陶洁《美国文学选读》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(厄内斯特 海明威)【圣才出品】

第16单元厄内斯特•海明威

16.1 复习笔记

I. Introduction to author（作者简介）

1. Life（生平）

Ernest Hemingway (1899—1961) was born in Oak park, Illinois. His father was a physician and his mother was a music teacher. He had on the whole a happy boyhood. After leaving school at 17, he tried to enlist in the army but was rejected because of his injured eye. He went to the Kansas City Star and served as its reporter. Then he was recruited as an ambulance driver working with the Red Cross and went to Europe. This led to the crucial happening of his life. His war experience proved so shattering and nightmarish that his life and writings were permanently affected.

Hemingway was a myth in his own time and a myth in American literature. He was a glamorous public hero of sorts whose style of writing and living was probably more imitated than any other writers in human memory. His public image was one of a tough guy. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954.

In his later years he often behaved in an odd manner and looked much older than his years. Possibly because he could not write any more, or possibly because

he could not act out his code, or because of both and his ill health, he shot himself on July 2, 1961. The world was shocked into the disconcerting awareness that, with his death, an era had come to an end.

厄内斯特·海明威(1899—1961)出生于伊利诺州的奥克帕克。父亲是内科医生，母亲是音乐教师。总的来说，他有着快乐的童年。他17岁离开学校，曾试图参军，但因眼疾而未能成行，就到《堪萨斯城星报》任见习记者。后志愿参加美国红十字会组织的战地救护队，在意大利前线当救护车司机。这对他的一生产生了深远的影响。这段战争经历如噩梦一般长期影响了海明威的生活和写作。

海明威是他所在那个年代的神话，同时也是美国文学上的神话。他是星光闪耀的公众英雄，他的写作风格和生活方式受到很多人的模仿。在公众眼里，他是个十足的硬汉子。1954年海明威获得诺贝尔文学奖。

晚年海明威行为古怪，看起来比实际年龄苍老许多。或许因为其文思枯竭，或许因为他不能实践自己的行为准则，又或许二者皆有之，再加上疾病缠身，他于1961年7月2日开枪自杀。举世震惊，海明威的逝世标志着美国文学史上一个时代的结束。

2. The Hemingway Code Hero（“海明威式英雄”）

Hemingway writes all his life about one theme, which is summed up in the famous phrase “grace under pressure”. He writes this theme together with a Hemingway hero. Hemingway’s world is a world essentially chaotic and meaningless, in which man fights a solitary struggle against a force he does even understand. The awareness that it must end in defeat, no matter how hard he strives against it, engenders a sense of despair, but the Hemingway hero possesses

the despairing courage. It is this courage that enables a man to behave like a man, to assert his dignity in face of adversity. This is the essence of a code of honor in which all of Hemingway’s heroes believed. Hemingway’s characters, Nick Adams, Jake Barnes, Frederic Henry, and Santiago are all typical Hemingway heroes.

海明威的一生都在描写一个主题，即“重压下的风度”。他同时塑造了典型的“海明威式英雄”。海明威笔下的世界在本质上混乱不堪，毫无意义可言。在这样的世界里，人单枪匹马去抵抗他自己都无法理解的力量。他意识到无论自己多么努力，最终还是会以失败告终并导致失望的情绪。但是“海明威式英雄”具备一种绝望中的勇气。正是这种勇气使他表现出大丈夫气概，在逆境中保持尊严。这是所有“明威式英雄”都相信的荣誉的准则。海明威小说中的人物，尼克·亚当斯、杰克·巴恩斯、弗瑞德里克·亨利、圣地亚哥等都是典型的“海明威式英雄”。

3. Major Works（主要作品）

In Our Time (1925) 《在我们的时代里》

The Sun Also Rises (1926) 《太阳照样升起》

A Farewell to Arms (1929) 《永别了，武器》

For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) 《丧钟为谁而鸣》

The Old Man and the Sea (1952) 《老人与海》

Ⅱ. Selected works（选读作品）

◆A Clean, Well-Lighted Place《一个干净明亮的地方》

The story happens in a small Spanish café, and it develops among three men,