Cooperative Principle 语言学合作原则
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The view we mentioned before may describe a philosopher’s paradise, but no one actually speaks like that the whole time.
但是，现实中人们并非总按照规则说话。 甚至，有时候人们在故意违反规则。
Classification
Quantity 量
Quality 质
Relation 相关
Manner 方式
Quantity 量
Quantity: If you are assisting me to mend a car. I expect your contribution to be neither more nor less than is required. If, for example, at a particular stage I need four screws, I expect you to hand me four, rather than two or six.
2. “用了xx 产品，今年20，明年18。”
Violation of Relation (相关性的违反
(一个宴会上) 1. A: You know? Professor Li’s wife is a bald.
(知道吗？李教授的妻子是个光头。) B: Oh! What a nice day! Isn’t it?
在所有的语言交际活动中，为了达到一定的目标 ，说话人和听话人之间存在着一种默契，一种双 方都遵守的原则，即合作原则。
Speakers and listeners usual Speakers and listeners usually cooperate with each other very well . A talking , even an argument is a result of language cooperation..cooperate with each other very well . A talking, even an argument is a result of language cooperation
Manner. I expect a partner to make it clear what contribution he is making and to execute his performance with reasonable dispatch. （Grice, 1975）
Sub-consciously or even unconsciously, when we speak, we generally have something like
1)Do not say what you believe to be false.
2)Do not say that for which you lack
adequate evidence.
说真话
Quality: I expect your contributions to be genuine and not spurious. If I need sugar as an ingredient in the cake you are assisting me to make, I do not expect you to hand me salt: if I need a spoon, I do not expect a trick spoon made of rubber.
Grice studied the differences and
relationships between speaker meaning and linguistic meaning.
He explained nonliteral speech as the
outcome of a cooperative principle, and
the CP in our mind.
说话者在无意识地遵守着合作原则。
We will try to say things which are true, relevant, as well as informative enough, and in a clear manner.
Байду номын сангаас
Violation of CP
Violation of CP
Violation of Quantity (量的违反)
1. A: Would you mind telling me your address?
(您介意告诉我您的住址吗？) B: Somewhere In the south of Handan.
(我住在邯郸的南边。)
2. A: Where is John? (约翰在哪呢？)
B: He’s gone to the library. He said so when he left. ( 他去图书馆了。他走时是这么说的。)
Violation of Quality (质的违反)
1. She is made of iron. 她是铁娘子。
usually publishing under the name H. P. Grice, H. Paul Grice, or Paul Grice
a British-educated philosopher of language
Grice's work is one of the foundations of the modern study of pragmatics.
合作原则
COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE
Group members 王凤英 王已林 柯苏 冉曼
2012级7班
CONTENTS 1 The Cooperative Principle 2 Violation of CP
THE COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE
Herbert Paul Grice
some derived maxims of discourse. Speaker meaning is to induce a belief in one's hearers
Definition
Grice(1975): Make your contribution such as it is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged."
(哦，今天的天气可真不错，是吧？)
2. A: How’s her term paper? (她学期论文写得怎样？)
B: Her handwriting is quite beautiful! (她书法不错！)
Violation of Manner (方式的违反)
1.In difficulties(有困难)----- in debt(负债) 2. To die(死)---- to pass away(离开了)
Relation 相关
Be relevant. 话题要相关。
说话要相关，贴切
Relation 相关
Relation. I expect a partner's contribution to be appropriate to the immediate needs at each stage of the transaction. If I am mixing ingredients for a cake, I do not expect to be handed a good book, or even an oven cloth (though this might be an appropriate contribution at a later stage).
to go to another world(去了另一个 世界)
参考文献：
[1] 何兆熊等. 新编语用学概要[M].上海:上海外语教育出版，2000. [2] 王宏军. Grice合作原则的哲学轨道[J].当代外语研究,2011,(11). ) [3] 张春隆. 论合作原则之不足[J].外语学刊,1996,(4)
Definition
Classification
Herbert Paul Grice
CP Introduced by Herbert Paul Grice, 1975
March 13, 1913, Birmingham, England – August 28, 1988, Berkeley, California
Manner 方式
Be perspicuous, and specifically: 1) avoid obscurity of expression. 避免晦涩 2) avoid ambiguity.避免歧义 3) be brief.简单明了 4) be orderly.井井有条
Manner 方式
Quantity 量
1)Make your contribution as informative as required.
2)Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
不多说， 也不少说
Quality 质
Try to make your contribution one that is true:
参考网站： http://www.baidu.com/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_pri nciple
但是，现实中人们并非总按照规则说话。 甚至，有时候人们在故意违反规则。
Classification
Quantity 量
Quality 质
Relation 相关
Manner 方式
Quantity 量
Quantity: If you are assisting me to mend a car. I expect your contribution to be neither more nor less than is required. If, for example, at a particular stage I need four screws, I expect you to hand me four, rather than two or six.
2. “用了xx 产品，今年20，明年18。”
Violation of Relation (相关性的违反
(一个宴会上) 1. A: You know? Professor Li’s wife is a bald.
(知道吗？李教授的妻子是个光头。) B: Oh! What a nice day! Isn’t it?
在所有的语言交际活动中，为了达到一定的目标 ，说话人和听话人之间存在着一种默契，一种双 方都遵守的原则，即合作原则。
Speakers and listeners usual Speakers and listeners usually cooperate with each other very well . A talking , even an argument is a result of language cooperation..cooperate with each other very well . A talking, even an argument is a result of language cooperation
Manner. I expect a partner to make it clear what contribution he is making and to execute his performance with reasonable dispatch. （Grice, 1975）
Sub-consciously or even unconsciously, when we speak, we generally have something like
1)Do not say what you believe to be false.
2)Do not say that for which you lack
adequate evidence.
说真话
Quality: I expect your contributions to be genuine and not spurious. If I need sugar as an ingredient in the cake you are assisting me to make, I do not expect you to hand me salt: if I need a spoon, I do not expect a trick spoon made of rubber.
Grice studied the differences and
relationships between speaker meaning and linguistic meaning.
He explained nonliteral speech as the
outcome of a cooperative principle, and
the CP in our mind.
说话者在无意识地遵守着合作原则。
We will try to say things which are true, relevant, as well as informative enough, and in a clear manner.
Байду номын сангаас
Violation of CP
Violation of CP
Violation of Quantity (量的违反)
1. A: Would you mind telling me your address?
(您介意告诉我您的住址吗？) B: Somewhere In the south of Handan.
(我住在邯郸的南边。)
2. A: Where is John? (约翰在哪呢？)
B: He’s gone to the library. He said so when he left. ( 他去图书馆了。他走时是这么说的。)
Violation of Quality (质的违反)
1. She is made of iron. 她是铁娘子。
usually publishing under the name H. P. Grice, H. Paul Grice, or Paul Grice
a British-educated philosopher of language
Grice's work is one of the foundations of the modern study of pragmatics.
合作原则
COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE
Group members 王凤英 王已林 柯苏 冉曼
2012级7班
CONTENTS 1 The Cooperative Principle 2 Violation of CP
THE COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE
Herbert Paul Grice
some derived maxims of discourse. Speaker meaning is to induce a belief in one's hearers
Definition
Grice(1975): Make your contribution such as it is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged."
(哦，今天的天气可真不错，是吧？)
2. A: How’s her term paper? (她学期论文写得怎样？)
B: Her handwriting is quite beautiful! (她书法不错！)
Violation of Manner (方式的违反)
1.In difficulties(有困难)----- in debt(负债) 2. To die(死)---- to pass away(离开了)
Relation 相关
Be relevant. 话题要相关。
说话要相关，贴切
Relation 相关
Relation. I expect a partner's contribution to be appropriate to the immediate needs at each stage of the transaction. If I am mixing ingredients for a cake, I do not expect to be handed a good book, or even an oven cloth (though this might be an appropriate contribution at a later stage).
to go to another world(去了另一个 世界)
参考文献：
[1] 何兆熊等. 新编语用学概要[M].上海:上海外语教育出版，2000. [2] 王宏军. Grice合作原则的哲学轨道[J].当代外语研究,2011,(11). ) [3] 张春隆. 论合作原则之不足[J].外语学刊,1996,(4)
Definition
Classification
Herbert Paul Grice
CP Introduced by Herbert Paul Grice, 1975
March 13, 1913, Birmingham, England – August 28, 1988, Berkeley, California
Manner 方式
Be perspicuous, and specifically: 1) avoid obscurity of expression. 避免晦涩 2) avoid ambiguity.避免歧义 3) be brief.简单明了 4) be orderly.井井有条
Manner 方式
Quantity 量
1)Make your contribution as informative as required.
2)Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
不多说， 也不少说
Quality 质
Try to make your contribution one that is true:
参考网站： http://www.baidu.com/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_pri nciple