dies at last, while Mrs. Sommers has to go back the life as before. All these demonstrate that there lies self-oblivion or self-destruction if only the individual changes and not the world.。
英美文学选读复习资料
英美文学选读复习资料英美文学选读复习资料一、英国文学1、文艺复兴时期：莎士比亚的戏剧《哈姆雷特》、《李尔王》、《麦克白》等，以及弥尔顿的《失乐园》。
2、17世纪：约翰·多恩的玄学派诗歌，以及约翰·班扬的《天路历程》。
3、18世纪：启蒙时期，亨利·菲尔丁和理查逊的小说，以及亚历山大·蒲柏的讽刺诗歌。
4、19世纪：浪漫主义时期，包括拜伦、雪莱、济慈等人的诗歌，以及简·奥斯汀、爱米莉·勃朗特等的小说。
5、维多利亚时期：查尔斯·狄更斯、乔治·艾略特、托马斯·哈代等作家的小说，以及马修·阿诺德、约翰·罗斯金等人的诗歌。
二、美国文学1、浪漫主义时期：包括华盛顿·欧文的《睡谷传说》、爱伦·坡的短篇小说、以及纳撒尼尔·霍桑的《红字》。
2、现实主义时期：包括马克·吐温的《汤姆·索亚历险记》、亨利·詹姆斯的小说、以及艾米莉·狄金森的诗歌。
3、20世纪：包括F.斯科特·菲茨杰拉德的《了不起的盖茨比》、欧内斯特·海明威的《老人与海》、杰克·凯鲁亚克的《在路上》等文学作品。
三、文学术语和概念1、象征主义：通过象征性的符号或形象来表达某种思想或情感。
2、叙事视角：从特定的角度来描述故事，常见的有第一人称、第二人称、第三人称等。
3、意象主义：通过形象和比喻来表达情感和思想。
4、文艺复兴：欧洲历史上的一次文化运动，强调人文主义和古希腊罗马文化。
5、玄学派：17世纪英国的一种文学流派，强调诗歌中的哲学思考和神秘主义。
6、悲剧：一种戏剧类型，通常表现英雄人物的悲惨命运。
7、喜剧：一种戏剧类型，通常表现幽默、讽刺等轻松愉快的主题。
8、自然主义：一种文学流派，强调对自然和社会现实的客观描写。
9、超验主义：一种哲学思想，强调个人经验和直觉，反对传统权威。
英美文学课件Part 3 The Canterbury Tales
• I. Geoffrey Chaucer (1340?-1400) a. The “ father of English poetry”, one of the
greatest narrative poets of England b. Born in London in or about the year 1340,
• ① The foundations of the feudal system had already began to crumble.
• ② The glory of the Catholic Church was on the wane.
• ③ England was on the brink of great historic change.
died in 1400 c. His father, a prosperous wine merchant d. Said to have received education at Oxford and
Cambridge
The Canterbury Tales
• f. His masterpieces: The House of Fame, The Legends of Good Women, The Canterbury Tales
• In contradistinction to the alliterative verse of the Anglo-Saxon poetry, Chaucer chose the metrical form which laid the foundation of the English tonic-syllabic verse.
英美文学重点知识归纳
英美文学重点知识归纳1. 英美文学的定义英美文学是指英国和美国的文学作品，包括小说、诗歌、戏剧、散文等。
英美文学具有悠久的历史，涵盖了从古代文学到现代文学的各个时期和流派。
2. 英美文学的时期和流派2.1 古代英美文学古代英美文学包括早期安格鲁-撒克逊文学、中世纪文学和文艺复兴时期文学。
其中，早期安格鲁-撒克逊文学以史诗《贝奥武夫》为代表，中世纪文学以《坎特伯雷故事集》为代表，文艺复兴时期文学以莎士比亚的戏剧作品为代表。
2.2 浪漫主义文学浪漫主义是英美文学的一个重要流派，包括诗人拜伦、雪莱和济慈等人的作品。
浪漫主义文学强调个体的感情和想象力，关注自然、爱情、自由等主题。
2.3 现实主义文学现实主义是英美文学的另一个重要流派，出现于19世纪后期。
代表作家包括狄更斯、托尔斯泰和马克·吐温等人。
现实主义文学揭示社会问题，关注人性的复杂性和社会的不公平。
2.4 现代主义文学现代主义是20世纪英美文学的主要流派，代表作家有弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫、塞缪尔·贝克特和詹姆斯·乔伊斯。
现代主义文学对传统的文学形式进行了颠覆和重塑，追求形式上的创新和思想上的深度。
3. 英美文学的重要作家和作品3.1 威廉·莎士比亚（William Shakespeare）威廉·莎士比亚是英国文学史上最伟大的戏剧家和诗人之一。
他的代表作品包括《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《麦克白》等。
3.2 简·奥斯汀（Jane Austen）简·奥斯汀是19世纪英国小说家，被誉为英国小说的经典作家。
她的代表作包括《傲慢与偏见》、《理智与情感》和《艾玛》等。
3.3 弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德（F. Scott Fitzgerald）弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德是20世纪美国作家，代表作品有《了不起的盖茨比》。
他被认为是美国“爵士时代”的象征之一。
(精品)英美文学复习资料(全)
文学体裁：诗歌poem，小说novel，戏剧dramaOrigin起源：Christianity 基督教→ bible 圣经Myth 神话The Romance of king Arthur and his knights 亚瑟王和他的骑士（笔记）一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作：The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。
英美文学复习
•Works:LyricalBallads,KublaKhan
•George Gordon Byron 1788-1824
•Works:DonJuan
•Percy Bysshe Shelly 1792-1822
•Works:Ode to the West Wind”,西风颂
•The Rise of the Realistic Novel
•Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe鲁宾逊漂流记)
VI. The Romantic
•A: Poetry:
•William Wordsworth & Samuel Taylor Coleridge:Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集
Four Great Tragedies:5
Four Great Comedies:5
Poetry5
5.Romanticism浪漫主义6
6. English novel7
Jane Austen7
Works:7
Charles John Huffam Dickens7
7. A Brief Survey of American Literature8
Major Romantic Poets：
•William Blake 1757-1827
•Songs of Innocence
•William Wordsworth 1770-1850
•Works:Lyrical Ballads（marked the beginning of the English Romantic movement in literature）,I wander Lonely as a Cloud
英美文学选读要点整理
英美文学选读要点整理英美文学是指主要产生于英国和美国的文学作品。
这些作品普遍被认为是世界文学史上的经典之作，它们不仅反映了当时人们的思想、风俗和历史背景，而且对后世的文学创作和思想影响深远。
本文将对英美文学的一些经典作品和代表人物展开介绍，以便读者了解基本要点。
一、莎士比亚戏剧威廉·莎士比亚是英国文学中最伟大的戏剧家之一，他的戏剧作品为后世文学创作和人类思想发展做出了重要贡献。
《哈姆雷特》、《麦克白》、《李尔王》、《奥赛罗》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等都是经典之作，其传世的主题和人物追求真理、权力、爱情、自由等，至今仍然在全球范围内广为演出和阅读。
二、乔治·爱留信的小说乔治·爱留信是19世纪英国小说的代表人物之一，她的作品关注现实、自由与平等等问题，无论在文学、政治、社会观点上均有着极高的分量。
《简爱》、《呼啸山庄》、《租户人生》等作品都曾引发社会议题的讨论，一些作品甚至被认为标志着英国小说的“新浪潮”。
三、查尔斯·狄更斯的小说查尔斯·狄更斯是19世纪英国最著名的小说家之一，他的作品关注社会中下层人民的生活、权利和不公平，以及对社会的批判。
他的作品被认为是英国小说的巅峰之一，如《呼啸山庄》、《人间喜剧》等均建立了极高的声誉。
四、海明威的小说海明威是20世纪美国最著名的小说家之一，他的作品具有天才的文学技巧和特立独行的风格。
《老人与海》、《太阳也辉煌》、《对一个没有人问津的人说话》等作品，都标志着他的文学成就。
他的作品关注人物的生命意义，对现代文化产生了深远的影响。
五、弗兰纳·奥康纳的短篇小说弗兰纳·奥康纳是20世纪美国南方最著名的小说家之一，她的短篇小说关注信仰、教育和人的本性等问题。
她的作品以强烈的宗教信仰和犀利的文学抨击而著名，如《下海湾》、《一朵草地》、《歌者猝死》等作品，刻画出各种虚伪、愚昧和堕落的形象。
英美文学3介绍
NewEngland Transcendentalism
· Over-soul—an all-pervading power · Individual— intuitive knowledge and self
American Literature
美国文学
The Romantic Period
· End of the 18th century--- the outbreak of the Civil War.
· Washington Irving ’s The Sketch Book华盛 顿 。欧文的《见闻札记》
Nathaniel Hawthorne（霍桑）
· Puritan family · Ancestors · Black vision of life and human beings. · This is evil in every human heart.
His works
· Twice-Told Tales故事重述 – a collection o short story
the successive one.
The Scarlet Letter 红字
· His masterpiece · Puritan past · Colonial history in New England · Sin and guilt · Psychological analysis
Characters
· Mosses from an Old Manse古宅青苔 · The Snow-Image and Other Twice-Told
英美文学鉴赏3
1. The English great writer Geoffrey Chaucer was born in 1343 and died in 1400. His moststories.artistic achievement.3. The Canterbury Tales is Chaucer's greatest work and the greater part of it was written inand Langland.of his today, such as its work and play, its deeds and dreams, its fun and sympathy.Heroic couplet is a traditional form for English poetry, commonly used for epic and narrative poetry; it refers to poems constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentameter lines. The rhyme is always masculine. Use of the heroic couplet was first pioneered by Geoffrey Chaucer in the Legend of Good Women and the Canterbury Tales.1．Why is the Knight first in the General Prologue to tell a tale in Canterbury Tales?Key:Before the pilgrims tell their tales, Chaucer introduces their condition according to profession, degree and appearance. At that time, the upper class or nobility is represented chiefly by the Knight and his Squire, which means that the Knight has the highest degree among the pilgrims.They are noble for their chivalry and this knight is a truly perfect gentle knight, who is respected and admired.The Knight tells his tragic love story which was treasured by people at that time. So the Knight is the first to tell a tale. This shows the social class at that time.Secondly, according to Chaucer’s description, the Knight is in the front of the other entire persons.2．What is Chaucer’s contribution to the English language?Key:(1) Chaucer’s language is vivid and exact. His words are easy to understand.(2) He introduced from France the “heroic couplet” to English poetry.(3) Though influenced by French and Italian literature models, Chaucer is the first poet to write in English vernacular, now called Middle English, which bear a close visual resemblance to the English written and spoken today. His production of so much excellent poetry was an important factor in establishing English as the literary language of the country.How did Chaucer’s creative works reflect the changes of the English society in the second half of the 14th century? How much was Chaucer influenced by foreign authors such as Dante or Boccaccio? What are some of the significances of such influences?Key：(1) At that time, the feudal system had already begun to crumble. His work, for the first time in English literature, created a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life. For example, his masterpiece The Canterbury Tales is a collection of stories told by a group of pilgrims on their way to Canterbury who are from all walks of life. His characterization is very vivid and the true side of society at that time is revealed.(2) Dante and Boccaccio not only had direct influence on Chaucer’s poem in form and content, but also on his values. Since then, his literary activities turned into an active and creative phase which is marked by his two long poems, The House of Fame and Troilus and Criseyde. Chaucer mainly wrote three longer poems using the heroic stanza of seven lines. From the perspective ofnewly citizen class, he held positive attitude towards love and individual happiness and rejected feudalism and religious abstinence.(3) Chaucer’s poetry paves the way for the literature of English Renaissance. Chaucer’s poem marks a new step in the author’s progress to maturity and is distinguished for its profound delineation of characters and truthful description of human relations. Chaucer chose the metrical poetry which laid the foundation of the English tonico-syllabic verse. He did much in making the dialect of London.。
英美文学(3)(山东联盟)智慧树知到期末考试章节课后题库2024年青岛城市学院
英美文学(3)（山东联盟）智慧树知到期末考试答案章节题库2024年青岛城市学院1.Robert Frost was regarded as American Poet Laureate and invited to read hispoem at the inauguration of President John F. Kennedy.（）答案:对2.Nature is considered as “the Bible of New England Transcendentalism”.（）答案:对3.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was written by Mark Twain.（）答案:对4.Robert Frost was regarded as national poet of the 20th century in America.（）答案:对5.Go Down, Moses was written by William Faulkner.（）答案:错6.The poems of Wallace Stevens mainly deal with the relationship between thereality and imagination.（）答案:对7.Spoon River Anthology, written by Vachel Lindsay, is a collection of 200-oddelegiac poems.（）答案:错8.The writer T. S. Eliot was not only a poet but also a critic.（）答案:对9.Carl Sandburg was very interested in collecting folk songs in America andpublished The American Songbag.（）答案:对10.Tender Is the Night was written by F. Scott Fitzgerald.（）答案:对11.Maggie: A Girl of the Streets was regarded as “naturalistic manifesto”.（）答案:错12.The Great Gatsby was written by F. Scott Fitzgerald.（）答案:对13.Before 1916, the poems of Edwin Arlington Robinson were set in “TilburyTown” and mainly about character portrait.（）答案:对14.The writer of “One in Paradise” also wrote the work “To Helen”.（）答案:对15.Sketch Book was written by Washington Irving.（）答案:对16.In the novel The Sun Also Rises, the protagonist is called Jake Barnes.（）答案:对17.Four Quartets helped T. S. Eliot win the Nobel Prize.（）答案:对18.The poet Edgar Allan Poe showed his remembrance towards his lost relativesin the poem “The Raven”.（）答案:对19.“A Rose for Emily” was written by William Faulkner.（）答案:对20.As I Lay Dying was written by Walt Whitman.（）答案:错21.Which work of the following was the autobiographical novel of F. ScottFitzgerald? （）答案:Tender Is the Night22.In order to distance himself from his family lineage, Nathaniel Hawthornedeliberately added the letter “（）” in his former family name.答案:w23.Which novel talks about the life of a tame dog that became the leader of agroup of wolves? （）答案:The Call of the Wild24.The rhyme of “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” is not regular, and itemploys “free verse”.（）答案:错25.Like Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot also joined the British Nationality.（）答案:错26.“The Legend of Sleeping Hollow” was written by James Cooper.（）答案:错27.Wallace Stevens was a professional writer.（）答案:错28.Henry James did not compose the work（）.答案:The Blithedale Romance29.The writer T. S. Eliot won the Nobel Prize for Literature because of the work（） .答案:Four Quartets30.The writer F. Scott Fitzgerald was the spokesman of the Jazz Age.（）答案:对31.Which of the following best describes the speaker of T. S. Eliot's “The LoveSong of J. Alfred Prufrock”? （）答案:He is a man of inactivity.32.The Waste Land is a poem concerned with the spiritual （） of a moderncivilization in human life which has lost its meaning, significance andpurpose.答案:breakup33.In the novel The Great Gatsby, the narrator is called （）.答案:Nick Carraway34.Which of the following poems was composed by Walt Whitman? （）答案:“Song of Myself”35.In which season “The Raven” was set? （）答案:Winter36.“The Black Cat” was created by （）.答案:Edgar Allan Poe37.The typical work of Imagism in America is （）.答案:“In a Station of the Metro”38.Emily Dickinson did NOT write the poem （）.答案:“A Psalm of Life”39.Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? was a famous play written by （） .答案:Edward Albee40.（） was written by John Steinbeck.答案:Of Mice and Men41.Which work made Mark Twain become famous? （）答案:“Jumping Frog”42.Jack London created （） novels, 150 short stories and 3 plays.答案:1943.The manifesto of American Naturalism is （）.答案:MacTeague44.Who used a lot of dashes and sporadic capitalization the poem writing? （）答案:Emily Dickinson45.（） was created by Theodore Dreiser.答案:Jennie Gerhardt46.The writer O’ Henry did NOT write the short story （）.答案:“Legia”47.“The Fall of the House of Usher” was created by （）.答案:Edgar Allan Poe48.（） translated many Chinese poems and collected them in the work Cathay.答案:Ezra Pound49.（） made Henry James become famous.答案:Daisy Miller50.（）tells the Joad family’s life from the time they were evicted from theirfarm in Oklahoma until their first winter in California.答案:The Grapes of Wrath51.The Woman Warrior was written by the Asian -American writer （）.答案:Maxine Hong Kingston52.The Joy Luck Club was written by the Asian -American writer （）.答案:Amy Tan53.Invisible Man is a very famous novel written by （）.答案:Ralph Ellison54.Beloved is written by by the African-American writer （）.答案:Toni Morrison55.The Color Purple was created by the African-American writer （）.答案:Alice Walker56.The Catcher in the Rye was written by （）.答案:Salinger57.Herzog is a great work of （） .答案:Saul Bellow58.Amanda Wingfield is a character in the play （）.答案:The Glass Menagerie59.（）used “Black Humor” in the novel Catch-22.答案:Joseph Heller60. A Streetcar Named Desire was created by the writer （）.答案:Tennessee Williams61.The novel Absalom, Absalom was written by （）.答案:William Faulkner62.Which writer of the following did not win the Nobel Prize for Literature? （）答案:F. Scott Fitzgerald63.（）was the spokesman of “the Jazz Age”.答案:F. Scott Fitzgerald64.The novel For Whom The Bell Tolls was written by （）.答案:William Faulkner65.Which writer of the following was not a me mber of “Chicago Renaissance”?（）答案:Wallace Stevens66.Theodore Dreiser’s “Trilogy of Desire” does not include （）.答案:The “Genius”67.Which work of the following is about the life of a good person who wasforced to be a murderer and destroyed himself? （）答案:An American Tragedy68.The first naturalistic novel in American Naturalism is （）.答案:Maggie: A Girl of the Streets69.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was written by （）.答案:Mark Twain70.The three dominant figures of the American Realistic Period are WilliamDean Howells, Mark Twain, and （）.答案:Henry James71.The name of Edgar Allan Poe’s wife is （）.答案:Virginia72.（）was regarded as “Bible of Transcendentalism”.答案:“The Divinity School Address”73.（）was regarded as “Declaration of American Intellectual Independence”.答案:“The American Scholar”74.Nathaniel Hawthorne harbored （） feeling towards his ancestors.答案:shameful75.In the work （）, Nathaniel Hawthorne indicated that “the wrong doing ofone generation lives into the successive ones”.答案:The House of Seven Gables76.“God help them that help themselves.” comes from the work （） .答案:Poor Richard’s Almanac77.Which of the following was not invented by Benjamin Franklin? （）答案:Bulb78.（）is regarded as “Bible of Success” in American literature.答案:The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin79.From 1732 to 1758, Benjamin Franklin wrote and published his famous （）,a collection of proverbs.答案:Common Sense80.Which word is not proper to describe Benjamin Franklin? （）答案:Poet81.Puritans liked to live very luxurious life.（）答案:错82.（） was the first writer in the Colonial Period of American literature.答案:John Smith83.Puritans were very serious and arrogant.（）答案:错84.Puritans were very loyal and pious to God.（）答案:对85.Puritans had very little influence on American literature.（）答案:错。
英美文学资料汇总精选
一，中世纪文学（约5世纪---1485）1. 英国最初的文学是口头的。
2. 5世纪中叶，盎格鲁，撒克逊，朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。
3. 盎格鲁，撒克逊时代最重要的一部古英语文学作品是《贝奥武夫》，它被认为是英国的民族史诗。
主题：反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌，呈现出新旧生活方式的混合，兼有氏族时期的英雄主义的封建时期的理想，体现了非基督日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。
4. 1066年，威廉公爵率领法国的诺曼底人，征服英格兰。
法国文化占据主导地位，法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。
5.1066年阶段这一时期的文学形式是浪漫传奇。
典型是亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。
6. 传奇文学（主人公：高贵的骑士的冒险和爱情故事）是英国封建社会发展到成熟阶段的一种社会理想的体现。
7. 14世纪以后，英语开始恢复使用，杰弗里乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer,1343-1400）的出现标志着以本土文学为主流的英国书面文学历史的开始。
乔叟首创英雄诗行，即五步抑扬格双韵体，被誉为“英国诗歌之父”。
他推动了英语作为英国统一的民族语言的进程。
二：文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期----17世纪初）1.英国的文艺复兴发生在15世纪末。
2.文艺复兴时期的思想体系是人文主义：以人为本，反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观，提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。
3.该时期典型人物：英国托马斯莫尔（Thomas More，1478--1535），作品《乌托邦》（Utopia），内容：社会平等，财产公有，人们和谐相处的理想国。
4.《乌托邦》（Utopia）开创了英国哲理幻想小说传统的先河。
5.该时期典型人物：埃德蒙斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser,1552--1599）的长诗《仙后》（The Faerie Queen），主题歌颂女王，宣扬人文主义思想。
文学特色：创造了有音乐性的“斯宾塞诗体”（Spens—erian）。
自考英美文学选读必考重点第三讲美国文学
母线I差动保护：TA1 线路保护： TA1、TA3、TV3 1DL边断路器保护： TA1、UA、UB 、UC 接线 路电压TV3。UM接母线电 压TV1 2DL中断路器保护： TA2或TA3、 UA、UB 、 UC 接线路电压接TV3（或 TV4）、UM接TV4（或TV3） 任一相。
失灵保护动作跳闸原则
称为故障判断CPU，完成各种继电器的算法和逻辑判断，动作后给出口继电
器发跳闸脉冲。这样出口继电器有了正电源和跳闸脉冲，才能完成保护跳闸。
•
所以从逻辑上来说，双CPU组成了逻辑‘与’的关系，起动元件和故障
判断元件同时动作，保护才能出口跳闸，这样提高了装置的可靠性。
Ia、Ib Ic、I0 Ua、Ub Uc、UL
•
对于安装在线路1上DL1处的线路保护装置，该装置接入
来自PT的电压和来自CT的电流。如果F1点发生电气短路事故，
DL1处线路保护装置根据接入的电流和电压的变化特征可以
判断出故障点就在本线路内部（区内故障），于是向DL1发
出跳闸命令将故障点切除。如果F2点发生电气短路事故，该
保护装置根据接入的电流和电压的变化特征可以判断出故障
• 三相电压正常后, 经10秒延时TV断线信号自动复归，不需运行人员作任 何操作；
装置面板上灯的说明3
• “充电”灯为黄色，当重合充电完成时点亮 ；
• 如果正常情况下“充电”灯不亮，有以下几 种可能：1）任一相跳位继电器动作；2）重 合闸把手误打在停用位置；3）开关机构的 合闸压力异常；4）有外部闭锁信号（例如 ，勾通三跳压板误投、另一套保护闭锁 RCS-901的重合闸的接点误动等）
RCS-925作为辅助保护装置，可实现过电压起动远跳; 具有就地判别功能的收信直跳和过压保护。
英美文学Chapter 3
6. Main representatives:
• ①Main representatives—poets: • Pre-Romanticism: (Blake and Burns) • The first generation: (Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey) • The younger generation: (Byron, Shelley and Keats)
3. The definition, duration and characteristics of the Romanticism:
• ①The definition: • The Romantic Movement, which associated with vitality, powerful emotion and dreamlike ideas, is simply the expression of life as seen by the imagination rather than by prosaic common sense. • The contrast between Romanticism and Neoclassicism: • Romanticism: associated with vitality, powerful emotion and dreamlike ideas • Neoclassicism: associated with order, common sense and controlled reason
Chapter 3: The Romantic Period
• Internationally, • ①The French Revolutions: --the great event, arouse great sympathy and enthusiasm in the English liberals and Conservatives, they all declared Liberty, Equality and Fraternity • ②Rousseau--the great French Philosopher. Influence by Rousseau, the writers began to explore the new ideas about Nature, Society and Education • These paved the way for the development of Romanticism in the literature internationally
英美文学复习资料
英美文学复习资料英美文学复习资料英美文学是世界文学史上的重要组成部分，包含了许多经典的文学作品和作家。
通过复习英美文学，我们可以更好地了解西方文化和思想，同时也能够提升自己的语言表达能力和文学素养。
本文将为大家提供一些英美文学复习资料，希望对大家的学习有所帮助。
一、英国文学1. 莎士比亚的四大悲剧：《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》、《李尔王》和《麦克白》。
这些作品被誉为世界文学的瑰宝，展现了莎士比亚独特的戏剧才华和对人性的深刻洞察。
2. 简·奥斯汀的小说：《傲慢与偏见》、《理智与情感》等。
奥斯汀以细腻的笔触和幽默的描写，刻画了当时英国社会的风貌和女性的处境，成为英国文学的代表作家之一。
3. 查尔斯·狄更斯的小说：《雾都孤儿》、《双城记》等。
狄更斯以其对社会问题的关注和对人性的揭示而闻名，他的作品揭示了当时英国社会的黑暗面，对社会改革产生了深远影响。
4. 弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫的小说：《达洛维夫人》、《到灯塔去》等。
伍尔夫以其独特的意识流写作风格和对女性问题的关注，开创了现代主义小说的新篇章。
二、美国文学1. 马克·吐温的小说：《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》、《汤姆·索亚历险记》等。
吐温以其幽默风趣和对美国社会的讽刺洞察而受到广泛赞誉，他的作品展现了美国南方的风土人情和对奴隶制度的批判。
2. 埃米莉·迪金森的诗歌：迪金森的诗歌充满了哲思和深度，她以其独特的写作风格和对生死、爱情等主题的探索而成为美国文学的重要代表。
3. 威廉·福克纳的小说：《喧哗与骚动》、《押沙龙，押沙龙！》等。
福克纳以其复杂的叙事结构和对南方社会的描绘而被誉为美国文学的巨匠，他的作品展现了南方社会的衰落和黑暗。
4. 托尼·莫里森的小说：《亲爱的》、《宠儿》等。
莫里森以其对种族、性别和身份问题的关注而成为美国文学的重要代表，她的作品揭示了美国社会的不公和歧视。
三、阅读技巧和复习建议1. 阅读经典作品时，要注重对文本细节的理解和分析。
《英美文学选读》自学资料全
《英美文学选读》自学资料-(全)————————————————————————————————作者: ————————————————————————————————日期：ﻩAmerican LiteratureChapter one : The romantic periodI. Emerson’s transcendentalism and his attitude toward nature:1.Transcendentalism—it is a philosophic and literary movement that flourish in New England, as a reaction against rationalism and Calvinism. It stressed intuitive understanding of god without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind.2. Emerson’s transcendentalism:The over-soul—it is an all-pervading power goodness, from which all things come and of which all are a part. It is a supreme reality of mind, a spiritual unity of all beings and a religion. It is a communication between an individual soul and the universal over-soul. And he strongly believe in the divinity and infinity of man as an individual, so man can totally rely on himself.3.His toward nature:Emerson loves nature. His nature is the garment of the over-soul, symbolic and moral bound. Nature is not something purely of the matter, but alive with God’s presence. It exercise a healthy and restorative influence on human beings. Children can see nature better than adult.II. Hawthorne’s Puritanism and his black vision of man:1. Puritanism—it is the religious belief of the Puristans, who had intended to purify and simplify the religious ritual of the church of England.2. his black vision of man—by the Calvinistic concept of original sin, he believed that human being are evil natured and sinful, and this sin is ever present in human heart and will pass one generation to another.3. Young Goodman Brown—it shows that everyone has some evil secrets. The innocent and naïve Brown is confronted with the vision of human evil in one terrible night, and then he becomes distrustful and doubtful. Brown stands for everyone ,who is born pure and has no contact with the real world ,and the prominent people of the village and church. They cover their secrets during daily lives, and under some circumstances such as the witch’s Sabbath, they become what they are. Even his closed wife, Faith, is no exception. So Brown is aged in that night.III. The symbolism of Melville’s Mobby-Dick1.The voyage to catch the white whale is the one of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of universe.2. To Ahab, the whale is an evil creature or the agent of an evil force that control the universe. As to readers, the whale is a symbol of physical limits, or a symbol of nature. It also can stand for the ultimate mystery of the universe and the wall behind which unknown malicious things are hiding.IV. Whitman and his Leaves of Grass :1. Theme: sing of the “en-mass” and the self / pursuit of love, happiness, and ***ual love / sometimes about politics (Drum taps)2. Whitman’s originality first in his use of the poetic form free verse (i.e. poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme),by means of which he becomes conversational and casual.3.He uses the first person pronoun “I” to st ress individualism, and oral language to acquire sympathy from the common reader.Chapter two : The realistic periodI. The character analysis and social meaning of Huck Finn in Adventure of Huckleberry Finn by Mark TwainHuck is a typical American b oy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience”. He appears to be vulgar in language and in manner, but he is honest and decent in essence. His remarkable raft’s journey down on the Mississippi river can be regarded as his process of education and his way to grow up. At first, he stands by slavery, for he clings to the idea that if he lets go the slave, he will be damned to go to hell. And when the “King” sells Jim for money, Huck decides to inform Jim’s master. After he thinks of the past good time when Jim and he are on the raft where Jim shows great care and deep affection for him, he decide to rescue Jim. And Huck still thinks he is wrong while he is doing the right thing.Huck is the son of nature and a symbol for freedom and earthly pragmatism. Through the eye of Huck, the innocent and reluctant rebel, we see the pre-Civil War American society fully exposed. Twain contrasts the life on the river and the life on the banks, the innocence and the experience, the nature and the culture, the wilderness and the civilization.II. Daisy Miller by Henry James1. Theme: The novel is a story about American innocence defeated by the stiff, traditional values of Europe. James condemns the American failure to adopt expressive manners intelligently and point out the false believing that a good heart is readily visible to all. The death of Daisy results from the misunderstanding between people with different cultural backgrounds.2. The character analysis of Daisy: She represents typical American girl, who is uninformed and without the mature guidance. Ignorance and parental indulgence combine to foster he assertive self-confidence and fierce willfulness. She behaves in the same daring naive way in Europe as she does at home. When someone is against her, she becomes more contrary. She knows that she means no harm and is amazed that anyone should think she does. She does not compromise to the European manners.3. The character analysis of Winterbourne: He is a Europeanized American, who has live too long in foreign parts. He is very experience and has a problem understanding Daisy. He endeavors to put her in sort of formula, i.e. to classify her.III. Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser:1. Theme: The author invented the success of Carrie and the downfall of Hurstwood out of an inevitable and natural judgment, because the fittest can survive in a competitive, amoral society according to the social Darwinism.2. The character analysis of Carrie: She follows the right direction to a pursuit of the American dream, and the circumstances and her desire for a better life direct to the successful goal. But she is not contented, because with wealth and fame, she still finds herself lonely. She is a product of the society, a realization of the theory of the survival of the fittest.3. The character analysis of Hurstwood: He is a negative evidence of the theory of the survival of the fittest. Because he is still conventional and can not throw away the social morals, he is not fitted to live in New York.Chapter three : The Modern PeriodI. Ezra Pound and his theory of Imagism1. The principles: a. direct treatment of the thing; b. to use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation; c. to compose in the sequence of the musical; d. to use the language of common speech and the exact word; e. to create new rhythms; f. absolutely freedom in the choice of subject.2. Imagism is to present an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time. An imagistic poem must present the object exactly the way the thing is seen. And the reader can form the image of the object through the process of reading the abstract and concrete words.II. Frost and his poetry on nature:Frost is deeply interested in nature and in men’s relationship to nature. Nature appears as an explicator and a mediator for man and serve as the center of reference of his behavior. Peace and order can be found in Frost’s poetical natural world. With surface simplicity of his poems, the thematic concerns are always presented in rich symbols. Therefore his work resists easy interpretation.III. F. Scott Fitzgerald and his The Great Gatsby1. Theme: Gatsby is American Everyman. His extraordinary energy and wealth make him pursue the dream. His death in the end points at the truth about the withering of the American Dream. The spiritual and moral sterility that has resulted from the withered American Dream is fully revealed in the article. However, although he is defeated, the dream has gave Gatsby a dignity and a set of qualities. His hope and belief in the promise of future makes him the embodiment of the values of the incorruptible American Dream .2. The character analysis of Gatsby: Gatsby is great, because he is dignified and ennobled by his dream and his mythic vision of life. He has the desire to repeat the past, the desire for money, and the desire for incarnation of unutterable vision on this material earth. For Gatsby, Daisy is the soul of his dreams. He believe he can regain Daisy and romantically rebels of time. Although he has the wealth that can match with the leisured class, he does not have their manners. His tragedy lies in his possession of a naive sense andchivalry.IV. Ernest Hemingway’s artistic features:1. The Hemingway code heroes and grace under pressure:They have seen the cold world ,and for one cause, they boldly and courageously face the reality. They has an indestructible spirit for his optimistic view of life. Whatever is the result is, the are ready to live with grace under pressure. No matter how tragic the ending is, they will never be defeated. Finally, they will be prevail because of their indestructible spirit and courage.2.The iceberg technique:Hemingway believe that a good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action. The one-eighth the is presented will suggest all other meaningful dimensions of the story. Thus, Hemingway’s language is symbolic and suggestive.V. The character analysis of Emily in A Rose for Emily:Emily is a symbol of old values, standing for tradition, duty and past glory. But she is also a victim to all those she cares and embrace. The source of Emily’s strangeness is from her born pride and self-esteem, the domineering behavior of her father and the betrayal of her lover. Barricaded in her house, she has frozen the past to protect her dreams. Her life is tragic because the defiance of the community, her refusal to accept the change and her extreme pride have pushed her to abnormality and insanity.【自考版重要资料汇总】自烤成柴ﻫenｇBus清洁工ﻫﻫ会员等级: 超级版主ﻫ发帖数量:1，２４3精华数量: 0 ﻫ所持现金：3128英币ﻫ银行状态：正常ﻫ用户积分: 10来自:EngＢｕs．ｃoｍ注册日期: 2０0６-02-06# 22006-02-1614:0４English LiteratureChapter One The Renaissance PeriodI. Shakespeare’s sonnets1. With a few exceptions, Shakespeare writes his sonnets in the popular English form of three quatrains and a couplet. The couplet usually ties the sonnet to one of the general themes, leaving the quatrains free to develop the poetic intensity.2. The sonnet’s most common themes concern the destructive effects of time, the quickness of physical decay, and the loss of beauty, vigor, and love. Although the poems celebrate life, they are always with a keen awareness of death.3. His sonnet 18 expresses that beautiful things can rely on the force of literature to reach eternity. Literature is created by man, thus it declares man’s eternity. The poem shows the mighty self-confidence of the newly class. The vivid, variable and rich images reflect the lively and adventurous spirits of those who were opening new world.[/font]II. Shakespeare’s A Merchant of Venice1. Theme(1) Justice vs. mercy: Shakespeare suggests that all men should be merciful. There is a further aspect of justice—the injustice revealed in the Christians’ treatment of the Jews.(2) Appearance vs. reality: e.g. superficial or external beauty vs. moral or spiritual beauty or truth (in the case of three caskets); the letters of law vs. the spirit of the law.(3) Commercial or material values vs. love: True love is much more worthwhile than money and material values. Antonio epitomizes true love in his friendship for Bassanio.2. The character analysis of ShylockShylock is a Jewish usurer, and he is a tragic-comic character.He is comic because he finally becomes the one punished by his own evil deed. He is avaricious. He accumulates as much wealth as he can and he even equates his lost daughter with his lost money. He is also cruel. In order to revenge, he would rather claim a pound of flesh from his enemy Antonio than get back his loan.He is tragic, because he is the victim of the society. As a Jew, he is not treated equally by the society. The law is harsh to him. He has tomake as much money as he can in order to protect him. He is abused by Antonio, so he wants to get revenge.III. The character analysis of HamletHamlet is a scholar and a warrior. His father has been killed by his uncle, Claudius, who then take the throne and marries his mother. Hamlet is informed by the ghost of his father to take revenge, but the weakness of indecisiveness or indetermination in his character always delay his action, and finally leads to his tragic fall of death. Hamlet is not a man of action, but a man of thinking at first. He hesitates at some crucial moments. At last when he is forced to take some actions, he does kill Claudius gloriously, but he also sacrifices his own life.IV. Donne and his “The Sun Rising”1. Metaphysical poet: He wrote poems by using unconventional and surprising conceits and full of wit and humor, but sometimes the logic argument and conceits become pervasive. The language is colloquial but powerful, creating unorthodox images on the reader’s mind.2. H is “The Sun Rising”: In this poem, the love’s wedding room has been intruded by sun and the man takes offence at the intrusion. He attack the sun as an unruly servant, and finally he allow the sun to enter their chamber and warm them. The poem’s true subje ct is the lady—his true emotional love. Every insult to the sun is a compliment to the lady.[font=Times New Roman]V. Milton’s Paradise Lost :1.Structure: The story is taken from the Old Testament. It extends chronologically from the exaltation of Christ before the creature of universe to the second coming of Christ. Geographically, it ranges over the entire world.2. The character analysis of Satan:He has the strength, the courage and the capacity for leadership, but he devoted all those qualities to evil. His defiance of God shows his egoistic pride, his false conception of freedom, and his alienation from all good. His own evil and damnation give him potentially tragic dimensions. Therefore, Satan is enveloped in dramatic irony because he fight in ignorance of the unshakable power of God and goodness.3.Features: Parallel and contrastThe central conflict and contrast between good and evil are intensified by the contrast between heaven and hell, light and darkness, love and hate, reason and passion, etc.自烤成柴eｎｇBｕs清洁工ﻫﻫ会员等级:超级版主发帖数量：1,2４3ﻫ精华数量: 0所持现金:3１28英币银行状态:正常用户积分：1０来自: EngBus．cｏm注册日期:200６-0２－06＃3 2００6-02-16 １4：04English LiteratureChapter One The Renaissance PeriodI. Shakespeare’s sonnets1. With a few exceptions, Shakespeare writes his sonnets in the popular English form of three quatrains and a couplet. The couplet usually ties the sonnet to one of the general themes, leaving the quatrains free to develop the poetic intensity.2. The sonnet’s most common themes concern the destructive ef fects of time, the quickness of physical decay, and the loss of beauty, vigor, and love. Although the poems celebrate life, they are always with a keen awareness of death.3. His sonnet 18 expresses that beautiful things can rely on the force of literature to reach eternity. Literature is created by man, thus it declares man’s eternity. The poem shows the mighty self-confidence of the newly class. The vivid, variable and rich images reflect the lively and adventurous spirits of those who were opening new world.II. Shakespeare’s A Merchant of Venice1. Theme(1) Justice vs. mercy: Shakespeare suggests that all men should be merciful. There is a further aspect of justice—the injustice revealed in the Christians’ treatment of the Jews.(2) Appearance vs. reality: e.g. superficial or external beauty vs. moral or spiritual beauty or truth (in the case of three caskets); the letters of law vs. the spirit of the law.(3) Commercial or material values vs. love: True love is much more worthwhile than money and material values. Antonio epitomizes true love in his friendship for Bassanio.2. The character analysis of ShylockShylock is a Jewish usurer, and he is a tragic-comic character.He is comic because he finally becomes the one punished by his own evil deed. He is avaricious. He accumulates as much wealth as he can and he even equates his lost daughter with his lost money. He is also cruel. In order to revenge, he would rather claim a pound of flesh from his enemy Antonio than get back his loan.He is tragic, because he is the victim of the society. As a Jew, he is not treated equally by the society. The law is harsh to him. He has to make as much money as he can in order to protect him. He is abused by Antonio, so he wants to get revenge.III. The character analysis of HamletHamlet is a scholar and a warrior. His father has been killed by his uncle, Claudius, who then take the throne and marries his mother. Hamlet is informed by the ghost of his father to take revenge, but the weakness of indecisiveness or indetermination in his character always delay his action, and finally leads to his tragic fall of death. Hamlet is not a man of action, but a man of thinking at first. He hesitates at some crucial moments. At last when he is forced to take some actions, he does kill Claudius gloriously, but he also sacrifices his own life.IV. Donne and his “The Sun Rising”1. Metaphysical poet: He wrote poems by using unconventional and surprising conceits and full of wit and humor, but sometimes the logic argument and conceits become pervasive. The language is colloquial but powerful, creating unorthodox images on the reader’s mind.2. His “The Sun Rising”: In this poem, the love’s wedding room has been intruded by sun and the man takes offence at the intrusion. He attack the sun as an unruly servant, and finally he allow the sun to enter their chamber and warm them. The poem’s true subject is the lady—his true emotional love. Every insult to the sun is a compliment to the lady.V. Milton’s Paradise Lost :1.Structure: The story is taken from the Old Testament. It extends chronologically from the exaltation of Christ before the creature of universe to the second coming of Christ. Geographically, it ranges over the entire world.2. The character analysis of Satan:He has the strength, the courage and the capacity for leadership, but he devotedall those qualities to evil. His defiance of God shows his egoistic pride, his falseconception of freedom, and his alienation from all good. His own evil anddamnation give him potentially tragic dimensions. Therefore, Satan is envelopedin dramatic irony because he fight in ignorance of the unshakable power of Godand goodness.3.Features: Parallel and contrastThe central conflict and contrast between good and evil are intensified by thecontrast between heaven and hell, light and darkness, love and hate, reason andpassion, etc.自烤成柴ﻫｅngBus清洁工ﻫﻫ会员等级: 超级版主ﻫ发帖数量:１，243精华数量：０所持现金: 3128英币ﻫ银行状态:正常用户积分: １0ﻫ来自: EnｇBｕｓ．cｏｍﻫ注册日# 420０6－02－16 １4:０4Chapter Two The Neo-classical PeriodI. The a llegorical meaning of “The Vanity Fair” in John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’sProgressThe Vanity Fair refers to the real world where people have become sodegenerated that all they are concerned is to buy and sell everything they can. Itallegorically represent s vanity both in the society and in people’s heart, so peopleare spiritually lost. However, the pilgrims refuse to buy any of the things in theVanity Fair. Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seeksalvation through constant struggle with their own weakness and social evils.Christians’ refusal shows that they are one step nearer the Celestial City.II. Pope’s point of view on poetry criticism and the characteristics of his ownpoetry期：２0０６-0２－06 1. Pope’s point of view on poetry critic ism is best shown in his An Essays onCriticism. He emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rulesof order, reason, logic, restrained emotion and good taste. He calls on people toturn to the old Greek and Roman writers for guidance. He advises the critics notto stress too much the artificial use of conceit or the external beauty of language,but to pay special attention to true wit which is best set in a plain style.2. Pope’s poem strictly follows his idea of neoclassicism. He deve loped a satiric,concise, smooth, graceful and well-balanced style, and finally brought to its lastperfection of the heroic couplet.III. The social satire of Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s TravelsThe account of Lilliputian life, especially the games for people at court, alludes tothe similar ridiculous practices or tricks in the English government. Thedescription of the competition in the games before the royal members leads to thefact that the success of those government officials such as the Prime Minister liesnot in their being any wiser or better but in their being more dexterous in thegame. This alludes to the practices in England. And the pompous words singingof the Lilliputian emperor ridicule the aristocratic arrogance and vanity.IV. Henry Fielding and his Tom JonesIt is a good example of “comic epic in prose”. Fielding describes the fightbetween Molly and the villagers and her fistfight with Goody Brown in the grandstyle of the Homeric epic. He first of all calls on the Muses to assist him inrecounting the fight as if it were of great historical importance. Like Homer whowould list names of gods involved in the battle, he lists the names of the villagers.He treats Molly as a great hero at battle, an “Amazonian heroine”. Besides, heuses a mock-epic tone and seems very solemn about what he is describing. Heuses formal words and refined language. Finally, he makes use of differentfigures of speech, particularly, irony and hyperbole.V. Thomas Gray and his “Elegy Written in a County Church”In the poem, Gray presents a picture of the quiet and solitary county at duskthrough the sounding of the curfew, the home-coming plowman, the tinkling ofbells under the necks of the cattle, the moping owl, the narrow cell (grave), etc..He bemoans the fate of those common laborers who are now buried in the graves,tries to imagine how they had lived as loving parents and hardworking people,and praise their homely joys. He then express his contempt for those noblemenwho once lived a pompous life, and despised the poor, but have ended up in away no better than the ordinary folk. We can see Gray’s sympathy for the poorand contempt for the rich.Chapter Three The Romantic Period I. Wordsworth and his “I wandered lonely as a cloud”The poem is crystal clear and lucid. Below the immediate surface, we find that all the realistic details of the flowers, the trees, the waves, the wind, and all the realistic details of the active joy, are absorbed into an over-all concrete metaphor, the recurrent image of the dance. The flowers, the stars, the waves are units in this dancing pattern of order in diversity, of linked eternal harmony and vitality. Through the revelation and recognition of his kinship with nature, the poet himself becomes as it were a part of the whole cosmic dance.II. Shelley and his “Ode to the West Wind”In the poem, Shelley eulogizes the west wind as a powerful phenomenon of nature that is both destroyer and preserver. The wind enjoys boundless freedom and has the power to spread messages far and wide. The keynote in the poem is Shelley’s ever-present wish for himself and his fellow men to share the freedom of the west wind, remembering meanwhile his own and common human miseries. And the dominant mood is that of hope rather than despair, as the poet is hoping for the realization of the freedom and joy. The optimism expressed in the last two lines show the poet’s critical attitude toward the ugly social reality and his faith in a bright future for humanity.III. John Keats and his “Ode on a Grecian Urn”In the poem Keats shows the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience of human passion. The poet has absorbed himself into the timeless beautiful scenery on the Grecian urn: the lovers, musicians and worshippers carved on the urn, and their everlasting joys. They are unaffected by time, stilled in expectation. This is the glory and the limitation of the world conjured up by and object of art. The urn celebrates but simplifies intuitions of joy by defying our pain and suffering. But at last, the urn presents his ambivalence about time and the nature of beauty.IV. The character analysis of Elizabeth in Jane Austen’s Pride and PrejudiceElizabeth is a beautiful young lady in the Bennets. She is intelligent, contrasting her empty-minded, snobbish and vulgar mother. She is a women of distinct character. She is not passive, but pursue her true love bravely. She turns down Mr. Collin’s marriage proposal and seeking her happiness with Darcy, the one shepossesses true affectio n for her. She is also courageous. When Darcy’s aunt ladycomes to force her into a promise of never consenting to marry Darcy, she boldlychallenges her authority, contempt and arrogance. On the whole, Elizabeth is atypical image of the good, attractive lady in the 19th century.自烤成柴ﻫenｇBｕs清洁工ﻫ会员等级: 超级版主发帖数量: 1,243ﻫ精华数量: 0ﻫ所持现金：3１２8英币银行状态:正常ﻫ用户积分: １0来自: ＥngBus.cｏmﻫ注册日期: ２006－02-06# 52006－02-1６1４:０4Chapter Two The Neo-classical PeriodI. The allegorical meaning of “The Vanity Fair” in John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’sProgressThe Vanity Fair refers to the real world where people have become so degeneratedthat all they are concerned is to buy and sell everything they can. It allegoricallyrepresents vanity both in the society and in people’s heart, so people are spirituallylost. However, the pilgrims refuse to buy any of the things in the Vanity Fair. Itspurpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation throughconstant struggle with their own weakness and social evils. Christians’ refusalshows that they are one step nearer the Celestial City.II. Pope’s point of view on poetry criticism and the characteristics of his ownpoetry1. Pope’s point of view on poetry criticism is best shown in his An Essays onCriticism. He emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules oforder, reason, logic, restrained emotion and good taste. He calls on people to turn tothe old Greek and Roman writers for guidance. He advises the critics not to stresstoo much the artificial use of conceit or the external beauty of language, but to payspecial attention to true wit which is best set in a plain style.2. Pope’s poem strictly follows his idea of neoclassicism. He developed a satiric,concise, smooth, graceful and well-balanced style, and finally brought to its lastperfection of the heroic couplet.III. The social satire of Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s TravelsThe account of Lilliputian life, especially the games for people at court, alludes to the similar ridiculous practices or tricks in the English government. The description of the competition in the games before the royal members leads to the fact that the success of those government officials such as the Prime Minister lies not in their being any wiser or better but in their being more dexterous in the game. This alludes to the practices in England. And the pompous words singing of the Lilliputian emperor ridicule the aristocratic arrogance and vanity.IV. Henry Fielding and his Tom JonesIt is a good example of “comic epic in prose”. Fielding descri bes the fight between Molly and the villagers and her fistfight with Goody Brown in the grand style of the Homeric epic. He first of all calls on the Muses to assist him in recounting the fight as if it were of great historical importance. Like Homer who would list names of gods involved in the battle, he lists the names of the villagers. He treats Molly as a great hero at battle, an “Amazonian heroine”. Besides, he uses a mock-epic tone and seems very solemn about what he is describing. He uses formal words and refined language. Finally, he makes use of different figures of speech, particularly, irony and hyperbole.V. Thomas Gray and his “Elegy Written in a County Church”In the poem, Gray presents a picture of the quiet and solitary county at dusk through the sounding of the curfew, the home-coming plowman, the tinkling of bells under the necks of the cattle, the moping owl, the narrow cell (grave), etc.. He bemoans the fate of those common laborers who are now buried in the graves, tries to imagine how they had lived as loving parents and hardworking people, and praise their homely joys. He then express his contempt for those noblemen who once lived a pompous life, and despised the poor, but have ended up in a way no better than the ordinary folk. We can see Gray’s sympathy for the poor and contempt for the rich.Chapter Three The Romantic Period I. Wordsworth and his “I wandered lonely as a cloud”The poem is crystal clear and lucid. Below the immediate surface, we find that all the realistic details of the flowers, the trees, the waves, the wind, and all the realistic details of the active joy, are absorbed into an over-all concrete metaphor,。
英美文学史练习题和复习资料3
3. The Romantic periodDefinition of literary terms1. Romanticism.Romanticism is a term applied to literary and artistic movements of the late 18th and early 19th century. It can be seen as a rejection of the precepts of order, calm, harmony, balance, idealization, and rationality that typified classicism in general and late 18th-century neoclassicism in particular. It was also to some extent a reaction against the Enlightenment and against 18th-century rationalism and physical materialism in general. Inspired in part by the libertarian ideals of the French Revolution, the romantics believed in a return to nature and in the innate goodness of humans, as expressed by Jean Jacques Rousseau. They emphasized the individual, the subjective, the irrational, the imaginative, the personal, the spontaneous, the emotional, the visionary, and the transcendental. They also showed interest in the medieval, exotic, primitive, and nationalistic. Critics date English literary romanticism from the publication of William Wordsworth and S.T. Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads in 1798 to the death of Sir Walter Scott and the passage of the first reform bill in the Parliament in 1832.2. Byronic hero. “Byronic hero”is a stereotyped character created by Byron. This kind of hero is usually a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, he would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society. He would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in region, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies. The conflict is usually one of rebellious individuals against outworn social systems and conventions.ExercisesA. Multiple-choice questions1. The Romantic Movement expressed a more or less ____ attitude toward the existing social and political conditions.A. positiveB. negativeC. neutralD. indifferent2. It is _____ who established the cult of the individual and championed the freedom of the human spirit.A. Jean Jacques RousseauB. Johann Wolfgang von GoetheC. Edmund BurkeD. Thomas Paine3. In Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1790), the word “marriage”, to Blake, means the ____.A. subordination of the one to the otherB. co-existence of the conflicting partsC. reconciliation of the contrariesD. fighting of the conflicting parts4. Blake began writing poetry at the age of 12, and his first printed work is ____ , which is a collection of youthful verse.A. Songs of ExperienceB. Songs of InnocenceC. Marriage of Heaven and HellD. Poetic Sketches5. In his poem, “The Chimney Sweeper” (from Songs of Experience), Blake depicted the miseries of the child sweepers in order to reveal the ____ of Christianity.A. great idealsB. false idealsC. magic powerD. true faith6. For William Blake, the father (and any other in whom he saw the image of the father such as God, priest, and king) was usually a figure of ______.A. benevolenceB. admirationC. loveD. oppression7. Adonais is an elegy for ___ whose early death from tuberculosis Shelley believed had been hastened by hostile reviews.A. ByronB. KeatsC. TennysonD. Blake8. “Y ou and the girls may go, or you may send them by themselves, which perhaps will be still better, for as you are as handsome as any of them, Mr. Bingley might like you the best of the party.” What figure of speech is used in the underlined part?A. paradoxB. simileC. ironyD. antithesis9. According to the subjects, Wordsworth’s short poems can be classified into twogroups: poems about _____ and poems about _____.A. society, universeB. nature, societyC. nature, human lifeD. human life, universe10. In the poem, “She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways”, Wordsworth writes: “A violet by a mossy stone/ Half hidden from the eye!”The figure of speech used in the two lines is _____.A. metaphorB. personificationC. simileD. metonymy11. The ____ are generally regarded as Keat s’s most important and mature works.A. odesB. lyricsC. epicsD. elegy12. Generally speaking, ____ was a writer of the 18th century, though she lived mainly in the 19th century.A. Mary ShelleyB. George EliotC. Jane AustenD. Ann Radcliffe13. Shelley’s ____ and The Cenci, Byron’s ____, and Coleridge’s Remorse are generally regarded as the best verse plays in the Romantic period.A. Prometheus Unbound, CainB. Cain, ManfredC. Prometheus Unbound, ManfredD. Waverley, Cain14. Among Coleridge’s ____ group of poems, Frost at Midnight is the most important.A. conversationalB. RomanticC. demonicD. lyrical15. After reading the first chapter of Pride and Prejudice, we come to know that Mrs. Bennet is a woman of _____.A. simple character and mean understandingB. simple character and good breedingC. intricate character and great talentD. intricate character and great talent16. In the conversation with Mrs. Bennet in Chapter One of Pride and Prejudice, Mr. Bennet uses a __ tone and sarcastic humor.A. solemnB. harshC. IntimateD. Teasing17. Jane Austen presents most of the problems of the novel, Pride and Prejudice, from the ____ viewpoint.A. masculineB. objectiveC. feminineD. neutral18. After reading the first chapter of Pride and Prejudice. We can find ___ in the author’s tone, while presenting a seemingly matter-of-fact description of the conversation between Mr. and Mrs. Bennet.A. bitter satireB. mild satireC. strong approvalD. strong disapproval19. In his poem, “Ode to the West Wind”, Shelley intends to present his wind as a central ___ around which the poem weaves various cycles of death and rebirth --- seasonal, vegetational, human and divine.A. conceptB. metaphorC. symbolD. metonymy20. “Those ungrateful drones who would/ Drain your sweat--- nay, drink your blood? ”The word “drones”in the above two lines written by Shelley is used as a(n) ____.A. ironyB. synecdocheC. metonymyD. metaphor21. William Wordsworth, a romantic poet, advocated all the following except _____.A. the using of everyday language spoken by the common people.B. the expression of the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.C. the humble and rustic life as subject matter.D. elegant wordings and inflated figures of speech.22. In the poem “She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways”, the ending lines go like this: “But she is in her grave, and, oh,/ The difference to me!”The word “me”in the quoted lines may probably refer to ____.A. the poetB. the readerC. her loverD. her father23. In S.T. Coleridge’s poem “Kubla Khan”, “A sunny pleasure dome with caves of ice” ___.A. refers to the place where Kubla Khan’s father once lived.B. vividly describes a building of poor quality.C. is the gift given to a beautiful girl called Abyssinian.D. symbolizes the reconciliation of the conscious and the unconscious.24. “Wherefore, Bees of England, forfeMany a weapon, chain, and scourge,That these stingless drones may spoilThe forced produce of your toil?”In the above stanza quoted from Shelley’s “A Song: Men of England”, Shelley employs a(n) ______.A. simileB. metaphorC. oxymoronD. synecdoche25. Which of the following is NOT a quality of the west wind described by Shelly in his poem “Ode to the West Wind”?A. WildB. TamedC. SwiftD. ProudBlank-filling1. The romantic poets demonstrated a strong _reaction__ against the dominant modes of thinking of the 18th-century writers and philosophers.2. In a sense, we can say that Romanticism designates a literary and philosophical theory that tends to see the _individual___ as the very center of all life and all experience.3. William Wordsworth defines poetry as “the _spontaneous____ overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in emotion recollected in tranquility”.4. William Blake can be regarded as the first important romantic poet, showing a contempt for the rule of reason, opposing the _classical___ tradition of the 18th century, and treasuring the individual’s imagination.5. Byron has __enriched__ European poetry with an abundance of ideas, images, artistic forms and innovations.6. By contrasting the freedom of ancient Greece and the enslavement of the present Greece in “The Isles of Greece”, Byron appealed to the Greek people to fight for _liberty____.7. Shelley’s poem, “Ode to the West Wind”, is written in the form of _terza rima__.8. “Ode to a Nightingale” expresses the contrast between the happiness of the naturalworld and the agony of the _human____ world.9. “Ode on a Grecian Urn” shows the contrast between the _permanence___ of art and the transience of human passion.10. In the first part of the novel Pride and Prejudice, Mr. Darcy has __low__ opinion of the Bennet family.Work-author pairing-up1. Sense and Sensibility A. J. Keats2. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner B. G.G. Byron3. Marriage of Heaven and Hell C. W. Wordsworth4. Prometheus Unbound D. S. T. Coleridge5. Biographia Literaria E. J. Austen6. Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage F. P. B. Shelley7. Defense of Poetry G. W. Blake8. “Tintern Abbey”H. W. Scott9. Waverley10. “Ode to a Nightingale”Reading comprehension(For each of the quotations listed below please give the name of the author and the title of the literary work from which it is taken and then briefly interpret it.)1. “It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.However little known the feelings or review of such a man may be on his first entering a neighborhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families, that he is considered as the rightful property of some one or other of their daughters.”Reference: The two sentences are taken from Jane Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice. They are the opening sentences of the novel, in which Jane Austen is making an ironic suggestion that the families in the society she wrote about were always looking forrich husbands to whom they could marry their daughters. The sentence sets the tone for both structurally and verbally. The sentence begins as though the novel were going to be a great philosophical discourse. “It is a truth universally acknowledged” implies that the novel will deal with truths, but the second half of the sentence reveals that the great universal truth is no more than a consideration of a common social situation. Thus there is an ironic difference between the formal manner of the statement and the ultimate meaning of the sentence. The “truth” spoken of is that a man in possession of a fortune must need a wife, whereas in reality the sentence means that a woman without a fortune needs a man with fortune for a husband. We should also realize that the viewpoint of the first sentence is that of a woman. Only a female would make this statement, and Jane Austen is going to present most of the problems of the novel from the feminine viewpoint.2. “For oft, when on my couch I lieIn vacant or in pensive mood,They flash upon that inward eyeWhich is the bliss of solitude;And then my heart with pleasure fills,And dances with the daffodils.”Reference: These lines are taken from Wordsworth’s poem “I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud”. This is the 4th stanza of the poem. Nature and man come together explicitly in stanza 4 when the speaker says that his heart dances with the daffodils. A different kind of repetition appears in the movement from the “loneliness”of line one to the “solitude”of line 22. Both words denote an aloneness, but they suggest a radical difference in the solitary person’s attitude to his state of being alone. The poem moves from the sadly alienated separation felt by the speaker in the beginning to his joy in recollecting the natural scene, a movement framed by the words “lone” and “solitude”. An analogous movement is suggested within the final stanza by words “vacant” and “fills”. The emptiness of speaker’s spirit is transformed into a fullness of feeling as he remembers the daffodils.3. “A violet by a mossy stoneHalf hidden from the eye!--- Fair as a star, when only oneIs shining in the sky.”Reference: These lines are taken from Wordsworth’s “She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways”. By using a metaphor and a simile, the poet compares Lucy with a violet, a wild flower growing by a mossy stone, and a fair star, shining in the sky. The two comparisons are meant to enhance Lucy’s charm by associating her with such attractive objects as flowers and stars. Lucy’s natural charm, like that of the violet, was derived from her modesty. She, too, was “half-hidden from the eye”, obscure and unnoticed. Though Lucy was, to the world, as completely obscure as the modest flower in the shadow of the mossy stone, to the eye of her lover she was the only star in his heaven, shining like the planet of love itself.4. “Place me on Sunium’s marbled steep,Where nothing , save the waves and I,May hear our mutual murmurs sweep;There, swan-like, let me sing and die:A land of slaves shall ne’er be mien---Dash down you cup of Samian wine!”Reference: These lines are taken from George Gordon Byron’s Don Juan, Part III “The Isles of Greece”. In these lines, by contrasting the freedom enjoyed by the ancient Greeks with the enslavement of the early 19th-century Greeks under Tukish rule, Byron uses such word to call on the Greeks to struggle for their national liberation.Questions1.What is the theme of Don Juan?2.What are the main features of Blake’s poetry?pare “The Chimney Sweeper”from Songs of Innocence with “The ChimneySweeper” from Songs of Experience.4.How is Shelley’s Prometheus Unbound different from the traditional Greekinterpretation?。
英美文学资料
哈珀·李：美国文学的女性之声
• 哈珀·李的小说作品 • 《杀死一只知更鸟》：以斯库特·芬奇为主人公，讲述美国南 方一个小镇的种族歧视与正义
艾伦·金斯堡：美国垮掉派代表
• 艾伦·金斯堡的诗歌作品 • 《嚎叫》：以“我”为主人公，讲述美国青年对现实社会的愤 怒与不满
英04美现代文学：新兴流派与作 品
魔幻现实主义：跨文 化的文学现象
• 魔幻现实主义作品 • 加西亚·马尔克斯的《百年孤独》：以布恩迪亚家族为主人公， 讲述一个家族七代人的传奇故事 • 爱德华·斯诺登的《斯诺登文件》：以爱德华·斯诺登为主人公， 讲述一个揭秘者的逃亡与生活
后现代主义：颠覆传统的文学 风格
• 后现代主义作品 • 托马斯·品钦的《万有引力之虹》：以二战时期的德国为背景， 讲述一个美军士兵与德国女子的爱情故事 • 约瑟夫·海勒的《第二十二条军规》：以二战时期的美国为背 景，讲述一个美国空军士兵在战争中的荒诞生活
英美文学的地域特点与差异
英国文学的地域特点
• 浓郁的哥特式风格：以恐怖、神 秘为主要题材 • 讽刺与幽默：以讽刺社会现象、 幽默地描绘人物为主要手法 • 深刻的人文关怀：关注人性、道 德和社会问题
美国文学的地域特点
• 浓厚的民主气息：以民主、自由 为主题 • 独特的拓荒精神：以西部拓荒、 边疆生活为题材 • 多元的文化融合：吸收各种文化 元素，形成多元化的文学风格
英美文学的历史背景
• 英国：公元1066年诺曼征服，形成统一的中央政权 • 美国：1776年独立战争，成为一个独立的国家
英美文学的社会背景
• 英国：资产阶级民主制度的确立，工业革命的影响 • 美国：民主与自由的价值观，多元文化的交融
英美文学的发展阶段
英国文学的发展阶段
英美文学 知识点总结
英美文学知识点总结英美文学是指在英国和美国国家领土内产生的文学作品，包括英国文学与美国文学。
英美文学史是人类文明史的一个重要组成部分，包括从古典到现代的文学作品，涵盖了从莎士比亚到奥斯卡·王尔德等众多作家的作品。
英美文学的知识点众多，具有深刻的历史、文化和社会背景，下面将总结英美文学知识点，帮助读者更好地了解和学习英美文学。
1. 英国文学的起源和发展英国文学的起源可追溯至中世纪，早期的英国文学作品包括《贝奥歌》、《坎特伯雷故事集》等。
而随着文艺复兴的到来，英国文学迎来了新的发展时期，莎士比亚、斯宾塞等众多作家的作品为英国文学的繁荣与发展奠定了基础。
18世纪的启蒙运动影响了英国文学的发展方向，霍华德、斯威夫特等作家的作品在英国文学史上留下了重要的痕迹。
2. 美国文学的诞生与发展美国文学的起源较晚，17世纪移民新英格兰书信文学是美国文学的开端。
18世纪，美国文学开始迈入现代化阶段，风格多样的文学作品层出不穷。
19世纪的浪漫主义运动、现实主义运动以及自然主义运动，都为美国文学的繁荣与发展贡献了力量。
3. 英美文学的经典作品在英美文学史上，有许多经典作品，这些作品对后世文学产生了深远的影响。
如莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》、奥斯卡·王尔德的《风华绝代》、简·奥斯汀的《傲慢与偏见》、查尔斯·狄更斯的《雾都孤儿》等。
4. 英美文学的主题和风格英美文学作品的主题和风格多种多样，既有对家国情怀的歌颂，也有对人性命运的探索。
从文艺复兴时期的骑士文学到现代主义文学，英美文学作品的风格也是千姿百态。
5. 英美文学的流派英美文学的作品涉及的流派众多，包括戏剧、小说、诗歌、散文等。
在戏剧方面，莎士比亚的作品是最具代表性的；在小说方面，狄更斯的作品是最为典型的；在诗歌方面，弗罗斯特的作品是最为著名的。
6. 英美文学的影响英美文学对全球文学产生了深远影响，从语言、风格、主题等方面都对其他国家的文学产生了影响。
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1618, (after James I came to England )became (after Lord Chancellor & made a peer. 上院议员; But 上院议员; while rising, he made enemies. 1621, charged with bribery and found guilty upon his own admission; fined forty thousand pounds, sentenced to the Tower of London, prohibited from holding office for the state, and prohibited from sitting on parliament. The sentence was reduced and no fine was paid and only four days were spent in the Tower but he never again held office or sat for parliament. 1626, March, while driving near Highgate, decided to experiment with the effect of cold on the decay of meat, purchased a fowl and stuffed it with snow. Catching a cold and developing bronchitis, died on April 9.
Quotes of Bacon
Men fear death as children fear to go in the dark, and as that natural fear in children is increased with tales, so is the other. Studies serve for delight. Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. All colors will agree in the dark. Children sweeten labors, but they make misfortunes more bitter. A wise man will make more opportunities than he finds. If a man should be gracious to strangers, he shows that he is a citizen of the world. Stay a bit later, that we may make an end sooner.
Bacon’s achievements
founder of modern science in England. * a survey of the accomplishments of science up to his time. * an examination of why it has not achieved more. * a comprehensive collection of the facts of nature to apply the new instrument. famous for his “Essays”; the first English essayist. 1597, 10 essays published. 1605, “Advancement of Learning”. “Advancement Learning”. 1620, “New Instrument”: induction, the inductive “New Instrument”: method of reasoning. 归纳法 1625, collection of 58 essays with wide variety of subjects: love, truth, friendship, parents and children, beauty, studies, riches, youth and age, garden, death, etc.
Literature achievements
The Shepherds Calendar 1579 The Fairy Queen 1580-1599 1580Epithalamion 1594 (one of the most beautiful wedding hymns)
The Fairy Queen
Edmund Spencer(1552-1599) Spencer(1552Life Achievements in literature Masterpiece Qualities of Spenser’s poetry
Life
Born in London in 1552 to a merchant family. Educated in Cambridge, getting M. A. in 1576. Secretary to Lord Grey of Wilton, the Queen’s deputy in Ireland in 1580. Giving an immense estate with the castle of Kilcolm in Ireland in 1586. Married in 1594. Force to abandon Kilcolman Castle by a fierce Irish rebellion in 1598. Death “for want of bread” in Jan. 1599, buried in the “Poets’ Corner”.
The hero of heroes, who possesses all of the virtues, is Arthur, to play a role in each of the 12 major adventures, thus the recurring appearances of Arthur serve as a unifying element for the poem as a whole. Another character contributing to the unity of the work is Gloriana, the Fairy Queen, the Queen of Fairyland, which represents both glory and Queen Elizabeth. Only 6 books completed, with the 6 virtues: holiness, temperance, chastity, friendship, justice, courtesy. （神圣，节欲，贞洁，友谊，正
义，礼貌。）
Qualities of Spenser’s poetry Spenser’
A perfect melody. 完美的音律 A rare sense of beauty. 罕见的美感 A splendid imagination. 壮丽的想象 A lofty moral purity and seriousness. 高尚而纯洁、
Principal intention: （原始构思） to present through a “historical poem” the example of a perfect gentleman, “to fashion a gentleman or noble person in virtuous and gentle discipline.” planning 12virtues of the private gentleman, and 12 books, each one with a different hero distinguished for one of the private virtues.
Bacon Time Line
1561, January 22, born in the family of Sir Nicholas Bacon ( Keeper of Privy Seal to Queen Elizabeth I); won the favor of the Queen, who once termed him “ the Young Lord Keeper”. 1573, went to Cambridge Trinity College. 三一学院 1579, father's death leaves him penniless so he begins a career in law after graduation; most successful lawyer then in England . 1584, member of the House of Commons for his good judgment and eloquence. 1613, became attorney general 1617, 1617, made lord keeper of the seal, the same office his father had held.
严肃的道德
A dedicated idealism. 绝对的理想主义
Poets’ poet Spenserian stanza (see page 38)
Prose Writing and Francis Bacon(1561-1626) Bacon(1561-1626)
Life Achievements Quotes Essays ReD SINGLE LIFE
He that hath wife and children hath given hostages to fortune; for they are impediments to great enterprises, either of virtue or mischief. Certainly the best works, and of greatest merit for the public, have proceeded from the unmarried or childless men, which both in affection and means have married and endowed the public. … But the most ordinary cause of a single life is liberty, especially in certain self-pleasing and humorous selfminds, which are so sensible of every restraint, as they will go near to think their girdles and garters to be bonds and shackles. Unmarried men are best friends, best masters, best servants, but not always best subjects, for they are light to run away, and almost all fugitives are of that condition.