大学英语专业语法课件12-Coordination_&_Subordination
合集下载
大学英语语法 之coordination教学提纲
= He is a man of principle, so we all respect him He is a photographer ; quite often he travels abroad to take pictures.
Punctuation marks
1. Comma(逗号） the difference in repeating use of commas and coordinators He said that he had no money, that he had no friends to count on, and that he expected me to help him.
2. Dash (破折号) He is versatile — he masters five different languages and plays the piano very well.
3. Colon (冒号) He has finally made his goal known to us : he wants to be a scientist.
❖ as well as... He came here to learn English as well as to know more about life. I love her because she is intelligent as well as because she is considerate.
She is not only beautiful but (also) kind. She is interested not only in music but (also) in art. Not only can she dance, but she can (also) sing.
Punctuation marks
1. Comma(逗号） the difference in repeating use of commas and coordinators He said that he had no money, that he had no friends to count on, and that he expected me to help him.
2. Dash (破折号) He is versatile — he masters five different languages and plays the piano very well.
3. Colon (冒号) He has finally made his goal known to us : he wants to be a scientist.
❖ as well as... He came here to learn English as well as to know more about life. I love her because she is intelligent as well as because she is considerate.
She is not only beautiful but (also) kind. She is interested not only in music but (also) in art. Not only can she dance, but she can (also) sing.
高级英语上讲义Lesson12
Lesson Twelve Why I Write一、Words and Expressions1.aesthetic-esthetic adj.美学的，审美的，艺术的美学标准aesthetic standards美感 aesthetic sense这个建筑的设计很美观。
The design of this building is very aesthetic.adv.aesthetically n.aesthetics 美学2.arrest-arresting v.-adj.put/place sb.under arrest她因为企图盗窃被捕了。
She was put under arrest for attempted burglary.adj.arresting: striking, appealing, attractivearresting smile/gesture/behavior3.backbone n.脊柱，中坚，栋梁，勇气， support这一代的年轻人是国家的栋梁之才。
The young of this generation are the backbone of the country.He has no backbone.他没有脊梁骨（没有坚强的性格）。
to the backbone彻底地backlog 积压的工作 a backlog of work, unanswered lettersback number 过期的期刊4.bout n.I.bout of (doing) sth.一回，一阵II.(疾病的)侵袭，发作 a bout of flu她患多发性抑郁症。
She suffered from frequent bouts of depression. III.拳击或摔跤比赛。
pulsion n.强制 being compelledI．under compulsion他勉强接受他们的邀请。
新编大学生基础英语综合教程第二册教学课件Unit 12--Lesson 1
very smart-looking.
P Donna: About a year; can get from A to B quickly; sometime
have accidents and should always wear a helmet.
S
×
Listening & Vocabulary
RI 2. Look at photos 1 – 4. Which car do you think is the most attractive?
LP
V
2
L&V
1
S&R
LF
P
S
3
4
×
Vocabulary
O
a
3.What alternative forms of
RI transport are shown in the
L&V
need.
The reactionary government failed to meet the
S&R
desperate needs of the people.
LF
P
S
×
O Lexical Preparation
RI 6. used to If something used to be done or used to be the
O
Lesson 1 Car Culture
RI Objectives
LP
• Talking about different forms of transport
V
• Listening to various people discuss forms of
新编大学生基础英语综合教程第二册教学课件Unit 12--Lesson 2
LP
Margaret. John also sympathises with the tree dweller.
They were evicted from their apartment after their
L
mother became addicted to drugs.
RT
S
Pr
×
Lexical Preparation
O
RI 5. grateful adj. feeling or showing thanks to another person
×
O Related Information
RI
A tree dweller ━ someone who lives in a tree.
LP
A squatter ━ someone who lives in an unused building R or who occupies unused land without having a legal V right to do so. L Consumerism ━ the concept that people spending lots RT of money is good for society.
L
a) What a person feels?
RT
b) What a situation is?
S
Key:
-ed adjectives: refer to what a person feels
Pr
-ing adjectives: refer to what a situation is
×
Vocabulary
现代大学英语精读2第12课ppt课件
a. a feeling of anger and surprise caused
by sth. that is unfair or unreasonable
b. to make a stupid or careless mistake
c. a person that you oppose in a game,
•Do you follow certain principles of your own in handling interpersonal relationships? •What is the “fundamental technique in
handling people” according to the author? Are
contest, argument, etc.
d. to damage sb. or make sth. worse
e. a feeling of hatred for sb. that causes a
desire to harm sb.
f. to delay doing sth. you should do, W usually because you do not want to do it
– As a young man, Abraham Lincoln leant to not to ridicule people the hard way. (paras. 2–4)
13
A Fundamental Technique in Handling People
Unit 12
Theme
Structure
Detailed Analysis
Text Analysis
大学高级英语语法PPT第十二章
12.1. Restrictiveness and non-restrictiveness
restrictive or non-restrictive? Mr. Brown, who had promised to support me, did not keep his word. The Prime Minister, who has been in office for three terms, is running for another term in the forthcoming election. ※non-restrictive relative clause may be structurally optional, but semantically obligatory. ※ they perform a similar function to that of the adverbial clause. ※Can be paraphrased as: Mr. Brown did not keep his word though he had promised to support me. Although he has been in office for three terms, the Prime Minister is running for another term in…
12.1. Restrictiveness and non-restrictiveness two kinds of relative clauses: restrictive non-restrictive e.g. 1) Jilian Brown, who lives next door, is now travelling in Scotland. 2) The girl who lives next door is now travelling in Scotland. 3) Ann returned my book to the library by mistake, which I bought at a bookstore at Cambridge. 4) This is the book (which /that) I bought at a bookstore at Cambridge. ※1)&3): non-restrictive 2)&4): restrictive ※If the clause is introduced by that as in 4) (or a zero relative pronoun)→ restrictive relative clause. If the clause is introduced by which as in 3) (or other whwords), → either restrictive or non-restrictive
《大学英语语法》课件—12Clause Adverbial clauses
3. Punctuation When an adverbial clause begins the sentence, a comma is used to separate it from the main clause.
• She hesitated for a moment. • She finally went in. • She asked to see a dress. • The dress was in the window. Though she hesitated for a moment, she finally went in
College English Grammar:
Grammar and Writing
Unit 12
Clause: Adverbial clauses
• Grammar: Adverbial clauses • Writing:
Correcting: Article Misuse Rewriting: Periodic/Loose sentences
2. Forms and kinds An adverbial clause always begins with subordinating conjunction (such as if, when, because, than, although) and includes a subject (S.) and a predicate (P.).
Adverbial Clauses
1. Functions An adverbial clause is a subordinate clause that functions as an adverb to modify a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. It tells when, where, how, why, to what extent, or under what condition.
unit12ppt
பைடு நூலகம்
Generating and coding transcripts
Once you have tape- or video-recorded some classroom interaction, you must decide whether to transcribe some or all of the interaction. This decision should be guided by your research question. Sometimes it’s necessary and well worth the time involved to generate good transcripts.
Ellis and barkhuizen(2005) identify three research paradigms in second language acquisition.
Nomative规范性:The purpose of normative approaches is to test a theoretically motivated hypothesis Interpretive解释性: The purpose of the interpretive paradigm is to describe and understand L2 acquisition through the intensive and usually longitudinal, study of a limited number of cases. Critical批判性: The critical paradigm investigates language acquisition in its sociocultural context.
Generating and coding transcripts
Once you have tape- or video-recorded some classroom interaction, you must decide whether to transcribe some or all of the interaction. This decision should be guided by your research question. Sometimes it’s necessary and well worth the time involved to generate good transcripts.
Ellis and barkhuizen(2005) identify three research paradigms in second language acquisition.
Nomative规范性:The purpose of normative approaches is to test a theoretically motivated hypothesis Interpretive解释性: The purpose of the interpretive paradigm is to describe and understand L2 acquisition through the intensive and usually longitudinal, study of a limited number of cases. Critical批判性: The critical paradigm investigates language acquisition in its sociocultural context.
【绝对精品】英语语法17-并列和从属-Coordination and Subordination
urgent, prompt
Subordinators
Subordination: linking of the two clauses at different syntactic levels and results in a complex sentence.
On the higher level: the main clause On the lower level: the subordinate clause the main idea in the main clause the minor idea in a dependent clause
yet
or
or; either…or…
➢ He opened the door and went in. ➢ She is not only pretty but also intelligent. ➢ You can either come with me or stay at
home. ➢ Hurry up, or you will be late. ➢ They are poor but / yet proud. ➢ Wise men seek after truth,
while / whereas fools despise knowledge.
Coordinators & Punctuation Marks
– At customs, every box, bag, or parcel is inspected.
– Mr. Brown cooked, cleaned, mended, went to meetings of sewing club: he did everything just to please his wife.
Subordinators
Subordination: linking of the two clauses at different syntactic levels and results in a complex sentence.
On the higher level: the main clause On the lower level: the subordinate clause the main idea in the main clause the minor idea in a dependent clause
yet
or
or; either…or…
➢ He opened the door and went in. ➢ She is not only pretty but also intelligent. ➢ You can either come with me or stay at
home. ➢ Hurry up, or you will be late. ➢ They are poor but / yet proud. ➢ Wise men seek after truth,
while / whereas fools despise knowledge.
Coordinators & Punctuation Marks
– At customs, every box, bag, or parcel is inspected.
– Mr. Brown cooked, cleaned, mended, went to meetings of sewing club: he did everything just to please his wife.
胡壮麟语言学chapter12(名牌大学教授整理)PPT课件
called the signifier (能指) and the
signified (所指).
Chapter 12
7
Birth of Modern Linguistics (3) Saussure’s ideas on the arbitrary nature of sign, on the relational nature of linguistic units, on the distinction of LANGUE and PAROLE and of SYNCHRONIC and DIACHRONIC linguistics, etc. pushed linguistics into a brand new stage.
When is the beginning of modern linguistics?
We date modern linguistics from the
early twentieth century when scholars
worked out detailed scientific
methods for establishing relationships
meaning.
Chapter 12
15
The Prague School
1. Phonology and phonological oppositions
In classifying distinctive features, he proposed three criteria:
(1) their relation to the whole contrastive system;
This book became the most important source of Saussure's ideas and of his influence upon succeeding generations of linguists. Saussure's ideas were developed along three lines: linguistics, sociology, and psychology.
大学英语语法 之coordination.ppt
Coordination
Definition
A coordinate construction is a sequence of semantically-related grammatical units that are similar in form, equal in rank of structure, identical in function and are connected by coordinators.
She is not only beautiful but (also) kind. She is interested not only in music but (also) in art. Not only can she dance, but she can (also) sing.
Other coordinators
Subject-verb concord
Both he and I are happy about it. Either he or I am wrong. Neither you nor he is to blame. Not he but I am to be responsible for it. Not only they but also John has passed the exam. Is not only he but also I wrong ?
❖ and→ both ... and… ; or → either... or , neither... Nor; but → not ... but ; not only... but also(=not merely ... but also ; not just... but also ; not only... but...as well)
Definition
A coordinate construction is a sequence of semantically-related grammatical units that are similar in form, equal in rank of structure, identical in function and are connected by coordinators.
She is not only beautiful but (also) kind. She is interested not only in music but (also) in art. Not only can she dance, but she can (also) sing.
Other coordinators
Subject-verb concord
Both he and I are happy about it. Either he or I am wrong. Neither you nor he is to blame. Not he but I am to be responsible for it. Not only they but also John has passed the exam. Is not only he but also I wrong ?
❖ and→ both ... and… ; or → either... or , neither... Nor; but → not ... but ; not only... but also(=not merely ... but also ; not just... but also ; not only... but...as well)
第十二章课件下载pptChapter12
• Testing should never be allowed to override teaching in its importance.
• Functional language teaching • Features: teach people what functions the
various linguistic forms fulfill, what language does, emphasis on fluency • Linguistic background: speech acts, SFL • Shortage: In what order should functions be taught? How to correspond functions to forms?
Language Teaching
• The direct method • Features: sole use of the new language and
memorization of the language patterns presented orally, multimodal expression of language, short dialogues • Linguistic background: development of phonetics, to think in the new language • Shortage: no reading and writing, short of vocabulary, accuracy , not suitable for adults
Language Teaching
• Other approaches • Total physical response to coordinate
• Functional language teaching • Features: teach people what functions the
various linguistic forms fulfill, what language does, emphasis on fluency • Linguistic background: speech acts, SFL • Shortage: In what order should functions be taught? How to correspond functions to forms?
Language Teaching
• The direct method • Features: sole use of the new language and
memorization of the language patterns presented orally, multimodal expression of language, short dialogues • Linguistic background: development of phonetics, to think in the new language • Shortage: no reading and writing, short of vocabulary, accuracy , not suitable for adults
Language Teaching
• Other approaches • Total physical response to coordinate
lesson12
Lesson 12 Confession of a Miseducated Man
Introduction to the text
Introduction to the text
1. the Author’s Central Idea To prepare ourselves for this new world, we must all be re-educated so that we will be able to understand that there are more similarities than differences among people. The differences are superficial and in significant whereas the similarities are essential and fundamental.
9. what counts: what is important eg: I know what I say here does not count. These empty promises don’t count. We need action.
10.citizen-ship
-ship 1) a particular position, condition or state: A year’s membership costs $35. / a long friendship 2) a particular art or skill: her fine musicianship / a work of great scholarship 3) all the people in a particular group: a magazine with a readership of 9000 4) used to form particular titles for people: your ladyship
Introduction to the text
Introduction to the text
1. the Author’s Central Idea To prepare ourselves for this new world, we must all be re-educated so that we will be able to understand that there are more similarities than differences among people. The differences are superficial and in significant whereas the similarities are essential and fundamental.
9. what counts: what is important eg: I know what I say here does not count. These empty promises don’t count. We need action.
10.citizen-ship
-ship 1) a particular position, condition or state: A year’s membership costs $35. / a long friendship 2) a particular art or skill: her fine musicianship / a work of great scholarship 3) all the people in a particular group: a magazine with a readership of 9000 4) used to form particular titles for people: your ladyship
【绝对精品】英语语法17-并列和从属-Coordination and Subordination
to go.
Coordinating Devices
Coordinators & Punctuation Marks
Coordinative conjunctions
Central and, or, but
Correlative
both … and, not only … but (also ), not … nor, neither … nor, either … or, nor, so, yet, for
yet
or
or; either…or…
➢ He opened the doory pretty but also intelligent. ➢ You can either come with me or stay at
home. ➢ Hurry up, or you will be late. ➢ They are poor but / yet proud. ➢ Wise men seek after truth,
Quasi-
as well as, as much as, rather than, more than
and and; both… and…; not only… but also…; Neither…nor…; not… nor…
but
but; not…but…; while; whereas; only;
Coordination words, phrases, clauses
My friend invited me to a party, but I do not want to go. Subordination phrases, clauses Although my friend invited me to a party, I do not want
Coordinating Devices
Coordinators & Punctuation Marks
Coordinative conjunctions
Central and, or, but
Correlative
both … and, not only … but (also ), not … nor, neither … nor, either … or, nor, so, yet, for
yet
or
or; either…or…
➢ He opened the doory pretty but also intelligent. ➢ You can either come with me or stay at
home. ➢ Hurry up, or you will be late. ➢ They are poor but / yet proud. ➢ Wise men seek after truth,
Quasi-
as well as, as much as, rather than, more than
and and; both… and…; not only… but also…; Neither…nor…; not… nor…
but
but; not…but…; while; whereas; only;
Coordination words, phrases, clauses
My friend invited me to a party, but I do not want to go. Subordination phrases, clauses Although my friend invited me to a party, I do not want
大学高级英语语法PPT第十一章
Meanings of and:
Compared with its related coordinators, and is far more versatile (able to perform a greater variety of functions):
It is big and ugly. (parallel) He closed the window, turned off the light and left the room. (chronological sequence of events) She did a good job, and so she deserved to be praised. (cause and effect) Work harder and you’ll pass the test. (condition) Alice is clever and Jane is dull. (contrast, =but) English is difficult, and so is French. (similarity) She ran and ran until she was out of breath. (repeated or continuing action)
meaning:
Not…nor, not…or, neither…nor (the strongest) do the same job as and and both…and, in a negative way: 5. Not a fly nor a mosquito was to be found. 6. He doesn’t like football or basketball. 6. He neither smokes nor drinks.
B2 Unit 12英语专业 基础英语 第二学期课件
Part 4 (paragraph9-12) In this part, the author introduce Oliver James‟ view about time, which is different from what is deep-rooted in Anglo-American culture.
Text analysis 1.“…to think about the issue”(Paragraph5)--the issue refers to “one of the big arguments within the European Union” in the proceeding paragraph. 2.“unstructured time”(P7)--- unorganized time, time spent without proper planning. “dead time”, “downtime” : Both expressions indicate a period of time in which there is nothing to do. 3.Here is a question for you: How do Americans view time?
Give your own ideas after reading the following materials
“We are slaves to nothing but the clock,” it has been said. Time is treated as if it were something almost real. We budget it, save it, waste it, steal it, kill it, cut it, account for it; we also charge for it. It is a precious resource. Many people have a rather acute sense of the shortness pf each lifetime. Once the sands have run out of a person’s hourglass, they cannot be replaced. We want every minute to count.
专业英语语法：Coordination
1)I gave her a cup of tea and some biscuits. 2) Both my wife and I will be coming to see you a week today. 3) She is not only pretty but also intelligent. 4) He gave me money as well as advice. 5) Not a fly nor a mosquito was to be found. 6) He doesn't like football or basketball. 7) He neither smokes nor drinks.
In informal English, and is commonly used after come, go, try, wait, etc. as an alternative to the infinitive marker to, to suggest purpose: Come and have tea with us. I'll go and see if she's OK. Let's wait and see. Try and get some coffee. Stay and have dinner with us, will you? We ought to stop and think. Hurry up and get dressed.
A subordinator introduces a subordinate clause which is attached to the main clause .The difference between coordination and subordination also lies in the amount of importance the speaker wishes to attach to the joined constituents. The syntactic equality between the coordinated units tends to bring with it the semantic equality.
高考英语大一轮复习 第二部分 基础语法 第十二课时 情景交际讲义 牛津译林版(2021年最新整理)
（江苏专用）2018版高考英语大一轮复习第二部分基础语法第十二课时情景交际讲义牛津译林版编辑整理：尊敬的读者朋友们：这里是精品文档编辑中心，本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的，发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对，但是难免会有疏漏的地方，但是任然希望（（江苏专用）2018版高考英语大一轮复习第二部分基础语法第十二课时情景交际讲义牛津译林版）的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。
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第十二课时情景交际［针对训练]1．（2015·陕西高考）—Let’s go to the New Year's Eve party，shall we？—________ I guess it will be fun。
A．Forget it! B．No way!C．Why not？D．What for?答案 C [句意：—-我们去参加新年晚会吧，好吗？—-为什么不去呢？我猜一定会很有趣的。
Why not？为什么不呢？用于赞同某一建议；Forget it!没关系，别在意，算了，别提它了；No way!没门,不可能；What for？为什么?用于疑问对方的目的。
］2．(2015·陕西高考）—Sir，could I hand in my homework a bit late？—________，since you’ve been unwell t hese days。
A．You can’t be serious B．I’m afraid notC．Good idea D．Well，all right答案 D ［句意：—-老师，我能晚一点交作业吗？-—好吧，因为你这些日子总是不大舒服。
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ination
• A grammatical unit that functions as a constituent of another unit of equal or lower rank of structure is called a subordinate construction. Subordinate construction can be a finite clause, a non-finite clause, a verbless clause or a phrase. • Subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinators, which in terms of word formation, can be classified into (P346-347):
• You must try and persuade her to come.
• Can you touch pitch and not be defiled?
without being defiled
And-group coordinators
• Note that besides ―addition‖, coordinator and also carries some other senses, e.g. transfer condition & result temporal • He is Jack of all trades and master of none. sequence • He took a cigarette and handed it to a stranger. • Turn left at the first crossing and you’ll see the school. • Mary likes music and Jim is fond of sports. • He is a bit barbaric, and I don’t like this.
• *He not only likes music but also sports.
• *He both likes music and he likes sports. • *He not only likes music but he also like sports.
But-group coordinators
1. Why sentence [b] cannot replace sentence [a]?
Lecture 13 Coordination & Subordination • Coordination • Subordination
Coordination
• A coordination is a sequence of semantically-related grammatical units that are similar in form, equal in rank of structure, identical in function and are connected by coordinators, e.g.
• simple subordinators (e.g. when, before, though…etc.)
• complex subordinators (e.g. now that, such that…etc.) • correlative subordinators (e.g. no sooner… than, etc.) • marginal subordinators (e.g. on the grounds that)
• This group includes but, not…but, while, whereas, yet, only, etc. denoting ―contrast or a turn in meaning, e.g. • This coat is not mine but yours. • It never rains but it pours. • She is a funny girl, yet you can’t help liking her. • I often dream of buying a big house in Guangzhou, only I cannot afford it.
Observe the unacceptable sentences below, transform them into grammatical forms: • *Both Jane wanted to go to the south, and her husband wanted to go there, too. • *He both like music and sports.
• He has neither phoned nor written us recently.
And-group coordinators
• But: • He is nice and gentle.
nicely / very
go to try to
• I’ll go and bring back your boots.
•
In addition, there are some correlative coordinators semantically related to the basic coordinators such as both…and, not only… but also, not … nor, neither… nor, either… or, etc.
Coordinators
• Modern English has three basic coordinators: and, or, but. Added to these are yet, so, nor, items that can function both as conjunctions and as conjunctive adverbs.
• husband and wife, up and down… • good but expensive, brave but foolish…
• stay or leave, to be or not to be…
• Notes: • Coordination may be on different level of structures (words, phrases, or clauses) • Coordinating devices may include coordinators and punctuation marks.
Ways of subordinating minor ideas
• It is a general practice to put the main idea in the matrix clause and the minor idea in a dependent clause. Subordinate ideas can be expressed through finite or nonfinite clauses or by a verbless clause, e.g.
And-group coordinators
• Observe the following examples involving semantic extension via coordinators: and, both … and…, not only … (but) also…, not … nor…, neither …nor. • As is reported, a trade agreement was signed, and a cultural exchange was arranged. • Mrs Cox is both kind and gentle to her pupils. • He not only wanted the diamond but wanted it desperately. • Jane will never compromise with Bill, nor will Bill compromise with Jane.
contrast
Attitudinal disjunct
Or-group coordinators
• This group includes or and either…or…, denoting ―alternation‖. But it is worth noting that they can also denote negative condition e.g. • Make up your mind, or you will miss the chance. • You’ll either behave yourself, or you’ll never go out to play.
•
•
Coordinators
• Semantically considered, English coordinators can be roughly divided into three types:
• And-group coordinators —— addition • Or-group coordinators —— alternation • But-group coordinators —— contrast/transfer
Lecture 13 Coordination & Subordination
• Preliminaries: a. Mary is poor but John is happy. b. ?*Although Mary is poor, John is happy. 2. What do coordination and subordination means? Illustrate the terms with exemplifications.
• A grammatical unit that functions as a constituent of another unit of equal or lower rank of structure is called a subordinate construction. Subordinate construction can be a finite clause, a non-finite clause, a verbless clause or a phrase. • Subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinators, which in terms of word formation, can be classified into (P346-347):
• You must try and persuade her to come.
• Can you touch pitch and not be defiled?
without being defiled
And-group coordinators
• Note that besides ―addition‖, coordinator and also carries some other senses, e.g. transfer condition & result temporal • He is Jack of all trades and master of none. sequence • He took a cigarette and handed it to a stranger. • Turn left at the first crossing and you’ll see the school. • Mary likes music and Jim is fond of sports. • He is a bit barbaric, and I don’t like this.
• *He not only likes music but also sports.
• *He both likes music and he likes sports. • *He not only likes music but he also like sports.
But-group coordinators
1. Why sentence [b] cannot replace sentence [a]?
Lecture 13 Coordination & Subordination • Coordination • Subordination
Coordination
• A coordination is a sequence of semantically-related grammatical units that are similar in form, equal in rank of structure, identical in function and are connected by coordinators, e.g.
• simple subordinators (e.g. when, before, though…etc.)
• complex subordinators (e.g. now that, such that…etc.) • correlative subordinators (e.g. no sooner… than, etc.) • marginal subordinators (e.g. on the grounds that)
• This group includes but, not…but, while, whereas, yet, only, etc. denoting ―contrast or a turn in meaning, e.g. • This coat is not mine but yours. • It never rains but it pours. • She is a funny girl, yet you can’t help liking her. • I often dream of buying a big house in Guangzhou, only I cannot afford it.
Observe the unacceptable sentences below, transform them into grammatical forms: • *Both Jane wanted to go to the south, and her husband wanted to go there, too. • *He both like music and sports.
• He has neither phoned nor written us recently.
And-group coordinators
• But: • He is nice and gentle.
nicely / very
go to try to
• I’ll go and bring back your boots.
•
In addition, there are some correlative coordinators semantically related to the basic coordinators such as both…and, not only… but also, not … nor, neither… nor, either… or, etc.
Coordinators
• Modern English has three basic coordinators: and, or, but. Added to these are yet, so, nor, items that can function both as conjunctions and as conjunctive adverbs.
• husband and wife, up and down… • good but expensive, brave but foolish…
• stay or leave, to be or not to be…
• Notes: • Coordination may be on different level of structures (words, phrases, or clauses) • Coordinating devices may include coordinators and punctuation marks.
Ways of subordinating minor ideas
• It is a general practice to put the main idea in the matrix clause and the minor idea in a dependent clause. Subordinate ideas can be expressed through finite or nonfinite clauses or by a verbless clause, e.g.
And-group coordinators
• Observe the following examples involving semantic extension via coordinators: and, both … and…, not only … (but) also…, not … nor…, neither …nor. • As is reported, a trade agreement was signed, and a cultural exchange was arranged. • Mrs Cox is both kind and gentle to her pupils. • He not only wanted the diamond but wanted it desperately. • Jane will never compromise with Bill, nor will Bill compromise with Jane.
contrast
Attitudinal disjunct
Or-group coordinators
• This group includes or and either…or…, denoting ―alternation‖. But it is worth noting that they can also denote negative condition e.g. • Make up your mind, or you will miss the chance. • You’ll either behave yourself, or you’ll never go out to play.
•
•
Coordinators
• Semantically considered, English coordinators can be roughly divided into three types:
• And-group coordinators —— addition • Or-group coordinators —— alternation • But-group coordinators —— contrast/transfer
Lecture 13 Coordination & Subordination
• Preliminaries: a. Mary is poor but John is happy. b. ?*Although Mary is poor, John is happy. 2. What do coordination and subordination means? Illustrate the terms with exemplifications.