众筹商业模式外文文献翻译最新译文字数3000多字
企业增值税纳税筹划外文文献翻译最新
外文文献翻译:原文+译文原文The research of corporate V AT planningPhillips J DAbstractEnterprise tax planning is very necessity. But most tax planning of enterprise is so difficult, the manager normally feel do not know how to start it. This is mainly because when doing tax planning personnel breadth and depth of thinking is limited. In fact, in view of the enterprise a certain business, as long as the tax personnel to all business related tax law research understand the relevant rules and regulations are in place, so companies when doing tax planning should be no problem. For example and to increase "camp" the tax planning, the categories of taxes that must be considered including the business tax and value-added tax, the relevant expenses such as urban maintenance and construction tax and educational expenses to add. Of course, the enterprise can not only consider when do tax planning; a business enterprise's business is very broad, so when doing tax planning to overall consideration. Keywords: value-added tax; the individual income tax; Tax rate; Tax planning1 IntroductionEnterprises between the increasingly fierce markets competitions, enterprises want to gain share in the market, a place, you must adapt to the evolution of natural law, has the stronger than other enterprise competitive power, and this kind of competition power depend mainly on market segment and reduce the cost. Undoubtedly tax is an important part in enterprise cost, the main body of enterprise tax include value added tax, income tax, business tax, consumption tax, etc., and occupy the largest proportion of is value added tax, accounting earnings and the realization of the goal of the enterprise plays an important significance. Because different countries have different social and economic development to its policy orientation, so differences exist in different countries and different industries, the tax policy and accounting system for the choice of accounting methods more flexible, which provides a choice of V AT tax conditions and space? The V AT tax planning forenterprise attention, recognition and more and more attention. Tax planning in gradually improve, already have a systematic and market characteristics. And the development of society, market economy unceasing prosperity, has prompted the company constantly innovate oneself production mode, operation concept, management style, etc.For the survival and development to adapt to market competition, enterprises will use every possible method to increase the interest, as far as possible to reduce the amount of unnecessary consumption, so how to reduce the tax burden is the problem that managers must consider carefully. Modern enterprises in pursuit of the enterprise value maximization as the goal development relative to evade taxes and tax risk of higher taxes, so business leaders can choose to reduce the tax, tax planning the implementation of reasonable overall planning can make the company a huge income.2 V AT descriptionsValue-added tax is the enterprise product in the process of production, circulation, and the value added part of the labor service or value added, the additional levy taxes. No matter which country, regardless of its power, as long as it is a value-added tax, to enact specific regulations on value-added tax. Generally divided into three kinds, one is the production, the second is income-producing, and three is a consumer.2.1 Production-type V ATProduction-oriented V AT has relationship with the company's production, it is well known that a mature enterprise need fixed plant, equipment, products used in the production of raw materials, transportation, fuel, fixed assets, product sales and production of profit, the sales revenue minus the production and operation of the balance of the raw materials, fuel and power as prescribed by the state of appreciation, this also is the basis of the production V AT, in principle, value added tax is not to be bought and depreciation of fixed assets, value added tax is a period of time limit, the tax basis by the tax unit labor balance, and used in the production of loss and the balance of sales revenue, which belongs to the category of value-added tax, fixed assets depreciation is used in the process of transfer value, is also a part of value-added tax levy, which is called double taxation. Based on this, with a largeenterprise as an example, the higher its value of fixed assets, to the payment of taxes, the more because of the wear and depreciation is not deducted, in the process of production is also repeat pay; This part of income is almost equivalent to the gross national product, so called the production-oriented V AT, it includes the rent, wages, profits, interest and depreciation of fixed assets, etc.2.2 Consumption-type V ATIn a word, it is not including the current depreciation of fixed assets and net income tax, including the taxpayers' wages, profits, interest, and rent, etc., in terms of a country, relative to the production-oriented V AT is gross national product, net national product. It is deducted for the production of all the value of fixed assets and depreciation forehead, purchased raw materials and labor value of net income, after is the income of the enterprise production and sales, including spending part, such as wages, so called income-producing V AT.2.2 Income-type V ATDue to the use of standard, advanced, has a legal basis, is engaged in the tax accounting practical operation is simple, popular among countries in the world. A category is a one-off deducted for production and operation of the fixed assets value and the value of the purchase raw materials in the tax, that is to say, the taxpayer’s tax products for production and operation, and are not all the outsourcing material to this category. Fixed assets has been imposed production V AT, of course, but the operator is used as a purchase of fixed assets, its tax gold when the purchase has been deducted, relatively, this part of the goods as fixed assets, there would be no tax, as the nature of the V AT collection does not include other production of raw materials, only including the management of all sales of consumer goods. Consumer is a use of special V AT invoices for V AT tax withholding of taxes, occupies a certain advantage, due to its treatment scope strictly enforced, standard, has certain advancement, and are applicable in many countries.3 The characteristics of added-value tax3.1 Wide taxEnterprise engaged in the work of production and sales for the main V ATcollection objects, individuals engaged in business also in the collection and processing, such as small restaurants, small articles of daily use operators, etc., are widely applicable to all kinds of ownership enterprises and individuals, embodies the fairness of the tax system.3.2 Indirect taxV AT calculation is not directly to value multiplied by the applicable tax rate to calculate the tax payable, but by buried output tax and tax balance to determine the tax payable. Although V AT is the value-added tax on appreciation forehead that increases the value or goods, but in the actual execution process, due to the added value of goods or services or goods value is a difficult to calculate the data, so the V AT only by way of indirect tax. Indirect tax measures increased the difficulty of the value-added tax calculation and collection management.3.3 Additional taxGoods have to be sold by pricing, V AT tax refers to the outside valence is not including commodity tax on the original price. When selling goods, should will receive all the money was divided into excluding V AT price sales and value added tax, and on the special V AT invoices to the tomb-sweeping day, respectively, in this way, the V AT on revenues, costs and profits will not occur, also need not collect V AT included in the income statement. Although it is important to note that the V AT is outside valence tax, but the sales direction while receiving payment from buyers tend to be merged charge, through a certain calculation formula of a sales tax were decomposed into will not sales tax and value-added tax, and fill in the V AT special invoice respectively, rather than in the place where has to determine the price of the total sales of value-added tax calculated separately again.3.4 Special invoiceV AT is absolute and levy, in order to avoid only partially and the phenomenon of double taxation, must carry on the effective control of each link, implement V AT is unified, special invoices, and according to the stated on the invoice amount to impose a tax deduction method, this is the main method for effective control. Countries introduced related management way, strengthen the management of the specialinvoice, the rules on the scope of the use of special V AT invoices, the invoice issued the purpose to make clear a regulation, also completed, enterprises have an obligation to give the buyer special invoices for value-added tax, and to do specialized tickets, taxable services shall be paid not, except duty-free goods also. All invoices shall be protected by law. Special invoices for specific use measures enterprises in strict accordance with the provisions of the calculation, on the basis of the in and out of balance of the current period by the enterprise, both reasonable and legitimate, is the duty of the taxpayer. Thus, to strengthen the taxpayer over the use of special V AT invoices highlighted the value-added tax levy management effect.4 The V AT tax planningV AT tax planning is the content of the enterprise according to their own economic activities, on the premise of not illegal, V AT tax matters to the enterprise to seek planning V AT tax minimization of planning and arrangement. It has the following features:4.1The result of V AT tax planningCity building duty and educational expenses to add belongs to attach tax, as the value-added tax falls. But at the same time, if the two tax drops, can lead to enterprise's total profits, so the enterprise income tax will rise. So, the result of the tax planning may be related to some deviation from the ultimate goal of enterprises to reduce tax burden.4.2 V AT special invoices for value-added tax planningInvoice buckle tax law is a common way to calculate the V AT payable taxes, so special invoices for value-added tax management is the key content of value added tax management. Enterprise product sales directly affected by the special invoices for value-added tax, can open will promote the further development of the enterprise; on the other hand, will affect the size of the enterprise. So, V AT tax planning is the need of the development of the enterprise, therefore in the process of V AT tax planning, to consider the problem of special V AT invoices to the enterprise development prospects.4.3 The planning of the tax burden onKnown to value added tax is a turnover tax, also proves that it is the identity ofthe indirect tax, from the nature of the object defined, flow from it this is the flow of goods, the circulation tax included in commodity prices, determines the turnover does not open automatically. And tax excluded in price, taxes are independent in accounting book, looks like has nothing to do with the price, but it is also part of the purchase price, income tax is directly understand hang, V AT tax on hidden is indirectly. Because of V AT qualitative, its scope covers almost all walks of life, can say all the goods in the column, but for taxpayers, because taxes will rise in price is not reasonable publicly, will be opposed by the consumers. So, the taxpayer can only secretly push up commodity prices, will tax include in the price, do not attract the attention of consumers, easy will be passed on to the purchaser, tax and consumers don't know, so don't oppose.文献出处：Phillips J D. The research of corporate V AT planning [J]. The Accounting Review, 2016, 1(3): 40-52.译文企业增值税纳税筹划研究Phillips J D摘要企业进行纳税筹划是非常有必要性的。
O2O商业模式和团购网站外文文献翻译2014年译文3100字
O2O商业模式和团购网站外文文献翻译2014年译文3100字This article discusses the development of O2O (online-to-offline) business models and group purchasing。
O2O refers to the XXX。
Group purchasing。
on the other hand。
involves a group of XXX.XXX the rise of O2O business models in China。
which has been driven by the country's large n。
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and increasing demand for convenience。
O2O platforms have emerged in us industries。
including food delivery。
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XXX.The article then goes on to explain how group purchasing has e a popular feature of many O2O platforms。
as it allows consumers to save money while also increasing the volume of sales for XXX。
Group purchasing also helps to build customer loyalty and generate word-of-mouth marketing.XXX O2O platforms and group purchasing face。
including XXX。
regulatory issues。
and the need to maintain high levels of customer XXX。
农村电子商务外文文献翻译最新译文
农村电子商务外文文献翻译最新译文文献信息: Maribel P. The research of rural e-commerce pattern [J]. Information Systems Research, 2016, 12(2): 60-71.原文The research of rural e-commerce patternMaribel PAbstractBased on the characteristics of rural areas, regional scattered small-scale production, is put forward for regional trade core e-commerce concept, namely, region to region (both A2A), area of business (A2B) and business to regional (B2A) model. Discuss the connotation of the three models and basic methods. To build agricultural product supply, high benefit value chain, and put forward the rural regional collaborative e-commerce model (ABC), and discusses the collaborative approach, namely technology together, data and business synergy together. Rural electronic commerce is discussed, the key technologies to be solved in the dynamic planning, logistics business matching and human-computer interaction technology, agricultural knowledge search engine.Keywords: Rural electronic commerce; Collaborative commerce; Logistics; The cloud service1 IntroductionMergence, dispersion of agricultural production and the regional, low-value and perishable, large range of agricultural products, such as top factors greatly restricted the agricultural production industrialization, modernization and radiation area of the market. These characteristics of agricultural production is the difficulty to realize e-commerce, e-commerce comes in. Realizethe electronic commerce mode must be built the following three elements: business model, logistics mode and operation platform. Its core value is the service "three rural", promote the circulation of agricultural products, promote agricultural technology popularization of science and technology, and ensure that all parties involved. Implement approaches should be considered in the rural economic base, cultural education, regional characteristics, to build a system of high value chain, low cost. Therefore, put forward a region as thecore of rural e-commerce mode, and study to achieve this goal of the rural model of e-commerce, logistics and related key technologies.2 The rural electronic commerce modelDue to the dispersion can't produce scale effect to agriculture, rural areas and farmers, thus to an area as the core to form a group of unity in the face of distributors, suppliers, customers, in order to achieve better returns. Construction of regional sales network the main node is the kiosk, a kiosk represents a small region (country), by the kiosk connected together to form a larger area, then step by step together constitute a huge sales network. The researcher is the bridge of farmers and the network, agent role; information. The logistics node is polymerization and divergent role. Represented by the area can be formed three main business models, namely, both A2A, A2B, B2A and thus form a comprehensive, the countryside electronic commerce system.2.1 A2A modelBoth A2A modes (Area to Area) are the Area of regional pattern. Will be scattered small farmers, the collection of the minor agricultural production to the cities, distribution toconsumers, need a set of organized, perfect sales network system, including business mode and the logistics distribution system. Business model is the most basic function is to establish a farmers' market on the net, for online transactions decentralized farmers supply and demand information, industry information, market information, and send the customer feedback information to farmers on a regular basis. Logistics distribution system to be in a kiosk Mei Village construction and set up more than a messenger, and feedback to the farmers purchasing information and collecting information of agricultural products. In short-range Mei Village set of logistics, the concentration of distribution; Composed of kiosk logistics network by chain transmission to realize the rapid delivery of logistics. Through the information of the supply and demand information and logistics information platform for unified management and scheduling. The researcher and logistics agent can be held by a rural transportation profession of part-time, in order to reduce system operating costs. Through this kind of distribution system and the supporting information platform canprovide regional rural e-commerce services. Both A2A modes centered on the core idea of region, radiation surrounding areas at the same time; mainly for the region of agricultural products and agricultural production and business operation entities to provide e-commerce services. Farm shop provides the information of agricultural products distribution and virtual display network platform, at the same time can provide the first-of-the-season products trading market and offline trading services. 2.2 A2B modelA2B model (Area to Business) the Area of Business model. In the new rural construction pushing moronic Hamamatsudemands for agricultural products deep processing, for the scope of agricultural products marketing, economies of scale will have a big breakthrough. But the size of the agricultural cooperatives is not big, should also form the regional advantage, e-commerce activities. The task of the kiosk can be borne by the professional cooperatives, and broker’s professionals of the main agricultural cooperatives. The basic idea of A2B model is similar to an area of agricultural information gathered, futures information, this information can be also can be the spot information, and published on the Internet, sales to the businessman. Mainly provide online trading services, such as bidding, futures, contracts, Internet, etc. Complete logistics, on the other hand, with the help of a third party's logistics system. Heart A2B model is to create a virtual professional market, correspond to that of the real market.2.3 B2A modelB2A mode (Business to Area) is merchants and regional model. In the region's farmers need all kinds of agricultural materials, such as pesticides, fertilizers, etc., concentrated accesses by unified procurement to suppliers, in order to reduce the intermediate links, lower the price? Merchants can also by the researcher and kiosk, online survey and product promotion, to farmer’s agricultural materials message (e.g., price information, performance information, etc.).Supply and demand information collected through a unified, unified resource allocation, businesses focus to regional sales of agricultural materials, to reduce costs and expand sales area. This is a win-win pattern on both sides. Here, stood up and the function of logistics transit information.3 ABC modelIn order to further reduce the risk of the production and sale of agricultural products, the ABC model should be introduced in the rural electronic commerce. The ABC model is (Area & Business Chain Collaboration) Area and Business synergy model. Agricultural production cycle is long, the demand of the market is difficult to define, as a result, the area (producers and consumers), and agricultural products to distributors, agricultural materials suppliers, such as agricultural materials manufacturers formed a kind of symbiosis, interaction relations of the chain. Regional farmers by participating in collaborative commerce establish new value chain orientation, the value chain to regional business (A2B) or business as a support on the relationship between the regional (B2A);And through the parties work together to expand value become a collaborative network, provide area between farmers and merchants more effective communication channel, product circulation mechanism and information service mode, will demand chain and supply chain, make the parties get maximum benefit. Integrated use of the Internet and multimedia technology (especially the 3 d technology), cloud computing technology and modern management technology, the area and virtual set up businesses, enterprises, upstream and downstream manufacturers, the supply of agricultural materials, agricultural production, agricultural products processing, logistics tracking and certification regulation and organic together, realize information sharing and collaborative work, to achieve dynamic equilibrium of supply and demand. Through collaborative e-commerce platform to provide integrated business activities for all parties, the "production, supply and sale" to form a chain of high efficiency, high benefit, high specification, carry out performanceof agricultural products (business model, including production, processing, product design, distribution, transportation, distribution, retail and related services, etc.) and business integration, building integrated virtual national and global market. Be very perfect, corresponding e-commerce mode function should provide business matching services, online services, online services, online payment services, signing a contract intelligent searchand match, agricultural products market price and trend analysis, assistant decision making and OLAP services online. The main coordinating function of ABC model includes technical coordination, data and business synergy together.3.1The technology togetherTechnology synergy instigating build platform has good integration, scalability, portability, consistency, standardization and manageability. Cloud computing is an optimal mode. Cloud technology can be divided into three levels of SaaS, PaaS and IaaS. SaaS (Software as a Service) is a Software as a Service layer, the function of this layer is applied as a Service to the guess households. Users can use them directly through a web browser running on the cloud, and not need to install. PaaS (Platform as a Service) is a Platform as a Service layer; the function of this layer is a development Platform as a Service to the user. Users can in a, including all kinds of components, documentation, and testing environment, the development of the platform is very convenient to write application, and whether the deployment or at run time, the user doesn't have resources such as servers, operating systems, storage management, the tedious work of PaaS supplier is responsible for handling. IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) is the infrastructure as a Service layer, the function of this layer is thevirtual machine or other resources as a Service to the user, the user can get what he needs from suppliers or storage of virtual machine and other related resources to load the application, at the same time, the management of the infrastructure will have to be completed by the IaaS provider. These characteristics of cloud model, such as convenient operation, system function extension is convenient, save money, etc., especially suitable for rural information environment.3.2 Data togetherIn ABC brought together all of the information on the mode of collaborative supplies chain, information resource covering rural economy basic link such as production, agricultural capital, market, management, science and technology, etc. Its characteristic is there are many different kinds of information, sources, different standards, overlapping, do not have a unified data format; storage distribution area is large, different database platform. Therefore, data coordination is particularlyimportant. Data collaborative goal is to distribution in the network virtual together all kinds of data, to meet the requirements of the cooperative parties for data sharing, to facilitate the synergy of business. Synergy is the core of data exchange platform, will all kinds of data into a unified standard, the various heterogeneous, distributed data sources in the standard Web services, to shield the difference between the data source. Virtual technology using cloud services provide a uniform data access. Cloud services that cloud storage system structure, the storage system is composed of distribution around a storage device, through clustering function such as grid computing, distributed file system or similar unite to work together, and through the service software to provide storage services to usersand access the service.3.3 Businesses togetherBusiness synergy is auxiliary area on the supply chain, suppliers, manufacturers, customers; realize the online orders and plan coordination and management of the production process, the enterprise internal management, improve management and high production efficiency, help enterprise to realize the business collaboration between different departments, branches. Main technology is through the integration of ERP, SCC, CRM, CAM, information system, EDI, instant communication, such as module, realize the sharing of data and information transmission based on workflow, and makes the whole chain business coordination function, build a unified, huge virtual enterprise, the upstream suppliers, middle reaches of the manufacturers, area farmers and downstream customers closely linked together, to create a service chain of supply, production, sales service. Because ABC chain store large amounts of data, can build all sorts of data warehouse and data mart, processing all kinds of data mining and on-line analytical processing (OLAP) analysis; Can provide all kinds of auxiliary decision scheme, such as resources, coordination, profit distribution, and even cultural synergy, etc., is the user seize market opportunities, to maximize the interests of the perfect protection.译文农村电子商务模式研究Maribel P摘要基于农村地区小生产、区域分散等特点，提出以区域为交易核心的电子商务理念，即区域对区域（A2A）、区域对商家（A2B）和商家对区域（B2A）模式。
新零售模式外文文献翻译最新译文
外文文献翻译原文及译文标题：The Research of the Growth of New Retail Formats 作者：Piyush Kumar Sinha, Sanjay Kumar Ka期刊：Research and Publications年份：2017原文The Research of the Growth of New Retail FormatsPiyush Kumar Sinha, Sanjay Kumar KarAbstractThe Indian retail sector is going through a transformation and this emerging market is witnessing a significant change in its growth and investment pattern. Both existing and new players are experimenting with new retail formats. Currently two popular formats -hypermarkets and supermarkets are growing very fast. Apart from the brick -mortar formats, brick -click and click-click formats are also increasingly visible on the Indian retail landscape. Consumer dynamics in India is changing and the retailers need to take note of this and formulate their strategies and tactics to deliver value to the consumer. This paper investigates modern retail developments and growth of modern formats in this country. We also discuss the challenges and opportunities available to the retailers to succeed in this country.Keywords: New Retail, Formats, Development Strategy IntroductionRetailing in India is receiving global recognition and attention and this emerging market is witnessing a significant change in its growth and investment pattern. It is not just the global players likeWal-Mart, Tesco and Metro group are eying to capture a pie of this market but also the domestic corporate behemoths like Reliance, KK Modi , Aditya Birla group, and Bharti group too are at some stage of retail development. Reliance, announced that it will invest $3.4 billion to become the country's largest modern retailer by establishing a chain of 1,575 stores by March 2007. The last couple of years have been rosy for real estate developers and the retailers are finding suitable retail space in prominent locations. The industry is buoyant about growth and the early starters are in expansion mood. There is increased sophistication in the shopping pattern of consumers, which has resulted in big retail chains coming up in most metros; mini metros and towns being the next target. Consumer taste and preferences are changing leading to radical alteration in lifesty les and spending patterns which in turn is giving rise to new business opportunities. Companies need to be dynamic and proactive while responding to the ever- changing trends in consumer lifesty le and behavior.Retailing in India is currently estimated to be a USD 200 billion industry, of which organised retailing makes up 3 percent or USD 6.4 billion. By 2010, organised retail is projected to reach USD 23 billion1 and in terms of market share it is expected to rise by 20 to 25 per cent2. The report also predicts a stronger retailer growth thanthat of GDP in the coming five years.The generic growth is likely to be driven by changing lifestyles and by strong surge in income, which in turn will be supported by favorable demographic patterns. Rapid growth in international quality retail space brings joy to shoppers and shopping malls are becoming increasingly common in large cities, and announced development plans project at least 150 new shopping malls by 2008. The number of department stores is growing at a much faster pace than overall retail, at 24 per cent annually. Supermarkets have been taking an increasing share of general food and grocery trade over the last two decades.Development of mega malls in India is adding new dimensions to the booming retail sector. Shopping experience in the nation of shopkeepers is changing and changing very fast. There is significant development in retail landscape not only in the metros but also in the smaller cities. Even ITC went one step ahead to revolutionize rural retail by developing ‘Choupal Sagar’a rural mall. On one hand there are groups of visionary corporate working constantly to improve upon urban shopping experience and on the other hand some companies are try ing to infuse innovative retail experience into the rural set up.The Larger PictureIndian economy has shown an impressive growth of over 6 per cent for last five years and continues to surge ahead. GDP growth rate in 2003-04 recorded a fifteen year high of 8.5% and subsequently maintained a steady growth for the next two years. Real GDP growth accelerated from 7.5 per cent during 2004-05 to 8.4per cent during 2005-06 on the back of buoyant manufacturing and services activity supported by a recovery in the agricultural sector.3 The central bank forecasts similar growth of 7.5-8 percent during 2006-07. With strong economic growth consumerism is increasing in the country and India is the fourth largest economy as far as purchasing power parity is concerned, just behind USA, Japan and China.Consumer TrendIndia is currently having the largest young population in the world and 54 per cent of India’s population is below 25 years of age and 80 per cent are below 45 years. As per India’s Marketing Whitebook (2006) by Businessworld, India has around 192 million households. Of these only a little over six million are ‘affluent’–that is, with household income in excess of INR215, 000. Another 75 million households are in the category of ‘w ell off’immediately below the affluent, earning between INR45,000 and INR215,000.This is a sizable proportion which offers excellent opportunity for organized retailers to serve.AC Nielsen’s Retail and Shopper Trends 2004 Report made the following observations on shopper’s behaviour in India:(1)Indian shoppers spend an average of INR2500 on food, groceries and personal care items every month and (2) convenience stores are booming in most markets, as the number of such stores exceeds 80,000.According to the report, 48 per cent of shoppers in India admit that they ‘love to try new things’,making them the most novelty seeking shoppers around the region and total average monthly expenditure is only $50, of this, $21 is spent on fresh food, comprising 42 per cent of the entire monthly spend. Indians also appear to spend more on groceries and personal care items.Business communities believe that sizable disposable income in India is concentrated in the urban areas and well off and affluent classes; income distribution is unequal compared to other Asian economies. In fact, the 20 million middle class home in rural India equal the number in urban India4 and thus have the same purchasing power. Therefore, there is significant and considerable opportunity for organized retailers in the rural areas. There is no denying that the rural market holds immense promise for the organized retail butcompanies ponder over how to serve that market profitably.Unlike the urban market, it is less developed in terms of infrastructure and facilities. More than any thing else, the larger issue is to find out a suitable business model and retail format to fit local taste and preference. Of course cost of doing business in rural market would be lesser compared to urban market but reaching out to the mass is a concern. It is not impossible but a bit more difficult. For example the most successful and the largest incorporation Wal-Mart started in the rural market where as competition started in the urban market. This retailer has proved that it is important to understand how do you operate your business model rather than where you do it.Given the increasing urban exposure of rural India, the urban and the rural upper-income groups can form an interesting continuum market, giving it a scale of 23 million households, or 115 million consumers. In 2006-07, the consuming class would be about 60 million households, or 300 million consumers.NCAER data shows that for 1998-99, for a basket of 22 FMCG products it tracks, a total of over Rs 91,500 crore was spent. Of this, 37% was spent by the two lowest-income groups in rural India, and only about 20% by the top two income groups in urban areas. This is, perhaps, the best and only statement of the structure and potential ofthe Indian market. Hence, marketers have to worry about purchasing power of consumer not where he is living. For example there are nearly 42,000 rural haats, average number of sales outlets per haat is 300 and average sales per outlet is INR 900 and average foot fall in a haat is about 4,500. In rural India there are 50 million Kisan Credit Card (KCC) holders and in 2002-03, LIC sold 50 percent of its policies in rural India.6 These are some of the indicators how rural India is performing.Drivers of RetailOn one hand favorable demographic and psychographic changes in the Indian consumer class, rising income, international exposure, availability of quality retail space, wider brand choice and better marketing communication are some of the factors driving Indian retail. On the other side a lot depends on the preparedness of Indian retailers in terms of having suitable formats, scalable business model, appropriate technology and relevant organization capability for the success.Currently the country has a population of over one billion, 60% of which is under 30 years of age. This means majority of the population is young and working class with higher purchasing power. The low median age of population means a higher current consumption rate which augurs well for the retail sector. Consumerspending in India has grown at over 12 percent since mid-1990s and 64 per cent of Indian GDP is accounted for by private consumption.7 Over the last decade, the average Indian spending has gone up from INR 5,745 in 1992-93 to INR 16,457 in 2003-04 and is expected to grow around its trend rate of 12 per centDrivers of RetailOn one hand favorable demographic and psychographic changes in the Indian consumer class, rising income, international exposure, availability of quality retail space, wider brand choice and better marketing communication are some of the factors driving Indian retail. On the other side a lot depends on the preparedness of Indian retailers in terms of having suitable formats, scalable business model, appropriate technology and relevant organization capability for the success.Development of Retail FormatsIt is difficult to fit a successful international format directly and expect a similar performance in India. The lessons from multinationals expanding to new geographies too point to this. For example, Wal-Mart is highly successful in USA but the story is different in Asian countries like China. Therefore, it is important for retailer to look at local conditions and insights into the local buying behaviour before shaping the format choice. Considering thediversity in terms of taste and preferences existing in India the retailers may go for experimentation to identify the winning format suited to different geographies and segments. For example, the taste in south is different from that in north and this brings challenges to the retailers. Therefore, most of grocery retailers are region- centric at this point in time. Now a number of retailers are in a mode of experimentation and try ing several formats which are essentially representation of retailing concepts to fit into the consumer mind space. Apart from geography even rural and urban divide poses different kind of challenge to the retailer. Pantaloon Retail India is experimenting with several retail formats to cater to a wide segment of consumers in the market. Some of the new formats are Fashion Station (popular fashion), Blue Sky (fashion accessories), aLL (fashion apparel for plus-size individuals), Collection i (home furnishings), Depot (books & music) and E-Zone (Consumer electronics). The retailer is try ing to segment the market with the help of format. The retailer developed another new format in the form of Wholesale Club to sell a segment of consumer who purchase on bulk and look out for discounts and offers. The new format is going to be kind of wholesale club which is likely to be located close to Food Bazaar. Consumers who are interested to purchase on bulk can take benefit from this format. Similarly the Land mark groupalso operates multiple formats such as hypermarket (Max), departmental store (Lifestyle), Shoemart and Funcity 12 etc.. Such experimentation and identification of an appropriate format for the local conditions would separate winners from losers in India, possibly implying multiple formats could be the reality in the long run.译文新零售模式发展研究Piy ush K um a r S inha ， S a nja y K um a r K a r摘要印度零售业正在经历转型，可以看到这个新兴市场的增长和投资格局的重大变化。
关于盈利模式的外文文献
关于盈利模式的外文文献Title: Profit Models for Content CreatorsIntroduction:As a content creator, making a living out of your creative work is essential. Finding the right profit model for your content is critical to achieving sustainable success. In this article, we will explore various profit models that can be used by content creators for monetization.1. AdvertisingAdvertising is a common profit model used by content creators. It involves partnering with brands or companies that want to advertise their products or services. The content creatorwill showcase the brand's product or service in their content, either through a sponsored post or an in-stream ad. The revenue generated from the advertising is shared between the content creator and the advertising partner.2. Selling merchandiseContent creators can sell merchandise related to their content, such as t-shirts, mugs, or stickers. This approach works exceptionally well if the creator has loyal followers that identify with their content. Selling merchandise also helps to strengthen the relationship between the content creator and their followers.3. Subscription-based modelContent creators can create a subscription-based model to generate revenue. This model can be achieved by creating exclusive content that is only available to subscribers. Subscribers will pay a fee to access the exclusive content,and the revenue generated will be shared between the content creator and the subscription platform provider.4. Affiliate marketingAffiliate marketing involves promoting someone else's product or service and earning a commission when someone makes a purchase. Content creators can use affiliate marketing by partnering with companies that align with their content. The creator will promote the product or service, and if someone purchases through their unique affiliate link, they will earna commission.5. CrowdfundingCrowdfunding is another profit model that content creators can use. This model involves asking followers or supporters to donate money to fund a particular project. Crowdfunding works well if the content creator has a loyal and engaged following.Conclusion:As a content creator, finding the right profit model is essential to your success. While the above models are not exhaustive, they provide a solid starting point for content creators who want to monetize their content. It is crucial to explore different profit models to determine what works best for your content and audience.。
关于品牌价值的外文文献原文以及翻译译文
关于品牌价值的外文文献原文以及翻译译文INTERNATIONAL FACTORINGON THE BRAND STRATEGY AND COUNTERMEASURESRESEARCHBy T.BettinaWith economic development and people's living standards, increasing the wealth of material and products, business competition from products and services, competition, to a higher stage of the competition between brands. Brand is both a business products and services unique to the mark, to some extent also is a standard and commitment. It is a business permit to enter the market and consumers a bridge between the enterprises are relying on market positioning.Brand strategy and practice of systematic research, only started in the late 1980s. In 1988, Philip. Morris and Nestle's acquisition of two well-known, so that the brand value of the assets of the market to be officially confirmed, marking the modern era of the brand. Chinese enterprises in the theory and practice of brand strategy in recent years has made considerable progress and development, but the West still a big gap compared with developed countries. Promoting the brand strategy will help enterprises establish an advanced view of the market, and strengthen the awareness of the market.First, the concept of brand strategy-related analysis(A) the definition of brand and constituteThe most basic brand is defined as one intended to be used to identify (or group) vendor in terms of quality products and services names, terms, mark, symbol or design, or their combination, and intended to be used to distinguish one (or a group) and its vendor Competitors. Brands include brand names, trademarks and brand logo. Brand, in essence, represents the seller to the buyer on the delivery of the product features, benefits and services, consistent commitment to the brand is the best guarantee of quality.The brand is divided into 6 levels of meaning: attributes, interests, values, culture, personality, the user. Therefore, the most durable brand is the meaning of their values, cultures and personalities, including visual, emotional, the idea that they constitute the essence of the brand.(B) the definition of brand strategy with the aim of Brand Strategy, as its name implies, is the corporate brand to create, use and maintenance of the core, in its analysis of conditions and the external environment on the basis of the development of the overall business plan of action. From the practical point of view, is the choice of brand strategy, packaging, training, promotion and protection of a particular brand, reputation make it step by step and give full play to the effects of brand-name brands and companies to promote their own development and growth.The main purpose of the brand strategy is to create high visibility, high credibility, and a larger market share enormous economic benefits.First, high visibility. High-profile corporate products and services to smooth the sale an important factor in business and a great intangible asset.Secondly, the high degree of credibility. A high degree of credibility is a business and all employees and even years of hard struggle of several generations, well-formed operation of the enterprises and products in the market a good impression on the minds of consumers. To the consumer, the high degree of credibility means that the quality of high-tech content and a good level of service; cooperation of enterprises and banks, financing, a higher degree of redibility means that reliable and trustworthy. In a market economy, only about reputation, business can be the main market recognition can be long-term development.Thirdly, a larger market share. Market share from the market coverage and market share both to consider.Corporate brand through the implementation of the strategy, to increase brand awareness, reputation, business products and services to increase market share, which is good business to ensure effective.Fourth, the huge economic benefits. The success of the brand strategy can make the product more of the sales market, but also in the market than similar products of a higher sale price. As a result, brand-name products and good services to achieve significant sales and higher profits for companies bring in huge commercial profits.We can see that the brand strategy is to expand the direct purpose of the enterprise products and services in the market, so as to increase market share and achieved great economic benefits. In the long run, the brand strategy is to achieve the brand and grow the business and sustainable development.Second, China's enterprises of the importance of brand strategySince the reform and opening up, China's economy has experienced sustained growth for decades. With the economy expanding and opening up, China's domestic market has been in the international market has become an important component of China's enterprises to participate in international competition means great changes have taken place. World-renowned enterprise in an increasingly competitive and complex Chinese market, the implementation of brand strategy, brand China is facing severe challenges in international competition. In particular after the accession to the WTO, China will be in the majority of enterprises with foreign competitors in a powerful position face-to-face contest, a growing number of famous foreign brands will enter into our life. In the face of this unprecedented impact on the brand, China is only the implementation of brand strategy, create brand and corporate brand products in order to enter the international market and international market competition with foreign brand rivals. On the other hand, with progress in science and technology, consumer demand and continuous improvement in the level and pay attention to brand, the pursuit of brand and increase brand-name consumer phenomenon is increasingly clear, the implementation of corporate brand strategy is not only conducive to the expansion of market share, but also more Large economic benefits. China's domestic enterprises to take part in market competition, and only the implementation of brand strategy in order to enhance the competitiveness of enterprises in the competition.(A) business development must be to promote the growth of the brand strategyAs China's market economy reform, in particular China's accession to the WTO. China's all over the original system of small businesses, the impact of a market economy, gradually formed a number of cross-regional business and the well-known brands. In the competition, non-brand-name slowly out of the market, an industry often controlled by a few big brands, market competition into a major competition between brands. With the world-class international brands to enter China, domestic brands will lose the advantages of the original, faced with severe competition. In this case, the number of domestic famous brands have "Yi Zhi", or the acquisition by multinational companies, or joint ventures with foreign brands, domestic brands positions are nibbled away. The right to choose and implement the brand strategy to improve our products and services in the domestic market, step by step into the world, with the developed countries of the world famous enterprises match, China's entrepreneurs is incumbent upon the sacred mission.Number of national brand value of the industry (1,000,000 U.S. dollars)Coca-Cola Beverage 83845 U.S. 12 U.S. Microsoft software 56,654U.S. 3 IBM computer 437814 General Electric of the United States diversified 33,5205 Ford Motor of the United States 331976 Disney entertainment of the United States 32,2757 INTEL U.S. computer 300218 McDonald's 26,231 U.S. Food9 AT & T of the United States Telecom 2418110 Marlboro 21,048 U.S. tobacco11 NOKIA Finland Telecom 20694Mercedes-Benz car 12 Germany 1778113, Switzerland Nestle Beverage 17595Hewlett-Packard computer 17132 U.S. 1415, Guillermo personal belongings of the United States 15,89416 KODAK image of the United States 1483017 ERISSION Swedish telecommunications 14,76618 SONY Japanese electronics 1423119 U.S. financial services 12,550 American Stock Exchange20 TOKYO Japan Automobile 12,310Table 2-1 World brand value of the top 20 list (Source: )You Shangbiao, it is not hard to see that the size of the value of the brand also reflects the brand owner (or group of transnational corporations) in the global enterprise or industry position and competitiveness.China's major cities has been a strong consumer brand awareness of the consumer, small and medium-sized cities and rural markets have gradually enhance brand awareness. Young people to pursue well-known consumer brands to achieve self-worth, has become a fashion, but they are small in the consumption of foreign brands such as Nestle, McDonald's grow up so as to pursue the development of foreign brands for fashion, which can not have Sighted people for the national brand of domestic concerns. In the Chinese market, foreign brands through joint ventures, wholly or in a variety of ways, such as mergers and acquisitions, to create a successful local brands. In contrast, China's opening up, in addition to an earlier, compared with full competition in the industry, such as household appliances, cosmetics, food and beverage industries better than brand development, the protection of national policy and restrictions on the industry, the real strength of the brand little. If you do not go on this way to strengthen the focus on brand protection, brand promotion of growth in these areas would not be able to enterprises and foreign enterprises to compete, can not be developed.(B) market in China has become the brand competitionWith the reform and opening up of China's socialist market economy and building the prosperous development of China's market situation has changed dramatically, showing the following trends: from a single-system to the needs of the diverse needs of change; by the identical to the individual needs of demand Change; by the type of poverty, food and clothing needs-to-well-off, rich-changing needs. Require a change in demand for a corresponding change in supply, which led to the need to intensify competition among enterprises and changes in the way, in such circumstances, China has gradually formed the pattern of brand competition.First of all, competition among enterprises has been content to seek resources, the advantage into a commodity to seek technical advantages, strengths and talent brand, and technology, human resources advantages will ultimately have to be reflected in the brand. As a result, the economy entered a "relative surplus" of the times, the importance of resources has declined to seek brand has become a large enterprise to achieve long-term development of the most urgent task.This was followed by gradual means of competition on price-based competition means, in order to shift the main means of non-price competition. In the past, China's market price war among enterprises is the main means of competition, but consumer demand as by the type of food and clothing to the well-off-the-well-off change in the quality of goods at low cost is no longer subject to mainstream consumers, they are more important Is the brand, quality, service and so on non-price factors. Although the price reduction strategy in a certain period of time so that competitors at a disadvantage, but it will benefit their own business down, resulting in a lose-lose outcome. And rely on high quality, innovative products and superior service set up by the brand advantage, the enterprise market will rise, increasing economic efficiency, sustainable development of the enterprise.Finally, the structure of the competition has been limited to domestic competition among enterprises, to between domestic and foreign enterprises to compete more. Since China opened the door, a number of powerful multinational corporations in developed countries to enter the Chinese market on a large scale, with localenterprises in China's heated market competition, our international market competition, in an increasingly competitive market. As a result, Chinese enterprises should use the favorable conditions for local enterprises, and strive to create a national brand, with foreign brands and fight to safeguard national industries. Only after a firm footing in order to get out, to participate in the international market competition, international operations.关于当代品牌战略与对策的思考发展概况前景作者：T.贝蒂娜随着经济的发展和人们生活水平的提高，物质产品的日益丰富，企业经营的竞争已由产品的生产和服务的竞争，转向更高阶段的品牌之间的竞争。
城市商业步行街景观设计外文文献翻译最新译文
文献出处：M D Velarde. The landscape design of city commercial pedestrian street [J] Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 2015, 6(4): 112-122.原文The landscape design of city commercial pedestrian streetM D VelardeAbstractThe center of the city commercial pedestrian street is not only the people shopping consumption, and is a comprehensive leisure and entertainment, sightseeing, experience exchange and other functions in the integration of urban functional areas. Commercial street landscape design is an important part in the street landscape system, comprehensive and signature of commercial pedestrian street landscape design has become the key factors influencing the urban landscape environment. Levels of commercial pedestrian street landscape design is good or bad for city overall style and the shape of urban culture is of great significance.Keywords: commercial pedestrian street; Landscape design; humanized1 IntroductionToday's commercial pedestrian street has not only as an ease traffic channels, also contains the history of the local civilization, showing the local cultural characteristics, but also a symbol of spiritual civilization as a display area. Its development process and the history and culture of the intimate relationship, it incorporates the features of the local environment, traditional customs, local culture, the local characteristics have concentrated on commercial pedestrian street landscape; have produced the colorful commercial pedestrian street landscape. Commercial pedestrian street as the most dynamic business open space in city, the landscape design has become one of the basic content of the modern city landscape design.2 The overview of city commercial pedestrian street landscape design2.1 The meaning of commercial pedestrian street landscape designCommercial pedestrian street landscape is an important part of city street landscape system. As a kind of landscape form, it has the external material elements and manifestation. The continuity of street, ductility, rhythm city, for example, of thespace in an orderly and open close application, responsibly and high and low, twists and turns, and handling of visual focus in the street in unity there is no lack of change; Buildings, roads, lighting, plants, sculpture, chairs and other representational landscape form, through the change of the form language, color, light, and the traveling route, the viewing Angle is different, and present a rich artistic effect. At the same time, as external physical expression of city street landscape environment, commercial pedestrian street landscape from the generation and formation of ACTS as a meaningful object is experience, that maintains a certain relationship with the commercial pedestrian street, make it a full of plot, story, historical connotations and cultural connotation of space vehicle.A wide range of commercial Pedestrian Street, the composition of landscape environment is more complex. But no matter what kind of commercial Pedestrian Street, the landscape which form the basis of basic is conform to the street environment to form a variety of elements, but specific to a certain street will be slightly different. Some commercial pedestrian street in the road on both sides of the trees, for example, to beautify the environment, at the same time formed between the Tao and the physical and visual segmentation, but also some commercial walk street without greening landscape, or uses other ways to achieve the goal of break up a space. Therefore, commercial pedestrian street landscape design is not just limited to the environment of an object, but according to the different situation of commercial Pedestrian Street, factors of influence on all the object and object visualization, can influence the overall design, can touch, so as to produce certain aesthetic effect and social effect.2.2 The content of the commercial pedestrian street landscape designCommercial pedestrian street landscape design is a system design; both from the whole to the detail must undergo thorough and in-depth thinking. Is different between commercial pedestrian street landscape design content are different with each other, but in the aggregate, can be roughly include the overall landscape planning and design, landscape architecture, space organization, traffic form and commercial store design, ground shop, node space design, landscape design, public facilities and art design,waterscape design, etc., all constitute a commercial pedestrian street scene and the influencing factors of image can be regarded as the landscape design content. In the process of specific design to consider, rather than a single treatment, organic integration of various landscape elements together.2.3 Categories of city commercial Pedestrian Street landscape designCommercial Pedestrian Street of the category, scale, form varies, depending on the different conditions and requirements of different cities. These different commercial street building when considering different nature, its use function, construction scale, construction contents, geared to the needs of different consumer groups, therefore different commercial street landscape design focuses on the Angle of the problems and thinking is not the same.The classification of the commercial pedestrian street is more, such as in accordance with the commercial pedestrian street on the degree of control of motor vehicles is different, can be divided into the pedestrian street, half pedestrian street and bus traffic pedestrian street, according to the classification of commercial pedestrian street scale, a single street and street type of block, according to the commercial pattern of different categories can be divided into open type, closed type, and half a street from the mall form landscape classification, history can be divided into traditional commercial pedestrian street, modern commercial pedestrian street, customs street, theme tourism leisure walking street, etc.2.4 Landscape element of city commercial pedestrian streetStreets in the city play an extremely important role in the process of civilization. In addition to carrying traffic, street and other functions such as landscape, life and business. Different functions of the street have their own space and landscape elements.In the process of commercial street landscape design, the using of the psychological and behavioral characteristics should be considered, what are thinking about them in the street space activities. Design is a prerequisite for people to activities on the street, and constitute the mall landscape is the most important dynamic factors. In which people or stop, or watch, or hang out in groups, the bustlingstream of people to the mall fun and vitality, people also through such spatial interaction, their behavior and psychological full. Therefore, it is only through pleasant street landscape design, for the people in the street provide include shopping, communication, recreation, ornamental, stroll, performances and other activities of place and space, to retain people, make the street landscape is not out of people's activities, let the street full of vitality.Commercial pedestrian street landscape elements are divided into two kinds: static is a kind of natural landscape elements, such as the inside of the city of mountain, water, lakes, etc. Another kind is artificially created artificial landscape elements. Construction of the commercial pedestrian street involves the natural landscape is commonly: land form, plant, water and weather. And commercial pedestrian street involves the artificial landscape elements is to build a good internal space of the commercial pedestrian street people add some facilities, such as the laying of the surrounding buildings, roads, traffic lights, fountain, sculpture and so on, these are all in order to foil the atmosphere of the mall of artificial added.3 The landscape design of city commercial Pedestrian Street3.1 The architectural design of commercial Pedestrian StreetArchitecture is one of the important spatial entity, surround close the mall shopping street interface are usually formed by the building's facade, combined with the streets in the movement happens mainly in the interface, therefore the design of commercial pedestrian street building facade and stores the primary content of the commercial pedestrian street landscape design. For commercial subject is striking, the style of the building facade should be determined by its design theme, open the window and the wall of the actual situation in the design and construction of the facade contrast, modeling, the basic color control, etc. Establish the building facade style, design into the microscopic level of building facades. Detail design including building facade detail such as the combination of material texture, brick processing. This level of design mainly pays attention to is a person the sense of building facade details. On the vision, attention should be paid to the selected facade material skin texture, color, dimension and facade form of brick, strive for unity and change,forming active facade. Color respect should be in accord with the facade design style on the basis of considering the visual comfort, moderately saturated color add to increase business atmosphere.3.2 The waterscape design of commercial Pedestrian StreetCommercial street landscape design is more or less will set the water scene, with adding the dynamic commercial environment good moral and commercial prosperity. From the perspective of traditional garden, water state can be divided into four types, namely, spewing, hung, theological and static. Along with the advance of technology, water state also has a new type, such as spray, sculptures, etc. In the design of Commercial Street, the use of water state also has exquisite. Choose spewing more water state, hung, theological and dynamic water spray and so on, in order to reflect clever, lively character of the water.3.3The plant landscape design of commercial Pedestrian StreetCommercial street landscape design can choose when to plant landscape plants, there are many big tall trees, low shrubs, small to these can shade for the people, to reduce the noise, absorb dust, and the plants are the preferred landscape plants. Plant design is the focal point; take into account the use effect of plants, followed by the beautification effect of plants. Therefore, when the choice and the preferred is tall, In addition, the commercial pedestrian street and traffic roads, parks, such as different nature, so when making plant landscaping, plant can neither too rigid lined up, and because the area is finite, cannot grow rich in plants, which requires the designer's original conceptions, designed in accordance with the characteristics of the pedestrian street landscape plants.In order to show the commercial atmosphere, unfavorable also use large plants, and for used in the design of split road green belts, or need to provide the shade of the pavement, you can choose big canopy, branches and leaves of trees, this not only can form a huge shade in the summer, reduce the temperature, the division of space, build space. In both sides of the street, some stores outside, cannot grow tall trees, can be planted some low shrubs or colorful flowers. Real life, street greening was one of the focuses of urban construction, elaborate design and with the regional characteristics ofstreet greening tend to give the view of the street to bring significant change, even can form a very unique attractive street landscape, the most typical example is the roam bud streets of San Francisco.4 ConclusionsThe height of the development of commercial Pedestrian Street is built on a pedestrian traffic on the way, is a reflection of urban prosperity upward. Highly developed modern society, as people leisure, fitness and entertainment itself, assembled a variety of functions to meet the needs of the people leisure, Pedestrian Street as a highly developed commercial economy at the same time also to promote the development of the whole city. No longer in order to satisfy the demands of their shopping for the residents, but the entertainment, enjoy as purpose, feel the elegant and comfortable environment, experience rich and colorful activities, in order to gain more happiness. Along with the change in the era theme, the urban pedestrian street landscape design concept is also in constant evolution, but to adapt to the needs of users that will not change, the humanized landscape design is the future development of city commercial pedestrian street landscape design one of the important design concept.译文城市商业步行街景观设计摘要城市商业步行街不仅是人们购物消费的中心场所，而且是综合休闲娱乐、观光旅游、体验交流等多种功能于一体的城市功能区域。
体验营销外文文献翻译2019年译文3000多字
体验营销外文文献翻译2019年译文3000多字XXX quality。
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taking into account both the XXX.2 XXXXXXXXX of the customer's experience。
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companies can create nal ns with their XXX。
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英文论文(外文文献)翻译成中文的格式与方法
英文论文（外文文献）翻译成中文的格式与方法英文论文（外文文献）翻译成中文的格式与方法本文关键词：外文，英文，中文，翻译成，文献英文论文（外文文献）翻译成中文的格式与方法本文简介：在撰写毕业设计（论文）或科研论文时，需要参考一些相关外文文献，了解国外的最新研究进展，这就需要我们找到最新最具代表性的外文文献，进行翻译整理，以备论文写作时参考，外文文献中英文文献占绝大多数，因此英文论文准确的翻译成中文就显得尤为重要！一、外文文献从哪里下载1、从知网国际文献总库中找英文论文（外文文献）翻译成中文的格式与方法本文内容：在撰写毕业设计（论文）或科研论文时，需要参考一些相关外文文献，了解国外的最新研究进展，这就需要我们找到最新最具代表性的外文文献，进行翻译整理，以备论文写作时参考，外文文献中英文文献占绝大多数，因此英文论文准确的翻译成中文就显得尤为重要！一、外文文献从哪里下载1、从知网国际文献总库中找，该数据库中包含14,000多家国外出版社的文献，囊括所有专业的英文文献资料。
2、一些免费的外文数据库或网站，为了方便大家查找，编者整理成文档供大家下载：国外免费文献数据库大全下载3、谷歌学术检索工具，检索时设置成只检索英文文献，键入与专业相关的关键词即可检索。
二、英文论文翻译格式与要求翻译的外文文献的字符要求不少于1.5万（或翻译成中文后至少在3000字以上）。
字数达到的文献一篇即可。
翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关着作及其他相关材料，应与毕业论文（设计）主题相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业论文（设计）的参考文献。
并在每篇中文译文首页用＂脚注＂形式注明原文作者及出处，中文译文后应附外文原文。
需认真研读和查阅术语完成翻译，不得采用翻译软件翻译。
中文译文的编排结构与原文同，撰写格式参照毕业论文的格式要求。
参考文献不必翻译，直接使用原文的（字体，字号，标点符号等与毕业论文中的参考文献要求同），参考文献的序号应标注在译文中相应的地方。
外文翻译与文献综述模板格式以及要求说明
杭州电子科技大学信息工程学院毕业论文外文文献翻译要求根据《普通高等学校本科毕业设计（论文）指导》的内容，特对外文文献翻译提出以下要求：一、翻译的外文文献可以是一篇，也可以是两篇，但总字符要求不少于1.5万（或翻译成中文后至少在3000字以上）。
二、翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其他相关材料，应与毕业论文（设计）主题相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业论文（设计）的参考文献。
并在每篇中文译文首页用“脚注”形式注明原文作者及出处，中文译文后应附外文原文。
三、中文译文的基本撰写格式为：1.题目:采用小三号、黑体字、居中打印；2.正文:采用小四号、宋体字，行间距一般为固定值20磅，标准字符间距。
页边距为左3cm，右2.5cm，上下各2.5cm，页面统一采用A4纸。
四、封面格式由学校统一制作（注：封面上的“翻译题目”指中文译文的题目），并按“封面、译文一、外文原文一、译文二、外文原文二、考核表”的顺序统一装订。
五、忌自行更改表格样式。
毕业论文外文文献翻译毕业设计（论文）题目Xxx翻译（1）题目指翻译后的中文译文的题目翻译（2）题目指翻译后的中文译文的题目系会计系以本模板为准）专业XXXXXX（以本模板为准）姓名XXXXXX（以本模板为准）班级XXXXXX（以本模板为准）学号XXXXXX（以本模板为准）指导教师XXXXXX（以本模板为准）正文指导教师对外文翻译的评语：指导教师（签名）年月日建议成绩（百分制）评阅小组或评阅人对外文翻译的评语：评阅小组负责人或评阅人（签名）年月日建议成绩（百分制）杭州电子科技大学信息工程学院本科毕业论文文献综述的写作要求为了促使学生熟悉更多的专业文献资料，进一步强化学生搜集文献资料的能力，提高对文献资料的归纳、分析、综合运用能力及独立开展科研活动的能力，现对本科学生的毕业设计（论文）提出文献综述的写作要求，具体要求如下：一、文献综述的概念文献综述是针对某一研究领域或专题搜集大量文献资料的基础上，就国内外在该领域或专题的主要研究成果、最新进展、研究动态、前沿问题等进行综合分析而写成的、能比较全面地反映相关领域或专题历史背景、前人工作、争论焦点、研究现状和发展前景等内容的综述性文章。
商业插画外文文献翻译最新译文
商业插画外文文献翻译最新译文The use of commercial XXX form has XXX expressive nature has led to the XXX benefits。
XXX global creative industries have also given rise to a new n of illustrators who have established their own brands and expanded the XXX through the use of the。
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it serves as a means of artistic XXX。
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The use of commercial XXX increase sales and customer loyalty。
making it an essential component of modern marketing strategies.3 XXXXXX n。
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XXX财务分析体系外文文献翻译最新译文
XXX财务分析体系外文文献翻译最新译文XXX the use of DuPont financial analysis system in XXX DuPont system breaks down the return on equity (ROE) into three components: net profit margin。
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the XXX that it should be used in n with other financial analysis tools.In recent years。
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外文文献翻译--内容格式
外文文献翻译的撰写说明一、外文文献翻译的内容通过外文文献查阅与翻译，进一步提高掌握使用外文的能力，熟悉本专业的主要的外文书刊，了解毕业设计（论文）课题的国内外信息与发展动向。
翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其他相关材料，应与毕业设计（论文）主题相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业设计（论文）的参考文献，中文译文后应附外文原文。
（一）标题应真实反映翻译外文的主体内容或原外文标题内容，一般控制在20个汉字以内。
可以用副标题对标题予以补充说明；（二）标题下方正中为外文作者署名；（三）外文翻译成中文的内容；（四）外文著录。
二、字数要求一般要求为2000-3000汉字或不少于15000外文字符。
三、打印格式1、打印用纸：A42、页面设置：上：3.5cm；下:2.5 cm；左：3.0 cm；右2.4 cm；装订线：0.5cm；页眉：2.5 cm；页脚：1.8cm；行间距：固定值22磅3、字体、字号：1 一级标题：黑体、三号；1.1…二级标题：黑体、四号；1.1.1…三级标题：宋体、加粗、小四；标题顶格写，后空一个字位置正文部分：宋体、小四；每段空2字位置页眉“黄石理工学院外文文献翻译”，宋体、5号，居右排列；页码居页面底端靠右排列。
四、参考文献著录参考文献著录按照GB7714-87文参考文献著录规则执行。
书写顺序为：序号·作者·论文名或著作名·杂志或会议名·卷号、期号或会议地点·出版社·页号·年。
摘要、关键词：摘要、关键词顶格写，后用冒号摘要：废水回用可以大大减少……关键词：废水回收利用；反冲洗；上清液中间用“；”分隔，最后没有“。
”外文参考文献转换成中文参考文献：外文参考文献著录格式与中文不同。
1、外文中（康韦尔和麦克2001; Dotremont等，1999;。
LeGouellec等，2004;。
纳赛尔等人2002;。
农村电子商务外文文献翻译最新译文
农村电子商务外文文献翻译最新译文This article by Maribel P discusses the patterns of rural merce。
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such as scattered small-scale n。
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area of business (A2B)。
and business to nal (B2A)。
The author explains the meaning of each model and their basic methods。
nally。
the author suggests building an agricultural product supply chain with high benefit value and introduces the rural nal collaborative merce model (ABC)。
The collaborative approach involves combining technology。
data。
and business to achieve synergy。
The article also discusses the key technologies that need to be solved for dynamic planning。
logistics business matching。
puter n technology。
and agricultural knowledge search engine。
外文文献翻译原文+译文
外文文献翻译原文Analysis of Con tin uous Prestressed Concrete BeamsChris BurgoyneMarch 26, 20051、IntroductionThis conference is devoted to the development of structural analysis rather than the strength of materials, but the effective use of prestressed concrete relies on an appropriate combination of structural analysis techniques with knowledge of the material behaviour. Design of prestressed concrete structures is usually left to specialists; the unwary will either make mistakes or spend inordinate time trying to extract a solution from the various equations.There are a number of fundamental differences between the behaviour of prestressed concrete and that of other materials. Structures are not unstressed when unloaded; the design space of feasible solutions is totally bounded；in hyperstatic structures, various states of self-stress can be induced by altering the cable profile, and all of these factors get influenced by creep and thermal effects. How were these problems recognised and how have they been tackled?Ever since the development of reinforced concrete by Hennebique at the end of the 19th century (Cusack 1984), it was recognised that steel and concrete could be more effectively combined if the steel was pretensioned, putting the concrete into compression. Cracking could be reduced, if not prevented altogether, which would increase stiffness and improve durability. Early attempts all failed because the initial prestress soon vanished, leaving the structure to be- have as though it was reinforced; good descriptions of these attempts are given by Leonhardt (1964) and Abeles (1964).It was Freyssineti’s observations of the sagging of the shallow arches on three bridges that he had just completed in 1927 over the River Allier near Vichy which led directly to prestressed concrete (Freyssinet 1956). Only the bridge at Boutiron survived WWII (Fig 1). Hitherto, it had been assumed that concrete had a Young’s modulus which remained fixed, but he recognised that the de- ferred strains due to creep explained why the prestress had been lost in the early trials. Freyssinet (Fig. 2) also correctly reasoned that high tensile steel had to be used, so that some prestress would remain after the creep had occurred, and alsothat high quality concrete should be used, since this minimised the total amount of creep. The history of Freyssineti’s early prestressed concrete work is written elsewhereFigure1:Boutiron Bridge,Vic h yFigure 2: Eugen FreyssinetAt about the same time work was underway on creep at the BRE laboratory in England ((Glanville 1930) and (1933)). It is debatable which man should be given credit for the discovery of creep but Freyssinet clearly gets the credit for successfully using the knowledge to prestress concrete.There are still problems associated with understanding how prestressed concrete works, partly because there is more than one way of thinking about it. These different philosophies are to some extent contradictory, and certainly confusing to the young engineer. It is also reflected, to a certain extent, in the various codes of practice.Permissible stress design philosophy sees prestressed concrete as a way of avoiding cracking by eliminating tensile stresses; the objective is for sufficient compression to remain after creep losses. Untensionedreinforcement, which attracts prestress due to creep, is anathema. This philosophy derives directly from Freyssinet’s logic and is primarily a working stress concept.Ultimate strength philosophy sees prestressing as a way of utilising high tensile steel as reinforcement. High strength steels have high elastic strain capacity, which could not be utilised when used as reinforcement; if the steel is pretensioned, much of that strain capacity is taken out before bonding the steel to the concrete. Structures designed this way are normally designed to be in compression everywhere under permanent loads, but allowed to crack under high live load. The idea derives directly from the work of Dischinger (1936) and his work on the bridge at Aue in 1939 (Schonberg and Fichter 1939), as well as that of Finsterwalder (1939). It is primarily an ultimate load concept. The idea of partial prestressing derives from these ideas.The Load-Balancing philosophy, introduced by T.Y. Lin, uses prestressing to counter the effect of the permanent loads (Lin 1963). The sag of the cables causes an upward force on the beam, which counteracts the load on the beam. Clearly, only one load can be balanced, but if this is taken as the total dead weight, then under that load the beam will perceive only the net axial prestress and will have no tendency to creep up or down.These three philosophies all have their champions, and heated debates take place between them as to which is the most fundamental.2、Section designFrom the outset it was recognised that prestressed concrete has to be checked at both the working load and the ultimate load. For steel structures, and those made from reinforced concrete, there is a fairly direct relationship between the load capacity under an allowable stress design, and that at the ultimate load under an ultimate strength design. Older codes were based on permissible stresses at the working load; new codes use moment capacities at the ultimate load. Different load factors are used in the two codes, but a structure which passes one code is likely to be acceptable under the other.For prestressed concrete, those ideas do not hold, since the structure is highly stressed, even when unloaded. A small increase of load can cause some stress limits to be breached, while a large increase in load might be needed to cross other limits. The designer has considerable freedom to vary both the working load and ultimate load capacities independently; both need to be checked.A designer normally has to check the tensile and compressive stresses, in both the top and bottom fibre of the section, for every load case. The critical sections are normally, but not always, the mid-span and the sections over piers but other sections may become critical ，when the cable profile has to be determined.The stresses at any position are made up of three components, one of which normally has a different sign from the other two; consistency of sign convention is essential.If P is the prestressing force and e its eccentricity, A and Z are the area of the cross-section and its elastic section modulus, while M is the applied moment, then where ft and fc are the permissible stresses in tension and compression.c e t f ZM Z P A P f ≤-+≤Thus, for any combination of P and M , the designer already has four in- equalities to deal with.The prestressing force differs over time, due to creep losses, and a designer isusually faced with at least three combinations of prestressing force and moment;• the applied moment at the time the prestress is first applied, before creep losses occur,• the maximum applied moment after creep losses, and• the minimum applied moment after creep losses.Figure 4: Gustave MagnelOther combinations may be needed in more complex cases. There are at least twelve inequalities that have to be satisfied at any cross-section, but since an I-section can be defined by six variables, and two are needed to define the prestress, the problem is over-specified and it is not immediately obvious which conditions are superfluous. In the hands of inexperienced engineers, the design process can be very long-winded. However, it is possible to separate out the design of the cross-section from the design of the prestress. By considering pairs of stress limits on the same fibre, but for different load cases, the effects of the prestress can be eliminated, leaving expressions of the form:rangestress e Perm issibl Range Mom entZ These inequalities, which can be evaluated exhaustively with little difficulty, allow the minimum size of the cross-section to be determined.Once a suitable cross-section has been found, the prestress can be designed using a construction due to Magnel (Fig.4). The stress limits can all be rearranged into the form:()M fZ PA Z e ++-≤1 By plotting these on a diagram of eccentricity versus the reciprocal of the prestressing force, a series of bound lines will be formed. Provided the inequalities (2) are satisfied, these bound lines will always leave a zone showing all feasible combinations of P and e. The most economical design, using the minimum prestress, usually lies on the right hand side of the diagram, where the design is limited by the permissible tensile stresses.Plotting the eccentricity on the vertical axis allows direct comparison with the crosssection, as shown in Fig. 5. Inequalities (3) make no reference to the physical dimensions of the structure, but these practical cover limits can be shown as wellA good designer knows how changes to the design and the loadings alter the Magnel diagram. Changing both the maximum andminimum bending moments, but keeping the range the same, raises and lowers the feasible region. If the moments become more sagging the feasible region gets lower in the beam.In general, as spans increase, the dead load moments increase in proportion to the live load. A stage will be reached where the economic point (A on Fig.5) moves outside the physical limits of the beam; Guyon (1951a) denoted the limiting condition as the critical span. Shorter spans will be governed by tensile stresses in the two extreme fibres, while longer spans will be governed by the limiting eccentricity and tensile stresses in the bottom fibre. However, it does not take a large increase in moment ，at which point compressive stresses will govern in the bottom fibre under maximum moment.Only when much longer spans are required, and the feasible region moves as far down as possible, does the structure become governed by compressive stresses in both fibres.3、Continuous beamsThe design of statically determinate beams is relatively straightforward; the engineer can work on the basis of the design of individual cross-sections, as outlined above. A number of complications arise when the structure is indeterminate which means that the designer has to consider, not only a critical section,but also the behaviour of the beam as a whole. These are due to the interaction of a number of factors, such as Creep, Temperature effects and Construction Sequence effects. It is the development of these ideas whichforms the core of this paper. The problems of continuity were addressed at a conference in London (Andrew and Witt 1951). The basic principles, and nomenclature, were already in use, but to modern eyes concentration on hand analysis techniques was unusual, and one of the principle concerns seems to have been the difficulty of estimating losses of prestressing force.3.1 Secondary MomentsA prestressing cable in a beam causes the structure to deflect. Unlike the statically determinate beam, where this motion is unrestrained, the movement causes a redistribution of the support reactions which in turn induces additional moments. These are often termed Secondary Moments, but they are not always small, or Parasitic Moments, but they are not always bad.Freyssinet’s bridge across the Marne at Luzancy, started in 1941 but not completed until 1946, is often thought of as a simply supported beam, but it was actually built as a two-hinged arch (Harris 1986), with support reactions adjusted by means of flat jacks and wedges which were later grouted-in (Fig.6). The same principles were applied in the later and larger beams built over the same river.Magnel built the first indeterminate beam bridge at Sclayn, in Belgium (Fig.7) in 1946. The cables are virtually straight, but he adjusted the deck profile so that the cables were close to the soffit near mid-span. Even with straight cables the sagging secondary momentsare large; about 50% of the hogging moment at the central support caused by dead and live load.The secondary moments cannot be found until the profile is known but the cablecannot be designed until the secondary moments are known. Guyon (1951b) introduced the concept of the concordant profile, which is a profile that causes no secondary moments; es and ep thus coincide. Any line of thrust is itself a concordant profile.The designer is then faced with a slightly simpler problem; a cable profile has to be chosen which not only satisfies the eccentricity limits (3) but is also concordant. That in itself is not a trivial operation, but is helped by the fact that the bending moment diagram that results from any load applied to a beam will itself be a concordant profile for a cable of constant force. Such loads are termed notional loads to distinguish them from the real loads on the structure. Superposition can be used to progressively build up a set of notional loads whose bending moment diagram gives the desired concordant profile.3.2 Temperature effectsTemperature variations apply to all structures but the effect on prestressed concrete beams can be more pronounced than in other structures. The temperature profile through the depth of a beam (Emerson 1973) can be split into three components for the purposes of calculation (Hambly 1991). The first causes a longitudinal expansion, which is normally released by the articulation of the structure; the second causes curvature which leads to deflection in all beams and reactant moments in continuous beams, while the third causes a set of self-equilibrating set of stresses across the cross-section.The reactant moments can be calculated and allowed-for, but it is the self- equilibrating stresses that cause the main problems for prestressed concrete beams. These beams normally have high thermal mass which means that daily temperature variations do not penetrate to the core of the structure. The result is a very non-uniform temperature distribution across the depth which in turn leads to significant self-equilibrating stresses. If the core of the structure is warm, while the surface is cool, such as at night, then quite large tensile stresses can be developed on the top and bottom surfaces. However, they only penetrate a very short distance into the concrete and the potential crack width is very small. It can be very expensive to overcome the tensile stress by changing the section or the prestress。
农村电子商务模式外文文献翻译最新译文
文献信息文献信息Gleeson M. The study of B2C e-commerce sites in the countryside [J]. Procedia Computer Science, 2016, 12(3): 57-67. 原文原文The study of B2C e-commerce sites in the countrysideGleeson M1 IntroductionB2C e-commerce is a pattern, which are usually said direct-to-consumer sales of products and services commercial retail mode. This form of electronic commerce general with network mostly retail, mainly by using the Internet to develop online sales activities. B2C namely enterprise through the Internet to provide consumers a new shopping environment - online stores, consumers through the network shopping on the Internet, online payment and other consumer behavior. A B2C business through the Internet offers consumers a new shopping environment - electronics store. Due to the rapid growth of the scale of rural, rural B2C e-commerce research also should pay attention to it.2 The development conditions of agricultural products B2C e-commerce2.1 Use e-commerce means the requestFirst of all, establish a systematic, professional, low-cost agricultural products logistics distribution system of agricultural products of short shelf life than other commodity, some consumer wants to buy the green food can storage, preservation and at the same time, consumption of agricultural products is characterized by the quantity of every time to buy, buy less frequency is high, the transaction amount is small. So there must be a quick, powerful agricultural products logistics distribution system. Second, perfect the system of B2C e-commerce of agricultural products. E-commerce development is very rapid, and electronic commerce is a kind of free, open trade mode, with the traditional business activities are quite different, some related management system, laws and regulations lag. So, how to guarantee the authenticity of online advertising and e-commerce market to crack down on illegal manufacturer, specification, agricultural market constraints become an important factor in thedevelopment of B2C e-commerce. Third, the wide application is order management subsystem. Agricultural product circulation enterprises must give the timelyprocessing of orders for customers; arrange production according to the quantity ofgoods, all on schedule of delivery to the customer. Fourth is the establishment ofoperation mechanism of daily statistical pattern library. Agricultural products can beobtained at any time from the project manager of various kinds of statistical reports,pattern library, including all kinds of marketing mode, such as the advertising budget, new product planning, media selection, pricing models, the best marketing mix, etc., mainly for the senior management personnel in the face of the unstructured problems to provide a reference model.2.2 Requirements for agricultural product processing industryAgricultural production standardization, standardization of agricultural production, there are two aspects of content, namely certainty and uniformity. Agricultural products consumption dictionaries, dictionaries is the precondition for the development of B2C e-commerce, only the consumer to a certain extent, stray from the consumption habit of agricultural products, agricultural products and identity dictionaries, can from the Internet to buy agricultural products. Dictionaries contributed to the agricultural products of mass production of agricultural products, to create the possibility for standardization of agricultural production. Strengthen agricultural products between enterprises and engaged in distribution and other business cooperation. A higher percentage of the produce of the small and medium-sized enterprises, but also can't form the B2C e-commerce of agricultural products distribution system, it is difficult to achieve the rapid response. Joint, which requires companies to build and maintain a distribution system and thereby reducing costs play the role of the overall advantage.3 Key technology of rural electronic commerceFor rural electronic commerce has many problem presses for solution, such asagricultural preservation requires rapid logistics distribution (including dynamic pathplanning and convenient business matching and precise knowledge search, etc.), suitable for rural application environment of human-computer interaction need tosolve the problem of data open, etc.3.1 The dynamic path planningDynamic path planning problem about agricultural products distribution, due to the different characteristics of the agricultural products there is a big difference, so for different kinds of agricultural products, in addition to the need to consider when choosing a distribution model of general merchandise characteristics of constraints (such as demand, volume, delivery of the goods transportation cost, delivery time,vehicle capacity limits, mileage limit, time limit, etc.), also take into account the constraints of characteristic agricultural products (such as the efficiency of the agricultural products and transport the required temperature, humidity, oxygen consumption, etc.).To solve the key problem is how to in the actual process of logistics distribution based on the distribution characteristics of the agricultural products, design and efficient logistics distribution dynamic path planning algorithm, for producers and business operators to provide comprehensive transportation of low cost, low consumption goods, convenient agricultural products logistics distribution solutions, enhance the competitiveness of the products in the target market.3.2 Business maximum similarity matching algorithmThe depth of the rapid spread of the Internet and search engine development, the number of sellers buyers make e-commerce platform to soar, new "asymmetric information". For buyers to identify the seller's information effectively has become very difficult, resulting in platform is very difficult to find suitable suppliers; For sellers, is very difficult to get buyers information also, the promotion of the problems of high cost and low profit margins. How to improve the purity of information, enhancing business matching efficiency becomes the e-commerce platform must face the problem. Through the analysis of Web data mining, user access patterns, userrecords of consumption and user survey data, the analysis of the mining knowledge extraction system developed a smart website. Its key technology is automatic information acquisition technology, data mining technology, the automatic indexing technology, full-text retrieval technology and statistical techniques, etc. For example, the use of collaborative Filtering (Collaborative Filtering), according to the statisticalanalysis of a customer before buying behavior and purchase behavior from similar customers buying behavior to speculate that the customer pay attention to the goodsand is related to its business scope of business opportunities, etc.3.3 Based on the concept of search engineResearch oriented knowledge element mining of massive unstructured resourcesand its semantic relation rapidly detect algorithms; In the semantic environment,intelligent service involves a large number of dynamic distribution in the network information resources, in order to improve the efficiency of semantic environment knowledge mining and found that the quality of knowledge, to these information resources are extracted and synthesis of the available knowledge organization, to guarantee the knowledge and effectiveness. Research under the guidance of ontology for mass and space-time distribution of unstructured information resources of multi-level knowledge mining technology, realization of metadata, the relationship between concepts and their semantic knowledge element mining components in different levels; Research knowledge learning sample complexity and computational complexity of the algorithm, establish a formal representation of the learning process, including reasonable constraint are knowledge semantic relation learning framework, achieve comprehensive knowledge, the knowledge element compound raise the level of knowledge processing, solve for Knowledge complex problems.3.4 The human-computer interaction technologyIn the human-computer Interaction technology (the Human - ComputerInteraction Techniques) refers to the dialogue with the Computer technology. Itincludes machine through the output or display device provide people withinformation, people through the input device to the machine input information, etc.The human-computer interaction technology is one of the important content ofcomputer user interface design. It and cognitive science, ergonomics, psychology, and other areas of the discipline are closely linked, and the farmer's cultural level is generally low. So the convenient, quick, the human-computer interaction interfaces and operation method of humanization, personalization and easy to use interactive equipment, for rapid advance village, e-commerce is of great significance. Touchscreen machine is a special service terminal and public service facilities of rural grassroots, because it possesses the characteristics of convenient operation, the use offree and brought to the attention of the government departments at all levels.Therefore, research on a touch screen support dialogue and remote update serviceplatform, has a practical significance.4 Concrete measures4.1 Construct consumer shopping concept change of business operation modeConsumers shopping habits are traditional "to see, touch, listening to the sounds and taste" .Despite the multimedia electronic commerce network advertising effect, but can't replace agricultural character and the universal attraction for consumers. Only consumer shopping idea changes, adapt to the direction of the network development, B2C e-commerce of agricultural products can be developed on a large scale.4.2 Strengthen the construction of enterprise network and improve the quality ofwebsite informationEnterprises should open channels of information with the help of the Internettechnology, further to do a good job of online marketing. In addition, studies haveshown that for a shopping experience for the peasants agriculture website information quality, seriously affect their purchase intention. Information is most widely network buyers mentioned one of the aspects in need of improvement, and at present most of the agricultural B2C website information quality is not satisfactory.4.3 Set up online security system and payment systemA key problem of online trading is safety, including safety communications,safety confirmation and pays three aspects. There are a lot of information on theInternet have illicit close sex, online transactions need to confirm the identity toensure that electronic non-repudiation after signing the agreement. Set up online payment system is the development of network marketing is an important content, the research shows that 52% of users think the biggest issue online shopping is not safe and convenient payment, development and security of online payment system is very necessary.4.4 Simplify the purchasing process of agricultural productsThe current electronic payment means, is network consumers mention most the place that needs to be improved, the second is to simplify the shopping process and after-sales service. In fact, there are some farmers consumers are ready to the purchase of agricultural products through the agricultural website, but in the process of clearing, settlement steps too complicated or be asked to fill out the web site of personal information too much and give up halfway. This part of the farmers is the most likely potential customers, part of which is the most worth fighting for customers. Payment platform by using simple shopping program, simplify the buying process of agricultural products, at the same time improve the quality of after-sales service, make farmers customers feel in agricultural website to buy agricultural products is both simple and trust, thus for enterprise to create more opportunities of electronic trading.译文译文B2C 农村电子商务网站农村电子商务网站Gleeson M1 引言引言B2C 是电子商务的一种模式，也就是通常说的直接面向消费者销售产品和服务商业零售模式。
新媒体外文文献翻译最新译文3000多字
新媒体外文文献翻译最新译文3000多字文献出处：Kahn R. Commercial space interior design in the new media art [J]. New media & society, 2021,12(5): 87-97. 原文Commercial space interior design in the new media artKahn RAbstractNew media technology and new media art has brought new development spacefor contemporary art and design, it not only changed the traditional form of artistic creation and performance, has also created a new aesthetic experience. The emergence of new media art is broke through the limitation of thetraditional information media, in a whole new way of communication and interaction, constantly enrich people's visual experience, affects the way people live. New media art, in succession on the basis of some concept and characteristics of traditional art, the use of new technology and new artistic thinking innovation and make it with a new artistic features and aesthetic rule. The rapid development of new media and new media art, make its and other new technology, new art, gradually permeated every aspect of People's Daily life, also in different field of art and design has a considerable influence and impact on commercial space design is one of the important items. Keywords: new media art, commercial space design, interior design 1 IntroductionNew media art, as a kind of new science and technology and art means start seeping into the modern commercial space design. In People's Daily life has been completely replaced by sign language and imitating the visual semantic environment, the development, and innovation of new media art, and profound changes the traditional media art forms. And the resulting a series of new media art forms and consciously or unconsciously to the design of commercial space methods produced the profound influence. In the new media art in idea,art form, or creative ways can be called a revolution art, also, new media art injected \vitality\for commercial space design, and the influence of new media art, modern commercial space design is changing consciously or unconsciously.2 Literature reviewNew media (New media) concept in 1967 by American gold mark was the firstto put forward. The so-called new media is compared with the traditional media. Since then, different scholars from different angles about the concept of newmedia to understand: the scholar thinks, new media is a relative concept, the new media usually refers to the time later, to appear on the function or there is some difference with both media according to the characteristic of media; Also some scholars from the view of the new media has the characteristics of digital think that based on digital technology in the field of media use of new media form is new media; Some scholars also see the new media of the Internet technology applied to rely on, new media is based on the Internet to implement many-to-many or point-to-point transmission, which has the function of interact with the user interactions such as media style. The new media theorist, Norwich discuss is indications in the book of new media language on the basis of the computer of the significance of the new media. Norwich viewed our time in a critical period of a new media revolution, all types of media, are deeply influenced by computer media. Some experts put forward new media means that constitute the basic elements of different from the traditional media forms of media. 3 The development of new media art and its artistic features 3.1 The development of new media artSince the 20th century, modern science and technology rapid development, changed the way people see the world, to know the world, also affect the people and society, and others, and the environmental communication mode and thinking habits, at the same time, the progress of science and technology also promotes the development of philosophy and aesthetics thought, in the field of social science, modernism and post-modernism ideological trend beginning, information science and technology revolution and promoted, such as telecommunications, radio and television, the production of new technology such as computer and Internet, makes great changes have taken place in information dissemination tool in the, this, work together to promote the innovation and development of art and art form of diversification.New media art in the 20th century, art and technology innovation and development under the macro background of birth. Known as \show any video projector, was in 1962, created by korean-american artist name June Paik installation art works; “Reada ble city\is a way for a city to instant readable image text of interactive computer device, in 1988, completed by lattice Ronnie Vader creation; In 1996, Christopher try to Berlin tower packing art practice confusing, surprise; Costa, application of digital technology in 1999 \these new technologies and new ideas become the dominant form of contemporary artists to show themselves, to give people a kind of new aesthetic standard, bring a kind of brand-new, with traditional visual experience completely different visual experience.The development of new media art profoundly embodies the perfect combination of science and art, science and technology in a certain extent affect and promote the generation and development of art, artistic development and results also promote and influence the progress of science and development. Can say, new media art has become widespread in the sense of scientific technology practice and the combination of art and culture, new media artbroke through the traditional art creation technique and standard, the science and technology and the new medium of information dissemination of and rely on, make new media art can build on fresh and special atmosphere, the breakthrough and innovation constitute the unique artistic connotation of new media art.3.2 The characteristics of new media art InteractiveNew media art \of interactive technology and art.Interaction isessentially two-way transmission of information and communication, interactive changed the way traditional one-way information dissemination media, the audience is no longer a passive receiver. New media art with the aid of advanced technology, make communication between people and the media of materialized and influence each other, the real-time interactive features of new media art, expand the art activities, to enrich the content of the worksof art, innovation mode of artistic creation. NonlinearNonlinear editing system adopted by the special vocabulary, is against the traditional linear editing mode. In the process of traditional linear editing, is usually in chronological order to material search and the recording,editing and nonlinear editing method to random record or read information, breaking the original information edit form. New media art creation idea and performance forms, draw lessons from this kind of flexible, open and dynamic information edit form, reflect the nonlinear characteristics of narrative art. Virtual sexWith digital technology to achieve the new media art of time and space of virtual reality. New media art with the help of digital, we reconstruct the familiar perception of the environment, make the audience's perception system into quite a degree of the actual situation of scene, virtual sex: the transformation of the relationship between art and life is no longer theartistic life in return, but life imitating art. 4 Apply to commercial space interior design of the new media art 4.1 The modern commercial spaceAlong with the development of commodity economy and the society, the modern commercial space in terms of scale, function and diversity are far beyond the category of the past, \developed into a set of shopping, entertainment, leisure is a body comprehensive architectural space, to meet customers different business needs, commercial space and become a part of the city's public communication space, for information exchange, distributed inthe city, and facilitate the people in social activities. Commercial space along with the rapid development of social economy, the scale size expanded significantly, complete functions gradually perfect, in order to satisfy the functional requirements of commercial space, rich commercial space ofspiritual experience, give priority to in order to meet the goods display, in order to promote product sales for the purpose of space environment design, commercial space design was born. Commercial space design and people's ability to affect the environment function, visual order given environment ability and the ability toimprove the quality of human environment and the decoration level isclosely linked. Modern commercial space design should be on the premise ofmeet the demand of business development, set up business platform, combining innovation and modernity, build a satisfy people business activities of the space environment. 4.2 The combination of new media art and commercial space designNew media art is the product of science and technology and art interactive fusion, has realized the unity of science and technology and artistic thinking. The two sides of the science and art are not necessarily antagonistic. On the contrary, in most cases is the dialectical unification between the two. The progress of science and technology, provides the realistic conditions for the development of art and technology, and the progress of art, in turn, the cause for reflection and summary, science and technology set new requirements forthe development of science and technology and the reference coordinates at the same time, and to provide scientific and technological progress theintellectual support and spiritual sustenance.New media art technology personalized aesthetic pursuit, just the response to the current commercial space design of new technology, and the design ofthe mass aesthetic appeal. Technology constantly updated and progressive sense of art, provides the commercial space design of perfect combination of art and practical design, commercial space in the novel with the help of science and technology progress to create fantasy, having a unique style of the spaceenvironment at the same time, both in art and design meets the needs of people to make effective response to this proposition. Under the influence of new media art, works of modern commercial space design first need to new media art aesthetic, artistic thinking as a guide, to establish the ideas and methods of commercial space design, this also is the soul of the design and the kernel, and then by technical means, to find the most clever and perfect solution, to complete the design work. Artistic thinking is the spirit and soul of the new media art, technology is the new media art of bone and flesh, the two complement each other, to promote the innovation and practice of the new media art.Using advanced technology, new media art has realized the multidimensional nature of the display, virtualization and intuitive. New media art images or boring text感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
互联网金融中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献（文档含英文原文和中文翻译）互联网金融对传统金融的影响渗透与融合，是技术发展与市场规律要求的体现，是不可逆转的趋势。
互联网带给传统金融的不仅仅是低成本与高效率，更在于一种创新的思维模式和对用户体验的不懈追求。
而传统金融行业要去积极应对。
互联网金融，对于这样一片足以改变世界的巨大蓝海，是非常值得投入精力去理顺其发展脉络，去从现有的商业模式中发现其发展前景的。
“互联网金融”属于最新的业态形式，对互联网金融进行探讨研究的文献不少，但多缺乏系统性与实践性。
因此本文根据互联网行业实践性较强的特点，对市场上的几种业务模式进行概括分析，并就传统金融行业如何积极应对互联网金融浪潮给出了分析与建议，具有较强的现实意义。
2互联网金融的产生背景互联网金融是以互联网为资源平台，以大数据和云计算为基础的新金融模式。
互联网金融借助于互联网技术、移动通信技术来实现资金融通、支付和信息中介等业务，是传统金融业与以互联网为代表的现代信息科技（移动支付、云计算、数据挖掘、搜索引擎和社交网络等）相结合产生的新兴领域。
不管是互联网金融还是金融互联网，只是战略上的区别，并没有严格定义区分。
随着金融与互联网的相互渗透与相互融合，互联网金融可以泛指一切通过互联网技术来实现资金融通的行为。
互联网金融是互联网与传统金融相互渗透和融合的产物，这种崭新的金融模式有着深刻的产生背景。
互联网金融的出现既源于金融主体对于降低成本的强烈渴求，也离不开现代信息技术迅猛发展提供的技术支撑。
2.1需求型拉动因素传统金融市场存在严重的信息不对称，极大的提高了交易风险；移动互联网的发展逐步改变了人们的金融消费习惯，对服务效率和体验的要求越来越高；此外，运营成本的不断上升，都刺激着金融主体对于金融创新与改革的渴求；这种由需求拉动的因素，成为互联网金融产生的强大内在推动力。
2.2供给型推动因素数据挖掘、云计算以及搜索引擎等技术的发展、金融与互联网机构的技术平台的革新、企业逐利性的混业经营等，为传统金融业的转型和互联网企业向金融领域渗透提供了可能，为互联网金融的产生和发展提供了外在的技术支撑，成为一种外化的拉动力。
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文献出处标题：The research of Crowd funding business model作者：Schwienbacher A期刊：HANDBOOK OF ENTREPRENEURIAL FINANCE；卷5，期6，页码：31-41. 原文The research of Crowd funding business modelSchwienbacher AAbstractThis paper describes the concept of crowd funding，explores its origin and general history of development, raise business model for the raise of the people, the intermediary agencies and investors trinity, analyzes the structure and process of logical point of view, based on the value from the value discovery, value matching and value for three levels to raise business model has carried on the theoretical analysis, the summary of outstanding to raise the advantage of the business model is to promote the entrepreneurship and innovation. As a new business model, the raise pattern is still in its infancy, the need to explore and perfect, we need to seriously study and guard against legal risks exist in the process of practice.Keywords: Crowd funding; Business model; Value logic1 The overview of crowd funding business modelThe raise business model (crowd funding business model), and for the masses to raise, the offering, or the harmony, is the package (crowd sourcing) business model variation, meaning creative or small micro enterprise project sponsors (raise) in pass intermediary structure (the platform) raise identity, after checking on the website of the raised platform to establish their own page, used to (investor) is introduced to the public project, and to the public to raise microfinance or seek other material support. The cash held by the raised platform at first, not directly to raise hands. If project to raise funds in the target period, the project financing is successful, the cash account, by the raised platform transfer to raise people stay after the successful implementation of the project, financing of project implementation physical or nonphysical result feedback to the investor, and the raised platform is by accepting and audit financingideas, sorting the investor information, monitor the use of the cash, tutoring program operation and value activities, such as public project implementation results drawn from the cash a percentage of the service fee as income. If the target within the time limit to raise funds, not the cash will be the raised platform back to the investor, the project sponsor is need to start a new round of financing activities or abort the financing.As a business model, the raise pattern completely accords with the core of enterprise value creation logic, namely value found (financing) and the investor's investment and financing demand, value matching (cooperation with business partners), value acquisition (with financing into profit).Raise business model at present, the practice was still in the stage of grope and start, domestic and foreign academic circles to raise the study of the theory of the business model is the blank. Therefore, to the system research not only helps to grasp the development and trend of business model, raise more helps to provide a research perspective and methodology. For the corporate world, helps to provide a kind of brand-new commercial logic of thinking, the promotion of business model innovation and practice.2 The origin and development of the raise business modelThe prototype of the raise dates back to the 18th century, when many literary works are all rely on a method called "order" (subscription).Mozart, Beethoven, for example, take this way to raise money, they went to the subscriber, the subscriber to provide them with money, when the work is complete, the subscriber will get a book to write with their name, or a copy of the score of concerto, or can be a concert of the first listeners. A similar situation and church donation, fundraising campaign, etc., but the phenomenon of the raise no complete system, also shall return of investors, is not in conformity with the characteristics of business model.The raise as a business model originating in the United States, it has been more than 10 years of history. In recent years, the mode in Europe and the United States ushered in the golden stage, with the accelerating development speed and outside countries and regions in Europe and the United States also spread quickly. Massolution in 2012, the United States, research institutions around the world carriedout a survey on the raise field. Results showed that the annual global the raised platform financing amount is $2.8 billion, and in 2011 only 14. $700 million. In 2007, fewer than 100 of the world all the raised platform, by the end of 2012 has exceeded 700.On December 27, 2012, Forbes released a report in the United States, the report predicts that: in 2013, the raised platform of the world's total will reach $6 billion; To the second quarter of 2013, the global the raised platform will increase to 1500.In the future, the raise pattern will become the main way of project financing.In European and American countries of the raised platform, was established in April 2009 the Kickstarter most representative. As of 2012, the platform release number 27086, among them, the successful projects in 11836, project a total of $99344382, to participate in a toll on support for the project investment has exceeded 3 million, 2012 annual revenues of more than $5 million. For a enterprises at the start-up stage, the data proved that the raise is a positive and promoting business model.In 2011 started to appear the similar Kickstarter the raised platform. According to incomplete statistics, at present a bit of time, building blocks, JUE. SO wait for all sorts of different direction and the characteristics of more than 10 on the raised platform. The above line in May 2011 call time. By the end of 2011, has been raised for 57 project named time they need the money, the amount from thousands of yuan to hundreds of thousands of yuan, and received $500000 in angel investment from Taiwan.At present, the cultural creativity industry financing raise business platform is the start of the main content. As America's first giant Kickstarter, the raised platform is still in music, movies, cartoons and other related to the project. According to statistics, in 2012, nearly 30% raise successful Kickstarter project belongs to music class. Domestic situation, too, for example, as of August 2012, in "roll call" website successful implementation of the project design class has 94, film and television class 32, music class 18, while technology only 13.From the point of absolute number, 60% - 70% of the project can be belong to cultural creativity industry category.3 The raise construction of business modelThe raise in a sense, is a kind of Web3.0, it makes the social network and the majority of people support a few "fundraising way crossing, or P2B platform through the P2P protocol mechanism between different individuals to make the financing ways and means possible. Raise business model to build the project sponsor (raise), public (investor) and intermediary institutions (the platform) raise the three organic component.3.1 The project sponsorProject is to have clear goals, you can do with specific completion time of public welfare activities, such as creating album, publishing books or some kind of electronic products. Project is not in stock, bonds, dividends, interest, and other forms of money in return. Project sponsor must have certain conditions (such as nationality, age, bank accounts, qualifications and record of formal schooling, etc.), with 100% of the autonomy of the project, uncontrolled, completely independent. The project sponsor to sign a contract with agency (the raised platform), clearly the rights and obligations of both sides. Project sponsor is usually need the creative to solve the problem of money or small micro enterprise entrepreneurs, but also have individual companies to strengthen communication and user experience, in achieving financing goals at the same time, strengthen the raise pattern, such as market research, product pre-sales and promote extending function, called on the public as a project sponsor (potential customers) in product research and development, manufacture and popularization, in order to gain better market response.3.2 The public (investor)Public (investor) is often a large number of Internet users, and they use online payment for your interested in creative projects for small investment, every investor has become the "angel". After the successful implementation of the project, the public investment for the investor's return is not a return of funds, and may be a product samples, such as a Pebble watch, may also is a concert tickets or a CD. Investor funding creative process is the process of its consumer funds moved forward, it can not only improve the efficiency of production and sales, produce originally relying on traditional investment and financing mode to launch new products, also meet theinvestor as a user of niche, detailed and personalized consumer demand.3.3 Intermediaries (the raised platform)Intermediaries are the builders of the raised platform and project sponsors supervisors and mentors, guardians or the interests of the investors. The characteristics of multiple identities determine the intermediary institutions (the platform) raise the function of the complex, the responsibility is significant. First of all, the raised platform to have network technical support, according to the relevant laws and regulations, with the method of virtual work, put the project sponsor ideas and the financing needs information in virtual space, the implementation of this process is the premise of a detailed before the project online real-name audit, and ensure that all the raise business model research content integrity, executable and valuable, and make sure no violation of program rules and requirements. Secondly, after the success of the project financing to supervision, coaching and controls the project smoothly. Finally, when the project can't perform, and the raised platform has responsibility and obligation to supervise the project sponsor a refund for the investor.4 The legal risk and prevention of crowd funding business modelAs a kind of brand-new business model, and the raise of business model appears to reduce the difficulty of startup funding, but to the public investors, because they do not have full information of the project, leads to a lack of investment risk forecast, increase the investment risk. For the project sponsor, in order to raise success, they need the project to show to the public via the Internet, the Internet's openness and real-time characteristics make project information spread quickly, once a popular project, will be quickly imitated and mass production, this makes the project sponsors cannot get effective protection of intellectual property rights. To raise business model in the existing in the practice of the legal risks, we need to seriously study and prevention. The author thinks that can from three aspects, avoid and guard against legal risks that may occur:4.1 Suggest risk and disclosure of informationThe platform has the obligation to rise on its web site detailed operation procedure and standard of the project, especially in a prominent position to the public(investor) suggest possible legal risk, clear the legal responsibilities and obligations of the parties and may be some disputes over the treatment method.4.2 Ensure the safety of fundsMoney safe and orderly management of project is not only the raised platform of its obligations, and is an important method of guard against its own legal risk. The link with the raised platform involving money, such as fundraising, deduct a percentage of the service from the public, to the project sponsor or returned to the public funding of advance payment, etc., to strict management, strengthen self-discipline, and external supervision mechanism can be introduced when necessary.4.3 Actively communicate with the government, perfect the legal regulation as soon as possibleThe raise business model is a kind of investment activities involving hundreds of thousands of people, belong to the partnership of relatively loose, the probability of a dispute is very high, and through the network to build the trust of the foundation is weak, once appear, capital use or profit distribution problems, contradictions broke out easily. This requires the raised platform need to actively communicate with the competent department of the government, has obtained the corresponding policy guidance, legal, regulatory or project for the record, and resolving fuzzy zone grope for the legal risks in law.译文众筹商业模式研究Schwienbacher A摘要本文分析了众筹的概念，论述了众筹的起源与发展的基本状况，对众筹商业模式中的筹资人、中介机构和出资人三位一体的结构与流程进行了分析，基于价值逻辑角度，从价值发现、价值匹配和价值获取三个层面对众筹商业模式进行了理论分析，总结出众筹商业模式的优势在于促进微创业和激励创新。