新加坡公司法-中文版

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新加坡公司法-中文

新加坡公司法-中文第一节导言第二节公司成立及其后果第三节公司治理第四节公司权利的行使第五节股东的救济第六节公司股份第七节公司债据与资产抵押第八节公司困境第九节公司解散一16.1.1 在新加坡，与公司有关的主要法律是《公司法（Cap50, 1994 Rev Ed）》(以下称“公司法”)。

值得注意的是，一些特殊类型的公司，除了公司法之外，还要受到其他成文法的规制。

如保险公司和银行，还要分别受《保险法（Cap142,1994 Rev Ed）和《银行法（Cap20, 1994 Rev Ed）》的规制。

有限责任合伙组织其实也是公司，受《有限责任合伙组织法（Cap289,1994 Rev Ed）》规制。

在诸如《证券与期货法（Cap289, 1994 Rev Ed）》等其他成文法中，也有一些与公司有关的条款。

16.1.2 应该注意的是，普通法也会对与公司有关的成文法规范进行补充。

返回顶部二16.2.1 根据公司法第17（3）条的规定，拥有20名以上成员的经营组织都必须设立为公司。

但该规定并不适用于那些遵照新加坡其他成文法设立的，由从事特定职业的个人组成的合伙组织（公司法第17（3）条）。

法律职业的从业者，受《法律职业法（Cap161,1994 Rev Ed）》的规制，他们可以设立成员超过20人的合伙组织。

16.2.2 一般来说，只要提交相应的文件，缴纳规定的费用，任何人都可以在新加坡通过登记设立公司。

设立公司时，必须提交的最重要的文件是公司章程和组织规章，公司法第19（1）条对此作了强制性要求。

公司章程和组织规章就是公司的宪章。

根据公司法第22（1）条的规定，公司章程必须载明公司名称、公司股本[如果有的话]，并表明公司成员承担的是有限责任还是无限责任。

公司组织规章是公司的规章制度，其中也有与公司治理有关的规定。

如果公司章程和组织规章有冲突，前者有优先效力。

16.2.3 公司章程一经登记，登记官便签发设立通知，宣布公司成立并在通知中载明成立的日期。

新加坡公司章程中文译本

新加坡公司章程中文译本第一章：总则第一条：公司名称本公司名称为[公司名称]（以下简称“公司”），为依照新加坡公司法注册的有限责任公司。

第二条：公司地址公司的地址为[公司地址]，或者根据董事长的决定在其他地方。

第三条：业务范围本公司的业务范围主要包括[业务范围]等。

第四条：股东责任本公司的股东将按照出资额承担责任。

第五条：总经理本公司设有总经理一人，由股东大会选举产生。

第二章：股东第六条：股东资格任何自然人、法人都有资格成为本公司的股东。

第七条：股份分配公司的股份可以自由转让和分配。

第三章：公司管理第八条：股东大会本公司的最高权力机关为股东大会，股东大会每年至少召开一次。

第九条：董事会本公司设有董事会，由股东大会选举产生。

董事会负责制定公司的战略规划和决策。

第十条：监事会本公司设有监事会，由股东大会选举产生。

监事会负责监督公司的财务和经营情况。

第十一条：总经理本公司的总经理负责日常的管理和运营工作，向董事会和股东大会汇报工作情况。

第四章：财务管理第十二条：财务报告本公司每年编制财务报告并提交给股东大会审议。

第十三条：分红公司每年根据盈利情况决定是否进行分红。

第十四条：财务审计公司每年进行财务审计，确保财务报告的真实性和准确性。

第五章：章程修改第十五条：章程修改对公司章程的修改必须经过股东大会的批准，并按照法律和公司章程的规定进行。

第六章：解散和清算第十六条：公司解散公司可能因经营不善、法律原因或其他决定而解散。

第十七条：清算公司解散后进行清算，清偿债务，并将剩余资产按照股东的权益进行分配。

第七章：其他事项第十八条：争议解决对于公司相关的争议，应当通过协商或者诉讼解决。

第十九条：生效本公司章程经股东大会批准后生效，并向相关机构备案。

第二十条：其他事项若本章程未涉及的事项，应根据新加坡公司法的规定进行处理。

FINANCE COMPANIES ACT新加坡财务公司法

THE STATUTES OF THE REPUBLIC OF SINGAPORE FINANCE COMPANIES ACT(CHAPTER108)(Original Enactment:Act43of1967)REVISED EDITION2011(15th July2011)Prepared and Published byTHE LAW REVISION COMMISSIONUNDER THE AUTHORITY OFTHE REVISED EDITION OF THE LAWS ACT(CHAPTER275)2011Ed.CHAPTER108Finance Companies ActARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONSPART IPRELIMINARYSection1.Short title2.InterpretationPART IILICENSING OF FINANCE COMPANIES3.Licensing of finance companiese of words“finance company”5.Examination of persons suspected of transacting financingbusiness6.Application for licence7.Minimum capital requirements7A.Capital ratio8.Restriction on opening of branches of finance company9.Mergers,etc.,of finance company10.Control of takeovers of finance companies incorporated inSingapore11.Arrangements affecting control of finance company incorporatedin Singapore12.Control of substantial shareholding in finance companiesincorporated in Singapore13.Power of Authority to require finance company that isincorporated in Singapore to obtain information as to beneficialinterests in shares of finance company14.Amendment of constitution of finance company15.Revocation of licence16.Effect of revocation of licence17.Publication of list of finance companies1PART III RESERVE FUNDS,DIVIDENDS,BALANCE-SHEETS AND INFORMATION Section18.Maintenance of reserve fund by finance companies 18A.Maintenance of adequate provision for bad and doubtful debts 19.Restriction on payment of dividends by finance companies 20.Publication and exhibition of audited balance-sheet 21.Information and statistics to be furnished by finance companies 21A.Monthly statements of advances,loans and credit facilities 21B.Disclosure of interest by directorsPART IVREGULATION OF BUSINESS22.Acknowledgment of indebtedness 23.Dealings by finance companies and credit facilities and limits 24.Dealing by finance company in its own shares,etc.25.Restrictions on trade by finance companies 26.Restrictions on investments by finance companies 27.Restrictions on holding immovable property by finance companies 28.Control over finance companies in the acquisition of shares in companies 29.Power of Authority to secure compliance with sections 23,26,27and 3130.Notices to finance companies 31.Orders by AuthorityPART VMINIMUM LIQUID ASSETS32.Minimum holdings of liquid assets by finance companiesPART VIINSPECTION AND CONTROL OF FINANCE COMPANIES33.Inspection and investigation of finance companies and production of books,etc.34.Information of insolvency,etc.34A.Interpretation of sections 34A to 39Finance Companies2011Ed.C AP .1082Section35.Action by Authority if finance company unable to meet obligations,etc.36.Effect of assumption of control under section 3537.Duration of control 38.Responsibilities of officers,member,etc.,of finance company 39.Remuneration and expenses of Authority and others in certaincasesPART VIAVOLUNTARY TRANSFER OF BUSINESS39A.Interpretation of this Part 39B.V oluntary transfer of business 39C.Approval of transferPART VIISUBMISSION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND DUTIES OF AUDITORS 40.Directors to submit copy of financial statements 41.Appointment and duties of auditorsPART VIIIMISCELLANEOUS42.Authority to administer Act 43.Prohibition against transacting of financing business on public holidays 44.Priority of specified liabilities 44A.Priority of specified liabilities inter se 45.[Repealed ]46.Memorandum and articles of association of finance company 47.Disqualification or removal of director or executive officer 48.Penalty for offences not otherwise provided for 48A.Composition of offences 48B.Recovery of fees,expenses,etc.49.Offences by directors or managers 50.Falsification of books,documents,etc.51.Holding out as finance company 52.Consent of Public Prosecutor 52A.Jurisdiction of District Court 53.ExemptionsFinance Companies 3C AP .1082011Ed.Section 54.Winding up provisions55.Redemption of securities held by finance company56.Operation of Act not to affect Companies Act57.Regulations An Act to license and control finance companies and for matters connected therewith.[10th January 1968]PART IPRELIMINARYShort title1.This Act may be cited as the Finance Companies Act.Interpretation2.In this Act,unless the context otherwise requires —“agreement ”means an agreement whether formal or informal and whether express or implied;“auditor ”means any person approved by the Authority as a finance company auditor for the purposes of this Act;“Authority ”means the Monetary Authority of Singapore established under section 3of the Monetary Authority ofSingapore Act (Cap.186);“capital funds ”,in relation to a finance company,means the paid-up capital and published reserves of that company,deductionhaving been made in respect of any debit balance appearing in the profit and loss account of the company;“chief executive ”,in relation to a finance company,means any person,by whatever name described,who —(a )is in the direct employment of,or acting for or byarrangement with,the finance company;andFinance Companies2011Ed.C AP .1084(b )is principally responsible for the management andconduct of the business of the finance company;[Act 10of 2013wef 18/04/2013]“company ”means a company incorporated or registered under the Companies Act (Cap.50)or pursuant to any corresponding previous written law;“credit facilities ”means —(a )the granting by a finance company of advances,loansand other facilities whereby a customer of the financecompany has access to funds or financial guarantees;or(b )the incurring by a finance company of other liabilitieson behalf of a customer;“deposit ”means a loan of money at interest or repayable at a premium but does not include a loan to a company or other body corporate upon terms involving the issue of debentures or other securities;“depositor ”means a person entitled,or prospectively entitled,to repayment of a deposit whether made by him or not;“director ”includes any person occupying the position of director of a finance company by whatever name called and includes a person in accordance with whose directions or instructions the directors of a finance company are accustomed to act and an alternate or substitute director;“executive officer ”,in relation to a finance company,means any person,by whatever name described,who —(a )is in the direct employment of,or acting for or byarrangement with,the finance company;and(b )is concerned with or takes part in the management of thefinance company on a day-to-day basis;[Act 10of 2013wef 18/04/2013]“finance company ”means any company licensed under this Act to carry on financing business,and all branches and offices in Singapore of such a company shall be deemed to be one finance company for the purposes of this Act;Finance Companies 5C AP .1082011Ed.“financing business ”means the business of —(a )borrowing money from the public,by acceptance ofdeposits and issuing certificates or other documentsacknowledging or evidencing indebtedness to the publicand undertaking to repay the money on call or after anagreed maturity period;and(b )lending money to the public or to a company deemed tobe related to the finance company by virtue of section 6of the Companies Act (referred to in this Act as therelated company)on the basis that the public or therelated company undertakes to repay the money,whether within an agreed period of time or not,or byinstalments,and includes the business of financing hire-purchase transactions arising out of hire-purchase agreements,as defined in the Hire-Purchase Act (Cap.125),where the money used,or to be used,for such business is borrowed from the public and such other business as the Authority may prescribe for the purposes of this Act;“Government securities ”has the same meaning as in the Government Securities Act (Cap.121A);“licence ”means a licence granted under section 6;[Act 10of 2013wef 18/04/2013]“limited liability partnership ”has the same meaning as in section 2(1)of the Limited Liability Partnerships Act(Cap.163A);“officer ”,in relation to a corporation,includes —(a )a director,secretary or employee of the corporation;(b )a receiver or manager of any part of the undertaking ofthe corporation appointed under a power contained inany instrument;and(c )the liquidator of the corporation appointed in avoluntary winding up;Finance Companies 2011Ed.C AP .1086“partner ”and “manager ”,in relation to a limited liability partnership,have the respective meanings assigned to them in section 2(1)of the Limited Liability Partnerships Act;“person ”includes a corporation;“public company ”means a company incorporated in Singapore other than a private company;“published reserves ”,in relation to a finance company,means reserves which appear in the accounts of the finance company but does not include any reserves which are represented by the writing down of the value of assets or by provision for the depreciation of fixed assets or which are maintained for any specific purposes;“share ”,in relation to a finance company,means a share in the share capital of the finance company and includes an interest in such a share.[33/84;27/94;5/2005]PART IILICENSING OF FINANCE COMPANIESLicensing of finance companies3.—(1)No financing business shall be transacted in Singapore except by a public company that is in possession of a valid licence granted by the Authority authorising it to conduct financing business in accordance with the provisions of this Act.(2)Any person who contravenes subsection (1)shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20,000or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 3years or to both.[33/84]Use of words “finance company ”4.—(1)No person or body of persons,whether incorporated or not,other than a finance company licensed under this Act shall,without the consent of the Authority,use the words “finance company ”or anyFinance Companies 7C AP .1082011Ed.of its derivatives in any language,or any other words indicating that it transacts financing business,in the name,description or title under which that person or body of persons is transacting business in Singapore or make or continue to make any representations to that effect in any bill-head,letter-paper,notice,advertisement or in any other manner.(2)Nothing in this section shall prohibit an association of finance companies formed for the protection of common interests from using the words “finance company ”or any of its derivatives in any language as part of its name or description of its activities.Examination of persons suspected of transacting financing business5.—(1)Whenever the Authority has reason to believe that a person is conducting financing business without a licence,the Authority may call for the books,accounts and records of that person in order to ascertain whether or not that person has violated or is violating any provisions of this Act.(2)Any person wilfully refusing to submit such books,accounts and records shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $5,000or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12months or to both.[33/84](3)Upon the conviction of any person under subsection (2),the court shall have power to order the production of any books,accounts and records to the Authority.[9/2003](4)Any person failing to comply with any order under subsection (3)shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $5,000or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12months or to both and,in the case of a continuing offence,to a further fine not exceeding $500for every day during which the offence continues after conviction.[33/84]Finance Companies 2011Ed.C AP .1088Application for licence6.—(1)Any public company proposing to conduct financing business in Singapore shall,before commencing any such business,apply in writing to the Authority for a licence under this Act.(2)In considering any application by a public company for a licence,the Authority may require to be satisfied as to —(a )the financial condition of the company;(b )the character of the management of the company;(c )the adequacy of the capital structure and earning prospects ofthe company;(d )the objects of the company as disclosed in its memorandum ofassociation;(e )the convenience and needs of the community to be served;and(f )whether the public interest will be served by the granting of alicence.(3)The Authority may grant a licence with or without conditions,or refuse to grant a licence.(4)The Authority may at any time vary or revoke any existing conditions of a licence or impose additional conditions.(5)Where a licence is granted subject to conditions,the finance company shall comply with those conditions and any finance company that fails to comply with any of the conditions of its licence shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20,000and,in the case of a continuing offence,to a further fine of $2,000for every day during which the offence continues after conviction.[33/84](6)Any person who knowingly or recklessly furnishes any document or information which is false or misleading in a material particular in connection with an application for a licence falling within subsection (1)shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable onFinance Companies 9C AP .1082011Ed.conviction to a fine not exceeding$50,000or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding3years or to both.[33/84] (7)Every finance company shall pay such annual licence fee (including fees in respect of each of its branches)as the Authority may determine by notice in writing and in such manner as the Authority may determine.[27/94] (8)Any applicant who is aggrieved by the refusal of the Authority to grant a licence under subsection(3)may,within30days of the decision of the Authority,appeal in writing to the Minister whose decision shall be final and shall be given effect to by the Authority.[27/94] Minimum capital requirements7.—(1)Subject to this Act,a company shall not be granted or hold a licence unless—(a)in the case of a finance company which holds a licence tocarry on financing business on18th January1995,its capitalfunds are,subject to this section,not less than$50million;and(b)in the case of a finance company which is granted a licence tocarry on financing business after18th January1995,its issuedand paid-up capital is not less than$50million and its capitalfunds are not less than that amount.[27/94] (2)Notwithstanding subsection(1)(a),the Authority may,at any time,after8years from18th January1995,by order require the issued and paid-up capital of a finance company to which that subsection applies to be not less than$50million within such time as may be specified in that order.[27/94] (3)Subject to subsection(4),a finance company to which subsection(1)(a)applies which has capital funds of less than$50 million on18th January1995shall be exempt from the requirement of that provision for8years from18th January1995and shall not duringthat period allow its capital funds to be less than its capital funds on that date.[27/94] (4)If20%or more of the issued and paid-up capital of a finance company is acquired by one or more persons who,alone or acting together with any associate or associates,by virtue of such acquisition becomes a substantial shareholder of the finance company on or after 18th January1995,the finance company—(a)shall have not less than$50million in issued and paid-upcapital;and(b)shall cease to be eligible for the exemption undersubsection(3),unless all the new substantial shareholders are finance companies each with capital funds of not less than$50million at the time of the acquisition.[27/94] (5)A finance company shall not reduce its paid-up capital during the currency of its licence without the approval of the Authority.[27/94] (6)The Authority may restrict or suspend the operations of a finance company which fails to comply with subsection(2),(3),(4)or(5).[27/94] (7)In this section,“substantial shareholder”has the same meaning as in section81of the Companies Act(Cap.50).[27/94] Capital ratio7A.—(1)The Authority may require every finance company to maintain capital funds in Singapore in proportion to its total assets or to every category of assets at such ratio or ratios as may from time to time be determined by the Authority by notice in writing.[27/94] (2)A finance company shall maintain a capital adequacy ratio of not less than12%or such other percentage as may be determined by the Authority from time to time,as calculated in accordance with suchform,content and manner as may be determined by the Authority by notice in writing.[27/94] (3)The Authority may suspend or restrict the operations of a finance company which fails to comply with subsection(2)or any requirement of the Authority under subsection(1).[27/94] Restriction on opening of branches of finance company 8.—(1)No finance company shall open any new branch,agency or office,whether in Singapore or elsewhere,without submitting an application in writing to the Authority.(2)In considering the application,the Authority may require to be satisfied by an inspection under section33or otherwise,as to—(a)the financial condition of the company;(b)the general character of the management of the company;(c)the adequacy of the capital structure and earning prospects ofthe company;(d)the convenience and needs of the community to be served;and(e)whether the public interest will be served by the opening or,asthe case may be,change of location of the place of business.(3)Upon being so satisfied as to the matters referred to in subsection(2),the Authority may—(a)grant the application;or(b)without assigning any reason,refuse to grant the application, and the decision of the Authority shall be final.(4)Any finance company which fails to comply with subsection(1) shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding$2,000for every day during which the default continues.[33/84]Mergers,etc.,of finance company9.—(1)No finance company carrying on business in Singapore shall be merged or consolidated with or acquire a majority interest in any other finance company without the prior approval of the Authority.(2)In considering such an application,the Authority shall have power to call for such information as it may require.(3)The Authority may approve or refuse the application. Control of takeovers of finance companies incorporated in Singapore10.—(1)This section and sections11and12shall apply to and in relation to all natural persons whether resident in Singapore or not and whether citizens of Singapore or not,and to all bodies corporate or unincorporate,whether incorporated or carrying on business in Singapore or not.[33/84] (2)Without prejudice to section9,no person shall enter into an agreement to acquire shares of a finance company that is incorporated in Singapore by virtue of which he would,if the agreement is carried out,obtain effective control of that finance company without first notifying the Authority of his intention to enter into the agreement and obtaining the approval of the Authority to his entering into the agreement.[33/84](3)For the purposes of this section—(a)a person shall be regarded as entering into an agreement byvirtue of which he would obtain effective control of a financecompany if the person alone or acting together with anyassociate or associates of that person would be in a position tocontrol not less than20%of the voting power in the financecompany or would hold interests in not less than20%of theissued shares of the finance company;(b)a reference to an agreement by which a person would obtaineffective control of a finance company that is incorporated inSingapore includes a reference to an agreement by which theperson would acquire any interest in shares in the finance company where,upon the acquisition of those interests and of any other interests in other shares of the finance company that he has offered to acquire,he would have effective control of the finance company;(c)a reference to a person offering to acquire interests in sharesincludes—(i)a reference to a person making or publishing astatement,however expressed,that expressly orimpliedly invites a holder of interests in shares tooffer to dispose of interests in shares;and(ii)a reference to a person taking part in or proposing to take part in negotiations with a view to the acquisitionof shares;(d)a person holds an interest in a share if he has any legal orequitable interest in that share and,without limiting the generality of the foregoing,an interest in shares shall have the meaning assigned to that expression in section7(6)to(10)of the Companies Act(Cap.50);(e)a reference to the voting power in a finance company is areference to the total number of votes that might be cast in the general meeting of the finance company;(f)the following persons are associates of a person:(i)the person’s spouse or a parent or remoter linealancestor,son,daughter or remoter issue,brother orsister of the person;(ii)any partner of the person;(iii)any corporation of which the person is an officer;(iv)where the person is a corporation,any officer of the corporation;(v)any employee or employer of the person;(vi)any officer of any corporation of which the person is an officer;(vii)any employee of a natural person of whom the person is an employee;(viii)any corporation whose directors are accustomed or under an obligation,whether formal or informal,to actin accordance with the directions,instructions orwishes of the person or,where the person is acorporation,of the directors of the person;(ix)any corporation in accordance with the directions, instructions or wishes of which,or of the directors ofwhich,the person is accustomed or under anobligation,whether formal or informal,to act;(x)any corporation in which the person who is in a position to control not less than20%of the votingpower in the corporation;and(xi)where the person is a corporation,a person who is in a position to control not less than20%of the votingpower in the corporation.[33/84] (4)Any person who contravenes subsection(2)shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $50,000or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding3years or to both.[33/84] Arrangements affecting control of finance company incorporated in Singapore11.—(1)No person shall enter into any arrangement in relation to any finance company that is incorporated in Singapore by virtue of which he would,if the arrangement is carried out,obtain control of the finance company without first notifying the Authority of his intention to enter into the arrangement and obtaining the approval of the Authority to his entering into the arrangement.[33/84](2)For the purposes of this section—(a)a person shall be regarded as entering into an arrangement byvirtue of which he would obtain control of a finance companyif he alone or acting together with an associate or associateswould be in a position to determine the policy of the financecompany;(b)the reference to entering into any arrangement is a referenceto any formal or informal scheme,arrangement orunderstanding,whether expressly or by implication and,inparticular,includes a reference—(i)creating a trust whether express or implied;and(ii)entering into a transaction or agreement,and references to an arrangement shall be construedaccordingly;and(c)the reference to associates of a person has the same referenceas under section10.[33/84] (3)Any person who contravenes subsection(1)shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $50,000or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding3years or to both.[33/84] Control of substantial shareholding in finance companies incorporated in Singapore12.—(1)No person shall enter into any agreement to acquire shares by virtue of which he would,if the agreement is carried out,acquire a substantial shareholding in a finance company that is incorporated in Singapore without first notifying the Authority of his intention to enter into the agreement and obtaining the approval of the Authority to his entering into the agreement.[33/84](2)For the purposes of this section—(a)a reference to an agreement by which a person would acquirea substantial shareholding in a finance company includes areference to an agreement by virtue of which the personwould acquire any interests in shares in the finance companywhere,upon the acquisition by him of those interests or ofthose interests and of any interest in other shares in thefinance company,being interests that he has offered toacquire,he would acquire a substantial shareholding in thefinance company;(b)a reference to a person offering to acquire interests in sharesand to a person having an interest in shares shall be construedin the same way as under section10;and(c)a substantial shareholding has the same meaning as insection81of the Companies Act(Cap.50).[33/84] (3)Any person who contravenes subsection(1)shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $10,000or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding12months or to both.[33/84] Power of Authority to require finance company that is incorporated in Singapore to obtain information as to beneficial interests in shares of finance company13.—(1)The Authority may by notice in writing direct a finance company that is incorporated in Singapore to obtain from any shareholder of the finance company and to transmit to the Authority information—(a)as to whether that shareholder holds any voting shares in thefinance company as beneficial owner or as trustee;and(b)if he holds them as trustee,to indicate,as far as it can,theperson for whom he holds them(either by name or by otherparticulars sufficient to enable those persons to be identified)and the nature of their interest,and the finance company shall comply with that direction within such time as is specified in the notice.[33/84] (2)For the purposes of this section,“voting shares”has the same meaning as in the Companies Act(Cap.50).[33/84](3)A finance company which fails to comply with a direction under this section shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding$10,000.[33/84] Amendment of constitution of finance company14.—(1)Every finance company that intends to alter its memorandum of association or articles of association shall,before proposing any resolution in this regard,furnish to the Authority for its approval particulars in writing(verified by a statutory declaration made by the secretary of the finance company)of the proposed alteration.(2)The Authority may thereupon—(a)approve the proposed alteration without modification;(b)approve the proposed alteration with modification;or(c)refuse to approve the proposed alteration.(3)If the Authority approves the proposed alteration with modification,the finance company shall adopt the proposed alteration as so modified or not proceed with the proposed alteration.(4)If the Authority refuses to approve the proposed alteration it may request the finance company to withdraw the proposed alteration and the finance company shall comply with the Authority’s request. (5)Any finance company which fails to comply with the requirements of subsection(1)or with any request by the Authority made under subsection(4)shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding$1,000for every day during which the default continues after conviction.[33/84] Revocation of licence15.—(1)The Authority—(a)shall,by order,revoke the licence of a finance company if thecompany ceases to carry on the business for which it has beenlicensed in Singapore or goes into liquidation or is wound upor otherwise dissolved;。

新加坡公司法-中文版

新加坡公司法-中文版第十六章公司法第一节导言第二节公司成立及其后果第三节公司治理第四节公司权利的行使第五节股东的救济第六节公司股份第七节公司债据与资产抵押第八节公司困境第九节公司解散第一节导言16.1.1 在新加坡,与公司有关的主要法律是《公司法(Cap50, 1994 Rev Ed)》(以下称“公司法”)。

值得注意的是,一些特殊类型的公司,除了公司法之外,还要受到其他成文法的规制。

如保险公司和银行,还要分别受《保险法(Cap142,1994 Rev Ed)和《银行法(Cap20, 1994 Rev Ed)》的规制。

有限责任合伙组织其实也是公司,受《有限责任合伙组织法(Cap289,1994 Rev Ed)》规制。

在诸如《证券与期货法(Cap289, 1994 Rev Ed)》等其他成文法中,也有一些与公司有关的条款。

16.1.2 应该注意的是,普通法也会对与公司有关的成文法规范进行补充。

第二节公司成立及其后果设立公司的义务16.2.1 根据公司法第17(3)条的规定,拥有20名以上成员的经营组织都必须设立为公司。

但该规定并不适用于那些遵照新加坡其他成文法设立的,由从事特定职业的个人组成的合伙组织(公司法第17(3)条)。

法律职业的从业者,受《法律职业法(Cap161,1994 Rev Ed)》的规制,他们可以设立成员超过20人的合伙组织。

公司的登记16.2.2 一般来说,只要提交相应的文件,缴纳规定的费用,任何人都可以在新加坡通过登记设立公司。

设立公司时,必须提交的最重要的文件是公司章程和组织规章,公司法第19 (1)条对此作了强制性要求。

公司章程和组织规章就是公司的宪章。

根据公司法第22(1)条的规定,公司章程必须载明公司名称、公司股本[如果有的话],并表明公司成员承担的是有限责任还是无限责任。

公司组织规章是公司的规章制度,其中也有与公司治理有关的规定。

如果公司章程和组织规章有冲突,前者有优先效力。

新加坡公司法

CHAPTER 8 THE LAW OF CONTRACTSection 1 IntroductionSection 2 Offer and AcceptanceSection 3 ConsiderationSection 4 Intention to Create Legal RelationsSection 5 Terms of the ContractSection 6 Capacity to ContractSection 7 Privity of ContractSection 8 Discharge of ContractSection 9 MistakeSection 10 MisrepresentationSection 11 Duress, Undue Influence and UnconscionabilitySection 12 Illegality and Public PolicySection 13 Judicial Remedies for Breach of ContractSECTION 1 INTRODUCTION8.1.1 Contract law in Singapore is largely based on the common law of contract in England. Unlike its neighbours Malaysia and Brunei, following Independence in 1965, Singapore’s Parliament made no attempt to codify Singapore’s law ofcontract. Accordingly, much of the law of contract in Singapore remains in the form of judge-made rules. In some circumstances, these judge-made rules have been modified by specific statutes.8.1.2 Many of these statutes are English in origin. To begin with, 13 English commercial statutes have been incorporated as part of the Statutes of the Republic of Singapore by virtue of s 4 of the Application of English Law Act (Cap 7A, 1993 Rev Ed). These are listed in Part II of the First Schedule of this Act. Other statutes, eg the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act (Cap 53B, 2002 Rev Ed), are modelled upon English statutes. There are also other areas where statutory development based on non-English models has taken place, eg the Consumer Protection (Fair Trading) Act (Cap 52A, 2004 Rev Ed) (which was largely drawn from fair trading legislation enacted in Alberta and Sasketchewan).8.1.3 The rules developed in the Singapore courts do, nevertheless, bear a very close resemblance to those developed under English common law. Indeed, wherethere is no Singapore authority specifically on point, it will usually be assumed that the position will, in the first instance, be no different from that in England.Return to the topSECTION 2 OFFER AND ACCEPTANCEAgreement8.2.1 A contract is essentially an agreement between two or more parties, the terms of which affect their respective rights and obligations which are enforceable at law. Whether the parties have reached agreement, or a meeting of the minds, is objectively ascertained from the facts. The concepts of offer and acceptance provide in many, albeit not all, cases the starting point for analysing whether agreement has been reached.Offer8.2.2 An offer is a promise, or other expression of willingness, by the ‘offeror’ to be bound on certain specified terms upon the unqualified acceptance of these terms by the person to whom the offer is made (the ‘offeree’). Provided the other formation elements (ie consideration and intention to create legal relations) are present, the acceptance of an offer results in a valid contract.8.2.3 Whether any particular statement amounts to an offer depends on the intention with which it is made. An offer must be made with the intention to be bound. On the other hand, if a person is merely soliciting offers or requesting for information, without any intention to be bound, at best, he or she would be making an invitation to treat. Under the objective test, a person may be said to have made an offer if his or her statement (or conduct) induces a reasonable person to believe that the person making the offer intends to be bound by the acceptance of the alleged offer, even if that person in fact had no such intention.Termination of Offer8.2.4 An offer may be terminated by withdrawal at any time prior to its acceptance, provided there is communication, of the withdrawal to the offeree, whether by the offeror or through some reliable source. Rejection of an offer, which includes the making of a counter-offer or a variation of the original terms, terminates the offer. In the absence of an express stipulation as to time, an offer will lapse after a reasonable time. What this amounts to depends on the particular facts of the case. Death of the offeror, if known to the offeree, would render the offer incapable of being accepted by the offeree. Even in the absence of such knowledge, death of either party terminates any offer which has a personal element.Acceptance8.2.5 An offer is accepted by the unconditional and unqualified assent to its terms by the offeree. This assent may be expressed through words or conduct, but cannot be inferred from mere silence save in very exceptional circumstances.8.2.6 As a general rule, acceptance must be communicated to the offeror, although a limited exception exists where the acceptance is sent by post and this method of communication is either expressly or impliedly authorised. This exception, known as the ‘postal acceptance rule’, stipulates that acceptance takes place at the point when the letter of acceptance is posted, whether or not it was in fact received by the offeror.Certainty8.2.7 Before the agreement may be enforced as a contract, its terms must be sufficiently certain. At the least, the essential terms of the agreement should be specified. Beyond this, the courts may resolve apparent vagueness or uncertainty by reference to the acts of the parties, a previous course of dealing between the parties, trade practice or to a standard of reasonableness. On occasion, statutory provision of contractual details may fill the gaps. For more on implication of terms, see Paragraphs 8.5.5 to 8.5.8 below.Completeness8.2.8 An incomplete agreement also cannot amount to an enforceablecontract. Agreements made ‘subject to contract’ may be considered incomplete if the intention of the parties, as determined from the facts, was not to be legally bound until the execution of a formal document or until further agreement is reached.Electronic Transactions Act8.2.9 The Electronic Transactions Act (Cap 88, 1999 Rev Ed) (‘ETA’) clarifies that, except with respect to the requirement of writing or signatures in wills, negotiable instruments, indentures, declarations of trust or powers of attorney, contracts involving immovable property and documents of title (s 4(1)), electronic records may be used in expressing an offer or acceptance of an offer in contract formation (s 11). A declaration of intent between contracting parties may also be made in the form of an electronic record (s 12). The ETA also clarifies when an electronic record may be attributed to a particular person (s 13) and how the time and place of despatch and receipt of an electronic record are to be determined (s 15).Return to the topSECTION 3 CONSIDERATIONDefinition8.3.1 A promise contained in an agreement is not enforceable unless it is supported by consideration or it is made in a written document made underseal. Consideration is something of value (as defined by the law), requested for bythe party making the promise (the ‘promisor’) and provided by the party who receives it (the ‘promisee’), in exchange for the promise that the promisee is seeking to enforce. Thus, it could consist of either some benefit received by the promisor, or some detriment to the promisee. This benefit/detriment may consist of a counter promise or a completed act.Reciprocity8.3.2 The idea of reciprocity that underlies the requirement for consideration means that there has to be some causal relation between the consideration and the promise itself. Thus, consideration cannot consist of something that was already done before the promise was made. However, the courts do not always adopt a strict chronological approach to the analysis.Sufficiency8.3.3 Whether the consideration provided is sufficient is a question of law, and the court is not, as a general rule, concerned with whether the value of the consideration is commensurate with the value of the promise. The performance of, or the promise to perform, an existing public duty imposed on the promisee does not, without more, constitute sufficient consideration in law to support the promisor’s promise. The performance of an existing obligation that is owed contractually to the promisor is capable of being sufficient consideration, if such performance confers a real and practical benefit on the promisor. If the promisee performs or promises to perform an existing contractual obligation that is owed to a third party, the promisee will have furnished sufficient consideration at law to support a promise given in exchange.Promissory Estoppel8.3.4 Where the doctrine of promissory estoppel applies, a promise may be binding notwithstanding that it is not supported by consideration. This doctrine applies where a party to a contract makes an unequivocal promise, whether by words or conduct, that he or she will not insist on his or her strict legal rights under the contract, and the other party acts, and thereby alters his or her position, in reliance on the promise. The party making the promise cannot seek to enforce those rights if it would be inequitable to do so, although such rights may be reasserted upon the promisor giving reasonable notice. The doctrine prevents the enforcement of existing rights, but does not create new causes of action.Return to the topSECTION 4 INTENTION TO CREATE LEGAL RELATIONSContractual Intention8.4.1 In the absence of contractual intention, an agreement, even if supported by consideration, cannot be enforced. Whether the parties to an agreement intended tocreate legally binding relations between them is a question determined by an objective assessment of the relevant facts.Commercial Arrangements8.4.2 In the case of agreements in a commercial context, the courts will generally presume that the parties intended to be legally bound. However, the presumption can be displaced where the parties expressly declare the contrary intention. This is often done through the use of honour clauses, letters of intent, memoranda of understanding and other similar devices, although the ultimate conclusion would depend, not on the label attached to the document, but on an objective assessment of the language used and on all the attendant facts.Social Arrangements8.4.3 The parties in domestic or social arrangements are generally presumed not to intend legal consequences.Return to the topSECTION 5 TERMS OF THE CONTRACTExpress Terms8.5.1 The rights and obligations of contracting parties are determined by first, ascertaining the terms of the contract, and secondly, interpreting those terms. In ascertaining the terms of a contract, it is sometimes necessary, especially where the contract has not been reduced to writing, to decide whether a particular statement is a contractual term or a mere representation. Whether a statement is contractual or not depends on the intention of the parties, objectively ascertained, and is a question of fact. In ascertaining the parties’ intention, the courts take into account a number of factors including the stage of the transaction at which the statement was made, the importance which the representee attached to the statement and the relative knowledge or skill of the parties vis-à-vis the subject matter of the statement.8.5.2 Once the terms of a contract have been determined, the court applies an objective test in construing or interpreting the meaning of these terms. What is significant in this determination therefore is not the sense attributed by either party to the words used, but how a reasonable person would understand those terms. In this regard, Singapore courts have consistently emphasised the importance of the factual matrix within which the contract was made, as this would assist in determining how a reasonable man would have understood the language of the document.8.5.3 Where the parties have reduced their agreement into writing, whether a particular statement (oral or written) forms part of the actual contract depends on the application of the parol evidence rule. In Singapore, this common law rule and its main exceptions are codified in s 93 and s 94 of the Evidence Act (Cap 97, 1997 Rev Ed). Section 93 provides that where ‘the terms of a contract…have been reduced …tothe form of a document…, no evidence shall be given in proof of the terms of such contract …except the document itself’. Thus, no evidence of any oral agreement or statement may be admitted in evidence to contradict, vary, add to, or subtract from the terms of the written contract. However, secondary evidence is admissible if it falls within one of the exceptions to this general rule found in the proviso to s94. Some controversy remains as to whether s 94 is an exhaustive statement of all exceptions to the rule, or whether other common law exceptions not explicitly covered in s 94 continue to be applicable.8.5.4 It should, however, be noted that the scope of s 93 and s 94 has been circumscribed by Parliament in certain circumstances.Implied Terms8.5.5 In addition to those expressly agreed terms, the court may sometimes imply terms into the contract.8.5.6 Generally, any term to be implied must not contradict any express term of the contract.8.5.7 Where a term is implied to fill a gap in the contract so as to give effect to the presumed intention of the parties, the term is implied in fact and depends on a consideration of the language of the contract as well as the surrounding circumstances. A term will be implied only if it is so necessary that both parties must have intended its inclusion in the contract. The fact that it would be reasonable to include the term is not sufficient for the implication, as the courts will not re-write the contract for the parties.8.5.8 Terms may also be implied because this is required statutorily, or on public policy considerations. The terms implied by the Sale of Goods Act (Cap 393, 1994 Rev Ed) (eg s 12(1) – that the seller of goods has a right to sell the goods) provide examples of the former type of implied terms. As for the latter, whilst there has been no specific authority on the point, it is not inconceivable that Singapore courts, like their English counterparts, may imply ‘default’ terms into specific classes of contracts to give effect to policies that define the contractual relationships that arise out of those contracts.Classification of Terms8.5.9 The terms of a contract may be classified into conditions, warranties or intermediate (or innominate) terms. Proper classification is important as it determines whether the contract may be discharged or terminated for breach [as to which see Paragraphs 8.8.11 to 8.8.12 below].8.5.10 The parties may expressly stipulate in the contract how a particular term is to be classed. This is not, however, conclusive unless the parties are found to have intended the technical meaning of the classifying words used. In the absence of express stipulation, the courts will look objectively at the language of the contract to determine how, in light of the surrounding circumstances, the parties intended a particular term to be classed. There are also instances where statutes may stipulatewhether certain kinds of terms are to be treated as conditions or warranties, in the absence of any specific designation by the contracting parties.Exception Clauses8.5.11 Exception clauses that seek to exclude or limit a contracting party’s liability are commonly, but not exclusively, found in standard form agreements. The law in Singapore relating to such clauses is essentially based on English law. The English Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977, which either invalidates an exception clause or limits the efficacy of such terms by imposing a requirement of reasonableness, has been re-enacted in Singapore as the Unfair Contract Terms Act (as Cap 396, 1994 Rev Ed).Incorporation8.5.12 Whether an exception clause will have its intended effect depends on a number of factors. The threshold requirement is that the clause must have been incorporated into the contract. There are generally three ways in which such incorporation may occur. Where a party has signed a contract which contains an exception clause, the signatory is bound by the clause, even if he or she had not read or was unaware of the clause. An exception clause may also be incorporated, in the absence of a signed contract, if the party seeking to rely on the clause took reasonably sufficient steps to draw the other party’s attention to the existence of the clause. The determination of this issue is heavily dependent on the facts of the particular case. Finally, exception clauses may be incorporated because there has been a consistent and regular course of dealing between the parties on terms that incorporate the exception clause. Even if no steps were taken to incorporate the clause in a particular contract between such parties, it may have been validly incorporated by the parties’ prior course of dealing.Construction8.5.13 The next consideration is one of construction (or interpretation). This is necessary to determine if the liability, which the relevant party is seeking to exclude or restrict, falls within the proper scope of the clause. Here, the courts adopt the contra proferentum rule of construction, and will construe exception clauses strictly against parties seeking to rely on them. Nevertheless, the Singapore courts appear to construe clauses which seek to limit liability more liberally than those which seek to completely exclude liability.Unfair Contract Terms Act8.5.14 Finally, the limits placed by the Unfair Contracts Terms Act (Cap 396, 1994 Rev Ed) (the ‘UCTA’) on the operation and efficacy of exceptions clauses must be considered. It should be noted that the UCTA generally applies only to terms that affect liability for breach of obligations that arise in the course of a business or from the occupation of business premises. It also gives protection to persons who are dealing as consumers. Under the UCTA, exception clauses are either rendered wholly ineffective, or are ineffective unless shown to satisfy the requirement of reasonableness. Terms that attempt to exclude or restrict a party’s liability for deathor personal injury resulting from that party’s negligence are rendered wholly ineffective by the UCTA, while terms that seek to exclude or restrict liability for negligence resulting in loss or damage other than death or personal injury, and those that attempt to exclude or restrict contractual liability, are subject to therequirement of reasonableness. The reasonableness of the exception clause is evaluated as at the time at which the contract was made. The actual consequencesof the breach are therefore, in theory at least, immaterial.Return to the topSECTION 6 CAPACITY TO CONTRACTMinors8.6.1 Under Singapore common law, a minor is a person under the age of 21. The validity of contracts entered into by minors is governed by the common law, as modified by the Minors’ Contracts Act (Cap 389, 1994 Rev Ed).Contracts with Minors8.6.2 As a general rule, contracts are not enforceable against minors. However, where a minor has been supplied with necessaries (ie goods or services suitable for the maintenance of the station in life of the minor concerned: see also s 3(3), Sale of Goods Act (Cap 393, 1999 Rev Ed)), the minor must pay for them. Contracts of service which are, on the whole, for the minor’s benefit are also valid. The minor is also bound by certain types of contracts (ie contracts concerning land or shares in companies, partnership contracts and marriage settlements), unless the minor repudiates the contract before attaining majority at age 21 or within a reasonable time thereafter.Minors’ Contracts Act8.6.3 Under s 2 of the Minors’ Contracts Act, a guarantee given in respect of a minor’s contract, which may not be enforceable against the minor, is nevertheless enforceable against the guarantor. Section 3(1) of the Minors’ Contracts Act empowers the court to order restitution against the minor if it is just and equitable to do so.Mental Incapacity and Drunkards8.6.4 A contract entered into by a person of unsound mind is valid, unless it can be shown that that person was incapable of understanding what he or she was doing and the other party knew or ought reasonably to have known of the disability. In this case, the contract may be avoided at the option of the mentally unsound person (assisted by a court-sanctioned representative where necessary). The same principle applies in the case of inebriated persons. Under s 3(2) of the Sale of Goods Act, persons incapacitated mentally or by drunkenness are required to pay a reasonable price for necessaries supplied.Corporations8.6.5 Subject to any written law and to any limits contained in its constitution, a company has full capacity to undertake any business, do any act or enter into any transaction (s 23 – Companies Act, Cap 50, 1994 Rev Ed). Where there are restrictions placed on the capacity of a company and the company acts beyond its capacity, s 25 of the Companies Act validates such ultra vires transactions if they would otherwise be valid and binding. Contracts purportedly entered into by a company prior to its incorporation may be ratified and adopted by the company after its formation (s 41 – Companies Act).8.6.6 A limited liability partnership is also a body corporate under Singapore law – see Limited Liability Partnerships Act 2005 (Act No 5 of 2005). It may, in its own name: sue and be sued in its own name; acquire, own, hold and develop property; hold a common seal; and may do and suffer such other acts and things as any body corporate may lawfully do and suffer – see s 5(1). Section 5(2) also extends s 41 of the Companies Act to apply to a limited liability partnership.Return to the topSECTION 7 PRIVITY OF CONTRACTThird party Enforcement of Contractual Rights Generally not Permitted8.7.1 As a general proposition, only persons who are party (ie ‘privy’) to a contract may enforce rights or obligations arising from that contract. This is sometimes referred to as the ‘privity rule.’8.7.2 A third party who is not privy to a contract is generally not allowed to bring any legal action in his or her own name for breach of contract against a contracting party who fails to perform his or her contractual obligations, even if such failure of performance has caused the third party to suffer a loss.When is Someone Party or Privy to a Contract?8.7.3 There is no clear definition as to when a person is/is not privy to a contract. Generally, a party who is an offeror or offeree will be privy to the contract. However, it seems that merely being mentioned in the contract is not enough.8.7.4 It is, nevertheless, possible to have a multilateral contract where there are multiple offerees (one or more of whom accept the offer on behalf of the others) or where there are multiple offerors (one or more of whom make the offer on behalf of the others). In either case, each offeree or offeror is a joint party to the contract and the privity rule will not apply to them.Non-statutory Exceptions to the Privity Rule8.7.5 The privity rule is not absolute. It is subject to many exceptions. Apart from the possibility of a multilateral or multi-party contract (mentioned above), some other exceptions can be found in the law relating to: (a) agency; (b) trusts; or (c) land (in relation to covenants which ‘run’ with the land or lease). For an in depth discussion of these other legal techniques to circumvent the privity rule, please see Chapters 15 and 18.Statutory Exceptions to the Privity Rule8.7.6 There are also statutory exceptions. Most of these are only applicable to specific and narrowly defined cases. Two examples of such statutes include: (a) the Bills of Exchange Act (Cap 23, 1985 Rev Ed) [see Chapter 22 on Banking Law]; and (b) the Bills of Lading Act (Cap 384, 1994 Rev Ed) [see Chapter 25 on Shipping Law]. Of more general application, the Singapore Parliament enacted the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act (Cap 53B, 2002 Rev Ed) in 2001.Contracts (Rights of Third Parties)Act8.7.7 Section 1 provides that the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act has no retrospective effect – it cannot apply to any contract formed before 1 January2002. Section 1 also provides that the Act does not apply to any contracts which were formed on or after 1 January 2002, but before 1 July 2002, unless the contracting parties expressly provided in their contract for it to do so. Contracts formed on or after 1 July 2002 are always subject to the Act.8.7.8 Where the Act applies, it gives a third party a statutory right to enforce a term of a contract against a party who is in breach of his or her obligations under the contract (the ‘promisor’), even though even though the third party is a volunteerwho has not provided any contractual consideration – see s 2(5).8.7.9 This may occur if either: (a) the contract expressly provides that the third party may enforce a term of the contract in his or her own right – s 2(1)(a); or (b) the contract, ‘purports to confer a benefit on the third party’ – s 2(1)(b). However, s 2(1)(b) is qualified: a third party will not be granted the direct statutory right of suit in the absence of an express provision permitting him or her to do so, ‘if, on a proper construction of the contract, it appears that the parties did not intend the term to be enforceable by the third party.’ – s 2(2).8.7.10 This statutory right of enforcement is not just limited to cases where the promisor is under an obligation to act to confer a positive benefit on the thirdparty. ‘Negative’ benefits, such as the benefit of a term excluding or limiting the third party’s legal liabilities to the promisor, may also be enforced –s 2(5).8.7.11 The third party’s statutory right of enforcement against the promisor is qualified in a number of ways. First, the third party’s statutory right of recovery may be qualified by a defence or set-off which the promisor would have been able to assert vis-à-vis the other party to the contract (the ‘promisee’) – s 4. Second, any sum to be recovered by the third party pursuant to the Act may be reduced to take into account sums recovered by the promisee from the promisor in respect of the promisor’s breach – s 6.8.7.12 Once third party rights are created under the Act, certain restrictions are imposed on the ability of the parties to the contract to vary or rescind their contract if this would extinguish or alter the third party’s rights under the Act – s 3.8.7.13 Though wider in its scope than many of the other legal techniques for circumventing privity, the Act is not of universal application. Section 7 of the Act sets out a number of situations where the Act does not apply. Excluded cases include:(a) contracts on a bill of exchange, promissory note or other negotiable instrument;(b) limited liability partnership agreements as defined under the Limited Liability Partnerships Act 2005 (Act 5 of 2005); (c) the statutory contract binding a company and its members under s39 of the Companies Act (Cap 50, 1994 Rev Ed); (d) third party enforcement of any term of an employment contract against an employee; and (e) third party enforcement of any term (apart from any exclusion or limitation of liability for the benefit of the third party) in a contract for carriage of goods by sea, or a contract for the carriage of goods or cargo by rail, road or air, if such contract is subject to certain international transport conventions.Return to the topSECTION 8 DISCHARGE OF CONTRACTDischarge by Performance8.8.1 If all the contractual obligations as defined by the terms of the contract are fully performed, the contract is brought to an end or ‘discharged’ by performance. In theory, such performance must be precise. However, trivial defects in performance may be ignored as being negligible or ‘de minimis.’ In addition, where full performance is only possible with the cooperation of the other party (as is almost invariably the case with obligations of payment or delivery), tender of performancein circumstances where the other party refuses to accept it is generally deemed to be equivalent to full performance so as to discharge the contract.Non- or Defective Performance8.8.2 In the event that a contractual obligation is not performed or is performed defectively in a non-trivial fashion, Singapore law provides for a variety of legal responses and remedies, depending on the nature of the failure of performance.Lawful Excuses for Breach of Contract8.8.3 If the failure of performance is not subject to any lawful excuse, thecontract is said to be ‘breached.’ In this context, ‘lawful excuses’ may take the following forms.Discharge by Agreement8.8.4 First, just as parties are free to agree to bind themselves to a contract, they are free to negotiate with each other to release themselves from the obligations of。

新加坡的ro制度

新加坡的ro制度新加坡的"Registered Officer" (RO) 制度是指根据公司法，公司必须指定一名合格的RO来负责公司的法定事务。

RO通常是公司的高级管理人员或董事之一，他们承担着确保公司合规性和透明度的重要责任。

RO制度在新加坡的商业环境中扮演着至关重要的角色，为公司提供了法律遵循的框架和追求卓越的机会。

1. RO的职责RO在公司中承担着多项重要职责。

首先，他们负责确保公司遵守新加坡法律和规定。

他们需要保证公司的财务报表真实准确，并及时提交给政府机构。

此外，RO还需要处理公司的股东关系，定期召开董事会和股东大会，并确保遵守相关程序和法律。

2. RO的资格要求担任RO需要满足一定的资格要求。

根据新加坡公司法，RO必须是新加坡公民、永久居民或持有合法工作签证的人士。

此外，RO还必须年满18岁，具备合适的经验和知识来履行他们的职责。

这些资格要求确保了RO具备足够的专业背景和能力来管理公司的法律事务。

3. RO的重要性RO制度在新加坡的商业环境中非常重要。

首先，RO确保公司合规性。

他们通过严格遵守法律和规定，保证公司运营的合法性和可持续性。

其次，RO的存在增加了公司的透明度。

他们负责维护并提供公司的重要文件、记录和报告，确保股东和监管机构对公司的运营情况有清晰的了解。

最后，RO还在公司内部起到激励和引导员工遵守公司价值观和道德规范的作用。

4. RO的挑战与机遇担任RO不是一项容易的任务，他们需要应对各种挑战并处理复杂的法律事务。

RO需要持续学习和了解最新的法律法规，确保公司的合规性。

此外，他们还需要与不同的利益相关者进行有效的沟通和合作，以解决潜在的纠纷和冲突。

然而，RO也面临着机遇，他们可以通过提升自身的专业知识和技能，为公司的可持续发展做出重要贡献。

5. RO制度的改进新加坡的RO制度不断发展和改进。

政府和监管机构积极倾听企业和专业人士的意见，以进一步提高RO制度的有效性和适应性。

新加坡公司章程

公司注册编号公司法（第50章）新加坡共和国有限股份公司总纲及公司章程OFXX（私人）有限公司注册成立于公司法，第50章节有限股份公司章程的总纲OFxx（私人）有限公司（在新加坡共和国注册成立）1．公司的名称是xx （私人）有限公司2. 公司的注册办公室会坐落于新加坡共和国3．公司具有公司法（第50章节）和其他成文法授予的全部权利、权力和特权以及全部的能力来执行或者承担任何商业和活动，做任何行为或者缔结任何交易，包括但不限于以下主要的目的：-(a) 执行所有或者任何电子商务项目管理、产品发展、市场营销和生产制造因特网网络产品，每一类型和储存的电器和电子装置和器具的生产、安装、维护和处理，各种类电子和电器、装置、设备的储存的商事活动。

(b) 执行提供有关上述相关科技的电子解决，电子咨询和顾问服务，执行每一类型与电子和电的使用和应用相关的研究、调查和试验工作的商事活动。

(c) 执行电脑系统咨询、管理咨询、电脑软件发展可行性研究、项目管理、设施管理、电脑时间共享和服务办事处，租借电脑软件系统和/或组件，买、卖、供应、贸易和修理电脑软件系统和/或组件，以及各种类型的为任何目的的与电脑/管理工具相关的服务的商事活动。

4. 公司成员承担有限责任。

我/我们，下列列具姓名、地址和职务的签署的迄今股份认购人，均意欲依据总纲组成一间公司，我/我们并分别地同意按列于我们姓名右方的股份数目，承购公司资本中的股份数。

20xx年xx月xx日- 3 -公司法，第50章节有限股份公司公司章程OFxx有限公司(注册成立于新加坡共和国)序言1.公司法附录四表格A的章程不适用于本公司，除非本章程重复或者包含了相同条款。

定义2. 在本章程中“法案”指公司法（第50章节）以及在其生效期间的任何法定修改或者重新制定“公司”指上述的公司，无论其不时地被称作什么其他名字指公司现时的董事或任何具有授权来代表公司的董事“董事”或者“董事会”“红利”包括花红，以货币或物的分配，资本分配和资本化问题；“成员”指登记成为公司股份持有者的个人或者实体；“办公室”指公司现时的注册办公室；“实缴资本”包括以信用出资作为实缴资本；“登记”指依照法案保存的公司成员登记簿，包括依据法案保存的分支机构的登记簿；“秘书”指依照本章程委任的公司秘书，将包括任何人被授权临时履行公司秘书职责的人。

新加坡公司章程3(主要部分)

公司法第50章私人股份有限责任公司本页为著作的封面，下载以后可以删除本页！【最新资料 Word 版可自由编辑！！】XXXX有限公司的章程及其细则（于新加坡共和国注册）释义第一条以下词语如无特殊说明，在本文中作如下释义：“公司”指XXXX有限公司；“法规”指公司法第50章；“办公室”指公司成立时的登记办公室；“登记处”指依照公司法第190节成立的登记处；“月”指公历月；“书面方式”指包括所有以打印、印刷、可视方式再现或复制文字的方式。

“秘书”包括包括一个助理秘书以及任何经指定担任公司秘书职务的人士。

“股息”包括红利；“特别决议”有公司法第184节的指定含义；“库存股份”有公司法第76节H款的指定含义；单数形式的词语亦包括复数。

阳性形式的词语亦包括阴性。

此处所述“人”亦包括公司。

表格A第二条包含在公司法第四个计划表格A的规则不适用于公司，除了章程有相同的重述。

私人公司第三条本公司是一家私人公司，据此：（1）转让股份的权利乃以下文所订明的方式受限制。

（2）公司的成员人数（不包括受雇佣于公司的人，亦不包括先前受雇于公司而在受雇用期间及在终止受雇之后，一直作为公司成员的人）以50名为限。

但就本条而言，凡2名或多于2名人士联名持有公司一股或多于一股的股份，该等人士须视为单一名成员。

（3）禁止任何邀请公众人士认购公司的任何股份或债权。

（4）禁止任何邀请公众人士发出活期存款或随时支付，不管是有利息还是没利息。

股份资本和变化的权利第四条根据《公司法》规定，董事会可发行公司股票，所发行的股票可附有董事会按公司通常决议所决定的有关红利、投票资本利润率、或其它事项的优先、延期、或其它特殊权利或限制，但不得影响已经授予任何现存股票股东的任何特权。

第五条根据《公司法》，经一般决议通过，任何优先股均可发行为可赎股份，或按公司意愿，发行成必须赎回的股份。

第六条当股份资本分为不同种类的股票时，每种股票所附带的权利（除非该种股票的发行条件另有规定），经该种发行股票75%的股民书面认可，或经该种股票股民召开股东特别大会通过决议专门许可，则可以变更。

新加坡设立公司章程范本(3篇)

第1篇第一章总则第一条公司名称公司名称为【公司全称】，以下简称“公司”。

第二条公司住所公司住所位于新加坡【具体地址】，如需变更，需依照法定程序办理。

第三条公司经营范围公司经营范围为【具体经营范围】，包括但不限于以下业务：【具体业务列表】第四条公司注册资本公司注册资本为新加坡元【具体金额】，分为【股份数】股，每股面值【每股面值】新加坡元。

第二章股东第五条股东资格公司股东应当符合新加坡法律、法规规定的资格条件。

第六条股东权利与义务1. 股东有权依照章程规定，出席股东大会，参与公司重大决策。

2. 股东有权查阅公司章程、股东名册、公司债券存根、股东大会会议记录、董事会会议决议、监事会会议决议、财务会计报告。

3. 股东有权按照出资比例分取红利。

4. 股东有权按照章程规定转让其股份。

5. 股东应当遵守公司章程，执行股东大会的决议。

6. 股东应当按照出资比例承担公司债务。

第七条股东大会1. 股东大会是公司的最高权力机构。

2. 股东大会的职权包括但不限于：a. 审议和批准公司的经营方针和投资计划；b. 选举和更换董事、监事；c. 审议批准公司的年度财务预算方案、决算方案；d. 审议批准公司的利润分配方案和弥补亏损方案；e. 对公司增加或者减少注册资本作出决议；f. 对公司合并、分立、解散、清算或者变更公司形式作出决议；g. 修改公司章程；h. 公司章程规定的其他职权。

第三章董事会第八条董事会组成公司设董事会，由【董事人数】名董事组成，其中独立董事不少于【独立董事人数】名。

第九条董事会职权1. 董事会对股东大会负责，执行股东大会的决议。

2. 董事会的职权包括但不限于：a. 召集股东大会，并向股东大会报告工作；b. 执行股东大会的决议；c. 制定公司的经营计划和投资方案；d. 制定公司的年度财务预算方案、决算方案；e. 制定公司的利润分配方案和弥补亏损方案；f. 制定公司的基本管理制度；g. 决定公司的经营方针和投资计划；h. 决定公司内部管理机构的设置；i. 决定聘任或者解聘公司经理及其报酬事项；j. 根据经理的提名，决定聘任或者解聘公司副经理、财务负责人及其报酬事项； k. 决定公司的分立、合并、解散或者变更公司形式；l. 决定公司内部管理机构的设置；m. 决定公司重大事项；n. 公司章程规定的其他职权。

新加坡企业法律摘录

新加坡企业法律摘录新加坡企业法律摘录新加坡是一个拥有良好商业环境和完善法律体系的国家，作为一个经济开放型的国家，保护企业的合法权益和营商环境是非常重要的一项工作。

在实践中，新加坡也出台一系列的法规和法律，帮助企业更好的运营和发展。

本文将会对新加坡企业法律进行摘录和分析，以便于读者更好的了解新加坡企业法律体系。

1.《新加坡公司法》新加坡公司法是新加坡的一部关于公司立法的重要法律，它规定了公司的权利和义务，建立了公司的注册、成立、运营和解散的法律框架。

下面是新加坡公司法的主要内容：- 公司的注册：所有拟成立公司必须在新加坡公司注册处进行注册。

注册所需的材料：公司名称、注册地点、公司类型等。

- 公司的资本：新加坡公司法规定了公司的资本的最大和最小限制，同时规定了公司股份的形式和股权转移的方式。

-公司治理：公司的治理主要由董事会、总经理和股东共同组成，可以选择任意数量的董事和股东，但至少要有一名董事和一个股东。

- 公司的税收制度：新加坡的公司税率在2019年为17％，对于个人和公司都非常有吸引力。

- 公司的解散：新加坡公司法规定了公司的解散程序，主要是在公司财务状况差、法务问题和管理不善的情况下发生。

2.《新加坡国际仲裁法》新加坡国际仲裁法主要是针对国际商业仲裁的一部重要法律，目的是保护企业在跨国交易中的权益，有效维护商业互信。

下面是新加坡国际仲裁法的主要内容：- 新加坡国际仲裁法规定了企业可以在新加坡的仲裁中心进行仲裁。

- 在新加坡实行的仲裁判决和裁决书均获得各国官方的认可和保护。

- 新加坡国际仲裁法规定了企业在仲裁期间如何保护自己的权益，包括但不限于保护证据材料、控制费用等。

3.《新加坡版权法》对于以创意为核心的企业，新加坡版权法是非常关键的一部法律，它保护企业的版权和知识产权，保护公司的产权和个人的创作权。

下面是新加坡版权法的主要内容：- 新加坡版权法规定了企业可以享有的版权范围，包括但不限于文学作品、音乐和图片等方面。

新加坡公司法-中文版

新加坡公司法-中文版第十六章公司法第一节导言第二节公司成立及其后果第三节公司治理第四节公司权利的行使第五节股东的救济第六节公司股份第七节公司债据与资产抵押第八节公司困境第九节公司解散第一节导言16.1.1 在新加坡，与公司有关的主要法律是《公司法（Cap50, 1994 Rev Ed）》(以下称“公司法”)。

值得注意的是，一些特殊类型的公司，除了公司法之外，还要受到其他成文法的规制。

如保险公司和银行，还要分别受《保险法（Cap142,1994 Rev Ed）和《银行法（Cap20, 1994 Rev Ed）》的规制。

有限责任合伙组织其实也是公司，受《有限责任合伙组织法（Cap289,1994 Rev Ed）》规制。

在诸如《证券与期货法（Cap289, 1994 Rev Ed）》等其他成文法中，也有一些与公司有关的条款。

16.1.2 应该注意的是，普通法也会对与公司有关的成文法规范进行补充。

第二节公司成立及其后果设立公司的义务16.2.1 根据公司法第17（3）条的规定，拥有20名以上成员的经营组织都必须设立为公司。

但该规定并不适用于那些遵照新加坡其他成文法设立的，由从事特定职业的个人组成的合伙组织（公司法第17（3）条）。

法律职业的从业者，受《法律职业法（Cap161,1994 Rev Ed）》的规制，他们可以设立成员超过20人的合伙组织。

公司的登记16.2.2 一般来说，只要提交相应的文件，缴纳规定的费用，任何人都可以在新加坡通过登记设立公司。

设立公司时，必须提交的最重要的文件是公司章程和组织规章，公司法第19（1）条对此作了强制性要求。

公司章程和组织规章就是公司的宪章。

根据公司法第22（1）条的规定，公司章程必须载明公司名称、公司股本[如果有的话]，并表明公司成员承担的是有限责任还是无限责任。

公司组织规章是公司的规章制度，其中也有与公司治理有关的规定。

如果公司章程和组织规章有冲突，前者有优先效力。

公司法新加坡法律第50章.pdf

由代表行事的公司 ............................................................................................................... 27
董事 .................................................................................................................................... 27
董事的委任、退任和撤換..................................................................................................... 29
替任董事 ............................................................................................................................. 30
股票 .................................................................................................................................... 12
催繳股款 ............................................................................................................................. 13

公司法新加坡法律第50章.pdf

董事的委任、退任和撤換..................................................................................................... 29
替任董事 ............................................................................................................................. 30
首席執行官 .......................................................................................................................... 28
罷免董事職務 ...................................................................................................................... 29
由代表行事的公司 ............................................................................................................... 27
董事 .................................................................................................................................... 27

新加坡公司法-中文

第十六章公司法第一节导言第二节公司成立及其后果第三节公司治理第四节公司权利的行使第五节股东的救济第六节公司股份第七节公司债据与资产抵押第八节公司困境第九节公司解散第一节导言16.1.1 在新加坡，与公司有关的主要法律是《公司法（Cap50, 1994 Rev Ed）》(以下称“公司法”)。

值得注意的是，一些特殊类型的公司，除了公司法之外，还要受到其他成文法的规制。

如保险公司和银行，还要分别受《保险法（Cap142,1994 Rev Ed）和《银行法（Cap20, 1994 Rev Ed）》的规制。

有限责任合伙组织其实也是公司，受《有限责任合伙组织法（Cap289,1994 Rev Ed）》规制。

在诸如《证券与期货法（Cap289, 1994 Rev Ed）》等其他成文法中，也有一些与公司有关的条款。

16.1.2 应该注意的是，普通法也会对与公司有关的成文法规范进行补充。

返回顶部第二节公司成立及其后果设立公司的义务16.2.1 根据公司法第17（3）条的规定，拥有20名以上成员的经营组织都必须设立为公司。

但该规定并不适用于那些遵照新加坡其他成文法设立的，由从事特定职业的个人组成的合伙组织（公司法第17（3）条）。

法律职业的从业者，受《法律职业法（Cap161,1994 Rev Ed）》的规制，他们可以设立成员超过20人的合伙组织。

公司的登记16.2.2 一般来说，只要提交相应的文件，缴纳规定的费用，任何人都可以在新加坡通过登记设立公司。

设立公司时，必须提交的最重要的文件是公司章程和组织规章，公司法第19（1）条对此作了强制性要求。

公司章程和组织规章就是公司的宪章。

根据公司法第22（1）条的规定，公司章程必须载明公司名称、公司股本[如果有的话]，并表明公司成员承担的是有限责任还是无限责任。

公司组织规章是公司的规章制度，其中也有与公司治理有关的规定。

如果公司章程和组织规章有冲突，前者有优先效力。

16.2.3 公司章程一经登记，登记官便签发设立通知，宣布公司成立并在通知中载明成立的日期。

新加坡公司章程中文译本

(2)进口、出口、收购、销售（批发和零售）、租赁、配送并以其他方式处理和利用通常处于制备状态、成品、半成品和未处理状态的货物、材料、商品、农产品和日用品以及以货易货的方式进行交易。
(3)从事电信和通讯服务的提供或处理、信息检索与交付、电子信息、电子商务、互联网和数据库服务的提供与处理业务。
(4)以任何方式、依照任何条款收购或以其他方式获取和持有股票、股份、债券、债权股票、年金债券和外汇、外币存款和商品，并随时对其中任何部分进行变更、行使和实施本公司在这些股票、股份、债券、外汇、外币存款或商品上的利益的各项附带权利，并以本公司可能认为适当的方式将并非本公司经营急需的闲置资金用于投资或以其他方式进行处置。
(26)与任何政府、主管当局、社团、公司或人员签订任何商务协定或其他协定，同时获取或得到出于任何目的的各种法规、法令、特许状、合同、行政命令、权利、特权、许可证、专营权和优惠，并且落实、执行和遵守上述法规、法令、特许状、合同、行政命令、权利、特权、许可证、专营权和优惠，签订、实施、启动、依法采取任何行动、合同、协议、谈判、法律程序和其他程序、和解、安排和方案并对其进行辩护，采取所有其他似乎在任何时间都对本公司的利益或保护有利或有益的行动和措施等。
(12)设立、保有和经营海运、空运、内陆水路运输和陆路运输企业（公共和私人企业）及其所有辅助服务机构。
(13)在符合法律施加的任何限制性规定的情况下，开展贸易、商业和工业所有分支机构的任何性质或类别的咨询师、顾问、研究人员和分析师业务。
(14)在符合法律施加的任何限制性规定的情况下，提供任何个人、企业或公司要求的任何部分或全部服务或便利设施或责成其他方提供该服务或设施。
(24)开展珠宝商、金匠、银匠、艺术商业务，进口、出口、购买、销售和经营珠宝、金银饰品、镀金和镀银、贵重物品、艺术品以及本公司认为合适的其他商品和货物的批发与零售，设立针对上述业务的培植、加工和制造商品的工厂。

新加坡企业法-中文版

新加坡公司法-中文版第十六章公司法第一节导言第二节公司成立及其后果第三节公司治理第四节公司权利的行使第五节股东的救济弟八节公司股份第七节公司债据与资产抵押第八节公司困境第九节公司解散第一节导言16.1.1在新加坡，与公司有关的主要法律是《公司法( Cap50, 1994 Rev Ed )》(以下称“公司法”)。

值得注意的是，一些特殊类型的公司，除了公司法之外，还要受到其他成文法的规制。

如保险公司和银行，还要分别受《保险法( Cap 142,1994 Rev Ed )和《银行法(Cap20, 1994 Rev Ed )》的规制。

有限责任合伙组织其实也是公司，受《有限责任合伙组织法(Cap289,1994 Rev Ed )》规制。

在诸如《证券与期货法 (Cap289, 1994 Rev Ed )》等其他成文法中，也有一些与公司有关的条款。

16.1.2应该注意的是，普通法也会对与公司有关的成文法规范进行补充。

第二节公司成立及其后果设立公司的义务16.2.1根据公司法第17( 3)条的规定，拥有20名以上成员的经营组织都必须设立为公司。

但该规定并不适用于那些遵照新加坡其他成文法设立的，由从事特定职业的个人组成的合伙组织(公司法第17 (3)条)。

法律职业的从业者，受《法律职业法(Cap161,1994 Rev Ed )》的规制，他们可以设立成员超过20人的合伙组织。

公司的登记16.2.2 一般来说，只要提交相应的文件，缴纳规定的费用，任何人都可以在新加坡通过登记设立公司。

设立公司时，必须提交的最重要的文件是公司章程和组织规章，公司法第19 (1)条对此作了强制性要求。

公司章程和组织规章就是公司的宪章。

根据公司法第22 (1)条的规定，公司章程必须载明公司名称、公司股本［如果有的话］，并表明公司成员承担的是有限责任还是无限责任。

公司组织规章是公司的规章制度，其中也有与公司治理有关的规定。

如果公司章程和组织规章有冲突，前者有优先效力。

新加坡公司法-中文版

值得注意的是，一些特殊类型的公司，除了公司法之外，还要受到其他成文法的规制。

如保险公司和银行，还要分别受《保险法（Cap142,1994 Rev Ed）和《银行法（Cap20, 1994 Rev Ed）》的规制。

有限责任合伙组织其实也是公司，受《有限责任合伙组织法（Cap289,1994 Rev Ed）》规制。

在诸如《证券与期货法（Cap289, 1994 Rev Ed）》等其他成文法中，也有一些与公司有关的条款。

16.1.2 应该注意的是，普通法也会对与公司有关的成文法规范进行补充。

第二节公司成立及其后果设立公司的义务16.2.1 根据公司法第17（3）条的规定，拥有20名以上成员的经营组织都必须设立为公司。

但该规定并不适用于那些遵照新加坡其他成文法设立的，由从事特定职业的个人组成的合伙组织（公司法第17（3）条）。

法律职业的从业者，受《法律职业法（Cap161,1994 Rev Ed）》的规制，他们可以设立成员超过20人的合伙组织。

公司的登记16.2.2 一般来说，只要提交相应的文件，缴纳规定的费用，任何人都可以在新加坡通过登记设立公司。

设立公司时，必须提交的最重要的文件是公司章程和组织规章，公司法第19（1）条对此作了强制性要求。

公司章程和组织规章就是公司的宪章。

根据公司法第22（1）条的规定，公司章程必须载明公司名称、公司股本[如果有的话]，并表明公司成员承担的是有限责任还是无限责任。

公司组织规章是公司的规章制度，其中也有与公司治理有关的规定。

如果公司章程和组织规章有冲突，前者有优先效力。

新加坡公司法

新加坡公司法第十六章公司法第一节导言第二节公司成立及其后果第三节公司治理第四节公司权利的行使第五节股东的救济第六节公司股份第七节公司债据与资产抵押第八节公司困境第九节公司解散第一节导言16.1.1 在新加坡，与公司有关的主要法律是《公司法(Cap50, 1994 Rev Ed)》(以下称“公司法”)。

值得注意的是，一些特殊类型的公司，除了公司法之外，还要受到其他成文法的规制。

如保险公司和银行，还要分别受《保险法(Cap142,1994 Rev Ed)和《银行法(Cap20, 1994 Rev Ed)》的规制。

有限责任合伙组织其实也是公司，受《有限责任合伙组织法(Cap289,1994 Rev Ed)》规制。

在诸如《证券与期货法(Cap289, 1994 Rev Ed)》等其他成文法中，也有一些与公司有关的条款。

16.1.2 应该注意的是，普通法也会对与公司有关的成文法规范进行补充。

第二节公司成立及其后果设立公司的义务16.2.1 根据公司法第17(3)条的规定，拥有20名以上成员的经营组织都必须设立为公司。

但该规定并不适用于那些遵照新加坡其他成文法设立的，由从事特定职业的个人组成的合伙组织(公司法第17(3)条)。

法律职业的从业者，受《法律职业法(Cap161,1994 RevEd)》的规制，他们可以设立成员超过20人的合伙组织。

公司的登记16.2.2 一般来说，只要提交相应的文件，缴纳规定的费用，任何人都可以在新加坡通过登记设立公司。

设立公司时，必须提交的最重要的文件是公司章程和组织规章，公司法第19(1)条对此作了强制性要求。

公司章程和组织规章就是公司的宪章。

根据公司法第22(1)条的规定，公司章程必须载明公司名称、公司股本[如果有的话]，并表明公司成员承担的是有限责任还是无限责任。

公司组织规章是公司的规章制度，其中也有与公司治理有关的规定。

如果公司章程和组织规章有冲突，前者有优先效力。

16.2.3 公司章程一经登记，登记官便签发设立通知，宣布公司成立并在通知中载明成立的日期。