制药工程专业英语5单元
制药工程专业英语课文翻译
Unit 1 Production of DrugsAbout 5000 antibiotics have already been isolated from microorganisms,but of these only somewhat fewer than 100 are in therapeutic use. It must be remembered,however,that many derivatives have been modified by partial synthesis for therapeutic use;some 50,000 agents have been semisynthetically obtained from户lactams alone in the last decade. Fermentations are carried out in stainless steel fermentors with volumes up to 400 m3. To avoid contamination of the microorganisms with phages etc. the whole process has to be performed under sterile conditions. Since the more important fermentations occur exclusively under aerobic conditions a good supply of oxygen or air(sterile)is needed. Carbon dioxide sources include carbohydrates,e. g. molasses,saccharides,and glucose. Additionally the microorganisms must be supplied in the growth medium with nitrogen-containing compounds such as ammonium sulfate,ammonia,or urea,as well as with inorganic phosphates. Furthermore,constant optimal pH and temperature are required. In the case of penicillin G,the fermentation is finished after 200 hours,and the cell mass is separated by filtration. The desired active agents are isolated from the filtrate by absorption or extraction processes. The cell mass,if not the desired product,can be further used as an animal feedstuff owing to its high protein content.关于5000抗生素已经分离出的微生物,但其中只有不到100有些治疗使用。
制药工程专外
制药工程专业英语Unit 1production of drugs P1单词Compound 化合物intermediate 中间产物alkaloids 生物碱enzymes酶peptide 肽hormones 荷尔蒙modification 修饰chloramphenicol 氯霉素metabolites 代谢物substitute 替代品derivative衍生物active 活性absorption 吸收extraction 提取Recombinant 重组insulin 编码neuroactive 神经活性start materials 起始原料recrystallization 重结晶methanol 甲醇Ethanol 乙醇isopropanol 异丙醇butanol 丁醇benzene 苯翻译Known examples are the enzymatic cleavage of racemates of N-acetyl-D, L-amino acids to give L-amino acids, the production of 6-aminopenicillanic acid from benzylpenicillin by means of penicillinamidase and the aspartase-catalysed stereospecific addition of ammonia to fumaric acid in order to produce L-aspartic acid.著名的例子是对N -乙酰- D,L -氨基酸消旋给予L -氨基酸酶裂解,从青霉素生产8 -氨基青霉烷酸的青霉素酰胺酶手段和天冬氨酸酶,催化氨立体除了富马酸为了酸生产L -天门冬氨酸。
Reading material 1 p7Antagonist 抑制剂receptor 受体clinical investigation 临床研究antibacterial抗菌的inhibition 抑制mercurial 水银dominate 占主导Unit 3 chemotherapy: an introduction P29单词chemotherapy化学治疗superstition 迷信pathogenic 致病的翻译The activity of the arsenical drugs is explained as due to a blocking of essential thiol groups.For example, lipoic acid dehydrogenase contains two cysteine molecules, while are kept near each other by folding of the molecule. As a result, an arsenical can react with these thiol groups and inactivate the molecule, as show in equation.对含砷药物活性被解释为由于阻塞必不可少的巯基。
制药工程专业英语详细Unit..详细翻译
制药工程专业英语详细Unit..详细翻译————————————————————————————————作者:————————————————————————————————日期:Unit 1 Production of Drugs根据其生产或来源不同药物制剂可以分为三类:Ⅰ.人工合成材料(全合成材料)Ⅱ.天然产物,和Ⅲ.半合成天然产物(半合成药物)。
本书的重点是这些第一组和第三组化合物都是合成药物。
然而这并不意味着那些天然药物和其他药物就不重要。
他们可以作为很有价值的先导结构,并经常被用为重要合成药物的原料或中间体。
表1概述了获取药物制剂的不同方法。
Table 1 Possibilities for the preparation of drugs表1药物制备的可能性方法例子1.全合成75%以上的药物制剂都是全合成的(合成物)2.从天然产物中分离(天然产物)2.1植物生物碱;酶;强心甙;多聚糖;维生素E; 类固醇前体(薯蓣皂苷配基,谷甾醇);柠檬醛(中间产物维生素A,E,K)2.2动物器官酶;多肽;激素;胆酸;胆汁;胰岛素来自胰腺;血清和疫苗2.3其他来源胆固醇来自羊毛油;L-氨基酸来自角蛋白和明胶水解3.发酵抗生素; L -氨基酸,葡聚糖;对甾类有定向的修饰,例如11 -羟基化;胰岛素,干扰素,抗体,肽类激素,酶,疫苗生物碱化合物;半合成内酰胺类抗生素;甾类;人胰岛素4.天然产物的半合成修改(半合成药物)几种最初来自于天然原料有治疗意义天然产物如今用更有效也就是经济的全合成法制备。
这样的例子包括L-氨基酸,氯霉素,咖啡因,多巴胺,肾上腺素,左旋多巴,肽类激素,前列腺素,D -青霉胺,长春蔓胺,以及几乎所有的维生素。
在过去的几年里发酵(即微生物处理)变得极其重要。
通过现代技术和遗传选择的结果产生了高效能微生物突变株,发酵已成为广泛的底物(物质)都可以选择的一种方法。
真核微生物(酵母菌和霉菌)和原核微生物(单细胞细菌和放线菌)用于微生物。
制药工程专业英语翻译
P61 Unit 5 药物研发药物代谢作用和药代动力学药物代谢和制药学研究需要建立一套关于化合物代谢和方式的知识,化合物水平及其代谢产物根据药物给予量和施用时间长度变化的方式(决定)。
在早期药物临床发展临床阶段,很少有代谢数据权威性的管理要求。
然而,新陈代谢研究有助于解释毒理学结果和研究设计,以及有助于将动物安全性效率数据进行外插。
在生物学流体或组织中需要开发测定法测量药物和主要代谢产物水平。
目的是快速开发可重现性方法。
高效液相色谱通常用于分离,但其他技术如气相色谱在试用时也可以使用。
例如检测法可以是紫外光,荧光测定法,电化学方法,质谱法。
当化合物的活性很高时,体液和组织液中仅存痕量物质,检测可能出现问题。
放射免疫测定法可以提供更高的灵敏度,以及在给定时间内有可能分析出更多的化合物。
然而,放射免疫测定法有可能花很长时间来显影,并且缺少特异性将是一个问题。
需要关于化合物/代谢物血浆浓度的信息来支持毒理学研究,以及帮助选择剂量水平。
有最初需要建立药代动力学的线性区域,即其中剂量对AUC可被认为是一个线性的范围。
对非线性原因的确定例如代谢饱和的吸收/消除将有助于理解毒理学或药理学现象。
临床学一旦已经完成并分析充分的动物试验,药物公司将决定是否将药物投入人体研究阶段。
这一步通常包括公司专家,临床研究者和临床委员会的批准,并且在某些国家,例如在美国,还需要政府机构如FDA(美国食品和药品监督管理局)的审查。
当出资公司向FDA提出一种新药的调查申请时,这种新药就首先被FDA 审查。
FDA必须在30天内让出资者知道以他们的判断这个临床研究是否足够安全。
如果足够安全,实际上IND可考虑在其中并且临床可以继续进行。
如果不安全,FDA会将这个临床研究暂停直到他们的担忧成功解决。
规划这个临床方案时,很重要的是参考目标性质并且探究药物的潜在临床效益,尽可能早地参考这些,以便去除掉未能达到预期效果的候选药物。
新候选药物最初在人体内试用应遵循以下主要原则:确定药物在人体内的安全性和耐受性。
制药工程专业英语课文翻译
Unit 1 Production of Drugs
Depending on their production or origin pharmaceutical agents can be split into three groups:
I .Totally synthetic materials (synthetics),
不顾来自某些微生物,大肠杆菌粘膜生产的葡聚糖克明串珠mesenteroides,2和3级是毒品有关的准备工作。葡聚糖本身5万〜10万分子量,是用作血浆代用品。其中主要来自谷氨酸棒杆菌代谢产物和黄色短杆菌突变体的L -氨基酸特别有趣。从这些味精约35万吨L -谷氨酸(食品添加剂)生物体和L -赖氨酸(用于植物蛋白补充)约70,000吨的生产。此外重要的初级代谢产物的普瑞纳核苷酸,有机酸,乳酸,柠檬酸和维生素,例如维生素B,从丙酸shermanii 2。
vitamins A, E,and K)
2.2 Animal organs一enzymes;peptide hormones;cholic acid from gall; insulin) from the
pancreas;sera and vaccines
1. cell material (single cell protein),
2. enzymes,
3. primary degradation products (primary metabolites),
4. secondary degradation products (secondary metabolites).
其中几个重要的治疗作用最初是从天然产品天然来源获得更有效的今天,我。大肠杆菌更经济的准备..由全合成。这样的例子包括L-氨基酸,氯霉素,咖啡因,多巴胺,肾上腺素,左旋多巴,肽类激素,前列腺素,D -青霉胺,长春胺,以及几乎所有的维生素。
制药工程专业英语 5单元翻译
5单元药物研发(I)1.简介药品开发是一个非常复杂的过程,需要一个协调和沟通不同功能之间的群体广泛很大。
它是昂贵的,特别是在临床开发的后期阶段,在研究涉及的数百名病人。
据估计,目前约2.3亿美元(1987美元)的新药开发成本,并采取介于7和10多年的临床前开发阶段开始,首先市场(不包括监管滞后)。
药物开发是一项高风险业务,虽然利率不断上升,大约只有每十个新的化学研究在人类首次实体开展会不会成为一个产品。
作为候选药物的进步,通过发展'的失败降低风险hurdles'are克服前进的道路上。
失败的典型原因包括不可接受的毒性,缺乏有效性,或不能提供比其他竞争产品的优点(图1)。
损耗率的新化学实体(竞争性考试的)进入发展。
平均只有约400 ^ 1000我在化合物合成进入发展。
原因的罗富国教育学院的发展终止(不包括抗感染药)1:缺乏疗效2:药代动力学3:动物毒性4:杂项5:在人的不良影响6:商业上的原因图。
1磨损率和终止的原因2.发展规划候选药物是否有可能提供有竞争力优势的评估首先需要强调的地方有一个产品'的目标,目标产品或配置文件集。
应特别注意支付给竞争者形成差异。
这已成为55个,并与有限的处方,医疗费用,以及药物经济学(本章稍后讨论)日益重视更为关键。
配置文件将确定一个目标指示(县),将候选药物开发以及诸如每日一次给药的目标,起效更快的行动,更好地侧比主要竞争对手效应特征。
目标配置文件可以通过完善和发展为移动和候选药物的候选药物或竞争对手成为可用的新数据修改。
合乎逻辑的下一个步骤是确定发展战略,例如,有适应症先发展,哪些国家向市场为目标的药物,然后确定要达到的核心监管机构的批准和商业成功的临床研究。
本章将描述一个成功的新药开发所需的主要活动。
所有这些活动,其中许多是相互依存,需要认真规划和协调。
速度与高品质的数据收集到的市场是成功的关键。
该活动确定的时间会去登记被称为项目管理方面,关键路径,路径。
制药工程专业英语课文翻译1 5 6 11 13 16单元译文
Unit 1 Production of DrugsDepending on their production or origin pharmaceutical agents can be split into three groups:I .Totally synthetic materials (synthetics),Ⅱ.Natural products,andⅢ.Products from partial syntheses (semi-synthetic products).The emphasis of the present book is on the most important compounds of groups I and Ⅲ一thus Drug synthesis. This does not mean,however,that natural products or other agents are less important. They can serve as valuable lead structures,and they are frequently needed as starting materials or as intermediates for important synthetic products.Table 1 gives an overview of the different methods for obtaining pharmaceutical agents.1单元生产的药品其生产或出身不同药剂可以分为三类:1。
完全(合成纤维)合成材料,Ⅱ。
天然产物,和Ⅲ。
产品从(半合成产品)的部分合成。
本书的重点是团体的最重要的化合物Ⅰ和Ⅲ一所以药物合成。
这并不意味着,但是,天然产品或其他代理人并不太重要。
它们可以作为有价值的领导结构,他们常常为原料,或作为重要的合成中间体产品的需要。
制药工程专业英语翻译
P61 Unit 5 药物研发药物代谢作用和药代动力学药物代谢和制药学研究需要建立一套关于化合物代谢和方式的知识,化合物水平及其代谢产物根据药物给予量和施用时间长度变化的方式(决定)。
在早期药物临床发展临床阶段,很少有代谢数据权威性的管理要求。
然而,新陈代谢研究有助于解释毒理学结果和研究设计,以及有助于将动物安全性效率数据进行外插。
在生物学流体或组织中需要开发测定法测量药物和主要代谢产物水平。
目的是快速开发可重现性方法。
高效液相色谱通常用于分离,但其他技术如气相色谱在试用时也可以使用。
例如检测法可以是紫外光,荧光测定法,电化学方法,质谱法。
当化合物的活性很高时,体液和组织液中仅存痕量物质,检测可能出现问题。
放射免疫测定法可以提供更高的灵敏度,以及在给定时间内有可能分析出更多的化合物。
然而,放射免疫测定法有可能花很长时间来显影,并且缺少特异性将是一个问题。
需要关于化合物/代谢物血浆浓度的信息来支持毒理学研究,以及帮助选择剂量水平。
有最初需要建立药代动力学的线性区域,即其中剂量对AUC可被认为是一个线性的范围。
对非线性原因的确定例如代谢饱和的吸收/消除将有助于理解毒理学或药理学现象。
临床学一旦已经完成并分析充分的动物试验,药物公司将决定是否将药物投入人体研究阶段。
这一步通常包括公司专家,临床研究者和临床委员会的批准,并且在某些国家,例如在美国,还需要政府机构如FDA(美国食品和药品监督管理局)的审查。
当出资公司向FDA提出一种新药的调查申请时,这种新药就首先被FDA 审查。
FDA必须在30天内让出资者知道以他们的判断这个临床研究是否足够安全。
如果足够安全,实际上IND可考虑在其中并且临床可以继续进行。
如果不安全,FDA会将这个临床研究暂停直到他们的担忧成功解决。
规划这个临床方案时,很重要的是参考目标性质并且探究药物的潜在临床效益,尽可能早地参考这些,以便去除掉未能达到预期效果的候选药物。
新候选药物最初在人体内试用应遵循以下主要原则:确定药物在人体内的安全性和耐受性。
制药工程的学科英语作文
制药工程的学科英语作文题目,Pharmaceutical Engineering: Bridging Science and Industry。
Pharmaceutical engineering, a multidisciplinary field that integrates principles from chemistry, biology, engineering, and pharmacology, plays a pivotal role in the development, manufacturing, and optimization of pharmaceutical products. In recent years, the field has witnessed significant advancements, driven by the ever-evolving demands of the healthcare industry and the constant pursuit of innovation.At its core, pharmaceutical engineering encompasses a wide array of processes and technologies aimed at ensuring the safety, efficacy, and quality of pharmaceutical products. From drug discovery and formulation to manufacturing and distribution, every stage of the pharmaceutical lifecycle relies heavily on the expertise of pharmaceutical engineers to overcome various challenges andoptimize outcomes.One of the key areas within pharmaceutical engineering is drug formulation, where scientists and engineers work together to design dosage forms that are safe, stable, and effective. This involves selecting appropriate excipients, optimizing drug delivery systems, and ensuring proper bioavailability of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Through meticulous research and experimentation, pharmaceutical engineers strive to develop formulationsthat meet the diverse needs of patients while adhering to strict regulatory standards.In addition to formulation, pharmaceutical manufacturing represents another critical aspect of the field. Modern pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities are equipped with state-of-the-art equipment and technologies that enable the production of large quantities of pharmaceutical products with consistent quality and purity. Pharmaceutical engineers are responsible for overseeing these manufacturing processes, implementing Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), and implementing qualitycontrol measures to minimize variability and ensure product uniformity.Furthermore, pharmaceutical engineering plays a crucial role in the development of novel drug delivery systems, such as nanoparticles, liposomes, and transdermal patches. These advanced delivery systems offer numerous advantages, including targeted drug delivery, sustained release, and improved patient compliance. By harnessing the principles of engineering and material science, pharmaceutical engineers are able to design and optimize these systems to enhance drug efficacy and minimize side effects.Moreover, pharmaceutical engineering extends beyond the laboratory and manufacturing plant to encompass the entire pharmaceutical supply chain. From raw material sourcing to distribution and logistics, pharmaceutical engineers work tirelessly to optimize efficiency, minimize waste, and ensure timely delivery of pharmaceutical products to patients worldwide. This requires a deep understanding of supply chain management principles, as well as the ability to adapt to changing market dynamics and regulatoryrequirements.In conclusion, pharmaceutical engineering serves as a bridge between science and industry, driving innovation and progress in the field of healthcare. Through the collaborative efforts of scientists, engineers, and healthcare professionals, pharmaceutical engineering continues to push the boundaries of what is possible, leading to the development of safer, more effective, and more accessible pharmaceutical products for the benefit of society as a whole. As we look to the future, the role of pharmaceutical engineering will only continue to grow in importance, shaping the landscape of healthcare for generations to come.。
制药工程专业英语课文翻译1 5 11 13 16单元原文加翻译
Unit 1 Production of DrugsDepending on their production or origin pharmaceutical agents can be split into three groups:I .Totally synthetic materials (synthetics),Ⅱ.Natural products,andⅢ.Products from partial syntheses (semi-synthetic products).The emphasis of the present book is on the most important compounds of groups I and Ⅲ一thus Drug synthesis. This does not mean,however,that natural products or other agents are less important. They can serve as valuable lead structures,and they are frequently needed as starting materials or as intermediates for important synthetic products.Table 1 gives an overview of the different methods for obtaining pharmaceutical agents.1单元生产的药品其生产或出身不同药剂可以分为三类:1。
完全(合成纤维)合成材料,Ⅱ。
天然产物,和Ⅲ。
产品从(半合成产品)的部分合成。
本书的重点是团体的最重要的化合物Ⅰ和Ⅲ一所以药物合成。
这并不意味着,但是,天然产品或其他代理人并不太重要。
它们可以作为有价值的领导结构,他们常常为原料,或作为重要的合成中间体产品的需要。
生物与制药工程专业英语第五单元翻译
A The Microbial WorldA microbe or microorganism is a member of a large , extremely diverse , group of organisms that are lumped together on the basis of one property-the fact that, normally, they are all that they cannot be seen without the use of a microscope. 细菌或微生物是一个大的、极其多样化、一个性质的集合在一起的生物体。
事实上,通常情况下,他们都说他们不使用显微镜不能观察到。
The word is therefore used to describe viruses bacteria, fungi, protozoa and some algae: the relative sizes and nature of these are shown in Table 5-1,因此,这个词是用来形容病毒细菌、真菌、原生动物和一些藻类相对大小和特性的显示于表格5:1,However, there are a few exceptions for example, the fruiting bodies of many fungi such as mushrooms are frequently visible to the naked eye;equally, some algae can grow to meters in length. Generally, microbes may be considered as fairly simple organisms.然而,有少数例外,例如,果期的尸体等许多真菌蘑菇经常是肉眼能看得见的;同样,有些藻类能长到米长。
生物与制药工程专业英语第二三五单元翻译
Biologists?and?chemists?divide?compounds?into?two?principal?classes,?inorgan ic?and?organic.?Inorganic?compounds?are?defined?as?molecules,?usually?small, ?that?typically?lack?carbon?and?in?which?ionic?bonds?may?play?an?important?r ole.?Inorganic?compounds?include?water,?oxygen,?carbon?dioxide,?and?many?sal ts,?acids,?and?bases.??生物学家和化学家分裂成两个主要种类化合物、无机和有机。
无机化合物被定义为分子,通常小,通常缺乏的碳离子束缚,那么它就能起到重要的作用。
无机化合物包括水、氧气、二氧化碳和许多盐、酸、和根据地。
???All?living?organisms?require?a?wide?variety?of?inorganic?compounds?for?grow th,?repair,?maintenance,?and?reproduction.?Water?is?one?of?the?most?importan t,?as?well?as?one?of?the?rmost?abundant,?of?these?compounds,?and?it?is?parti cularly?vital?to?microorganisms.?Outside?the?cell,?nutrients?are?dissolved?i n?water,?which?facilitates?their?passage?through?cell?membranes.?And?inside? the?cell?,?water?is?the?medium?for?most?chemical?reactions.?In?fact,?water?i s?by?far?the?most?abundant?component?of?almost?all?living?cells.?Water?makes ?up?5%?to?95%?or?more?of?each?cell,?the?average?being?between?65%?and?75%.?S imply?stated,?no?organism?can?survive?without?water?所有生物体需要多种无机化合物的增长、维修、维护、和繁衍。
制药工程专业英语Unit
If patient self-administration cannot be achieved, the sales of the drug constitute only a small fraction of what the market would be otherwise.
The reasons for this preference are as follows. Tablets and capsules represent unit dosage forms in which one usual dose of the drug has been accurately placed.
02
The objective of the design and manufacture of the compressed tablet is to deliver orally the correct amount of drug in the proper form at or over the proper time and in the desired location, and to have its chemical integrity protected to that point. Aside from the physical and chemical properties of the medicinal agent(s) to be formulated into a tablet, the actual physical design, manufacturing process, and complete chemical makeup of the tablet can have a profound effect on the efficacy of the drug(s) being administered.
《制药工程专业英语》_10388395
Unit 19 Water and Air in the Chemical Process
Industries
Reading Material 19 Chemical Process Industrie
s and Environmental Pollution Abatement
Reading Material 16 Fermentation
Unit 17 Distillation
Reading Material 17 Supercritical Fluid Extrac
tion
Unit 18 Crystalization
Reading Material 18 Drying
Reading Material 6 Medicinal of Plant Origin:H
istorical Aspects
Unit 7 Developing Drugs from Traditional Medic
inal Plants
Reading Material 7 Naturally Occurring Flavans
ic Chemistry
Unit 25 Principles of Drug Design
Reading Material 25 On Computer-Aided Drug Des
ign
APPENDIXES
Appendix 1 The General Principles for Nomencla
Unsubstituted in the Heterocyclic Ring
Unit 8 The Chemistry of Insulin
制药工程专业英语翻译
制药工程专业英语翻译一药物生产根据其生产和来源,药物制剂可以分为三类:全合成原料(合成)天然产物3.部分合成产品(半合成)此书的重点在于1和3中最重要的化合物,即药物合成。
然而,这并不是意味着天然产物或其它制剂就不重要。
它们可以作为非常有价值的先导化合物,并且它们经常需要作为重要合成药物的起始原料或者中间体。
表1给出了获得药物制剂的不同方法的概述。
表一制备药物的可能途径2.1植物-生物碱;酶;强心苷;多聚糖;生育酚;类固醇前体(薯芋皂素,谷甾醇);柠檬醛(维生素A、E和K的中间产物)2.2动物组织-酶;肽激素;胆中的胆汁酸;胰腺中的胰岛素;血清和疫苗2.3其它原料-羊毛脂中的胆固醇;来自角蛋白和明胶水解的L-氨基酸3.发酵-抗生素,L-氨基酸;右旋糖苷;目的修饰的类固醇 e.g.11-羟基化作用; 还有胰岛素,干扰素,抗体,肽,酶,维生素4.天然产物部分合成修饰(半合成制剂) -生物碱;半合成-β-内酰胺抗体;甾类;人类胰岛素几种最初来源与天然原料的在治疗学上有重大意义的天然产物今天更加有影响力,即,通过全合成制备更加经济。
这样的例子包括L-氨基酸,氯霉素,咖啡因,多巴胺,肾上腺素,左旋多巴,肽类荷尔蒙,前列腺素,D-青霉胺,长春胺和几乎所有的维生素。
最近几年,发酵,即微生物过程,已经变得非常重要。
利用现代技术和遗传选择的结果产生了高生产性能的微生物突变株,发酵已经成为对于广泛底物都选择的一种方法。
真核微生物(酵母和霉菌)和原核微生物(单细胞细菌和放线菌)都可以作为生产菌株。
可以获得下面的典型产物:1、细胞原料(单细胞蛋白)2、酶3、初级降解产物(初级代谢产物)4、次级降解产物(次级代谢产物)不考虑从特种微生物的粘液膜组织生产右旋糖苷,例如,肠膜明串珠菌,第2类和第3类对于药物的生产是一致的。
右旋糖苷分子量为50,000-100,000,其本身可作为血浆的替代品。
在初级代谢产物中,利用谷氨酸棒杆菌和黄色短杆菌的突变株生产L-氨基酸特别具有意义。
制药专业英语5
14
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, SUES
7
含氮有机化合物
含氮有机化合物Nitrogenous Organic Compounds 胺(amine)的命名 通常以氨基 (-NH2) 为官能团,烃名(e)+ -amine; 二胺,三胺,则为 烃名+ -diamine/ -triamine methanamine
8. 氨基酸(amino acid)的命名 将氨基 (amino) 作为羧酸的取代物 一般用普通名及其缩写表示
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, SUES
13
练
习
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, SUES
2-氨基丙酸
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
氨基酸常用普通名及其缩写表示。
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, SUES
10
小 结 (1)
1. 烃 (hydrocarbon)的命名 相关词头+后缀 –ane / -ene / -yne; 芳香烃:benzene(苯) 2. 基团的命名 烷基:将烷烃的词尾的-ane去掉,加上-yl 烯基:将烯烃的词尾 -ene 改为 -enyl 苯基:phenyl 卤素作为主链的取代基:在其元素名主干后加字母o 烷氧基:将代表烷的后缀-ane去掉,加上-oxy
1
醇的命名
醇的命名主要是把其相应烷烃的词尾的-ane中的e用-ol代替(-anol)
? 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol
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P54-专业英语作业1. Drug Development is a very complex process requiring a great deal of coordination and communication between a wide range of different functional groups.中文翻译:药物开发是一个十分复杂的过程,需要在广泛的不同功能性团队之间进行大量的协调与沟通。
2. It is expensive, particularly in the later phases of clinical development, where studies involve hundreds of patients这个过程(药物开发)这是昂贵的,特别是在临床开发的后期阶段,其中涉及到对数百名患者的研究。
3. It is currently estimated that the development of a new drug costs about $230million and takes somewhere between7and10years form initiation of preclinical development to first marketing.目前估计,一种新药的开发成本约为2.3亿美元,并且从启动临床前的开发阶段到首次上市,需要花费7到10年4. Drug development is a high-risk business; although the rate is increasing, only about one out of every ten new chemical entities studied in human beings for the first time will ever become a product. 药物开发是一个高风险的业务,尽管比率在不断上升,但是在完成了首次在人体研究中的每十个新化学实体中,大约只有一个能成为产品。
5.原文:As a drug candidate progresses through development the risksof failure decrease as‘hurdles’ are overcome along the way.翻译:随着候选药物开发的进行,失败的风险在前进夫人道路上,会像跨栏似的降低。
6.Typical reasons for failure include unacceptable toxicity , lack of efficacy , or inability to provide advantages over competitive products(Fig.1).翻译:失败的典型原因包括:不可接受的毒性,缺乏功效,或不比竞争产品有优势。
7. Assessment of whether a drug candidate is likely to provide competitive advantages highlights the need first to have in place a set of product 'goals' or target product profile.对候选药物是否可能提供有竞争性优势方面的评估,首先需要强调的是应达到一系列产品目标或目标产品的特性。
8、Particular attention should be paid to the differentiation from competitors.应该特别注意竞争者(指药物)之间的差异。
9、This is becoming more and more critical with the increasing emphasis on limited formularies,healthcare costs,and pharmacoeconomics (discussed later in the chapter).随着对有限的处方、医疗保健费用以及药品经济学的日益关注,这种情况变得越来越重要(本章稍后讨论)。
10. A target profile will define the indication (s) that a drug candidate will be developed for, along with goals such as once a day dosing, fasteronset of action, better side effect profile than a major competitor.包括诸如每日一次给药、起效更快、比主要竞争者具有更低的毒副作用的特性等目标在内,药物开发的目的特性将定义候选药物被开发的疾病适应症。
11. The target profile can be refined and revised as a drug candidate moves through development and new data on the drug candidate or competitors become available.随着候选药物的开发阶段的进展,以及候选药物或竞争药物新数据的获得,药物开发的目的特性可以再定义或修改。
12;The logical next steps are to define the development strategy, for example , which indications to develop first, which countries to aim to market the drug in and then to define the core clinical studies necessary to achieve regulatory approval and commercial success.翻译:合乎逻辑的下一个步骤就是明确开发战略,例如,哪个疾病适应症要优先开发,以哪些国家作为药物的目标市场,然后确定能获得监管部门的批准和商业成功的必要核心临床研究。
13.原句:This chapter will describe the main activities required for successful development of a new drug.翻译:本章将描述一个新药成功开发过程所需的主要活动。
14.原文:All these activities, many of which are interdependent, need to be carefully planned and co-ordinate翻译:所有的这些动,其中许多都是相互依存的,需要认真规划和协调15. Speed to market with collection of high quality data is critical for success中文翻译: 快速向市场收集高质量的数据是成功的关键。
16. The path of activities which determine the time it will take to get to registration is called, in project management terms, the critical path. 确定需要测定花费的时间来获得登记的活动的步骤,以项目管理术语而言,被称为关键步骤。
17. It is vital to plan and prepare before studies begin and to monitor and manage problems so as to ensure that the critical path remains on schedule.译:在研发开始之前,计划和准备,并监控和管理问题以及确保关键步骤如期进行,这是非常重要的,。
18.原文:With increased economic pressures and competitive intensity it is important for companies to explore ways to shorten this critical path 翻译:由于经济压力和竞争强度的增加,企业探索如何缩短这一关键步骤是重要的。
19.Running activities in parallel, or overlapping studies which would usually run sequentially , often involves an increase in risk but the dividends in time-saving can make such strategies worthwhile.译文:并行开展这些活动,或将通常按顺序开展的研究进行重叠,往往会涉及到风险的增加;但节省时间的红利可以使这种战略值得这样做。
20.The critical path for development of a new drug generally runs thro ugh the initial synthesis of compound,subacute toxicology studies,and then the clinical program.新药开发的关键步骤贯穿于化合物的初期合成、亚急性毒理学研究和随后的临床计划。
21.A chart showing the critical path activities for a typical drug candidate is shown in Fig翻译: 一个展示典型的候选药物的关键步骤活动的图所示。
22、The following sections highlight the objectives and activities of drug development work.下列各部分突出了和药物开发工作的具体目标和活动内容23、Activities within each technical discipline are described broadly in chronological order.在每个技术学科里的活动按时间先后排列的顺序大致作了介绍。
24.At any one time, work in the all these disciplines may be proceeding in parallel.翻译:在任何时候,所有这些领域的工作可能是平行进行。