被动语态

被动语态

一、构成英语有两种语态: 主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者, 被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者, 其构成为be + 过去分词。

1 . 被动语态各种时态形式表

一般时态进行时态完成时态

现在am /is /are+ asked am /is /are +being asked has /have been asked

过去was /were+asked was /were +being asked had been asked

将来shall /will +be asked shall /will +have been asked

过去将来

should /would +be asked should /would +have been asked

I’m afraid I am being followed . We had to take a detour . The road was being repaired .

The case has recently been tried . All the tickets had been sold out when they arrived .

English is taught in most schools in China . They were given a warm send-off .

Their wedding will be held in the church . They were told that the result would be announced

2 . 情态动词的被动语态

含有情态动词的谓语变为被动语态时, 结构为:

一般式: 情态动词( can, could, may, might , must , should, need 等) + be + 过去分词

完成式: 情态动词( can, could, may, might , must , should, need 等) + have + 过去分词

This can be done by hand . This mustn’t be neglected .

二、被动语态使用要点

1 . 不及物动词不能用于被动语态

appear , rise, die, happen, occur, lie, depart , belong to, break out , take place 等都属此类动

词。例如: Great changes have been taken place in my hometown . (误)

Great changes have taken place in my hometown . (正)

2 . 表示状态的动词不能用于被动语态

英语中有些动词(短语动词)不是表示动作, 而是表示某种状态或情况, 有“拥有、容纳、适合、缺少、明白”等意, 这类动词不能用于被动语态, 常见的有: lack , fit , mean, hold , resemble, have, cost , equal , contain, suit , comprise, become, last , possess, benefit , lack, befall 降

临, fail, consist of, look like 等。例如:The book costs 10 yuan . Jane resembles her mother . Note: 当have 作“吃, 接收, 经历, 度过”解时, 虽用作行为动词, 但一般不用于被动语态。例如: The children had a most enjoyable holiday .

.. 但当have 作“得到, 获得, 欺骗”解, 或同某些介词、副词结合构成及物性短语动词时, 可用于被动语态。例如: She has been had in the dealing( over the bargain) .

The ticket can be had for the asking .The young man was had up by the boss . ( = was summoned) 3 . 某些动词的进行时也可表示被动意义,常见的这类词有: bake, owe, brew, cook, print, bind, do 等。例如: The meat is cooking .The book is printing . The guns are firing .

Apples are selling cheaply . ( = are being sold) The cow was milking . ( = was being milked) Drums and gongs are beating .( are being beaten) Some clothes are airing on the fence .

4 . 不及物动词构成的短语动词能否用于被动语态

1)及物动词构成的短语动词总是及物性的, 故可以用于被动语态(注意不可省掉或漏掉介

词或副词) , 如win over, give up, ask for , make mention of 等。但是, 不及物动词构成的短

语可以是及物性的, 也可以是不及物性的; 不及物性的短语动词不可用于被动语态, 如

look up/ down, speak for 等Things are looking up .(正)

2)不及物动词构成的及物性短语动词则可以用于被动语态

The man has always been looked upon with disapproval by his wife .

The ground has been sat on and the bed has been slept in .

Note: pay attention to, take care of 等短语动词可以有两种被动语态形式。例如:

The situation has been paid attention to . Attentions have been paid to the situation .

The wounded are taken good care o f . Good care is taken of the wounded .

3) rain 等不及物动词, 有时也转用作及物动词

The meeting was rained out (off ) . A wheat crop has been rained out .

Note: 下列短语动词不用于被动语态, 或在某层意思上不用于被动语态:

①动词+ 介词→aim for , agree with, admit of (有.. 的余地) , adjust to, come to( 涉

及) , become of(结果是) , belong to, accord with, abound in

②动词+ 副词→get back, face out(坚持到底) , answer back(顶嘴) , have on(穿上)

③动词+ 名词+ 介词→set sail for, give way to(让位于) , have a hand in (插手) , give

place to

④动词+ 副词+ 介词→keep up with

He answered his father back . (正) The committee consists of ten members . (正)

No conclusion has been come to yet . 还没有得出任何结论。( come to 表示“达成,

得出”可用于被动语态)

When it comes to politics I know nothing . 关于政治我一窍不通。( come to 表示

“关于, 涉及”不用于被动语态)

5 . 主动形式表示被动意义的词

1)某些感官动词和系动词加形容词可以表示被动意义, 如: look , smell, taste, feel , prove, wear, sound 等The flower smells sweet . The dish tastes delicious .

2)某些及物动词后加副词( 有些可不加副词) 也可以表示被动意义, 如: wash, write, sell , read, open , cut , lock, peel , pack, play , shut , spot , split , strike, record, act , clean, draw, iron , keep, photo-graph 等

This type of recorder sells well . That kind of shirt washes very well . Ripe apples peel easily .

比较: The box doesn’t lock . (箱子本身的性质) The box was not locked . (箱子当时的状态)

The door opened . (强调门自身开了) The door was opened .(强调被人打开了)

The theory proved to be correct . (含有自身“证明”的特征)

The theory was proved to be correct . (被人证明)

3)want , deserve, need, require, repay, stand, take, won..t bear 和worth 等词的后面可以用动

名词的主动形式表示被动意义这时, 动名词同句中的主语有动宾关系, 若动名词是不及物的, 后面还应有适当的介词。例如:

The book is worth reading . The coat requires mending . The rule will take some learning .

6 . 被动语态中的几个常用介词用法比较

by( agents)表示动作的执行者或施动力; with( tools)表示用某种工具; of (materials )表示

由某种原料制成(制成品可见原料) ; from( substance)表示源于某种物质(制成品不可见

原料)。例如: covered by a lid 被盖子盖住covered with a lid 为盖子所盖着

The article was written by Jack . (施动者) The pencil was sharpened with a knife . (工具)

The room was lighted by electricity . 房间由电照明。(正) (施动力)

The room was lighted with electric lights . 房间用电灯照明。(正) (工具)

Note: ①by 短语并不总是表示动作的执行者。例如:

A policeman is known by the clothes he wears . ( by 表示方式)

He was much flattered by her asking him to dinner . ( by 表示原因)