2007年硕士入学考试试题2006-12)

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武汉理工大学材料科学基础考研真题

武汉理工大学2002年研究生入学考试试题第一部分必做题一、下图是立方晶胞示意图，其中I位于HA的中点，J、K、L分别是BCFE、CDGF、EFGH 三个面的中心：（12分）1.请你在图上标出或分别写出BCFE CDGF EFGH BCI BDGE ACG 六个晶面的晶面指数（密勒指数）。

2.写出AB AC AE AF AG AJ AK AL 八个晶向的晶向指数。

3.写出{111}晶面族的所有等价晶面。

二、Na2O晶体结构属于萤石型结构。

（15分）1.试画出Na2O的晶胞结构图。

2.根据晶胞结构指出3离子的配位数。

3.该结构存在解理现象吗？请说明理由。

4. Na2O晶体在扩散温度范围进行扩散处理时，结构中易出现何种机制的扩散？为什么？5.在Na2OcaOSiO2系统玻璃中，Na2O对该体系玻璃的电导率和化学稳定性有什么影响？怎样抑制其不利影响？三、（16分）1.写出如下杂质进入基质晶体后可能出项的典型的缺陷反应方程式（即对应典型的置换型固溶体和间隙型固溶体的形成过程的方程式）。

（1）MgO加入Al2O3中；（2）TiO2加入Al2O3中；2.据此总结书写组成缺陷反应方程式的规律性。

3.烧结Al2O3陶瓷时经常加入MgO或TiO2以降低烧结温度，根据缺陷化学原理说明加入哪一种外加剂更能促进烧结。

四、下图是ABC三元系统相图，其中有二个二元化合物D F及一个三元化合物G。

根据此相图完成下列问题：（20分）1.划分副三角形，用剪头表示界线上温度下降的方向（包括各二元系统）。

2.写出M点配料的熔体平衡冷却析晶时固、液相组成的变化过程。

3.计算熔体M结晶结束时，各相的百分含量（以线段比表示）。

若液相组成刚到达该结晶结束点时，各相的百分含量又为若干（同样以线段表示）？4.加热组成为P Q 的物料，在什么温度下开始出现液相，到什么温度时完全熔融？五、叙述相变的总体分类方法：从热力学分来，可以细分为哪几类？并举例说明。

金融学硕士联考真题（考卷附答案）

2007年金融学硕士研究生招生联考“金融学基础"试题一、单项选择题(每小题各有4个备选答案，请选出最合适的1个答案。

) 1．消费者只购买面包和黄油，如果面包价格下降，那么( )。

A．收入效应与替代效应都引起黄油消费的上升B．收入效应与替代效应都引起黄油消费的下降C．收入效应使黄油的消费上升，但替代效应作用相反D．收入效应和替代效应将相互抵消，从而商品需求保持不变2．利用需求收入弹性不能区分出( )。

A．正常品B．中性品C．低劣品D．吉芬品3．消费者选择提前消费或延迟消费，与( )无直接关系。

A．消费者偏好B．消费者剩余C．消费者对未来的预期收入D．市场利率状况4．某个企业的生产函数为q=20x1/3y2/3，其中x和y分别为要素x和y的投入量。

假如企业目标是追求成本最小化，要素x的价格为要素y的价格的5倍，则企业的投入要素比例x/y等于( )。

A．0.12 B．0.25 C．0.10 D．0.08 5．某企业的长期成本函数为C(q)=2q2+2，从长期看，只要市场上商品价格超过( )，该企业就会提供正的商品供给。

A．8 B．5 C．6 D．4 6．下列因素中，( )不影响可贷资金的供给。

A．政府财政赤字B．家庭储蓄C．中央银行的货币供应D．利用外资7．下列哪种情况中，增加货币供给不会影响均衡收入?( )。

A．LM曲线陡峭，IS曲线平缓B．LM曲线陡峭，IS曲线也陡峭C．LM曲线平缓，IS曲线垂直D．LM曲线和IS曲线一样平缓8．索洛模型中的黄金分割律是指( )。

A．资本的边际产品等于劳动的增长率B．资本的边际产品等于储蓄的增长率C．储蓄的增长率等于投资的增长率D．消费的增长率等于劳动的增长率9．假设已实现充分就业，且总供给曲线为一垂直线，则减税会导致( )。

A．实际产出水平和价格水平上升B．价格水平上升，而实际产出不变C．实际产出上升，而价格水平不变D．实际产出水平和价格水平均不变10．某个国家在充分就业下的产出为5000亿美元，而自然失业率为5%。

硕2006生物化学试题

四川农业大学硕士研究生课程考试试题课程名称：高级生物化学(总分100) 适用专业年级：2006级各专业主考教师：杨婉身陈惠考试时间：2007.1.4考生姓名：专业学号考生注意：第一、二题答案填写在答题卡内，其余答案写在答题纸上一、单选题（,每题分，共20分，在答题卡上将选择的答案用铅笔涂黑）1．下列各三肽混合物，用阳离子交换树脂，pH梯度洗脱，哪一个最先被洗下来？A．Met-Asp-Gln；B．Glu-Asp-V al；C．Glu- V al - Asp；D．Met-Glu-Asp2．有一个环肽的组成是Ala，Asp，Gly，Leu2，V al，Met，下列方法中你首先选用什么方法作为你测定这一个肽的序列的第一步？A．胰蛋白酶水解B．羧肽酶水解C．溴化氰裂解D．氨肽酶水解3．下面关于生物大分子沉降系数的叙述哪一个是错误的?A．其大小与分子量有关B．其大小与分子形状有关C．与其光吸收值的大小有关D．与其扩散系数有关４．下列关于cAMP的论述哪一个是错误的?A．是由腺苷酸环化酶催化A TP产生的B．是由鸟苷酸环化酶催化A TP产生的C．可被磷酸二酯酶水解为5'-AMP D．是细胞第二信息物质5．下列关于某一酶的几个同工酶的叙述哪一项是正确的？A．由不同的多聚复合体组成B．对同一底物具有不同的专一性C．对同一底物具有相同的Km值D．电泳迁移率往往相同6．SDS-PAGE把混合的蛋白质分开，是根据各种蛋白质的什么性质？A．蛋白质分子带电性的不同B．分子大小不同C．分子极性的不同D．溶解度的不同7．下列常见抑制剂中，除哪个外都是不可逆抑制剂：A．有机磷化合物B．有机汞化合物C．氰化物D．磺胺类药物8．当要把Cys、Ser、Gly和His四种氨基酸吸附于阳离子交换树脂柱上时，应调到什么pH值？A．pH 4.0 B．pH 6.0C．pH 8.0 D．pH10.09．在下列检测蛋白质的方法中，哪一种取决于完整的肽链？A．凯氏定氮法B．双缩脲反应C．紫外吸收法D．茚三酮法10．镰刀形红细胞贫血病是异常血红蛋白纯合子基因的临床表现。

广东工业大学C语言考研历年真题及答案

s=“Hello!”；sp=“Hello!”；8、下列程序是否正确？（）main(){int i,a[10]；for(i=0；i<10；i++；)a[i]=i；printf(“%d\n”,a[i])；}9、在C语言中，共用体变量中的所有成员占有同一个存储空间。

（）10、下列语句是否正确？（）#define PI 3.1415926；area=PI*r*r；对于试题的一些补充说明：1、试题每年我都会进行整理分析（收录当年的试题），给出严格严谨的答案；2、试题的答案除特别简单的题目，一般都会上机测试，保证答案的正确性（当然，我的答案不一定都对，青出于蓝而胜于蓝，我相信后继者会更加优秀，欢迎批评指正）；3、本套试题的原始试卷中存在出错的题目，没有正确答案，我一并进行了修改，但仍保留了原题目；4、该套试题已经经过两代考研人（2014年）的验证和修改修订，以下是部分使用者的评价：广东工业大学2001年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：C语言程序设计招生专业：机械电子工程（注：试卷封面需填写自己的准考证号，答完后连同试题一并交回）一、判断题（对的打√，错的打×）（每问2分，共20分）1、一个C语言程序可以包含任意多个不同名的函数，C程序总是从第一个出现的函数开始执行。

（）2、putchar 函数可以向终端输出一个字符或者字符型变量值。

（）3、表达式‘A’<=ch<=‘Z’可以判断char型变量ch是否为大写字母。

（）4、C语言中，do-while循环和while循环的主要区别是do-while循环至少无条件执行一次。

（）5、对于某个具体的结构体类型，成员的数量必须固定，各个成员的类型必须相同。

（）6、下列语句都是合法的赋值语句。

（）k=int(a+b)；a=b=58--i；7、下列运算符的优先级从高到低依次排列为：! && + <=8、下面程序的运行结果为8，-1 （）#include<stdio.h>main(){int i,b,k=0；for(i=1；i<=5；i++){b=i%2；while(b-->=0) k++；}printf(“%d，%d”，k,b)；}9、下列语句均为C语言控制语句：（）if()…else…；for()……；continue；goto；return；）或“假”？4、请分别从变量的作用域和变量的存在时间两个方面来对变量的数据存储类别进行分析和说明。

2006年考研数学试题详解及评分参考

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(6) 设随机变量 X 与 Y 相互独立，且均服从区间 [0， 3] 上的均匀分布，则
P{ max { X , Y } £ 1 } =
【答】应填 1 / 9 .
【解】 P{ max { X , Y } £ 1} = P{ X £ 1, Y £ 1} = P{ X £ 1} × P{Y £ 1} =
(13) 设 A , B 为随机事件，且 P ( B ) > 0 ， P ( A | B ) = 1 ，则必有 (C) P ( A U B ) = P ( A) . 【答】应选 (C). 【解】因 P ( A | B ) = (A) P ( A U B ) > P ( A) . (D) P ( A U B ) = P ( B ) . (B) P ( A U B ) > P ( B ) .
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【答】应填 2 . 【解】因 x ® 0 时， ln(1 + x) : x, 1 - cos x : (2) 微分方程 y ¢ =
1 2 x×x x ，故原式= lim 1 2 = 2 . x 0 ® 2 2 x
y (1 - x) 的通解是 . x 【答】应填 y = C x e - x （ C 为任意常数）. dy 1 - x 【解】分离变量，得 = dx . 两边积分，有 ln | y |= ln | x | - x + C1 ，即 y x | y |= eC1 | x | e- x . 记 C = ± eC1 ，则有 y = C x e - x . 由于 y = 0 也是原方程的解，故上式中 C 可以为零，于是得通解 y = C x e - x （ C 为任意常数）. x 2 + y 2 ( 0 £ z £ 1 )的下侧，则 òò xdydz + 2 ydzdx + 3( z - 1)dxdy = .

2006年考研英语真题(含答案解析)[1]

2006年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirecti ons:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET. (10 poi nts)The homeless make up a grow ing perce ntage of America ' s populati on.大 1 家 homeless ness has reached such proporti ons that localgover nmentscan ' t possibly 大 2 家.To help homeless people the federal gover nment must support job training programs, minimum wage, and fund more low-cost hous ing.大 5 家 every one agrees on the nu mber of America ns who are homeless. Estimates 大 6 家 any where from 600,000 to 3 millio n.大 7 家 the figuremay vary, an alysts do agree on ano ther matter: that the nu mber of the homeless is 大 8 家.Oneof the federalgovernment ' s studies 大 9 家 thatthe nu mber of the homeless will reach n early 19 milli on by the end of this decade.Finding ways to 大 10 家 this growing homeless population has become in creas in gly difficult.大 11 家 whe n homeless in dividuals man age tofind a 大 12 家 that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at ni ght, a good nu mber still spe nd the bulk of each day street. Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a sig nifica nt nu mber of the homeless have serious men tal disorders. Many others, 大 14 家 not addicted or men tally ill, simply lack the everyday大 15 家 skills needed to turn their lives大 3 家 independence,大4家 the大 13 家 the大17 家programsimprove only when there are ----------------- address the manyneedsof the homeless. 大 18家Edward Zlotkowski, director service at Bentley College in Massachusetts, 大 19 家it, to be 大 20 家of programs. What ' s needed is a package deal.1. [A] In deed[B] Likewise[C] Therefore[D] Furthermore2. [A] sta nd[B] cope[C] approve[D] retain3. [A] in[B] for[C] with[D] toward4. [A] raise[B] add[C] take[D] keep5. [A] gen erally[B] almost[C] hardlycommu nity “There has[B] change[C] range[D] differ7. [A] Now that[B] Although[C] Provided[D] Except that8. [A] in flati ng[B] expanding[C] increasing[D] extending9. [A] predicts[B] displays[C] proves[D] discovers10. [A] assist[B] track[C] sustain[D] dismiss11. [A] Hence[B] But[C] Even[D] Only12. [A] lodging[B] shelter13. [A] searchi ng[B] strolling[C] crowding[D] wandering14. [A] when[B] once[C] while[D] whereas15. [A] life[B] existenee[C] survival[D] maintenance16. [A] around[B] over[C] on[D] up17. [A] complex[B] comprehensive[C] complementary[D] compensating18. [A] So[B] Since[C] As[D] Thus19. [A] puts[D] makes20. [A] supervision[B] manipulation[C] regulation[D] coord inationSecti on II Read ing Comprehe nsionPart ADirecti ons:Read the followi ng four texts. An swer the questi ons below each text bychoosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWERSHEET1 . (40 points)Text 1In spite of Bn dless talk of differe nee, ” America n society is anamaz ing machi ne for homoge nizing people. There is the democratiz inguni formity of dress and discourse, and the casua In ess and abse nee of deferenee ” characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed intoa culture of consumption ” launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered vast arrays of goods in an elega nt atmosphere.In stead of in timate shops cateri ng to a kno wledgeable elite, ” th ese were stores “nyone could en ter, regardless of class or backgro und. This tur ned shopp ing into a public and democratic act. ” The mass media, advertis ing and sports are other forces for homoge ni zati on.Immigra nts are quickly fitti ng into this com mon culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the Nati onal Immigrati on Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today ' s immigrati on is n either at un precede nted levels nor resista nt to assimilati on. In 1998 immigra nts were 9.8 perce nt of populati on; in 1900,13.6 percent. In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000. Now, con sider three in dices of assimilati on -- Ian guage, homeow nershipmost com mon coun tries of origi n spoke En glish well ' or v ery well a fter ten years of reside nee. ”The childre n of immigra ntstend to be bilingual and proficient in English. By the third generation,the orig in al la nguage is lost in the majority of immigra nt families. ”Hence the description of America as a g raveyard ” fo r Ianguages. By1996 foreig n-born immigra nts who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rateof 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate amongn ative-bor n America ns.Foreig n-born Asia ns and Hispa nics have higher rates ofin termarriage tha n do U.S.-bor n whites and blacks. ” By the thirdgen erati on, one third of Hispa nic wome n are married to non-Hispa ni cs,and 41 perce nt of Asia n-America n wome n are married to non-Asia ns.Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarze negger and Garth Brooks, yet some America ns fear that immigra nts livi ng within the Un ited States rema in somehow immune to the n ati on'assimilative power. ”Are there divisive issues and pockets of seethi ng an ger in America? In deed.It is big eno ugh to have a bit of everythi ng. But particularly whe n viewed aga instAmerica s turbule nt past, today 'social in diceshardly suggest a dark and deteriorati ng social en vir onment.21. The word homogenizing ”(Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means[A] identifying[B] associating[C] assimilating[D] monopolizing22. According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century■[A] played a role in the spread of popular culture[B] became in timate shops for com mon con sumers[C] satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite[A] are resista nt to homoge ni zati on[B] exert a great in flue nce on America n culture[C] are hardly a threat to the com mon culture[D] constitute the majority of the population24. Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?[A] To prove their popularity around the world.[B] To reveal the public 'fear of immigra nts.[C] To give examples of successful immigrants.[D] To show the powerful in flue nce of America n culture.25. In the author 'opinion, the absorption of immigrants into American society is■[A] rewarding[B] successful[C] fruitless[D] harmfulText 2Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry -- William Shakespeare -- but there are two dist in ctly separate and in creas in gly hostile bran ches. There is the Royal Shakespeare Compa ny (RSC), which prese nts superb producti ons of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. And there are the tow nsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway ' s Cottage, Shakespeare 'birthplace and the other sights.The worthy reside nts of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a pennyto their revenue. They frankly dislike the RSC ' actors, them with theirlong hair and beards and san dals and noisin ess. It 's all deliciouslyironic whe n you con sider that Shakespeare, who earns their liv ing, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of no ise-mak ing.The tourist streams are not en tirely separate. The sightseers who come by bus --the RSC conten ds, who bring in much of the tow n s reve nue becausethey spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of tow n by ni ghtfall.The townsfolk don ' t see it this way and local council does not con tribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Compa ny. Stratford cries poor traditi on ally. Nevertheless every hotel in tow n seems to be addi ng a new wing or cocktail lo un ge. Hilt on is build ing its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Loun ge, the Banquo Banq uet ing Room, and so forth, and will be very expe nsive.Any way, the tow nsfolk can 'un dersta nd why the Royal Shakespeare Compa nyn eeds a subsidy. (The theatre has broke n atte ndance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 perce nt occupied all year long and this year they 'I do better.) The reas on, of course, is thatcosts have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford s most attractive clie ntele.They come en tirely for the plays, not the sights. They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over) -- lea n, poin ted, dedicated faces, weari ng jeans and san dals, eati ng their buns and beddi ng dow n for the ni ght on the flagst ones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office ope ns at 10:30 a.m.26. From the first two paragraphs, we lear n that ______ .[A] the townsfolk deny the RSC 'contribution to the town s revenue[B] the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage[C] the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms[D] the townsfolk earn little from tourism27. It can be in ferred from Paragraph 3 that ______ .[A] the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately[B] the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers[C] the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers[D] the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater4), the author implies that _______ .[A] Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects[B] Stratford has long been in financial difficulties[C] the town is not really short of money[D] the townsfolk used to be poorly paid29. According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy because■[A] ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending[B] the company is financially ill-managed[C] the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable[D] the theatre attendance is on the rise30. From the text we can conclude that the author ________ .[A] is supportive of both sides[B] favors the tow nsfolk 'view[C] takes a detached attitude[D] is sympathetic to the RSCText 3Whe n prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, someth ing stra nge happe ned to the large ani mals. They sudde nly became exti net. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growi ng ani mals were easy game, and were quickly hun ted to exti ncti on. Now somethi ng similar could be happe ning in the ocea ns.That the seas are being overfished has bee n known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have show n is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data fromfisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish speciesin particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. Accord ing to their latest paper published in Nature , the biomassDr. Worm ack no wledges that these figures are con servative. One reas on for this is that fish ing tech no logy has improved. Today 'vesselscan find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proporti on of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real differeneebetween present and past is likelyto be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hookswould have bee n available to trap them, leadi ng to an un derestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fish ing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had bee n hooked.That is no Ion ger a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now.Dr. Myers and Dr. Wormargue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future managementefforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the shifting baseline. ” The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive cha nges which have happe ned in the ocea n because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum susta in able yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes whe n the biomass of a target species is about50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do bus in ess.31. The ext in cti on of large prehistoric an imals is no ted to suggest that■[A] large animal were vulnerable to the changing environment[B] small species survived as large animals disappeared[C] large sea animals may face the same threat today[D] slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones32. We can infer from Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm s paper that ________ .[A] the stock of large predators in some old fisheries hasreduced by 90%[B] there are on ly half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago[C] the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of theorig inal amount[D] the number of larger predators dropped faster in newfisheries than in the old33. By saying "these figures are conservative" (Line 1, paragraph 3),Dr. Worm means that _______ .[A] fishi ng tech no logy has improved rapidly[B] the catch-sizes are actually smaller than recorded[C] the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss[D] the data collected so far are out of date34. Dr. Myers and other researchers hold that _______ .[A] people should look for a baseli ne that can work for a Ion ger time[B] fisheries should keep their yields below 50% of the biomass[C] the ocea n biomass should be restored to its orig in al level[D] people should adjust the fishing baseline to the changing situation35. The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries '■[A] management efficiency[B] biomass level[C] catch-size limits[D] tech no logical applicati onText 4Many thi ngs make people thi nk artists are weird. But the weirdest may be this: artists 'only job is to explore emoti ons, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.This wasn 'always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for express ing joy. But somewherefrom the 19th cen tury on ward, more artists bega n see ing happ in ess as meanin gless, phony or, worst of all, bori ng, as we went from Wordsworth 'daffodilsto Baudelaire o flowers of evil.You could argue that art became more skeptical of happ in ess becausemoder n times have see n so much misery. But it ' s not as if earlier times did n 't know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happ in ess in the world today.After all, what is the one moder n form of expressi on almost completely dedicated to depict ing happ in ess? Advertis ing. The rise of an ti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emerge nee of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happ in ess is not just an ideal but an ideology.People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked un til exhausted, lived with few protecti ons and died young. In the West, before mass com muni cati on and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in dan ger and that they would someday be meat for worms. Give n all this, they did not exactly n eed their art to be a bummer too. _______Today the messages the average Wester ner is surro un ded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy. Fast-food eaters, n ews an chors, text messe ngers, all smili ng, smili ng, smili ng. Our magaz ines feature beam ing celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an age nda -- to lure us to ope n our wallets --they make the very idea of happ in ess seem un reliable. Celebrate! ” comma nded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could in crease the risk of heart attacks.But what we forget -- what our economy depe nds on us forgett ing -is that happ in ess is more tha n pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest pote ntial for loss and disappo in tme nt. Today, surro un ded by promises of easy happ in ess, we n eed art to tell us, as religi on once did, Meme nto mori: remember that youwill die, that everyth ing en ds, and that happ in ess comes not in denyingthis but in liv ing with it. It 'a message eve n more bitter tha n a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.36. By cit ing the examples of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the authorintends to show that _______ .[A] poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music[B] art grows out of both positive and negative feelings[C] poets today are less skeptical of happ in ess[D] artists have changed their focus of interest37. The word bummer ”(Line 5, paragraph 5) most probably means something■[A] religious[B] unpleasant[C] entertaining[D] commercial38. In the author ' opinion, advertising _________ .[A] emerges in the wake of the anti-happy art[B] is a cause of disappointment for the general public[C] replaces the church as a major source of information[D] creates an illusi on of happ in ess rather tha n happ in ess itself39. We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes■[A] happ in ess more ofte n tha n not ends in sad ness[B] the anti-happy art is distasteful but refreshing[C] misery should be enjoyed rather than denied[D] the anti-happy art flourishes when economy booms40. Which of the following is true of the text?[A] Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery.[B] Art provides a balanee between expectation and reality.[C] People feel disappo in ted at the realities of moder n society.[D] Mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths.Part BDirecti ons:In the followi ng article, somese nten ces have bee n removed. For Questi ons 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into eachof the nu mbered gaps. There are two extra choices, which you do not n eed to use in any of the bla nks. Mark your a nswers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 poi nts)On the n orth bank of the Ohio river sits Eva nsville, I nd., home ofDavid Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino (a place where gambling games are played). During several years of gambli ng in that cas ino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had n ever gambled before the cas ino sent him a coup on for $20 worth of gambli ng.He visited the cas in o, lost the $20 and left. On his sec ond visithe lost $800. The cas ino issued to him, as a good customer, a "Fun Card", which whe n used in the cas ino ear ns points for meals and drin ks, and enables the casino to track the user 'gambling activities. For Williams, those activities become what he calls "electr onic heroin".(41) _______ .In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machi ne in twodays. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot mach ines at a time, all night, until the boat docked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard whe n the cas ino ope ned at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the cas ino, charg ing that it should have refused his patr on age because it knew hewas addicted. It did know he had a problem.In March 1998 a friend of Williams 'got him involuntarily confinedto a treatme nt cen ter for addicti ons, and wrote to inform the cas ino ofWilliams ' gambli ng problem. The cas ino in eluded a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a cease admissi onsletter. Noting the medical/psychological nature of problem gambling behavior, the lettersaid that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to prese ntmedical/psychological in formati on dem on strati ng that patr onizing the cas ino wouldpose no threat to his safety or well-bei ng.(42) _______The Wall Street Jour nal reports that the cas ino has 24 sig ns war ning: Enjoy the fun …and always bet with your head, not over it. ” Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the IndianaDepartment of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams ' s s uit charges that the casino,knowing he was helplessly addicted to gambling, ”inten ti on ally worked to lure ” him to Fn gage in con duct aga inst his will. ” Well.(43) _______The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says pathological gambling ” involves persistent, recurringand uncon trollable pursuit less of money tha n of thrill of tak ing risksin quest of a win dfall.(44) _______ . Pushed by scie nee, or what claims to be scie nee,society is reclassify ing what once were con sidered character flaws ormoral faili ngs as pers on ality disorders akin to physical disabilities.(45) _______ .states are to vary ing degrees depe ndent on -- you might say addicted to--revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competiti on for gamblers ' dollars has becomeintense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 milli on gamblerspatr onize 1,800 virtual cas inos every week. With $3.5 billi on being loston Internet wagers this year, gambli ng has passed porno graphy as the Webs most profitable bus in ess.[A] Although no such evide nee was prese nted, the cas inodepartme nt con ti nued to pepper him with maili ngs. cas ino and used his Fun Card without being detected. 'marketi ng And he entered the[B] It is un clear what luri ng was required, give n his compulsive behavior.Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have cas inos, and most of theseAnd in what sense was his will operative?[C] By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he couldget back to eve n, he would quit. One ni ght he won $5,500, but he did not quit.[D] Gambli ng has bee n a com mon feature of America n life forever, but fora long time it was broadly con sidered a sin, or a social disease.Nowit is a social policy: the most importa nt and aggressive promoter of gambli ng in Americais the gover nment.[E] David Williams ' s suit should trouble this gambling nation.But dont bet on it.[F] It is worrisome that society is medicaliz ing problems, often defining as addictions gen erati ons expla ined as weak ness of will.[G] The anonym ous, I on ely, un distracted n ature of on li ne gambli ng is especially conducive tocompulsive behavior. But even if the gover nment knew how to move aga inst Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?Part CDirecti ons:Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and consideredof no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckberger told part of the story whe n he observed that it is the in tellectuals who have rejected America. But they have done more tha nthat. They have grow n dissatisfied with the role of in tellectual. It isthey, not America, who have become an ti-i ntellectual.First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is anwho must accept the obligati on of reveali ng in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reas oning which led him to his decision.This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to asintellectuals -- the average scientist, for one. 48) I have excluded himbecause, while his accomplishme nts may con tribute to the soluti on ofmoral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other huma n bein gs, hemore and more behavioralwhat earlier, ster nerin tellectual? 46) I shall define him as an in dividual who haselected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic way aboutmoral problems.con sciously, articulately, questions, then by asking which seems appropriate in which he has obtained. 47)He explores such problems first fin ally by suggesti ng factual by ask ing factual action and moral in formati on and fran kly, moral questions, the light of the His function is —analogous —to that —of ——a judge,encounters moral issues even in the everyday performanee of his routineduties -- he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidenee, or doctor his reports.49) Bu―his primary task is not to think— about the moral code which governs his activity, any—more than abus in essma n is expected to dedicate his en ergies to an explorati on ofrules of con duct in bus in ess. During most of his wak ing life he will take his code for gra nted, as the bus in essma n takes his ethics.The defi niti on also excludes the majority of teachers, despite thefact that teachi ng has traditi on ally bee n the method whereby manyintellectuals earn their living. 50) They may teach very well and morethan ear n their salaries, but most of them make little or no in depe ndentreflecti ons on huma n problems which in volve moral judgme nt. This description even fits the majority of eminent scholars. Being learned in some branch of huma n kno wledge is one thin g, liv ing in "public and illustrious thoughts, ” as Emers on would say, is somethi ng else.Secti on III Writ ingPart A51. Directi onsYou want to con tribute to Project Hope by offeri ng finan cial aid toa child in a remote area. Write a letter to the departme nt concern ed, ask ing them to help find a can didate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your pla n.Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use Li Ming ”in stead.Do not write the address. (10 poin ts)Part B52. Directi ons:Study the follow ing photos carefully and write an essay in whichyou should1. describe the photos briefly,2. interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them, and3. give your point of view.You should write 160-200 words n eatly on ANSWER SHEET. (20 poi nts)有两幅图片，图1把崇拜写在脸上；图2花300元做“小贝头”注:Beckham是英国足球明星有两张照片，一张照片上有一位男士脸上写着足球明星的名字，另一张照片上有一个男子在理发，他要求理发师为他设计一个小贝克汉姆的发型。

上海大学管理科学与工程历年运筹学考研真题及答案、考研大纲

根据以上资料制定一个运费最少的方案（2）某修理店只有一个修理工人，来修理的顾客到达次数服从普阿松分布，平均每小时4人，修理时间服从负指数分布，平均需65分钟：（24分）1、修理店空闲时间概率2、店内有3个顾客的概率3、店内至少有一个顾客的概率4、在店内顾客平均数四、五、1）请简述影子价格的定义。

（2）在使用单纯型表求解型线性规划时，资源的影子价格在单纯型表的什么位置上？（3）写出影子价格的数学表达式并用其定义加以验证（4）试述运输问题中检验数的经济意义六、某公司近期向市场推出了一种新产品，多功能复印打印机。

该产品的多功能很受顾客欢迎，但一旦需停下来维修则要同时耽误多项工作，因此，顾客要求尽量缩短维修等待时间。

为此，公司的技术服务部在每个销售区域设置了一位技术服务代表专门负责该产品维修服务。

假设顾客要求维修的电话是完全随机到达，平均每天到达3个。

而技术服务代表连续工作时，平均每天完成4项维修任务。

(1) 该服务系统能否看作一个MM／1排队系统？为什么？(2) 假设该系统可看作一个标准的MM／1排队系统，求出系统的服务强度（技术服务代表的繁忙率）和顾客的平均等待（不包括维修）时间。

(3) 现公司希望将顾客的平均等待时间降为不超过0.25天。

为此需将每个技术服务代表的服务区域缩小为达到率不超过多少？这时每个技术服务代表的服务强度降为多少？七、线性规划问题12 12121212m ax23 221228416412,0z x x x xx xxxx x⎧⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎩=++≤+≤≤≤≥已知其最优解x1，x2 >0，而第1，4两种资源（相应于第1，4两约束）均有余量，应用互补松弛定理求出原问题和对偶问题的最优解第1页（共3页）第2页（共3页）（1）简述对偶单纯法的优点和应用上的局限性。

（2）动态规划是基于什么原理？并简述这个原理。

问：（24分）5、顾客来理发不必等待的概率。

6、理发店内的顾客平均数。

2006年考研英语真题及解析

Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America?Indeed.It is big enough to have a bit of everything.But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past,today’s social indices hardly suggesta dark and deteriorating social environment.21.The word“homogenizing”(Line2,Paragraph1)most probably means________.[A]identifying[B]associating[C]assimilating[D]monopolizing22.According to the author,the department stores of the19th century________.[A]played a role in the spread of popular culture[B]became intimate shops for common consumers[C]satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite[D]owed its emergence to the culture of consumption23.The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S.________.[A]are resistant to homogenization[B]exert a great influence on American culture[C]are hardly a threat to the common culture[D]constitute the majority of the population24.Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph5?[A]To prove their popularity around the world.[B]To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants.[C]To give examples of successful immigrants.[D]To show the powerful influence of American culture.25.In the author’s opinion,the absorption of immigrants into American society is_______.[A]rewarding[B]successful[C]fruitless[D]harmfulText2Stratford-on-Avon,as we all know,has only one industry—William Shakespeare—but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches.There is the Royal Shakespeare Company(RSC),which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon.And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come,not to see the plays,but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights.The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny totheir revenue.They frankly dislike the RSC’s actors,them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness.It’s all deliciously ironic when youconsider that Shakespeare,who earns their living,was himself an actor(with a beard)and did his share of noise-making.The tourist streams are not entirely separate.The sightseers who come by bus—and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side—don’t usually see the plays,and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford.However,the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing.It is the playgoers,the RSC contends,who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night(some of them four or five nights)pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants.The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall.The townsfolk don’t see it this way and the local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company.Stratford cries poor traditionally.Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge.Hilton is building its own hotel there,which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars,the Lear Lounge,the Banquo Banqueting Room,and so forth,and will be very expensive.Anyway,the townsfolk can’t understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy.(The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a st year its1,431seats were94per cent occupied all year long and this year they’ll do better.)The reason,of course,is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele.They come entirely for the plays,not the sights.They all seem to look alike(though they come from all over)—lean,pointed,dedicated faces,wearing jeans and sandals,eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the20seats and80standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at10:30a.m.26.From the first two paragraphs,we learn that________.[A]the townsfolk deny the RSC’s contribution to the town’s revenue[B]the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage[C]the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms[D]the townsfolk earn little from tourism27.It can be inferred from Paragraph3that________.[A]the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately[B]the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers[C]the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers[D]the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater28.By saying“Stratford cries poor traditionally”(Line2,Paragraph4),the author implies that______.[A]Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects[B]Stratford has long been in financial difficulties[C]the town is not really short of money[D]the townsfolk used to be poorly paid29.According to the townsfolk,the RSC deserves no subsidy because________.[A]ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending[B]the company is financially ill-managed[C]the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable[D]the theatre attendance is on the rise30.From the text we can conclude that the author________.[A]is supportive of both sides[B]favors the townsfolk’s view[C]takes a detached attitude[D]is sympathetic to the RSCText3When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world,something strange happened to the large animals:they suddenly became extinct.Smaller species survived.The large,slow-growing animals were easy game,and were quickly hunted to extinction.Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.Whatresearchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing.They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world.Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass(the amount of living biological matter)of fish species in particular parts of the ocean,but rather changes in that biomass over time.According to their latest paper published in Nature,the biomass of large predators(animals that kill and eat other animals)in a new fishery is reduced on average by80%within15years of the start of exploitation.In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.Dr.Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative.One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved.Today’s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar,which were not available50years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught,so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes.In the early days,too,longlines would have been more saturated with fish.Some individuals would therefore not have been caught,since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them,leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past.Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing,a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked.That is no longer a problem,because there are fewer sharks around now.Dr.Myers and Dr.Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline,which future management efforts must take into account.They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists,that of the“shifting baseline”.The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past.That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about50%of its original levels.Most fisheries are well below that,which is a bad way to do business.31.The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that________.[A]large animals were vulnerable to the changing environment[B]small species survived as large animals disappeared[C]large sea animals may face the same threat today[D]slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones32.We can infer from Dr.Myers and Dr.Worm’s paper that________.[A]the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by90%[B]there are only half as many fisheries as there were15years ago[C]the catch sizes in new fisheries are only20%of the original amount[D]the number of large predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old33.By saying“these figures are conservative”(Line1,paragraph3),Dr.Worm means that________.[A]fishing technology has improved rapidly[B]then catch-sizes are actually smaller than recorded[C]the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss[D]the data collected so far are out of date34.Dr.Myers and other researchers hold that________.[A]people should look for a baseline that can work for a longer time[B]fisheries should keep their yields below50%of the biomass[C]the ocean biomass should be restored to its original level[D]people should adjust the fishing baseline to the changing situation35.The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’________.[A]management efficiency[B]biomass level[C]catch-size limits[D]technological applicationText4Many things make people think artists are weird.But the weirdest may be this:artists’only job is to explore emotions,and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.This wasn’t always so.The earliest forms of art,like painting and music,are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere from the19th century onward,more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless,phony or, worst of all,boring,as we went from Wordsworth’sdaffodils to Baudelaire’s flowers of evil.You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen so much misery. But it’s not as if earlier times didn’t know perpetual war,disaster and the massacre of innocents.The reason,in fact,may be just the opposite:there is too much damn happiness in the world today.After all,what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising.The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media,and with it,a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.[D]Mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths.Part BDirections:In the following article,some sentences have been removed.For Questions41-45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of numbered gaps.There are two extra choices,which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)On the north bank of the Ohio river sits Evansville,Ind., home of David Williams,52,and of a riverboat casino(a place where gambling games are played).During several years of gambling in that casino,Williams,a state auditor earning$35,000a year,lost approximately $175,000.He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for$20worth of gambling.He visited the casino,lost the$20and left.On his second visit he lost$800.The casino issued to him,as a good customer,a“Fun Card”,which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks,and enables the casino to track the user’s gambling activities.For Williams,these activities become what he calls“electronic heroin”.(41)________.In1997he lost$21,000to one slot machine in two days.In March1997he lost$72,186.He sometimes played two slot machines at a time,all night,until the boat docked at5a.m.,then went back aboard when the casino opened at9a.m.Now he is suing the casino,charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted.It did know he had a problem.In March1998a friend of Williams’s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions,and wrote to inform the casino of Williams’s gambling problem.The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers,and wrote to him a“cease admissions”letter.Noting the“medical/psychological”nature of problem gambling behavior,the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.(42)________.The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has24signs warning:“Enjoy the fun...and always bet with your head,not over it.”Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health.Nevertheless,Williams’s suit charges that the casino,knowing he was“helplessly addicted to gambling,”intentionally worked to“lure”him to“engage in conduct against his will.”Well.(43)________.The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says“pathological gambling”involves persistent,recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of the thrill of taking risks in quest ofa windfall.(44)________.Pushed by science,or what claims to be science,society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.(45)________.Forty-four states have lotteries,29have casinos,and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on—you might say addicted to—revenues from wagering.And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995,competition for gamblers’dollars has become intense.The Oct.28issue of Newsweek reported that2160-200words neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)2006年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章结构分析本文介绍了美国无家可归者日益增多这个社会问题。

2007年考研英语真题答案及解析

二、试题具体解析
1.[A] natives 本地人
[B] inhabitants 居民 [C] peoples 民族
[D] individuals 个人
【答案】 B
【考点】词汇辨析
【难度系数】 0.422
【解析】空的前句指出西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地成为了独立的国家。空所在的语境为：大约 200 万这些国家的看到未
【答案】 C
【考点】词义辨析
【难度系数】 0.205
【解析】12 题已经分析了这个句子表示的两种不同的观点，前面是把天主教作为国教，后面则应该表示内容与此相
对立。而天主教一旦作为国教，那么自然要结束其他教派的传播，而对立观点则是应该结束对其他教派的排斥，故
答案为 C。
15.[A] support 支持
【答案】 D
【考点】词义辨析
【难度系数】 0.292
【解析】空所在的句意：平等主义的情绪经常会被一些担忧所冲淡，这种担忧就是大部分人对自治和民主。四个选
项代入句中，只有 D 能使语义通顺，故答案为 D。
三、全文翻译
到 1830 年，西班牙和葡萄牙的前殖民地已经成为独立国家。这些国家的大约两千万居民满怀希望地展望着未来。
10.[A] with 和……在一起
[B] about 关于 [C] among 在……之中 [D] by 被
【答案】 C
【考点】词义搭配
【难度系数】 0.375
【解析】空前内容表示分歧，既然是分歧自然是存在领导人之间，故本题选 C。
11.[A] allowed 允许
[B] preached 宣讲
[B] succession 接替，继任 [C] right 权利 [D] return 偿还，归还

自考00603《英语写作》07年-12年真题与答案

全国2006年10月高等教育自学考试课程代码：00603英语写作试题I. Supply the missing paragraph (20 points)The following passage is incomplete with one body paragraph missing. Study the passage carefully and write the missing paragraph in about 100 words. Make sure that your tone and diction are in unity with the passage provided.Attaining Success in CollegeSucceeding in college is not only important to getting and education, but also crucial in this day and age to success in the work place. To me, the three most important things for attaining a successful college experience are having smart classroom conduct, taking advantage of campus resources, and making college the first priority.Making good use of campus resources is also of great importance to college success. The school library has many resources for the growth of the students’ mind. With computers and copy-machines for individual use, computer labs and writing labs are there not just for learning purposes but also for actual help with writing papers. The “office hours”will help the students build a close relationship with their professors and give them access to the professors’ mind. From the professors the students can acquire possible extra information that may put them ahead of their study. All these resources are free, since they are funded by student tuitions. So taking good advantage of the resources can only make the students’ education more attainable.Finally, any students who want to assure success must establish school as the top priority. Personally I have watched some students slowly loosen up; I have seen a pattern of partying and a lack of motivation. Many of the freshmen have no idea why they are in college, and their “eyes” often tell it all. This world is so rich in distractions that it is hard to keep a strong focus, especially if one is just starting his or her academic career. It is said that the first semester is often the most “unsuccessful” one. This certainly rings true for me.I made mistakes in this regard and eventually learned that, to achieve success, school must always be placed above other things.In my college experience, I have observed and learned how to achieve success. I wish someone had told me earlier the importance of having that smart classroom conduct, of fully utilizing the school resources, andII. Write an outline (20 points)Read the following passage carefully and compose a “topic outline” for it.SmellSmell, as a means of nonverbal communication, is important. Odor communicates not only when we are face to face with another person, but also when the other person is not present. People from different cultures may have different attitudes toward body odors.Most people in the West respond negatively to what they consider bad odors such as body odor, breath odor, or clothes that emit unpleasant smells such as sweat. They work hard to cover up their body odor and view those with body odor as dirty and unsanitary. However, people usually are not comfortable in discussing the topic, and generally will not tell another that his or her body odor is offensive. They will simply avoid being close to the person and will end the conversation as quickly as possible.Other cultures have quite different concepts of natural odors; they consider them as normal and believe that it is an act of friendship to “breathe the breath” of the person with whom they converse and to feel their presence by smelling. For example, Arabs don’t seem to feel comfortable unless they can smell each other. When Arabs talk, they virtually envelop each other in their breath. Smelling the natural body odors of one’s friend is desirable; denying him or her this privilege is to act ashamedly. In other cultures smell also plays an important role. In Japan, young girls will often play a game involving the placing of five fragrances in tiny boxes. The girl who identifies the most aromas wins the game. In Bali, Indonesia, when lovers greet one another, they often breathe deeply in a kind of friendly sniffing. It is not uncommon for young lovers in the Philippines to trade small pieces of clothing on parting so that the smell of the other person will evoke their affection for each other.Not knowing cultural variations in attitude toward smell can create uncertainty and even ill feeling. For example, a medical doctor from Saudi Arabia once worked in a hospital in the southern United States. Problems arose when patients refused to have the Saudi doctor examine them. Interviews with patients revealed two problems: He “smelled bad” and he breathed on the patients. The doctor’s training had apparently failed to include the difference between Arabic and American attitudes and practices relating to smell. Clearly, encounters between people with such widely differing attitudes could lead to serious miscommunication. To maintain harmonious intercultural business relationships, one should remember these diverse attitudes toward smell.III. Compose an essay (60 points)In China, old people are usually taken care of by their family members, but now some people send theiraging parents to nursingyour views./ke.htm全国2008年10月自考英语写作试题课程代码：00603Ⅰ. Supply the missing paragraph (20 points)The following passage is incomplete with one body paragraph missing. Study the passage carefully and write the missing paragraph in about 100 words. Make sure that your tone and diction are in unity with the passage provided.Different Types of ParentsIt is universally true that all parents in the world love their children. However, as parents’ views of life vary, they love their children in different ways. Generally speaking, in terms of how they treat their children, parents fall into three basic types: autocratic, democratic, and permissive.The autocratic parent’s word is the law. He always sets rules, expecting complete obedience from his children. He assumes that he knows what is best for his children and that they will learn discipline and respect for authority from his orders. He does not realize that he may not know best and that rules without mercy may breed contempt for authority. If the child came home late from a party because a major accident on the highway tied up traffic for miles, this parent would not allow the child to explain his reasons for being late. The child would be immediately punished. This kind of parent probably has good intentions, wanting his child to grow up “right,” but his approach to the task may lead to conflicts. The democratic parent is not so strict. He is willing to discuss rules with his children and listen to their side of an argument. If his child came home an hour late from a party, he would listen to the explanation instead of punishing the child immediately. In general, the democratic parent lays down fewer rules than his autocratic counterpart because he realizes children must learn certain things in life on their own. He prefers to play the role of an advisor and is always available when his children need help.Too few people with children are democratic parents, which is the best of the three types. Too much or too little authority often breeds disrespect and resentment. A good parent should offer guidance and advice; he should not try to rule his children or disregard his children completely.Ⅱ. Write an outline (20 points)Read the following passage carefully and compose a “topic outline” for it.The Human BrainFor centuries, people wondered about how the human brain works. Researchers were particularly concerned about its structure and functions. It was not long ago that scientists made the remarkable discovery that our brains are divided into two halves—left brain and right brain, and that each half has separate features and roles.The left brain is said to be the logical brain. It is the left brain that we use to solve mathematical problems and go think logically. For example, if you are asked how to make coffee, this is what happens. Your left brain begins to work; it searches its files for information on coffee making. If it finds the files, it begins relating what to do step by step. If it does not find any record, it says it does not know.The right brain is often called the creative brain. It has the function of thinking creatively. This contains all the artistic functions, including art and music appreciation. When you want to draw a picture or compose a piece of music or write poetry, it is the right brain that is in operation. When you come across a new situation in your life, your right brain gives ideas on how to tackle it.To some people, the left brain is dominant and to others, the right brain is. Of people who are good in mathematics and language expression—that is, putting into practice what they have learnt, we say that they are more left-brained. They are not very sensitive and believe in doing everything only after reasoning. They are very sharp at arguments. They are the type who will not believe in anything until they see it. Right-brained people are more artistic and have a good sense of music appreciation. They are also more sensitive and tend to be emotional. They are more open to new ideas and are willing to accept radical positions.Is the left brain better or the right brain? Both sides of the brain are equally important. In an ideal situation, a person should be exactly equal in both sides of the brain. However, as inideal never happens. People are dominated by one or the other side of their brains. Inwe meet in the world, there will be requirements for both sides of the brain to work together as partners. For example, when you want to write a story, which brain do you use? The answer is both brains. You need the right brain to think of the ideas and you need the left side to arrange everything in a logical sequence. You cannot go through life with only one side functioning.It’s fundamentally important for people to know these interesting facts about the human brains. However, many aspects concerning our brains still remain unknown. With scientists’ persistent efforts, more secrets of the human brain will be revealed.Ⅲ. Compose an essay (60 points)Nowadays, some traditional beliefs and customs tend to be less valued. Choose one such belief or custom and explain why you think it should be continued or maintained. Write a 300-word argumentative essay defending your views.全国2008年10月高等教育自学考试英语写作试题解析答案（课程代码：0603）Ⅰ.Supply the missing paragraph【答案】The permissive parents are not only strict, but also absolutely dotes on his children, there are fewer rules even no rules for their ,usually they think children have no mistake when they came home late, they didn’t ask the child for reasons, In the daily life, they’ll do all they possibly can in order to meet their children’s demands, Day by day, their children have got some bad habits for example, tell lies, rebel leave home, they are not consciousness of their bad actions, This kind of parents are too democratic to indulge their children terribly.【解析】全文一共五段，所缺段落为第四段，这是一段议论文，围绕三种类型的家长展开议论的，文章结构为总分总，第一段说明存在三种类型的家长：独治、民主、放纵型，第二、三、四分别来说明这三个类型的家长，第五段总结这篇文章，作者提出了自己的观点，故第四段应为议论放纵型的家长，这道题主要考查对文章层次的把握和议论文的写作。

昆明理工大学交通工程学2007

昆明理工大学2007年硕士研究生招生入学考试试题(A卷)
考试科目代码：810 考试科目名称：交通工程学
试题适用招生专业：载运工具运用工程
考生答题须知
1．所有题目（包括填空、选择、图表等类型题目）答题答案必须做在考点发给的答题纸上，做在本试题册上无效。

请考生务必在答题纸上写清题号。

2．评卷时不评阅本试题册，答题如有做在本试题册上而影响成绩的，后果由考生自己负责。

3．答题时一律使用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔作答（画图可用铅笔），用其它笔答题不给分。

4．答题时不准使用涂改液等具有明显标记的涂改用品。

2006考研数二真题及解析

2006 年全国硕士研究生入学一致考试数学二试题一、填空题：1-6 小题，每题 4分，共 24 分，请将答案写在答题纸指定地点上.(1)曲线 y x4sin x的水平渐近线方程为5x2cos x1x2(2)设函数 f ( x)x30sin t dt ,x0在 x 0 处连续，则aa,x0(3)广义积分xdx0 (1 x2 ) 2(4)微分方程 y y(1x)x的通解是xe y确立，则dy(5)设函数 y y( x)由方程 y1dx x 0(6)21B知足 BA B 2E,则 B.设 A1, E为 2 阶单位矩阵，矩阵2二、选择题： 9-14 小题，每题 4 分，共 32 分，以下每题给出的四个选项中，只有一项切合题目要求，把所选项前的字母填在题后的括号内.(7)设函数 y f (x) 拥有二阶导数，且 f ( x) 0, f( x)0,Vx 为自变量x 在点 x0处的增量， Vy 与dy分别为 f (x)在点x0处对应增量与微分，若Vx 0，则 ()(A) 0dy Vy(B) 0Vy dy(C) Vy dy0(D) dy Vy0x(8)设 f ( x) 是奇函数，除x0 外到处连续， x0 是其第一类中断点，则 f (t) dt 是( )(A) 连续的奇函数(B) 连续的偶函数(C)在x0中断的奇函数(D) 在x0 中断的偶函数(9)设函数 g(x) 可微， h( x)e1g ( x) ,h (1)1, g (1)2, 则 g (1)等于()(A) ln31(B)ln31(C)ln 2 1(D) ln2 1(10)函数 y c1e x c2e 2x xe x知足的一个微分方程是()(A) y y 2 y3xe x(B)y y 2 y3e x(C) y y 2 y3xe x(D) y y 2 y3e x4 1(11) 设 f ( x, y) 为连续函数，则d f ( r cos , r sin)rdr 等于 ( )2x 22 1 x 221 2(A)dxf ( x, y)dy(B)dxf ( x, y)dyx2 1 y 22 1 y 222(C)dyf ( x, y) dx(D)dyf (x, y)dxy(12) 设 f ( x, y)与 ( x, y) 均为可微函数，且y ( x, y) 0,已知 ( x 0 , y 0 )是 f (x, y) 在拘束条件( x, y)0 下的一个极值点，以下选项正确的选项是( )(A) 若 f x (x 0 , y 0 )(C)若 f x (x 0 , y 0 )0,则 f y ( x 0 , y 0 ) 0 (B) 若 f x ( x 0 , y 0 ) 0,则 f y ( x 0 , y 0 ) 00, 则 f y ( x 0 , y 0 )(D) 若 f x ( x 0 , y 0 ) 0, 则f y ( x 0 ,y 0 )(13) 设 1, 2 , L , s 均为 n 维列向量， A 是 m n 矩阵，以下选项正确的选项是 ( )(A) 若 1, 2,L ,s 线性有关，则A 1,A 2,L ,A(B) 若 1 ,2,L , s 线性有关，则A 1,A 2,L ,A (C)若1 ,2,L , s 线性没关，则 A 1,A2,L ,A(D) 若 1,2,L ,s 线性没关，则A 1,A 2,L ,As 线性有关 .s 线性没关 .s 线性有关 .s 线性没关 .(14) 设 A 为 3 阶矩阵，将 A 的第 2 行加到第 1 行得 B ，再将 B 的第 1 列的-1 倍加到第 2 列1 1 0得C ，记 P 01 0 ，则 ()0 0 1(A) C P 1AP.(B) CPAP 1. (C) C P T AP. (D) C PAP T .三、解答题： 15－ 23 小题，共 94 分 .请将解答写在答题纸指定的地点上 .解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤 . (15)( 此题满分 10 分 )试确立常数A, B, C 的值，使得 e x (1 Bx Cx 2 ) 1 Ax o(x 3 ) ，此中 o(x 3 ) 是当x0 时比 x 3 高阶的无量小 .(16)( 此题满分 10 分 )求 arcsin e x dxe x(17)( 此题满分 10 分 )设地区 D{( x, y) | x2y21, x0} ，计算二重积分I12xy2 dxdyD 1 x y(18)( 此题满分12 分)设数列 { x n } 知足 0x1， x n 1sin x n (n1,2,L)1x n x n2(I) 证明lim x n存在，并求该极限 ;(II)计算 lim1.x nn n(19)( 此题满分10 分)证明：当0 a b时， b sin b2cos b b a sin a2cos a a .(20)( 此题满分12 分)设函数 f (u)在 (0,) 内拥有二阶导数，且Z f x2y2知足等式 2 z 2 z0x2y2(I) 考证 f (u)f (u);(II) 若f (1)0, f (1)1,求函数 f (u)的表达式. u0(21)( 此题满分12 分)已知曲线 L 的方程x t21,(t 0) , y4t t 2(I)议论 L 的凹凸性;(II)过点 ( 1,0) 引L的切线，求切点 ( x0 , y0 ) ，并写出切线的方程;(III) 求此切线与L (对应x x0的部分)及 x 轴所围成的平面图形的面积.(22)( 此题满分 9 分 )x1x2x3 x41,已知非齐次线性方程组4x13x25x3x41,有3个线性没关的解.ax1x23x3bx41(I) 证明此方程组系数矩阵 A 的秩r ( A) 2 ;(Ⅱ ) 求a, b的值及方程组的通解 .(23)( 此题满分 9 分 )A 的各行元素之和均为T T设 3 阶实对称矩阵3,向量11,2,1 ,20, 1,1 是线性方程组 Ax0 的两个解.(I)求 A 的特点值与特点向量;(II)求正交矩阵Q 和对角矩阵,使得Q T AQ.2006 年全国硕士研究生入学一致考试数学二试题分析一、填空题(1) 【答案】 y 15【详解】由水平渐近线的定义及无量小量的性质---- “无量小量与有界函数的乘积是无量小量”可知x 4sin x1 4sin x1 01lim ylim limx lim5x 2cos x 2cos x 5 0 5xxxx5xx0 时 1为无量小量， sin x ， cos x 均为有界量 . 故， y 1 是水平渐近线 .x51 (2) 【答案】3【详解】按连续性定义，极限值等于函数值，故xsint 2sin( x 2)x 21lim f ( x)lim洛 lim limx 32 2x 0x 0x 0 3x x 0 3x 3注： 0型不决式，能够采纳洛必达法例；等价无量小量的替代sin x 2 : x 2(3) 【答案】 1 2【详解】xdx1 dx 21 11(1 x 2 )22(1 x 2 )22 1 x 22x(4) 【答案】 Cxe . 【详解】分别变量，dy y(1x)dy (1 x) dxdy (11)dxdy 1dx dxdxxyxyxyxln yln x x ce ln y e ln xx cyCxex(5) 【答案】 e【详解】题目观察由方程确立的隐函数在某一点处的导数.在原方程中令x 0 y(0) 1 .将方程两边对 x 求导得 ye y xe y y ，令 x0 得 y (0)e(6) 【答案】 2【详解】由已知条件BA B 2E 变形得， BA 2E BB( A E)2E , 两边取队列式, 得B( A E) 2E 4 E 4 211 0 1 1 此中，AE20 1 1 2， 2E 22E 41 12E 4 2.所以， BE2A二、选择题 . (7) 【答案】 A 【详解】方法 1：图示法 .因为 f (x)0, 则 f (x) 严格单一增添；因为 f ( x) 0, 则 f ( x) 是凹函数，又Vx 0 ，画 f ( x) x 2 的图形yy=f(x) ydy联合图形剖析，就能够明显得出结论： 0dy Vy .方法 2：用两次拉格朗日中值定理Vy dyf ( x 0 Vx) f ( x 0 ) f ( x 0 )Vx (前两项用拉氏定理 )f ( )Vxf (x 0 )Vx(再用一次拉氏定理 )f ( )(x 0)Vx ,此中 x 0 x 0 Vx, x 0因为 f ( x) 0 ，进而 Vydy0 . 又因为 dyf ( x 0 )Vx 0，应选 [A]方法 3：用拉格朗日余项一阶泰勒公式. 泰勒公式：f ( x)f (x 0 )f ( x 0 )(x x 0 ) f( x 0 )(xx 0 ) 2Lf (n)(x 0 )( xx 0 )nR n ，2!n!( n 1)此中 R nf( x 0 )( x x0 )n . 此时 n 取 1 代入，可得(n 1)!y dyf ( x 0x)f ( x 0 ) f ( x 0 ) x1f ( )( x) 22又由 dyf ( x 0 ) x 0，选 (A) .(8) 【答案】 ( B ) 【详解】方法 1：赋值法1, x 0x x,x0 特别选用 f ( x)0, x0 ，知足全部条件，则f (t)dtx .1,xx, x它是连续的偶函数 . 所以，选 ( B )方法 2：明显 f ( x) 在随意区间a, b记 x上可积，于是 F (x)f (t)dt到处连续，又F ( x)xx s t xF (x)f (t)dt0 f ( t) dtf (s)ds 0即 F (x) 为偶函数 . 选 ( B ) .(9) 【答案】 (C )【详解】利用复合函数求导法h( x) e 1 g( x) 两边对 x 求导h ( x) g ( x)e 1 g ( x)将 x 1 代入上式，1 2e1g (1)g(1) ln 11ln 2 1 . 应选 ( C ).2(10)【答案】 ( C )【详解】题目由二阶线性常系数非齐次方程的通解，反求二阶常系数非齐次微分方程，分两步进行，先求出二阶常系数齐次微分方程的形式，再由特解定常数项.因为 yc 1e x c 2e 2 xxe x 是某二阶线性常系数非齐次方程的通解，所以该方程对应的齐次方程的特点根为 1 和 -2，于是特点方程为 22 0 ，对应的齐次( 1)( 2)微分方程为 yy - 2 y 0所以不选 ( A )与 ( B )，为了确立是 ( C )仍是 ( D )，只需将特解 yxe x 代入方程左侧，计算得 (y ) ( y ) - 2 y3 xe ，应选 ( D ).(11) 【答案】 (C )【详解】记4 d1f (r cos , r sin )rdrf (x, y)dxdy ，则地区 D 的极坐标表示是：Dr 1 ， 04 . 题目观察极坐标和直角坐标的互化问题，画出积分区间，联合图形y xx 2 y 2能够看出，直角坐标的积分范围（注意与1 在第一象限的交点是（2， 2）），于是D : 0 y2, y x1y 222221 y 2所以，原式02dy f (x, y)dx .所以选(C )y(12) 【答案】 D 【详解】方法 1：化条件极值问题为一元函数极值问题。

2006年考研政治真题及答案

2006年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试政治试题及其解析一、单项选择题：1～13小题，每小题1分，共13分。

下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。

请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。

1．世界上惟一不变的是变化。

这一论断的含义是A．变是世界的本质B．世界上只有变，没有不变C．变是绝对的，不变是相对的D．变与不变是绝对对立的（C）解读：本题考查哲学第二章辩证法唯物论部分的运动与静止的关系的应用，属间接性试题。

恩格斯指出，辩证哲学的“革命性质是绝对的——这就是辩证哲学所承认的唯一绝对的东西。

针对市场环境快速变化,美国英特尔公司董事长葛洛夫指出:现代社会，唯一不变的就是变化。

后来,人们常说:世界上唯一不变的是变化。

这里讲的变化是指运动，不变是指静止，运动是绝对的，静止是相对的，此题的正确选项是C。

世界的本质或本原是物质，世界上既有变（运动），又有不变（静止），变与不变的对立是相对的即它们可以相互转化，故A、B、D是错误选项。

2．“只有音乐才能激起人的音乐感；对于没有音乐感的耳朵来说，最美的音乐也毫无意义。

”这表明A．人的认识是主体与客体相互作用的过程和结果B．人的感觉能力决定认识的产生和发展C．人的认识能力是因人的生理结构决定的D．事物因人的感觉而存在（A）解读：本题考查哲学第四章认识论部分主体在认识中的作用的应用，属间接性试题。

马克思在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》讲过这句话。

他说：从主体方面来看：只有音乐才能激起人的音乐感；对于没有音乐感的耳朵来说，最美的音乐也毫无意义。

这说明人的认识是主体与客体（对象）相互作用的过程和结果，因此，A是正确选项。

B、C、D的观点错误，也就是错误选项。

3．温家宝总理在给一位国务院参事回信中，引用了两句诗：“知屋漏者在宇下，知政失者在草野”。

这一古训蕴含的哲理是A．人的经验是判断是非得失的根本尺度B．直接经验比间接经验更重要C．感性认识高于理性认识D．人民群众的直接经验即实践是认识的重要基础（D）解读：本题考查哲学第四章认识论部分的直接经验与间接经验的关系的应用，属间接性试题。

2006—数二真题、标准答案及解析

2006—数二真题、标准答案及解析2006年全国硕士研究生入学考试数学（二）一、填空题（1）曲线4sin 52cos x xy x x+=-的水平渐近线方程为 . （2）设函数231sin ,0,(),x t dt x f x x a x ⎧≠⎪=⎨⎪=⎩⎰在x =处连续，则a =.（3）广义积分22(1)xdx x +∞=+⎰.（4）微分方程(1)y x y x -'=的通解是 . （5）设函数()y y x =由方程1yy xe =-确定，则0A dydx== .（6）设矩阵2112A ⎛⎫=⎪-⎝⎭，E 为2阶单位矩阵，矩阵B 满足2BA B E=+，则B=. 二、选择题（7）设函数()y f x =具有二阶导数，且()0,()0f x f x '''>>，x ∆为自变量x 在0x 处的增量，y ∆与dy 分别为()f x 在点0x 处对应的增量与微分，若0x ∆>，则（A ）0.dy y <<∆ （B ）0.y dy <∆<（C ）0.y dy ∆<< （D ）0.dy y <∆< 【】（8）设()f x 是奇函数，除0x =外处处连续，0x =是其第一类间断点，则0()x f t dt⎰是（A ）连续的奇函数. （B ）连续的偶函数（C ）在0x =间断的奇函数（D ）在0x =间断的偶函数. 【】（9）设函数()g x 可微，1()(),(1)1,(1)2g x h x e h g +''===，则(1)g 等于（A ）ln31-. （B ）ln3 1.--（C ）ln 2 1.-- （D ）ln 2 1.- 【】（10）函数212xx xy C eC e xe -=++满足一个微分方程是（A ）23.xy y y xe '''--= （B ）23.x y y y e '''--=（C ）23.xy y y xe '''+-= （D ）23.xy y y e '''+-=（11）设(,)f x y 为连续函数，则140(cos ,sin )d f r r rdrπθθθ⎰⎰等于（A ）0(,).xf x y dy ⎰⎰ （B ）0(,).f x y dy ⎰⎰（C ）0(,).yf x y dx ⎰⎰（D ）0(,).f x y dx ⎰⎰【】（12）设(,)f x y 与(,)x y ϕ均为可微函数，且1(,)0yx y ϕ≠. 已知0(,)x y 是(,)f x y 在约束条件(,)0x y ϕ=下的一个极值点，下列选项正确的是（A ）若0(,)0xf x y '=，则0(,)0yf x y '=.（B ）若0(,)0xf x y '=，则0(,)0yf x y '≠.（C ）若0(,)0xf x y '≠，则0(,)0yf x y '=.（D ）若0(,)0xf x y '≠，则0(,)0yf x y '≠.【】（13）设12,,,,a a a 均为n 维列向量，A 是m n ⨯矩阵，下列选项正确的是（A ）若12,,,,a a a 线性相关，则12,,,,Aa Aa Aa 线性相关. （B ）若12,,,,a a a 线性相关，则12,,,,Aa Aa Aa 线性无关. （C ）若12,,,,a a a 线性无关，则12,,,,Aa Aa Aa 线性相关.（D ）若12,,,,a a a 线性无关，则12,,,,Aa Aa Aa 线性无关.【】（14）设A 为3阶矩阵，将A 的第2行加到第1行得B ，再将B 的第1列的-1倍加到第2列得C ，记110010001P ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪⎪⎝⎭，则（A ）1.C PAP -= （B ）1.C PAP -=（C ）.TC P AP = （D ）.TC PAP =三解答题15．试确定A ，B ，C 的常数值，使得23(1)1()xe Bx Cx Ax o x ++=++，其中3()o x 是当30x x →时比的高阶无穷小.16．arcsin xxe dx e⎰求.17．{}22(,)1,0D x y xy x =+≤≥设区域，221.1DxyI dxdy x y+=++⎰⎰计算二重积分18．{}110,sin (0,1,2,)nn n x x xx n π+<<==设数列满足1lim n x x +→∞证明: (1) 存在,并求极限；211(2)lim()nx n x nx x +→∞计算.19．sin 2cos sin cos .<a <b b b b b a a a a a πππ<++>++证明: 当0时,20 设函数()()0,,f u +∞在内具有二阶导数且z f =满足等式22220z zx y ∂∂+=∂∂.(Ⅰ)验证()()0f u f u u'''+=；(Ⅱ)若()()()10,11,f f f u '==求函数的表达式.21 已知曲线L 的方程为221,(0),4x l t y l t ⎧=+≥⎨=-⎩（Ⅰ）讨论L 的凹凸性；（Ⅱ）过点（-1，0）引L 的切线，求切点0(,)x y ，并写出切线的方程；（Ⅲ）求此切线与L （对应于0x x ≤的部分）及x 轴所围成的平面图形的面积.22 已知非齐次线性方程组12341234123414351331x x x x x x x x ax x x bx +++=-⎧⎪++-=-⎨⎪++-=⎩有个线性无关的解Ⅰ证明方程组系数矩阵A 的秩()2r A =； Ⅱ求,a b 的值及方程组的通解.23 设3阶实对称矩阵A 的各行元素之和均为3,向量()()121,2,1,0,1,1TTαα=--=-是线性方程组A x =0的两个解, (Ⅰ)求A的特征值与特征向量(Ⅱ)求正交矩阵Q和对角矩阵A,使得T Q AQ A .2006年全国硕士研究生入学考试数学（二）真题解析一、填空题（1）曲线4sin 52cos x xy x x+=-的水平渐近线方程为15y =4sin 11lim lim2cos 55x x x x y x x→∞→∞+==-（2）设函数2301sin ,0(),0xt dt x f x x a x ⎧≠⎪=⎨⎪=⎩⎰ 在x =0处连续，则a =132200()1lim ()lim 33x x sm x f x x →→==（3）广义积分22(1)xdx x +∞=+⎰1222222201(1)11110(1)2(1)2(1)22xdx d x x x x +∞+∞+∞+==-⋅=+=+++⎰⎰（4）微分方程(1)y x y x -'=的通解是xy cxe -=)0(≠x （5）设函数()y y x =由方程1yy xe =-确定，则0x dydx ==e-当x =0时，y =1，又把方程每一项对x 求导，yy y e xe y ''=--01(1)1x x y yyyye y xe ey exe ===''+=-=-=-+(6) 设 A = 2 1 ,2阶矩阵B 满足BA =B +2E ,则|B |= .-1 2解:由BA =B +2E 化得B (A -E )=2E ,两边取行列式,得|B ||A -E |=|2E |=4, 计算出|A -E |=2,因此|B |=2.二、选择题（7）设函数()y f x =具有二阶导数，且()0,()0,f x f x x'''>>∆为自变量x在点x 0处的增量，0()y dy f x x ∆与分别为在点处对应增量与微分,若0x ∆>，则[A]（A ）0dy y <<∆ （B ）0y dy <∆< （C ）0y dy ∆<< （D ）0dy y <∆< 由()0()f x f x '>可知严格单调增加()0()f x f x ''>可知是凹的即知（8）设()f x 是奇函数，除0x =外处处连续，0x =是其第一类间断点，则 0()xf t dt ⎰是[B]（A ）连续的奇函数（B ）连续的偶函数（C ）在x =0间断的奇函数（D ）在x =0间断的偶函数（9）设函数()g x 可微,1()(),(1)1,(1)2,g x h x eh g +''===则g (1)等于[C]（A ）ln31- （B ）ln31-- （C ）ln 21-- （D ）ln21- ∵ 1()()()g x h x g x e+''=，1(1)12g e+= g (1)=ln 21--（10）函数212xx xy c ec xe -=++满足的一个微分方程是[D]（A ）23xy y y xe '''--= （B ）23x y y y e '''--= （C ）23xy y y xe '''+-= （D ）23xy y y e '''+-=将函数212xx xy c ec xe -=++代入答案中验证即可.（11）设(,)f x y 为连续函数，则14(cos ,sin )d f r r rd πθθθγ⎰⎰等于[C] （A）0(,)xf x y dy⎰ （B）0(,)f x y dy⎰ （C）0(,)yf x y dx⎰ （D）0(,)f x y dx⎰（12）设(,)(,)f x y x y ϕ与均为可微函数，且(,)0,yx y ϕ'≠已知0(,)(,)x y f x y 是在约束条件(,)0x y ϕ=下的一个极值点，下列选项正确的是[D]（A ）若0(,)0,(,)0xyf x y f x y ''==则（B ）若0(,)0,(,)0xyf x y f x y ''=≠则（C ）若0(,)0,(,)0xyf x y f x y ''≠=则（D ）若0(,)0,(,)0xyf x y f x y ''≠≠则(,)(,)(,)(,)0(1)(,)(,)0(2)(,)0x x xy y y F f x y x y F f x y x y F f x y x y F x y λλϕλϕλϕϕ=+'''=+=⎧⎪'''=+=⎨⎪'==⎩令今 00000(,)(,)0,(,)y yy f x y x y x y ϕλϕ''≠∴=-'代入(1) 得00000000(,)(,)(,)(,)y xx y f x y x y f x y x y ϕϕ'''='今00000000(,)0,(,)(,)0(,)0x y xy f x y f x y x y f x y ϕ''''≠∴≠≠则故选[D](13)设α1,α2,…,αs 都是n 维向量，A 是m ⨯n 矩阵，则（）成立.(A) 若α1,α2,…,αs 线性相关,则A α1,A α2,…,A αs 线性相关.(B) 若α1,α2,…,αs 线性相关,则A α1,A α2,…,A αs 线性无关.(C) 若α1,α2,…,αs 线性无关,则A α1,A α2,…,A αs 线性相关.(D) 若α1,α2,…,αs 线性无关,则A α1,A α2,…,A αs 线性无关.解: (A)本题考的是线性相关性的判断问题,可以用定义解. 若α1,α2,…,αs 线性相关,则存在不全为0的数c 1,c 2,…,c s 使得c 1α1+c 2α2+…+c s αs =0,用A 左乘等式两边,得c 1A α1+c 2A α2+…+c s A αs =0,于是A α1,A α2,…,A αs 线性相关.如果用秩来解,则更加简单明了.只要熟悉两个基本性质,它们是:1. α1,α2,…,αs 线性无关⇔ r(α1,α2,…,αs )=s.2. r(AB )≤ r(B ).矩阵(A α1,A α2,…,A αs )=A ( α1, α2,…,αs ),因此r(A α1,A α2,…,A αs )≤ r(α1, α2,…,αs ).由此马上可判断答案应该为(A).(14)设A 是3阶矩阵,将A 的第2列加到第1列上得B ,将B 的第1列的-1倍加到第2列上得C .记 1 1 0P = 0 1 0 ,则 0 0 1(A) C =P -1AP . (B) C =PAP -1. (C) C =P TAP . (D) C =PAP T. 解: (B)用初等矩阵在乘法中的作用得出B =PA ,1 -1 0C =B 0 1 0 =BP -1= PAP -1.0 0 1三、解答题（15）试确定A ，B ，C 的常数值，使23(1)1()xe Bx Cx Ax o x ++=++其中3()o x 是当30x x →时比的高阶无穷小.解：泰勒公式2331()26xx x e x o x =++++代入已知等式得23323[1()][1]1()26x x x o x Bx Cx Ax o x ++++++=++整理得233111(1)()()1()226BB xC B x C o x Ax o x ⎛⎫+++++++++=++ ⎪⎝⎭比较两边同次幂函数得 B +1=A ① C +B +12=0 ② 1026B C ++= ③式②-③得120233B B +==-则代入①得 13A = 代入②得 16C = （16）求arcsin xx e dxe ⎰.解：原式=22arcsin arcsin ()x x xx e t de e t dte t =⎰⎰令1arcsin arcsin ()t td t t =-=-+⎰2arcsin arcsin 1(2)2(1)t t udu t t u u -=-+=-+-⎰2arcsin 1t du t u =-+-⎰arcsin 11ln 21t u C t u -=-+++arcsin arcsin 1ln 2x x x x e e dx C e e ∴=-++⎰.（17）设区域22{(,)||,0}D x y xy x =+≤≥，计算二重积分2211DxyI dxdy x y+=++⎰⎰.解：用极坐标系2201Dxydxdy x y ⎛⎫= ⎪++⎝⎭⎰⎰11222002ln(1)ln 2122r I d dr r r ππππθ-==+=+⎰⎰.（18）设数列{}nx 满足10x π<<，1sin (1,2,3,)n nx x n +==证明：（1）1lim n n x +→∞存在，并求极限；（2）计算211lim n x n n n x x +→∞⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭.证：（1）212sin ,01,2x x x n =∴<≤≥因此1sin ,{}n nnnx x x x +=≤单调减少有下界()0n x ≥根据准则1，lim nn x A →∞=存在在1sin n nx x +=两边取极限得sin 0A A A =∴=因此1lim 0n n x +→∞=（2）原式21sin lim "1"n x nn n x x ∞→∞⎛⎫= ⎪⎝⎭为型离散型不能直接用洛必达法则先考虑22011sin lim lnsin lim t t t t t t t e t →⎡⎤⎢⎥⎣⎦→⎛⎫= ⎪⎝⎭用洛必达法则2011(cos sin )limsin 2t t t t t t t te→-=23233310()0()26cos sin limlim22t t t t t t t t t t tt t e e →→⎡⎤⎡⎤-+--+⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥-⎣⎦⎣⎦==3330110()261lim26t t t t ee→⎛⎫-++ ⎪⎝⎭-==.（19）证明：当0a b π<<<时，1sin 2cos sin 2cos b b b b a a a a ππ++>++. 证：令()sin 2cos f x x x x x π=++只需证明0a x π<<<时,()f x 严格单调增加 ()sin cos 2sin f x x x x x π'=+-+ cos sin x x x π=-+()cos sin cos sin 0f x x x x x x x ''=--=-<()f x '∴严格单调减少又()cos 0f ππππ'=+= 故0()0()a x f x f x π'<<<>时则单调增加（严格）()()b a f b f a >>由则得证（20）设函数()(0,)f u +∞在内具有二阶导数，且Z f =满足等式22220z zx y∂∂+=∂∂.（I ）验证()()0f u f u u'''+=；（II ）若(1)0,(1)1f f '== 求函数()f u 的表达式.证：（I）zzf f xy∂∂''==∂∂()()2223222222zx y f f xx y x y ∂'''=+∂++()()2223222222zy x f f yx y x y ∂'''=+∂++22220()()0z zf x y f u f u u∂∂''+==∂∂'''∴+=代入方程得成立（II ）令(),;,dp p dp du c f u p c p duu p u u'==-=-+=⎰⎰则22(1)1,1,()ln ||,(1)0,0()ln ||f c f u u c f c f u u '===+==∴=由（21）已知曲线L 的方程221(0)4x t t y t t⎧=+≥⎨=-⎩（I ）讨论L 的凹凸性；（II ）过点(1,0)-引L 的切线，求切点0(,)x y ，并写出切线的方程；（III ）求此切线与L （对应0x x ≤部分）及x 轴所围的平面图形的面积.解：（I ）4222,42,12dx dy dy t t t dt dt dx t t-==-==- 222312110(0)2dy d d y dx t dx dx dt t t t dt ⎛⎫⎪⎛⎫⎝⎭=⋅=-⋅=-<> ⎪⎝⎭处(0L t ∴>曲线在处)是凸（II ）切线方程为201(1)y x t⎛⎫-=-+ ⎪⎝⎭，设2001xt =+，2004yt t =-，则2223200000000241(2),4(2)(2)t t t t t t t t ⎛⎫-=-+-=-+ ⎪⎝⎭得200000020,(1)(2)001tt t t t t +-=-+=>∴=点为（2，3），切线方程为1y x =+ （III ）设L 的方程()x g y =则()30()(1)S g y y dy =--⎡⎤⎣⎦⎰(2240221t t y x -+==±=±+解出t 得由于（2，3）在L 上，由(23221()y x x g y ===+=得可知(309(1)S y y d y⎡⎤=----⎣⎦⎰33(102)4y dy y=--⎰333322002(10)4(4)214(4)3y y y y =-+-=+⨯⨯-8642213333=+-=-(22)已知非齐次线性方程组 x 1+x 2+x 3+x 4=-1, 4x 1+3x 2+5x 3-x 4=-1， a x 1+x 2+3x 3+bx 4=1 有3个线性无关的解.① 证明此方程组的系数矩阵A 的秩为2. ② 求a,b 的值和方程组的通解.解:① 设α1,α2,α3是方程组的3个线性无关的解,则α2-α1,α3-α1是AX =0的两个线性无关的解.于是AX =0的基础解系中解的个数不少于2,即4-r(A )≥2,从而r(A )≤2.又因为A的行向量是两两线性无关的,所以r(A)≥2.两个不等式说明r(A)=2.②对方程组的增广矩阵作初等行变换:1 1 1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1(A|β)= 4 3 5 -1 -1 → 0 –1 1 –5 3 ,a 1 3b 1 0 0 4-2a4a+b-5 4-2a由r(A)=2,得出a=2,b=-3.代入后继续作初等行变换:1 02 -4 2→ 0 1 -1 5 -3 .0 0 0 0 0得同解方程组x1=2-2x3+4x4，x2=-3+x3-5x4，求出一个特解(2,-3,0,0)T和AX=0的基础解系(-2,1,1,0)T,(4,-5,0,1)T.得到方程组的通解:(2,-3,0,0)T+c1(-2,1,1,0)T+c2(4,-5,0,1)T, c1,c2任意.(23) 设3阶实对称矩阵A的各行元素之和都为3,向量α1=(-1,2,-1)T, α2=(0,-1,1)T都是齐次线性方程组AX=0的解.①求A的特征值和特征向量.② 求作正交矩阵Q 和对角矩阵Λ,使得 Q TAQ =Λ.解:① 条件说明A (1,1,1)T =(3,3,3)T,即α0=(1,1,1)T 是A 的特征向量,特征值为3.又α1,α2都是AX =0的解说明它们也都是A 的特征向量,特征值为0.由于α1,α2线性无关, 特征值0的重数大于1.于是A 的特征值为3,0,0.属于3的特征向量:c α0, c ≠0.属于0的特征向量:c 1α1+c 2α2, c 1,c 2不都为0. ② 将α0单位化,得η0=(33,33,33)T.对α1,α2作施密特正交化,的η1=(0,-22,22)T, η2=(-36,66,66)T.作Q =(η0,η1,η2),则Q 是正交矩阵,并且 3 0 0 Q TAQ =Q -1AQ = 0 0 0 . 0 0 0。

长安大学机械设计考研真题

2006年硕士研究生入学考试试题(B卷)考试科目：机械设计共 4 页第 1 页一、选择题(在空格处填相应的答案号) （每小题2分，共计40分）1、选择V带的型号是根据。

A、传递功率B、转速C、计算功率和转速D、小带轮直径2、受轴向载荷的紧螺栓联接，为保证被联接件不出现缝隙，因此。

A、剩余预紧力F″应小于零B、剩余预紧力F″应大于零C、剩余预紧力F″应等于零D、预紧力F′应大于零是考虑了。

3、齿轮强度计算中引入动载系数KVA、外加于齿轮上的载荷状态，如载荷不均匀或有一定程度的冲击B、齿轮制造与装配误差及啮合刚度的变化所引起齿轮传动的动载荷C、A与B两类因素的总和4、按弯扭合成计算轴的应力时，要引入系数α，这个α是考虑。

A、轴上有键槽而削弱轴的强度所引入的系数B、按第三强度理论合成正应力与切应力时的折合系数C、正应力与切应力的循环特性不同而引入的系数5、滚动轴承与液体动力润滑滑动轴承比较，在高速运转条件下，滚动轴承的。

A、噪声较大B、承受冲击载荷能力较高C、寿命较长6、软齿面闭式齿轮传动，其主要失效形式是。

A、齿面点触B、胶合破坏C、齿面磨损D、轮齿折断7、为提高齿轮传动的抗点蚀能力，最好应该采用的方法。

A、使用闭式传动B、增大传动中心距aC、a不变，减小齿轮齿数，加大齿轮模数8、设计液体动压径向滑动轴承时，若发现最小油膜h min不够大，在下列改进设计的措施中，最有效的是。

A、减小轴承的宽径比B、增加供油量C、增大相对间隙D、增大偏心率9、链传动的主要缺点是。

A、平均传动比不准确B、有周期性动载荷C、效率低10、十字滑块联轴器属于。

A、刚性联轴器B、无弹性元件的挠性联轴器答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题或草稿纸上不给分；答题纸上写明考试科目。

考试科目：机械设计共 4 页第 2 页C、有弹性元件的挠性联轴器D、安全联轴器11、对于闭式传动连续工作的蜗杆传动需进行垫平衡计算，其原因是蜗杆传动的。

A、传递转矩大B、传递功率大C、传动效率低D、散热条件差12、由于带的拉力差及弹性变形而引起的带与带轮间的滑动，称为带，这是带传动正常工作时固有的特性。

土压力答案

答案第8章土压力一、简答题1. 静止土压力的墙背填土处于哪一种平衡状态它与主动、被动土压力状态有何不同2. 挡土墙的位移及变形对土压力有何影响3. 分别指出下列变化对主动土压力和被动土压力各有什么影响（1）内摩擦角变大；（2）外摩擦角变小；（3）填土面倾角增大；（4）墙背倾斜（俯斜）角减小。

4. 为什么挡土墙墙后要做好排水设施地下水对挡土墙的稳定性有何影响5. 土压力有哪几种影响土压力的各种因素中最主要的因素是什么6. 试阐述主动、静止、被动土压力的定义和产生的条件，并比较三者的数值大小。

【湖北工业大学2005年招收硕士学位研究生试题、长安大学2005、2006年硕士研究生入学考试试题（A卷）】7. 库仑土压力理论的基本假定是什么【长安大学2005、2006、2007年硕士研究生入学考试试题（A卷）】8. 比较朗肯土压力理论和库仑土压力理论的基本假定及适用条件。

9. 何为重力式挡土墙10. 在哪些实际工程中，会出现主动、静止或被动土压力的计算试举例说明。

【华南理工大学2006年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷】二、填空题1. 挡土墙后的填土因自重或外荷载作用对墙背产生的侧向压力称。

【同济大学土力学99年试题】2. 朗肯土压力理论的假定是、。

3. 人们常说朗肯土压力条件是库仑土压力条件的一个特殊情况，这是因为此时、、三者全为零。

4. 库伦土压力理论的基本假定为、、。

5. 当墙后填土达到主动朗肯状态时，填土破裂面与水平面的夹角为。

6. 静止土压力属于平衡状态，而主动土压力及被动土压力属于平衡状态，它们三者大小顺序为。

7. 地下室外墙所受到的土压力，通常可视为土压力，拱形桥桥台所受到的一般为土压力，而堤岸挡土墙所受的是土压力。

8. 朗肯土压力理论的基本出发点是根据半无限土体中各点应力处于状态，由平衡条件求解土压力。

9. 挡土墙达到主动土压力时所需的位移挡土墙达到被动土压力时所需的位移。

10. 在相同条件下，产生主动土压力所需的墙身位移量Δa与产生被动土压力所需的墙身位移量Δp的大小关系是________________。

社会学考研真题集锦(北大等)

2010北大考研社会学理论试题一、名词解释1、城乡二元结构2、共同体3、初级社会群体4、新功能主义二、论述题1、在中国改革开放以来的社会转型进程中，群体越轨行为产生的原因，发生条件及预防措施。

2、试述孔德的人类认识阶段理论，并阐述其意义。

3、试分析下列四个概念的联系：文化、社会化、社会互动和社会群体。

4、试评述吉登斯的现代性的理论特征理论。

三、简答题1、试述社会转型中社会心理的特征。

2、什么是真正意义上的城市人口数量，按此标准中国城市人口统计中存在什么样的偏差。

3、20世纪80年代开始的“民工潮”，有了很大的加剧，就农村方面分析其原因。

4、试述二元劳动力市场理论。

5、试述改革开放以来中国的城市化发展道路的特点。

2010南开社会学理论真题-2010南开社会学理论真题一1小群体2虚拟社区3形式社会学4敏化概念5哈贝马斯6《社会研究的新规则》二1社会分层的社会反应2韦伯对冲突社会学的影响3布迪厄文化资本理论4社会变迁的形式5当代中国性别角色变迁6布劳对交换轮的贡献三1从社会学理论发展的角度，对比评述涂尔干帕森斯加芬克尔社会秩序观2社会结构理论分析我国社会建设2010 南大社会学理论回忆版一、名词解释1、失范性自杀2、价值中立3、索引性表达4、知识考古学5、消费社会6、二、简答题1、滕尼斯共同体与社会的分析2、齐美尔关于群体数量层面的分析3、帕森斯的模式变量的观点4、符号互动论关于自我的论述5、福柯对话语形态的分析三、论述题1、比较韦伯与迪尔凯姆对现代社会的诊断2、比较霍曼斯与布劳社会交换论的异同3、西方社会学理论对当代社会建设的意义南开大学2006年硕士研究生入学考试社会学试题________________________________________发表日期:2007年7月6日本页面已被访问1617 次一、名次解释(每题5分,共30分)1、内群体2、地位一致3、“镜中我”4、文化堕距5、社会性别6、吉登斯(A.Giddens)二、简答题(每题10分,共60分)1、简述社会互动的基本形式。

浙江师范大学2006年-2012年生物化学硕士研究生初试真题

浙江师范大学2006年硕士研究生入学考试试题一、名词解轹(每小题4分，合计40分)报考学科、专业:生态学1.分子伴侣2. 异染色质3.蛋白4.抑癌基因5.胞内体6.接触抑制7. CO期细胞8. 离子通道9质子泵10.核型二是非题(每小题1分，合计10分)进化度来看相蛋白是多交的面非组蛋白是保守的。

质膜上糖蛋白的糖基一-般位于质膜的内表面。

5.线粒体中的ATP 合成酶是由线粒体DNA和核DXA中的基因共同编码的。

6.前减数分裂间期中的S期比有丝分裂s期的时间长8.有些细胞细胞公期时大。

9.减散分裂后期11.者丝粒一分为二，两条同源染色体分开。

10.单细胞生物不存在细胞分化的现象。

三选择题(每小题1分，合计20分)A.病毒B.类病毒C.做菌体2.核酮糖二磷酸玫化酶大亚基和小亚基分别由DNA上的基因编码。

A.细胞核B.叶绿体C.细胞核和叶绿体D. 叶绿体和细胞核3.草果酸脱氢酶位于线粒体的，A. PB.内膜C.外室.D.外膜人微管在细息中部成展下方有一个一一组成的收缩环。

5.在减数分裂s期DNA并不完全复制。

大约还有___ DNA 是在偶线期合成的。

6.中心粒主要在__进行复制。

A.GIB.C2C.sD.8.精子头郎质膜下方有一个较大的困球形的泡状结构，此为。

”.A.圈球体B.溶酶体c. 过氧化物酶体D. 高尔基体A.ATPB.质展上的质子梯度C.CTP蛋白D.CIPA.粘着待贴精斑c接方式，可将整个组织的细胞连成体。

A.胞内体B.溶酶体C.内质网D.液泡12. 线粒体内和细菌内不具下列事件为_13.强交形自成合校其等素所控制C.具有组蛋白D.氧化硝酸化A.微管的动态变化B. 肌球蛋白丝的滑动14. 膜蛋白高度糖基化的细胞器是，D. 微绒毛的伸缩南体B.内质网。

C.过氧化物酶体D.线粒体A.镁离子B. 锅离子C件子D.钙离子16.同一系统中不同细胞.其细胞周期的长短有差异，这种差异主要发生在:17. 在差速离心中最先沉降的细胞器是18.以下不具有DNA的细息器是，C.细胞核D. 过氧化物酶体19. 人胚肺纤维细胞体外培养大约能传代，D.核糖体A. 20次左右B. 150左右C. 40-60次D. 无数次的国我建的领同步收郁形成有效的心跳，传递到每个细息的牧缩电信号也需要同时A.间腺连接B.紧密连接:C.桥粒D. 粘者斑四、问答题(60分)1细息有哪些方式进行通讯? (10分)2. 单克隆抗体技术的基本原理是什么? (10分)4.鸡沫动物细的店限分5.概述细胞凋亡与坏死的区别。

武汉理工大学2006年研究生入学考试真题及答案--材料科学基础

武汉理工大学2006年研究生入学考试试题课程材料科学基础（共3页，共十题，答题时不必抄题，标明题目序号，相图不必重画,直接做在试卷上）一、填空题（1.5×20=30分）1. 结晶学晶胞是（）。

2. 扩散的基本推动力是（），一般情况下以（）形式表现出来，扩散常伴随着物质的（）。

3. 晶面族是指（）的一组晶面，同一晶面族中，不同晶面的（）。

4. 向MgO、沸石、TiO、萤石中，加入同样的外来杂质原子，可以预2料形成间隙型固溶体的固溶度大小的顺序将是（）。

5. 根据烧结时有无液相出现，烧结可分为（），在烧结的中后期，与烧结同时进行的过程是（）。

6. 依据硅酸盐晶体化学式中（）不同，硅酸盐晶体结构类型主要有（）。

7. 液体表面能和表面张力数值相等、量纲相同，而固体则不同，这种说法是（）的，因为（）。

8. 二级相变是指（），发生二级相变时，体系的（）发生突变。

9. 驰豫表面是指（），NaCl单晶的表面属于是（）。

10. 固态反应包括（），化学动力学范围是指（）。

)、c镁橄榄石三11．从熔体结构角度，估计a长石、b辉石(MgO·SiO2种矿物的高温熔体表面张力大小顺序（）。

结构中，已知钛离子、钙离子和氧离子半径分别为0.068nm，二、CaTiO30.099nm，0.132nm。

（15分）1. 晶胞中心的钛离子是否会在八面体空隙中“晃动”；的晶格常数；2. 计算TiCaO33. 钛酸钙晶体是否存在自发极化现象，为什么？三、在还原气氛中烧结含有TiO2的陶瓷时，会得到灰黑色的TiO2-x：（15分）1．写出产生TiO2-x的反应式；2．随还原气氛分压的变化，该陶瓷材料的电导率和密度如何变化？3．从化学的观点解释该陶瓷材料为什么是一种n型半导体。

四、选择题：下列2题任选1题（12分）1. 简述金属材料、无机非金属材料以及高分析材料腐蚀的特点。

2. 试述材料疲劳失效的含义及特点。

五、现有三种陶瓷材料，它们的主要使用性能如下：（15分）在烧结过程中希望材料获得预期的显微结构以使材料最佳性能充分发挥，在控制显微结构因素和工艺条件上应主要考虑哪些相关因素？六、熔体结晶时：（1）图示核化速率-温度、晶化速率-温度关系及其对总结晶速率的的影响；（2）核化速率与晶化速率的不同对新相的显微结构有何影响，为什么？（3）指出在哪一温度范围内对形成玻璃有利，为什么？（12分）七、X射线给出立方MgO的晶胞参数是0.4211nm，它的密度是3.6g/cm3。

考研数学一试题与答案解析

2006年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学(一)试卷一、填空题(本题共6小题,每小题4分,满分24分.把答案填在题中横线上)(1)0ln(1)lim1cos x x x x→+=-. (2)微分方程(1)y x y x-'=の通解是 .(3)设∑是锥面z =(01z ≤≤)の下侧,则23(1)xdydz ydzdx z dxdy ∑++-=⎰⎰ .(4)点(2,1,0)到平面3450x y z ++=の距离z = .(5)设矩阵2112⎛⎫= ⎪-⎝⎭A ,E 为2阶单位矩阵,矩阵B 满足2=+BA B E ,则B = .(6)设随机变量X 与Y 相互独立,且均服从区间[0,3]上の均匀分布,则{}max{,}1P X Y ≤= .二、选择题(本题共8小题,每小题4分,满分32分. 每小题给出の四个选项中,只有一项符合题目要求,把所选项前の字母填在题后の括号内)(7)设函数()y f x =具有二阶导数,且()0,()0f x f x '''>>,x ∆为自变量x 在0x 处の增量,y ∆与dy 分别为()f x 在点0x 处对应の增量与微分,若0x ∆>,则(A)0dx y <<∆ (B)0y dy <∆< (C)0y dy ∆<<(D)0dy y <∆<(8)设(,)f x y 为连续函数,则140(cos ,sin )d f r r rdr πθθθ⎰⎰等于(A)(,)xf x y dy ⎰⎰(B)(,)f x y dy ⎰⎰(C)(,)yf x y dx ⎰⎰(C)(,)f x y dx ⎰⎰(9)若级数1nn a∞=∑收敛,则级数(A)1nn a∞=∑收敛 (B)1(1)nn n a ∞=-∑收敛(C)11n n n a a∞+=∑收敛(D)112n n n a a ∞+=+∑收敛 (10)设(,)f x y 与(,)x y ϕ均为可微函数,且1(,)0y x y ϕ≠.已知00(,)x y 是(,)f x y 在约束条件(,)0x y ϕ=下の一个极值点,下列选项正确の是(A)若00(,)0x f x y '=,则00(,)0y f x y '=(B)若00(,)0x f x y '=,则00(,)0y f x y '≠(C)若00(,)0x f x y '≠,则00(,)0y f x y '=(D)若00(,)0x f x y '≠,则00(,)0y f x y '≠(11)设12,,,,s αααL 均为n 维列向量,A 是m n ⨯矩阵,下列选项正确の是 (A)若12,,,,s αααL 线性相关,则12,,,,s A αA αA αL 线性相关 (B)若12,,,,s αααL 线性相关,则12,,,,s A αA αA αL 线性无关(C)若12,,,,s αααL 线性无关,则12,,,,s A αA αA αL 线性相关 (D)若12,,,,s αααL 线性无关,则12,,,,s A αA αA αL 线性无关.(12)设A 为3阶矩阵,将A の第2行加到第1行得B ,再将B の第1列の-1倍加到第2列得C ,记110010001⎛⎫⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭P ,则(A)1-=C P AP (B)1-=C PAP(C)T =C P AP(D)T=C PAP(13)设,A B 为随机事件,且()0,(|)1P B P A B >=,则必有(A)()()P A B P A >U(B)()()P A B P B >U(C)()()P A B P A =U(D)()()P A B P B =U(14)设随机变量X 服从正态分布211(,)N μσ,Y 服从正态分布222(,)N μσ, 且12{||1}{||1},P X P Y μμ-<>-<则(A)12σσ< (B)12σσ>(C)12μμ<(D)12μμ>三、解答题(本题共9小题,满分94分.解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤) (15)(本题满分10分) 设区域D=(){}22,1,0x y x y x +≤≥,计算二重积分2211DxyI dxdy x y+=++⎰⎰. (16)(本题满分12分) 设数列{}n x 满足()110,sin 1,2,...n x x x n ππ+<<==.求:(1)证明lim n x x →∞存在,并求之.(2)计算211lim n x n x n x x +→∞⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭. (17)(本题满分12分) 将函数()22xf x x x=+-展开成x の幂级数. (18)(本题满分12分) 设函数()()0,,f u +∞在内具有二阶导数且z f=满足等式22220z zx y∂∂+=∂∂. (1)验证()()0f u f u u'''+=. (2)若()()10,11,f f '==求函数()f u の表达式.(19)(本题满分12分) 设在上半平面(){},0D x y y =>内,数(),f x y 是有连续偏导数,且对任意の0t >都有()()2,,f tx ty t f x y =.证明: 对L 内の任意分段光滑の有向简单闭曲线L ,都有(,)(,)0Lyf x y dx xf x y dy -=⎰Ñ.(20)(本题满分9分) 已知非齐次线性方程组有3个线性无关の解,(1)证明方程组系数矩阵A の秩()2r =A .(2)求,a b の值及方程组の通解. (21)(本题满分9分)设3阶实对称矩阵A の各行元素之和均为3,向量()()121,2,1,0,1,1TT=--=-αα是线性方程组0x =A の两个解.(1)求A の特征值与特征向量.(2)求正交矩阵Q 和对角矩阵A ,使得T=Q AQ A . (22)(本题满分9分)随机变量x の概率密度为()()21,1021,02,,40,令其它x x f x x y x F x y ⎧-<<⎪⎪⎪=≤<=⎨⎪⎪⎪⎩为二维随机变量(,)X Y の分布函数.(1)求Y の概率密度()Y f y .(2)1,42F ⎛⎫-⎪⎝⎭. (23)(本题满分9分)设总体X の概率密度为(,0)F X = 10θθ- 0112x x <<≤<其它,其中θ是未知参数(01)θ<<,12n ,...,X X X 为来自总体X の简单随机样本,记N 为样本值12,...,n x x x 中小于1の个数,求θの最大似然估计.2006年全国硕士研究生入学考试数学一真题解析一、填空题（1）0ln(1)lim 1cos x x x x→+-= 2 .221cos 1,)1ln(x x x x -+Θ （0x →当时）（2）微分方程(1)y x y x-'=の通解是(0)xy cxe x -=≠，这是变量可分离方程.（3）设∑是锥面1)Z ≤≤の下侧，则23(1)2xdydz ydzdx z dxdy π∑++-=⎰⎰补一个曲面221:1x y z ⎧+≤∑⎨=⎩1上侧∴16dxdydz ∑∑Ω+=⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰（Ω为锥面∑和平面1∑所围区域）6V =（V 为上述圆锥体体积）而123(1)0dydz ydzdx z dxdy ∑⨯++-=⎰⎰（∵在1∑上：1,0zdz ==）（4）,1,0,450x y z d ++==点(2)到平面3的距离(5)设A = 2 1 ,2阶矩阵B 满足BA =B +2E ,则|B |= .-1 2解:由BA =B +2E 化得B (A -E )=2E ,两边取行列式,得|B ||A -E |=|2E |=4,计算出|A -E |=2,因此|B |=2.（6）91 二、选择题（7）设函数()y f x =具有二阶导数，且()0f x '>，()0f x ''>，x ∆为自变量x 在0x 处の增量，y ∆与dy 分别为()f x 在点0x 处对应の增量与微分.若0>∆x ，则[A](11)设?1,?2,…,?s 都是n 维向量，A 是m ?n 矩阵，则（）成立.(A) 若?1,?2,…,?s 线性相关,则A ?1,A ?2,…,A ?s 线性相关. (B) 若?1,?2,…,?s 线性相关,则A ?1,A ?2,…,A ?s 线性无关. (C) 若?1,?2,…,?s 线性无关,则A ?1,A ?2,…,A ?s 线性相关. (D) 若?1,?2,…,?s 线性无关,则A ?1,A ?2,…,A ?s 线性无关. 解: (A)本题考の是线性相关性の判断问题,可以用定义解.若?1,?2,…,?s 线性相关,则存在不全为0の数c 1,c 2,…,c s 使得c 1?1+c 2?2+…+c s ?s =0,用A 左乘等式两边,得c 1A ?1+c 2A ?2+…+c s A ?s =0,于是A ?1,A ?2,…,A ?s 线性相关.如果用秩来解,则更加简单明了.只要熟悉两个基本性质,它们是: 1.??1,?2,…,?s ?线性无关? r(?1,?2,…,?s ?)=s. 2. r(AB )? r(B ).矩阵(A ?1,A ?2,…,A ?s )=A (??1,??2,…,?s ?),因此r(A ?1,A ?2,…,A ?s )? r(?1,??2,…,?s ?).由此马上可判断答案应该为(A).(12)设A 是3阶矩阵,将A の第2列加到第1列上得B ,将B の第1列の-1倍加到第2列上得C .记 1 1 0P = 0 1 0 ,则0 0 1(A) C =P -1AP . (B) C =PAP -1. (C) C =P TAP . (D) C =PAP T.解: (B)用初等矩阵在乘法中の作用得出B =PA ,1 -1 0C =B 0 1 0 =BP -1= PAP -1.0 0 1（13）根据乘法公式与加法公式有： P(AB)=P(B)P(A/B)=P(B) P(A ⋃B)=P(A)+P(B)-P(AB)=P(A) 应选C （14）依题：).1,0(~),10(~2211N Y N x σμσμ--，因},1{}1{21<-><-μμY P X P即 .11222111⎭⎬⎫⎩⎨⎧<->⎭⎬⎫⎩⎨⎧<-σσμσσμY P X p 所以.,112121σσσσ<>应选A 三、解答题（18）设函数()(0,)f u +∞在内具有二阶导数，且Zf=满足等式（I ）验证()()0f u f u u'''+= （II ）若(1)0,(1)1f f '== 求函数()f u 的表达式证：（I ）zzf f xy∂∂''==∂∂（II ）令(),;dp p dp du f u p c du u p u'==-=-+⎰⎰则（19）设在上半平面{}(,)|0D x y y =>内，函数(,)f x y 具有连续偏导数，且对任意0t >都有2(,)(,)f tx ty tf x y -=证明：对D 内任意分段光滑の有向简单闭曲线L ，都有0),(),(=-⎰dy y x xf dx y x yf L.证：把2(,)(,)f tx ty t f x y t -=两边对求导得：(,)(,)2(,)x y xf tx ty yf tx ty tf x y ''+=- 令1t =，则(,)(,)2(,)x y xf x y yf x y f x y ''+=-再令 (,),(,)P yf x y Q xf x y ==-所给曲线积分等于0の充分必要条件为Q Px y∂∂=∂∂ 今(,)(,)x Qf x y xf x y x∂'=--∂ 要求Q Px y∂∂=∂∂成立，只要(,)(,)2(,)x y xf x y yf x y f x y ''+=- 我们已经证明，Q Px y∂∂∴=∂∂，于是结论成立. (20)已知非齐次线性方程组??????????????????????x 1+x 2+x 3+x 4=-1, 4x 1+3x 2+5x 3-x 4=-1，??????????? a x 1+x 2+3x 3+bx 4=1 有3个线性无关の解.① 证明此方程组の系数矩阵A の秩为2. ② 求a,b の值和方程组の通解.解:① 设?1,?2,?3是方程组の3个线性无关の解,则?2-?1,?3-?1是AX =0の两个线性无关の解.于是AX =0の基础解系中解の个数不少于2,即4-r(A )?2,从而r(A )?2.又因为A の行向量是两两线性无关の,所以r(A )?2. 两个不等式说明r(A )=2.② 对方程组の增广矩阵作初等行变换:1 1 1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1(A |?)= 4 3 5 -1 -1 ? 0 –1 1 –5 3 ,a 1 3b 1 0 0 4-2a 4a+b-5 4-2a 由r(A )=2,得出a=2,b=-3.代入后继续作初等行变换:1 02 -4 2 ? 0 1 -1 5 -3 . 0 0 0 0 0 得同解方程组 x 1=2-2x 3+4x 4， x 2=-3+x 3-5x 4，求出一个特解(2,-3,0,0)T和AX =0の基础解系(-2,1,1,0)T,(4,-5,0,1) T.得到方程组の通解:(2,-3,0,0)T+c 1(-2,1,1,0)T+c 2(4,-5,0,1)T, c 1,c 2任意.(21) 设3阶实对称矩阵A の各行元素之和都为3,向量?1=(-1,2,-1)T,??2=(0,-1,1)T都是齐次线性方程组AX =0の解.① 求A の特征值和特征向量. ② 求作正交矩阵Q 和对角矩阵?,使得 Q TAQ =?.解:① 条件说明A (1,1,1)T=(3,3,3)T,即 ?0=(1,1,1)T是A の特征向量,特征值为3.又?1,?2都是AX =0の解说明它们也都是A の特征向量,特征值为0.由于?1,?2线性无关, 特征值0の重数大于1.于是A の特征值为3,0,0.属于3の特征向量:c ?0, c ?0.属于0の特征向量:c 1?1+c 2?2, c 1,c 2不都为0. ② 将?0单位化,得?0=(33,33,33)T. 对?1,?2作施密特正交化,の?1=(0,-22,22)T ,??2=(-36,66,66)T. 作Q =(?0,?1,?2),则Q 是正交矩阵,并且3 0 0 Q TAQ =Q -1AQ = 0 0 0 . 0 0 0（22）随机变量X の概率密度为⎪⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎧<≤<<-=其他,020,4101,21)(x x x f X ，令2X Y =，),(y x F 为二维随机变量）（Y X ,の分布函数. （Ⅰ）求Y の概率密度；（Ⅱ）)4,21(-F 解：（Ⅰ）⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧≤<≤<≤<=≤=≤=y y y y y X P y Y P y F Y 4,141,)2(10,)1(0,0)()()(2式式⎰⎰=+=≤≤-=-yyy dx dx y X y P 0434121)()1(式； ⎰⎰+=+=≤≤-=-yy dx dx y X y P 0141214121)()2(式. 所以：⎪⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎧<≤<<==其他,041,8110,83)()('y yy y y F y f Y Y这个解法是从分布函数の最基本の概率定义入手，对y 进行适当の讨论即可，在新东方の辅导班里我也经常讲到，是基本题型. （Ⅱ）)4,21(-F )212()22,21()4,21()4,21(2-≤≤-=≤≤--≤=≤-≤=≤-≤=X P X X P X X P Y X P 4121211==⎰--dx .（23）设总体X の概率密度为⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧≤≤-<<=其他,021,110,),(x x x f θθθ，其中θ是未知参数（0<θ<1）.n X X X Λ,,21为来自总体の简单随机样本，记N 为样本值n x x x Λ,,21中小于1の个数.求θの最大似然估计.解：对样本n x x x Λ,,21按照<1或者≥1进行分类：pN p p x x x Λ,,21<1，pn pN pN x x x Λ,,21++≥1.似然函数⎩⎨⎧≥<-=++-其他，,01,,,1,,)1()(2121pn pN pN pN p p N n N x x x x x x L ΛΛθθθ，在pN p p x x x Λ,,21<1，pn pN pN x x x Λ,,21++≥1时，)1ln()(ln )(ln θθθ--+=N n N L ，01)(ln =---=θθθθN n N d L d ，所以nN=最大θ.2005年考研数学一真题一、填空题（本题共6小题，每小题4分，满分24分. 把答案填在题中横线上）（1）曲线122+=x x y の斜渐近线方程为 _____________.（2）微分方程x x y y x ln 2=+'满足91)1(-=y の解为. ____________.（3）设函数181261),,(222z y x z y x u +++=，单位向量}1,1,1{31=n ρ，则)3,2,1(nu∂∂=.________.（4）设Ω是由锥面22y x z+=与半球面222y x R z --=围成の空间区域，∑是Ωの整个边界の外侧，则⎰⎰∑=++zdxdy ydzdx xdydz ____________.（5）设321,,ααα均为3维列向量，记矩阵 ),,(321ααα=A ，)93,42,(321321321ααααααααα++++++=B ，如果1=A ，那么=B ..（6）从数1,2,3,4中任取一个数，记为X, 再从X ,,2,1Λ中任取一个数，记为Y, 则 }2{=Y P =____________.二、选择题（本题共8小题，每小题4分，满分32分. 每小题给出の四个选项中，只有一项符合题目要求，把所选项前の字母填在题后の括号内）（7）设函数n n n x x f 31lim )(+=∞→，则f(x)在),(+∞-∞内(A) 处处可导. (B) 恰有一个不可导点.(C) 恰有两个不可导点. (D) 至少有三个不可导点. [ ]（8）设F(x)是连续函数f(x)の一个原函数，""N M⇔表示“M の充分必要条件是N ”，则必有(A) F(x)是偶函数⇔f(x)是奇函数.（B ） F(x)是奇函数⇔f(x)是偶函数.(C) F(x)是周期函数⇔f(x)是周期函数.(D) F(x)是单调函数⇔f(x)是单调函数. [ ]（9）设函数⎰+-+-++=yx y x dt t y x y x y x u )()()(),(ψϕϕ, 其中函数ϕ具有二阶导数，ψ 具有一阶导数，则必有 (A) 2222y u x u ∂∂-=∂∂. （B ） 2222yu x u ∂∂=∂∂. (C) 222yu y x u ∂∂=∂∂∂. (D) 222x u y x u ∂∂=∂∂∂. [ ] （10）设有三元方程1ln =+-xz ey z xy ，根据隐函数存在定理，存在点(0,1,1)の一个邻域，在此邻域内该方程(A) 只能确定一个具有连续偏导数の隐函数z=z(x,y).(B) 可确定两个具有连续偏导数の隐函数x=x(y,z)和z=z(x,y).(C) 可确定两个具有连续偏导数の隐函数y=y(x,z)和z=z(x,y).(D) 可确定两个具有连续偏导数の隐函数x=x(y,z)和y=y(x,z). [ ]（11）设21,λλ是矩阵A の两个不同の特征值，对应の特征向量分别为21,αα，则1α，)(21αα+A 线性无关の充分必要条件是(A) 01≠λ. (B) 02≠λ. (C) 01=λ. (D) 02=λ. [ ]（12）设A 为n （2≥n ）阶可逆矩阵，交换A の第1行与第2行得矩阵B, **,B A 分别为A,B の伴随矩阵，则(A) 交换*A の第1列与第2列得*B . (B) 交换*A の第1行与第2行得*B .(C) 交换*A の第1列与第2列得*B -. (D) 交换*A の第1行与第2行得*B -.[ ]（13）设二维随机变量(X,Y) の概率分布为X Y 0 10 0.4 a1 b 0.1已知随机事件}0{=X 与}1{=+Y X 相互独立，则(A) a=0.2, b=0.3 (B) a=0.4, b=0.1(C) a=0.3, b=0.2 (D) a=0.1, b=0.4 [ ]（14）设)2(,,,21≥n X X X n Λ为来自总体N(0,1)の简单随机样本，X 为样本均值，2S 为样本方差，则(A) )1,0(~N X n (B) ).(~22n nS χ(C) )1(~)1(--n t S X n (D) ).1,1(~)1(2221--∑=n F X X n n i i [ ] 三、解答题（本题共9小题，满分94分.解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤.）（15）（本题满分11分）设}0,0,2),{(22≥≥≤+=y x y x y x D ，]1[22y x ++表示不超过221y x ++の最大整数. 计算二重积分⎰⎰++D dxdy y x xy .]1[22 （16）（本题满分12分）求幂级数∑∞=--+-121))12(11()1(n n n x n n の收敛区间与和函数f(x). （17）（本题满分11分）如图，曲线C の方程为y=f(x)，点(3,2)是它の一个拐点，直线1l 与2l 分别是曲线C 在点(0,0)与(3,2)处の切线，其交点为(2,4). 设函数f(x)具有三阶连续导数，计算定积分⎰'''+302.)()(dx x f x x（18）（本题满分12分）已知函数f(x)在[0，1]上连续，在(0,1)内可导，且f(0)=0,f(1)=1. 证明：（I ）存在),1,0(∈ξ 使得ξξ-=1)(f ；（II ）存在两个不同の点)1,0(,∈ζη，使得.1)()(=''ζηf f （19）（本题满分12分）设函数)(y ϕ具有连续导数，在围绕原点の任意分段光滑简单闭曲线L 上，曲线积分⎰++L y x xydydx y 4222)(ϕの值恒为同一常数.（I ）证明：对右半平面x>0内の任意分段光滑简单闭曲线C ，有022)(42=++⎰C y x xydydx y ϕ；（II ）求函数)(y ϕの表达式.（20）（本题满分9分）已知二次型21232221321)1(22)1()1(),,(x x a x x a x a x x x f +++-+-=の秩为2. （I ）求a の值；（II ）求正交变换Qy x =，把),,(321x x x f 化成标准形；（III ）求方程),,(321x x x f =0の解.（21）（本题满分9分）已知3阶矩阵A の第一行是c b a c b a ,,),,,(不全为零，矩阵⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡=k B 63642321（k 为常数），且AB=O, 求线性方程组Ax=0の通解..（22）（本题满分9分）设二维随机变量(X,Y)の概率密度为求：（I ） (X,Y)の边缘概率密度)(),(y f x f Y X ；（II ）Y X Z -=2の概率密度).(z f Z（23）（本题满分9分）设)2(,,,21>n X X X n Λ为来自总体N(0,1)の简单随机样本，X 为样本均值，记.,,2,1,n i X X Y i i Λ=-=求：（I ） i Y の方差n i DY i ,,2,1,Λ=；（II ）1Y 与n Y の协方差).,(1n Y Y Cov。

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2007年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试遥感概论试题准考证编号得分一、名词解释（每题5分，共40分）1、环境遥感2、专家系统3、SAR 图像4、特征选择5、维恩位移定律6、真实孔径雷达7、真彩色合成图像 8、地物反射波谱特性二、简述题（共50分）1、简述K-L变换在遥感图像数据处理中的目的、意义及主要分析过程。

（10分）2、简述遥感探测地物信息的过程。

（10分）3、从融合层次的角度，简述遥感数据融合方法的应用目标及其特点，并选择一种融合方法给出其融合过程。

（15分）4、何谓航空像片的比例尺、平均比例尺？引起像片比例尺变化的主要因素有哪些？（15分）三、问答题（任选三题，每题20分，共60分）1、试述遥感、GIS、多媒体和虚拟现实技术信息表达的异同点。

2、根据你的知识或经验，简述遥感信息与非遥感信息复合的主要内容，并简要说明DEM与遥感数据复合的主要功用。

3、论述国内外遥感技术与遥感信息的发展方向。

4、试述可见光、热红外、微波遥感的物理基础及其数据的主要用途？2007年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试水文学试题准考证编号得分一、名词解释（每题5分，共40分）1、富营养化2、兰米尔螺旋3、消光系数4、径流深度5、悬移质6、包气带7、植物截留 8、洪峰流量二、简述题（共50分）1、试述湖泊演化的基本规津。

（10分）2、简述湖泊泥沙平衡原理，并举出我国1-2个湖泊泥沙平衡的例子。

（10分）3、阐述湖泊水质营养分类，并列举我国各营养类型的典型湖泊。

（15分）4、简述湖水中的主要离子及影响湖水化学成分的因素。

（15分）三、问答题（任选三题，每题20分，共60分）1、试述水体物理净化作用、化学净化作用和生物净化作用是怎样进行的？2、论述我国东部平原区和西部干旱区湖泊面临的主要环境问题，这些问题形成的主要原因是什么，解决这些问题你有什么设想？3、简述地表径流的形成过程及主要产汇流模型，并比较其异同。

4、利用流域调蓄作用对洪水过程线的推移和坦化原理，试述通江过水湖泊在缓解长江洪水压力中的作用。

2007年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试生态学试题准考证编号得分一、名词解释（每题5分，共40分）1、优势种2、生态效率3、边缘效应4、能量金字塔5、环境容纳量6、初级生产力7、环境阻力 8、种群调节二、简述题（共50分）1、简述水体污染的主要污染源和重要污染物。

（10分）2、种间关系有几种类型？简述每一类型的特征。

（10分）3、植物群落与植物种群有什么区别与联系？研究它们的动态变化的主要方法有那些？（15分）4、试述中度干扰假说及其在生态系统管理中的作用。

（15分）三、问答题（任选三题，每题20分，共60分）1、试述鱼类的主要生态功能。

2、地球上各种生态系统的总初级生产量占总入射日光能的比率都不高，那么初级生产量的主要限制因素有哪些？作水域和陆地生态系统间的比较。

3、请用语言和曲线图描述在种群逻辑斯蒂增长过程中，种群大小观察值(N)、种群潜在的最大增长(rN)、已利用空间(N/K)、剩余空间(1-N/K)以及种群增长率(dN/dt)是如何变化的。

4、如何用黑白瓶方法计算水体生态系统中初级生产力？2007年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试环境化学试题准考证编号得分一、名词解释（每题5分，共40分）1、环境污染物2、热力学平衡3、生物浓缩因子4、离散系数5、硝化作用6、PCB7、绿色 GDP 8、酸沉降二、简述题（共50分）1、请叙述天然水体中颗粒物的类别。

（10分）2、请叙述有机物在水环境中的迁移转化存在哪些重要过程。

（10分）3、试简述配合物在溶液中的稳定性。

（15分）4、结合日变化曲线，请叙述光化学烟雾形成的条件机理(写出相关反应方程式)及各污染物质的变化规律。

（15分）三、问答题（任选三题，每题20分，共60分）1、向某一含有碳酸的水体加入重碳酸盐，问：总酸度、总碱度、无机酸度酚肽碱度和CO2酸度，是增加、减少还是不变？并说明原因。

2、影响耗氧生化反应速率常数k的因素有那些？它们是如何影响的？3、请说明我国城市生态环境存在的主要问题及对策。

4、从二次沉淀池中排出的污泥含水98%，其余固体物中有机物量占60%，现拟对数量为50m3/d的污泥作厌氧消化，使其中2/3的有机物得以降解除去，从而得到10m3/d数量的消化污泥，求消化污泥的含水率为多少？已知：生污泥中固体物的密度ρ＝1.0t/ m3（提示：可假设消化前后污泥中无机物量保持不变）2007年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试第四纪地质学试题准考证编号得分一、名词解释（每题5分，共40分）1、东亚季风2、夷平面3、古特提斯海4、黄土与古土壤序列5、第四纪冰盖6、碎屑形态分析7、石冰川和倒石锥前缘地貌 8、底栖有孔虫二、简述题（共50分）1、简述如何利用湖泊沉积物提取历史时期人类活动的信息。

（10分）2、简述重建第四纪气候的主要途径和方法。

（10分）3、简述三角洲的形成条件与沉积结构。

（15分）4、简述13C、沟鞭藻（dinoflagellates）、赤铁矿(hematite)、冰阀 (IRD) 作为海冰代用指标的原理和应用。

（15分）三、问答题（任选三题，每题20分，共60分）1、试述我国西部湖泊的分布特征及面临的主要环境问题。

2、试述最近20年来第四纪地质学取得的重要进展。

3、试述你野外观察过的一种第四纪沉积物的剖面特征、沉积结构、地貌分布、地层年代推测，以及你到室内对它进一步的分析(如年代、沉积、生物、地球化学等项目)，写出你对这项工作的主要认识。

4、第四纪湖泊水位变化与流域新构造活动、河流地貌变化、气候变化（大气降水与蒸发）、以及海面变化的关系。

2007年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试地理信息系统试题准考证编号得分一、名词解释（每题5分，共40分）1、全球定位系统2、数据仓库（Data Warehouse）3、Albers 地图投影4、E-R模型5、栅格数据6、GEODATABASE7、空间索引 8、矢量结构二、简述题（共50分）1、简述空间数据库维护中有哪些工作？（10分）2、简述数字地形模型的构建与应用。

（10分）3、简述地理信息系统（GIS）和管理信息系统（MIS）的主要区别及地理信息系统的基本功能。

（15分）4、简述空间分析的方法。

（15分）三、问答题（共60分）1、试论网络GIS的技术特点及尚需解决的问题。

（15分）2、试述结构化生命周期法、原形法、面向对象开发方法等GIS设计方法，并从开发思想、开发过程、开发模式、驱动机制、可见性、优点、缺点、适用性等方法作一比较。

（20分）3、南京市紫金山最高峰海拔448米，山上的森林主要由松树和其他一些树种组成，经植物学家预测，这些松树有可能发生松毛虫病，需要提前进行杀虫药物的喷洒。

现已知每平方米面积需要喷洒的药物量，而需要较为精确地计算出山上全部松林区域需要喷洒的药物总量。

如果中山陵园管理处请你协助，你将如何运用GIS方法设计出适当的解决方案？包括数据采集、数据处理和空间分析等的具体实施方案和步骤。

（25分）2007年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试环境生物学试题准考证编号得分一、名词解释（每题5分，共40分）1、环境质量标准2、生物转化3、厌氧处理4、人工微宇宙法5、指示生物6、藻菌互生系统7、DNA 加合物 8、湖泊富营养化二、简述题（共50分）1、简述污染物在环境中的迁移方式和转化途径。

（10分）2、阐述微生物对金属汞、砷的生物转化。

（10分）3、简述毒理学试验中的半数致死剂量、蓄积系数、最大无作用剂量和最小有作用剂量。

（15分）4、废水的生物处理方法可分为哪几种类型？其分类依据是什么？。

（15分）三、问答题（任选三题，每题20分，共60分）1、衡量微生物处理方法的效率常用BOD和COD作主要参数，试评价这两个参数。

2、请举例说明生物修复有哪些常用技术？在生物修复过程中要注意哪些问题？3、生物膜的形成及其处理废水的机理是什么？不同类型的生物膜工艺流程是如何提高其处理能力的？4、生态工程有哪些类型？环境污染治理中是如何运用生态工程的基本原理的？2007年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试计算机技术基础试题准考证编号得分一、名词解释（每题5分，共40分）1、存储器2、C/S系统架构3、XML4、特权指令5、E-R 图6、B/S 模式7、SATA 8、JAVA applet二、简述题（共50分）1、简述为什么要用二进制？（10分）2、CPU与存储器连接时要考虑哪几方面的问题?（10分）3、简述alpha测试与beta测试的区别。

（15分）4、简述关系数据库的概念和常用的关系数据库管理软件?（15分）三、问答题（共60分）1、汇编语言的特点是什么？用汇编语言编写的程序有哪些优点？（15分）2、在三角形计算中，要求三角形的三个边长为整数：A、B和C。

当三边不可能构成三角形时提示错误，可构成三角形时计算三角形周长。

若是等腰三角形打印“等腰三角形”，若是等边三角形，则提示“等边三角形”。

请根据以上的要求设计所有的基本测试路径，并对每一个基本测试路径设计一个测试用例。

（20分）3、下面是从某联系人管理信息系统中抽取的几张关系表片段：（25分）表名：联系人表名：公司表名：备忘录请你实现以下查询(用SQL语句)：●所有在北京的公司名称。

●所有在1999年1月份期间进行联系的人员姓名、公司名称以及记录文本。

中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所2007年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试经济地理学试题准考证编号得分一、名词解释（每题5分，共40分）1、比较优势2、佩蒂-克拉克定理3、逆城市化4、物流园区5、经济地域综合体6、需求收入弹性7、规模效益 8、土地资源二、简述题（共50分）1、简述新型工业化内涵。

（10分）2、请叙述开展区域规划的基本调查方法。

（10分）3、试简述“城中村”概念及其改造对城市化的作用。

（15分）4、简述港口功能及其与城市发展的关系。

（15分）三、问答题（任选三题，每题20分，共60分）1、论述行政区划调整（市管县、撤县设区、撤乡并镇和强县扩权）对城市发展有哪些影响？2、阐述区域规划、土地利用总体规划和城市规划的关系。

3、根据国际产业转移的态势，论述长江产业带主导工业部门的布局特征。

4、论述改革开放以来中国城市转型的总体特征。