Cigar Trainning
雪茄烟管理制度及流程
雪茄烟管理制度及流程英文回答：Cigar smoking is a popular pastime for many people, and it is important to have a proper management system and process in place to ensure the quality and safety of the cigars. In this article, I will discuss the cigar management system and process.Firstly, it is crucial to have a designated storage area for the cigars. This area should be equipped with proper temperature and humidity control to maintain the freshness and flavor of the cigars. A humidor is commonly used for this purpose, as it helps to regulate the humidity level and prevent the cigars from drying out.In addition to the storage area, it is important to have a system for keeping track of the cigars. This can be done through a cigar inventory management software or a manual logbook. Each cigar should be properly labeled andrecorded with details such as the brand, size, and date of purchase. This helps to ensure that the cigars are properly aged and consumed in the correct order.Furthermore, it is essential to have a process for inspecting and maintaining the cigars. This includes regular inspections to check for any signs of damage or mold. Damaged cigars should be removed from the inventory and replaced if necessary. Proper cleaning and maintenance of the storage area and equipment are also important to prevent any contamination or deterioration of the cigars.When it comes to the distribution and consumption of cigars, it is important to have clear guidelines and procedures in place. For example, there should be a policy on who can access the cigars and under what circumstances. This helps to prevent unauthorized access and ensure that the cigars are only consumed by authorized individuals.Moreover, it is important to educate and train staff members on the proper handling and storage of cigars. This includes teaching them how to properly cut and light acigar, as well as how to store and maintain the cigars. Regular training sessions and refresher courses can help to ensure that the staff members are up to date with thelatest practices and techniques.In conclusion, a well-structured cigar managementsystem and process are essential to ensure the quality and safety of the cigars. This includes having a designated storage area, keeping track of the cigars, inspecting and maintaining them, and having clear guidelines fordistribution and consumption. By implementing these measures, cigar enthusiasts can enjoy their cigars in the best possible condition.中文回答：雪茄烟是许多人喜爱的消遣活动，因此建立一个合适的管理制度和流程，以确保雪茄的质量和安全非常重要。
雪茄俱乐部运营方案英文
雪茄俱乐部运营方案英文1. Executive SummaryThe purpose of this operation proposal is to outline a comprehensive plan for the establishment and operation of a cigar club. The goal is to create a premium environment for cigar enthusiasts to gather, network, and enjoy high-quality cigars. The club will offer a range of services, including cigar selection and sales, cigar accessories, lounge areas, and a dedicated membership program. Through these offerings, the club aims to foster a community of passionate cigar lovers, while also generating revenue through memberships, sales, and events.2. IntroductionCigar smoking has a long tradition and is often associated with luxury, relaxation, and camaraderie. The cigar club will seek to provide a sophisticated and welcoming environment for individuals who appreciate the art of smoking cigars. Located in an upscale area, the club will offer an extensive selection of cigars from around the world, along with top-of-the-line accessories and a comfortable lounge area for members to enjoy.3. Target MarketThe primary target market for the cigar club will be affluent individuals who have a passion for cigars and the means to afford premium products and experiences. This includes professionals, executives, and individuals with high disposable income. Additionally, the club will seek to attract individuals interested in networking and socializing with like-minded individuals who share their passion for cigars.4. Offerings4.1 Cigar Selection and SalesThe club will offer an extensive range of premium cigars, sourced from renowned cigar makers worldwide. The selection will include both well-known brands and boutique cigars, ensuring a variety of options to cater to different tastes. Members will have access to exclusive releases and limited editions. The club will also provide personalized recommendations and expert advice on cigar selection.4.2 Cigar AccessoriesTo complement the cigar offerings, the club will also provide a range of high-quality accessories, including cigar cutters, lighters, humidors, and ashtrays. These accessories will be sourced from reputable manufacturers, ensuring durability and functionality.4.3 Lounge AreaA dedicated lounge area will be set up within the club, providing a comfortable and elegant space for members to relax and enjoy their cigars. The lounge will be equipped with luxurious seating, a well-stocked bar, and a ventilation system to ensure optimal air quality. The club will enforce a strict no-smoking policy outside the designated areas to maintain the ambiance and comfort of the lounge.4.4 Membership ProgramTo foster a sense of community and exclusivity, the club will offer a membership program. Members will enjoy benefits such as discounted prices on cigars and accessories, priority access to events, and exclusive cigar releases. The membership program will be tiered, with different levels of benefits based on the member's level of investment.5. Operations5.1 LocationThe cigar club will be located in a high-end area with easy accessibility and a strong demographic profile matching the target market. The premises will be spacious enough to accommodate the lounge area, a retail space for cigars and accessories, and a private members-only section.5.2 StaffingTo provide exceptional service, the club will hire knowledgeable and experienced staff members who are passionate about cigars. This includes a manager, sales associates, a sommelier, and a cigar expert. The staff will undergo training on cigar selection, product knowledge, and customer service to ensure a high level of expertise.5.3 SuppliersThe club will establish partnerships with reputable cigar manufacturers and distributors to ensure a consistent supply of premium cigars. Regular monitoring of the market and collaborations with distributors will help maintain a diverse selection of cigars and stay updated with new releases and trends.5.4 Marketing and PromotionThe club will develop a comprehensive marketing strategy to attract the target market and create brand awareness. This will include both online and offline channels, such as a professional website, social media presence, targeted advertising, and partnerships with luxury lifestyle publications. The club will also organize promotional events, tastings, and collaborations with influencers to generate buzz and attract potential members.6. Financial Considerations6.1 Start-up CostsThe initial investment will cover the costs of leasing the premises, renovating and furnishing the space, purchasing inventory, and marketing expenses. A detailed budget will be established to ensure efficient use of resources and manage costs effectively.6.2 Revenue StreamsThe cigar club will generate revenue through multiple streams, including membership fees, cigar sales, accessories sales, and hosting events. The membership fees will be structured based on the tiered membership program, ensuring a recurring income stream. Cigar and accessories sales will generate revenue on a per-unit basis, with a focus on high-margin products. Event hosting will provide additional income through ticket sales and partnerships with sponsors.6.3 ProfitabilityThe success and profitability of the cigar club will depend on factors such as membership growth, customer retention, and effective cost management. A financial projection will be developed to track revenue, expenses, and profitability over time, with regular reviews and adjustments as necessary.7. ConclusionThe establishment of a cigar club offers a unique opportunity to create a premium environment for cigar enthusiasts to indulge in their passion. By providing a wide selection of cigars, high-quality accessories, a comfortable lounge area, and a dedicated membership program, the club aims to attract and retain a loyal customer base. With careful planning, execution, and continuous improvement, the cigar club can become a destination of choice for cigar lovers and a profitable venture.。
acupuncture
AcupunctureAcupuncture is a method of treatment that has been practiced for thousands of years in China and other Asian countries. Used as a means of treating and preventing disease through the application of needles to the body, the practice was introduced to the Western world about three centuries ago. Only in the past few decades has it gained momentum as an acceptable form medical treatment in the United States? While the debate over the theories and usefulness of the treatment continues among medical scientists, the popularity of acupuncture therapy has continued to grow and it is now practiced throughout the world. Acupuncture’s many benefits include its effectiveness in healing a wide range of problems with few side effects, including use as an anesthesia. Both individuals and large health-care organizations also find its low cost of administration attractive.Acupuncture is a method of treatment that has been practiced for thousands of years in China and other Asian countries. Used as a means of treating and preventing disease through the application of needles to the body, the practice was introduced to the Western world about three centuries ago. Only in the past few decades has it gained momentum as an acceptable form medical treatment in the United States? While the debate over the theories and usefulness of the treatment continues among medical scientists, the popularity of acupuncture therapy has continued to grow and it is now practiced throughout the world. Acupuncture’s many benefits include its effectiveness in healing a wide range of problems with few side effects, including use as an anesthesia. Both individuals and large health-care organizations also find its low cost of administration attractive.The earliest known acupuncture instruments date to the Stone Age and included “bian,” stones with sharp edges. Science and technology have furthered the quality of the acupuncture instruments from stone, bone and bamboo needles to bronze and iron, even gold and silver.Now, disposable sterile stainless steel needles are most commonly used. As the structure of needles has been refined, so have application methods. A more recent development is “electro acupuncture” where electro des are attached to the needles in order to conduct small, increasing amounts of electric current in to the body at key location, thus stimulating the effect of the treatment.Over the centuries, the number of points on the body where acupuncture can be applied has also multiplied. Specific disciplines have developed within acupuncture so in addition to body acupuncture a wide range of acupuncture therapies is now practiced in many parts of the world, and include ear needling, scalp acupuncture and hand acupuncture. What Is Acupuncture? What Are The Benefits Of Acupuncture? Acupuncture originates from China and has been practiced there for thousands of years. Although there are records of acupuncture being used hundreds of years ago in Europe, itwas during the second half of the twentieth century it began to spread rapidly in Western Europe, the United States and Canada. Acupuncture involves the insertion of very thin needles through the patient’s skin at specific points on the body – the needles are inserted to various depths. We are not sure how acupuncture works scientifically. However, we do know that it does have some therapeutic benefits, including pain relief and alleviation from nausea caused by chemotherapy.According to traditional Chinese medical theory, acupuncture points are located on meridians through which gi vital energy runs. There is no histological, anatomical or scientific proof that these meridians or acupuncture points exist. Acupuncture remains controversial among Western medical doctors and scientists. Creating case studies that use proper scientific controls is difficult because of the invasive nature of acupuncture – a clinical study involves a placebo (sham product) compared to the targeted treatment. It is very hard to devise a sham acupuncture control that one can compare to proper acupuncture. While some studies have concluded that acupuncture offers similar benefits to a patient as a placebo, others have indicated that there are some real benefits. This article in a peer-reviewed British Medical Journal explains that the principles of acupuncture are firmly grounded in science, and you don’t need Chinese philosophy either to make it work, or to practice it.According to WHO (World Health Organization) acupuncture is effective for treating 28 conditions, while evidence indicates it may have an effective therapeutic value for many more. People with tension headaches and/or migraines may find acupuncture to be very effective in alleviating their symptoms, according to a study carried out at the Technical University of Munich, Germany. Another study at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center found that twice weekly acupuncture treatments relieve debilitating symptoms of xerostomia – severe dry mouth – among patients treated with radiation for head and neck cancer.How did acupuncture become popular in the USA?James Reston, who worked for the New York Times had his appendix removed (appendectomy) during a visit to China in 1971. After surgery he experienced some discomfort and was treated for this with acupuncture. He was surprised to find that the acupuncture treatment helped his discomfort tremendously. He subsequently wrote an article that year titled “Now, About My Operation in Peking”. Many believe this article triggered intense interest in acupuncture in the USA. Reston wrote that the acupuncturist “inserted three long, thin needles into the outer part of my right elbow and below my knees and manipulated them…That sent ripples of pain racing through my limbs and, at least, had the effect of diverting my attention from the distress in my stomach. Meanwhile, Doctor Li lit two pieces of an herb called ai, which looked like the burning stumps of a broken cheap cigar, and held them close to myVabdomen while occasionally twirling the needles into action. All of this took about 20 minutes, during which I remembered thinking that it was rather a complicated way to get rid of gas… butthere was a noticeable relaxation of the pressure and distension within an hour and no recurrence of the problem thereafter.”Acupuncture from East to West Acupuncture is one of the oldest forms of healing in the world, beginning in China thousands of years ago. It remains the primary source of treatment in Asia. Acupuncture has rapidly become an accepted treatment alternative in America.People in the U.S. started to hear more about acupuncture after Mr. James Reston, a New York Times reporter, reported his own experience with acupuncture and how he benefited from acupuncture treatment for his severe pain after acute appendititis, while he was in China with President Nixon in 1972. After that M.D.s from western countries rushed to other side of the world to find out whether a tiny needle curing disease is a fairy tale or a real thing. To their surprise, they witnessed that the needle treatment, one of the ancient arts, not only cures many chronic diseases, but also its analgistic power demonstrated in open heart surgeries is completely beyond their imagination. Seeing is believing. Many of them attended training courses in China and came back to the west to practice acupuncture. Another wave of interest in acupuncture came after the National Institute of Health Consensus in Acupuncture in 1997, which concluded that acupuncture is effective for certain conditions and calls upon more attention from mainstream medical field and public. Since then, NIH formed a new center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine and the fund used to support acupuncture research is more than tripled in past 5 years.Nowadays, in seeking an alternative way to cure disease, to avoid side effect of conventional medicine, to obtain a better life or to maintain an optimal health, people start to choose acupuncture. As NIH consensus indicated: “One of the advantage of acupuncture is that the incidence of adverse effects is substantially lower than that of many drugs or other accepted medical procedures used for the same condition”. Recent reports indicated acupuncture and Chinese medicine is becoming more aned more popular in this country. For more information please go here.。
torpedo词根词缀
torpedo词根词缀单词：torpedo1. 定义与释义1.1词性：名词、动词1.2释义：作为名词时指鱼雷；作为动词时表示用鱼雷袭击（或击沉）。
1.3英文解释：As a noun, it means a cigar - shaped self - propelled underwater missile designed to be fired from a ship or submarine or dropped into the water from an aircraft and to explode on reaching a target. As a verb, it means to attack or sink with a torpedo.1.4相关词汇：同义词：submarine missile；派生词：torpedo - like （形容词，鱼雷状的），torpedoed（动词过去式及过去分词，被鱼雷击中的）。
---2. 起源与背景2.1词源：“torpedo”源自拉丁语“torpere”，意为“使麻木、使迟钝”。
最初它被用来形容一种会使接触者麻木的电鳐，后来用于指称具有爆炸威力、类似电鳐形状的水下武器。
2.2趣闻：在海战历史上，鱼雷的出现极大地改变了海战的模式。
在日俄战争中的对马海峡海战，日本海军就成功地使用鱼雷艇对俄国舰队发动突袭，取得了辉煌的战果。
---3. 常用搭配与短语3.1短语：(1) torpedo boat：鱼雷艇，一种专门发射鱼雷的小型舰艇。
例句：The torpedo boat sneaked up on the enemy warship. 翻译：鱼雷艇悄悄靠近敌舰。
(2) torpedo tube：鱼雷发射管。
例句：The sailor loaded the torpedo into the torpedo tube. 翻译：水手将鱼雷装入鱼雷发射管。
高三英语语法讲解----虚拟语气
（1）表示说话人所说的话不是事实，而是一种假设、猜测、怀疑 等，假设是不可能或者不大可能发生或实现的；
（2）表示说话人的愿望、要求、命令、建议等
02 related concept
虚拟语气的基本用法：
if条件句中的虚拟语气：
虚拟语气的基本用法：
在if引导的虚拟条件状语从句中，谓语动词含有had、were、should时， 可以把if省略，将had、were、should、could提到句首，变成倒装句。 If I were in your position，I would do the same. →Were I in your position，I would do the same. 假如我处在你的位置，我也会这样干的。 If you had come earlier，you would have caught the bus. →Had you cght the bus. 如果你来得早些，你就会赶上公共汽车了。 If it should rain tomorrow，we would not go climbing. →Should it rain tomorrow，we would not go climbing. 如果明天下雨的话，我们就不去爬山了。
If从句
与现在相反
did（be用were)
与过去相反 与将来相反
had +done
did（be用were) were to+ do should +do
主句
would /should /could / might
+do
would /should /could / might ＋have + done
2025届上海市杨浦高中高考冲刺模拟英语试题含解析
2025届上海市杨浦高中高考冲刺模拟英语试题注意事项1．考生要认真填写考场号和座位序号。
2．试题所有答案必须填涂或书写在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。
第一部分必须用2B 铅笔作答；第二部分必须用黑色字迹的签字笔作答。
3．考试结束后，考生须将试卷和答题卡放在桌面上，待监考员收回。
第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．Nobody can go back and start a new beginning, ______ anyone can start now and make a new ending.A．for B．andC．but D．so2．—I will pick you up at 7 o’clock tomorrow morning. Is that all right?—________. See you then.A．I’d love to.B．That’s settled.C．It’s up to you D．My pleasure3．We firmly believe that ______ the new examination system comes into existence, completely new situations will arise. A．considering B．supposed C．providing D．given4．If an entire country gets richer at the same time, individuals wouldn't ________ feel wealthier, since their relative positions in society haven't changed.A．necessarily B．initially C．typically D．sustainably5．We’ll have to finish it , _____________.A．however it takes long B．however long it takesC．no matter how it takes D．no matter how long does it take6．The document film ______ next week aims at introducing local cultures to the world.A．released B．being releasedC．to be released D．having been released7．To be an expert, a beginner needs to go through a series of _____ stages.A．intermediate B．liberalC．overall D．demanding8．We all know that good results ________ for you when you start doing things you love.A．are waiting B．have waitedC．have been waiting D．will be waiting9．She then took the little key, and opened it, trembling, but could not at first see anything ________, because the windows were shut.A．plainly B．closely C．firmly D．frequently10．I’ve known Sarah for nearly ten years. She _________ once my customer.A．is B．has beenC．was D．had been11．—What does the sign over there read?—"No person_______ smoke or carry a lighted cigarette, cigar or pipe in this area．"A．shall B．may C．must D．Will12．Whenever you ________ a present, you should think about it from the receiver’s point of view.A．bought B．have bought C．will buy D．buy13．Communication can help you gain more respect from your parents, and you may be able to reach ____ that make everyone happy.A．compromises B．contributions C．congratulations D．competitions14．— I got that job I wanted at the public library.—___________! That’s good news.A．Go ahead B．Cheers C．Congratulations D．Come on15．—Come on,please give me some ideas about the project.—Sorry.With so much work _______ my mind,I almost break down.A．filled B．filling C．to fill D．being filled16．—Why are you so upset?—I had my computer repaired yesterday, but it ________ work again.A．doesn’t B．didn’tC．won’t D．wouldn’t17．—Where was I?—You ________ you didn’t like your job.A．had said B．saidC．were saying D．has said18．He started school the same day as I did and________to it like a duck to water.A．appealed B．tookC．catered D．saw19．After class, the teacher couldn’t leave,by the students.A．surrounded B．to surroundC．was surrounded D．surrounding20．--- How about ______ plan to open a branch?--- I should say it was ______ failure.A．a; a B．a; / C．the; / D．the; a第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
汽车词汇中英双语对照-Excel
中文英文(电动)座椅(electric) seat150cc以上机车more than 150cc motorcycle50~150cc机车 50~150cc motorcycle50cc以下机车less than 50cc motorcyclehid车灯安定器组合hid ballast complete set for headlights led灯led lamp安全带seat belt把手handle bar把手盖handle cover把手套grip把手座grip holder钣金件stamping parts帮浦类pump保险杆bumper保险杆支撑mount of bumpercad/cam保险丝fuse保险丝座fuse seat备胎板trim for spare tire比例阀proportional valve避震脚踏车suspension bicycle避震器shock absorber避震器前后活塞杆piston rod of front and rearshock absorber 避震器前后活塞杆piston rod of front and rear shock absorber 避震前叉suspension fork变速杆shift lever变速器derailleur变速箱transmission box变速箱外壳transmission case波司垫片washer玻璃滑槽glass run玻璃类glass补强板reinforcement plate残障专用车motorcycle for handicap侧盖side cover侧脚架side stand插接件connector clip柴油车黑烟净化器diesel particulate filter车窗升降机window lifter车窗升降摇柄window lifter handle车灯控制器lighting controller车顶板roof车顶内衬roof lining车架frame车架材料frame materials车轮及刹车wheel and brake车轮系统wheeling system车门door panel车门把手door handle车门扶手door armrest车门锁door lock车身car body车身钣金件body & stamping parts车身护条side protector车身设计cad/cam car body design车手带handle strap车体body车体打造(改装)car body building (refitting)车体盖body cover车体及电装body and electrical parts车头组件headset车用灭火器extinguisher车柱pillar城市车atb齿轮gear齿轮变速零件gear shift parts齿轮衬套gear bushing齿轮箱gear box齿轮轴gear axle齿条gear rack充电器charger储液瓶a/c receiver触媒转化器catalytic converter触媒转换器缓冲绵catalytic converter mate传动件transmission传动轴propeller shaft传动轴transmission axle传动轴总成secondary sheave assembly打蜡机buffer (car polisher)打气筒floor pump大型商用车(3.5吨以上)heavy duty commercial car (more than 3.5 tons)单轮车unicycle弹簧spring挡泥板mud guard挡泥板mud guard / fender挡泥板fender档位调整器gear position indicator导线cable倒车雷达reverse sensor倒车显示器rear view display灯类lamp灯类lampc.d.i.灯泡bulb登山车mountain bicycle等速接头 c.v. joint底盘车chasis truck底盘车架frame底盘及其另件chassis and related parts底盘系统chassis system地毯floor mat地毯carpet点火线圈ignition coil点火线圈模块ignition coil module点烟器cigar lighter电池充电器battery charger电池容量计battery capacity indicator电磁阀solenoid valve电灯dynamo / lighting set电动)滑板车 (electric) kick board scooter电动机车electric motorcycle电动机车控制器electric motorcycle driver电动自行车electrical bicycle电动自行车电池组electric bicycle battery set电动自行车电路设计electric bicycle circuit design 电动自行车控制器electric bicycle driver电动自行车马达electric bicycle motor电动座椅装置power seat unit电瓶battery电圈starter电装品electrical parts电子点火器ignition module电子件electrical parts垫片gasket垫片类seal, gasket, washer, packing 吊架hanger调节器regulator调整器regulator碟式刹车盘brake disc碟式刹车器disk brake顶蓬headlining定速器cruise controller定趾器toe clip动力方向系统power steering system动力转向帮浦power steering pump动力转向油管power steering hose端子terminal锻造件(加工)forging parts (processing)堆高机forklift多功能休闲车atv发电机alternator发电机(零件)alternator (components)反光片reflector方向把手steering handle方向盘steering wheel防盗器car burglar alarm防盗器burglar alarm防水衬条weather strip防撞护垫bumper pad飞轮flywheel飞轮环齿轮ring gear of flywheel废气回收管egr tube分电盘distributor粉末冶金powder metallurgy风扇fan风扇a/c fan风扇盖air shroud蜂鸣器buzzer辐条/辐帽spoke/nipple辅助把手bar end辅助轮training wheel辅助气囊air bag副水箱auxiliary radiator副轴countershaft高压线组ignition cable隔热材heat insulator各类隔音垫all kinds of silencer各类孔盖cap cover工具tool共鸣箱resonator鼓、碟式刹车器drum / disc brake assembly 鼓风机blower assembly鼓式刹车盘brake drum故障标志reflector管类pipe, hose, tube管类tube or pipe孩童车junveniles bicycle海滩车beach bicycle(合成木材synthetic wood黑烟过滤器diesel particle filter横拉杆接头tie-rod end横梁cross member后舱室饰板rear trunk trim后叉端rear fork end后防撞杆grard assy (rear)后架carrier后轮驱动座rear wheel drive seat后视镜door mirror后视镜rear mirror后视镜back mirror后悬吊系统rear suspension后置物板rear parcel shelf后轴总成rear axle assembly花鼓hub & free hub化油器carburetor环境卫生车garbage truck活塞piston活塞衬套piston liner活塞环piston ring活塞肖piston pin活性碳罐canister火星塞spark plug火星塞盖plug cover货架luggage carrier机车类motorcycle机车链轮chain机车座垫用牛皮leather for motorcycle seat机油engine oil机油帮浦oil pump机油尺oil level gauge机油尺导管oil level gauge tube机油浮筒oil float机油冷却器oil cooler机油滤清器oil filter机油滤网oil strainer继电器relay夹片、管束clamp, clip夹器固定座pivot夹式刹车器caliper brake交流发电机(零件) a.c. generator (components)脚刹车器coaster brake脚踏板pedal脚踏板board / footrest脚踏杆kick crank assembly脚踏起动机杆kick starter搅拌车mixer truck轿车passenger car接头lug & shell节流把手throttle grip节流阀throttle valve节温器thermostat金属表面处理(材料)metal surface treatment (material)进气歧管intake manifold镜类mirror开关类switch空调滤网a/c filter空调系统air-conditioning system空调相关零件a/c related components空气滤清器air cleaner空气滤清器导管air intake tube空气滤清器盖air cleaner cover空气滤蕊air cleaner element空气清净机air purifier孔塞grommet plug控制拉线control cable扣具cargo lash快拆quick release拉杆handle lever喇叭horn篮basket冷冻车freezer car冷媒管a/c pipe冷煤电磁阀refrigerate solenoid valve 冷凝器a/c condenser冷气导风管a/c duct冷气客车air-conditioned car冷气配管a/c hose冷气压缩机a/c compressor冷气总成a/c assembly冷却风扇cooling fan冷却系统cooling system冷却系统cooling systema/c离合器clutch离合器分泵clutch cylinder离合器杆clutch lever离合器来令片clutch lining离合器片clutch disc离合器释放轴承clutch release bearing离合器外壳clutch case离合器总泵clutch master cylinder离合器总成clutch assembly离合器座clutch plate连杆connecting rod连杆轴承片connecting rod bearing炼条调整器tensioner链盖chain cover链条chain链条盖chain case铃bell零组件用材料components materials滤清器filter滤清器类filter轮毂wheel hub轮弧fender trim轮圈wheel disk轮圈rim轮圈盖wheel cover轮胎tire轮胎汽门嘴tire valve螺帽/螺栓/螺丝nut/bolt/screw螺旋弹簧coil spring马达类motor马达零件motor components马达轴motor axle门铰链door hinge门框sash门饰板door trim铭板nameplate铭板name plate模、夹、治、检具die, fixture, jig, checking gauge 模、夹、治、检具die, fixture, jig & checking gauge 内胎(含内衬)inner tire (flap)内装品interior parts尼龙绳、特多龙绳nylon rope扭力杆torsion bar暖气总成heater assembly排档杆shift lever排档头knob排气管exhaust pipe排气歧管exhaust manifold排气消音器exhaust muffler跑车（自由车）racing bicycle配件accessories配线wire harness喷油嘴injection nozzle皮带张力器tensioner平衡杆stabilizer bar其它others其它电动辅助车辆other electric auxiliary vehicles 其它特种自行车other special-purposebicycles汽车保全系统car security system汽车导航系统car navigation system汽车类automobile汽车内装用牛皮leather for car interior汽车清洁保养用品cosmetics for automobile汽车音响car audio汽车用电子钟digital clock汽车用光盘car cd汽车用计算机car computer汽车用行动电话car hand-free mobile phone汽车用液晶显示器car lcd汽缸cylinder汽缸衬套cylinder liner汽缸体cylinder block汽缸头cylinder head汽缸头(盖)cylinder head汽缸头侧盖cylinder head side cover 汽门valve汽门弹簧valve spring汽门导管valve guide汽门锁valve cotter汽门摇臂valve arm汽门摇臂盖rocker cover汽门座valve seat千斤顶jack前叉front fork前叉顶梁fork top bridge前叉肩fork crown前防撞杆guard assy (front)前护盖front fender倾卸车dumper truck球形接头ball joint曲柄组chainwheel & crank曲轴crankshaft曲轴皮带盘crankshaft pulley曲轴箱crankcase曲轴箱盖crankcase cover曲轴肖crank shaft pin曲轴轴承片crankshaft bearing燃料系统fueling system燃油帮浦fuel pump燃油管fuel pipe燃油滤清器fuel filter燃油滤清器fuel strainer assembly 扰流板spoiler热处理heat treatment热水阀heater valve人造革artificial leather润滑系统lubrication system三轮车tricycle三通管3-way pipe散装车bulk truck刹车分泵brake cylinder刹车鼓brake drum刹车来令片brake lining shoe刹车来令片brake shoe刹车盘brake disk刹车踏板brake pedal刹车油管(软)brake hose刹车油管(硬)brake tube刹车真空倍力器brake vacuum booster刹车真空管brake boost vacuum tube刹车总泵brake master cylinder刹车总成brake assembly煞车踏板brake pedal闪光灯flasher闪光器flasher商标贴纸sticker上臂upper arm舌簧阀reed valve生产、检测及涂装设备production, test & painting equipment 省电器energy saving unit时规炼条/皮带timing chain/belt时规炼条/皮带外盖timing chain/belt cover饰板/饰条garnish / trim室内镜room mirror室内运动车(健身车)exerciser手刹车拉柄parking brake lever竖管stem双面胶带acrylic foam tape水帮浦water pump水管water hose水壶架bottle cage水箱radiator水箱风扇radiator fan水箱饰罩radiator grille水箱水管radiator hose水箱支架radiator mounting速度表speed meter塑料件plastic parts随车工具tools锁lock踏板pedal胎压不足警示器tire low pressure indicator碳刷carbon brush提速器actuator天窗sun roof天线antenna贴纸sticker铁路车辆类railroad vehicle铁路车辆零件railroad vehicle parts铁路车辆制造及修理railroad vehicle manufacture & repair 铁路扣夹clip for railroad停车支架kickstand铜套类bushing头盔helmet凸轮cam凸轮链条张力器cam chain tensioner凸轮轴camshaft凸轮轴链轮sprocket camshaft凸轮轴链条cam chain涂料paints拖板车pallet truck拖车trailer瓦斯车lpg car外装品exterior parts温度感应器water temperature sensor温度记录器temperature recorder涡轮增压器turbo-supercharger握把grip无段自动变速系统 c.v.t.无链式自行车chainless bicycle无线电胎压侦测仪wireless tire monitor五通管5-way pipe洗涤壶windshield washer下臂lower arm橡胶件rubber parts消防车fire fighting truck消音器exhaust muffler小型商用车(3.5吨以下)light duty commercial car (less than 3.5 tons)协力车tandem bicycle行李箱luggage box行李箱盖trunk lid行李箱铰链hinge of trunk lid休旅车recreational vehicle (rv)修理业repairing & maintenance悬臂式刹车器cantilever brake压条moulding烟灰缸ashtray摇臂rocker arm摇臂轴rocker arm shaft叶片弹簧leaf spring叶子板fender曳力杆trailing arm曳引车tractor truck液罐车refueling truck液压式刹车器hydraulic brake一般自行车regular bicycle仪表combination meter仪表meter仪表板instrument panel仪表板支架instrumental panel mounting 仪表饰板instrument panel garnish音响喇叭盖speaker cover引擎engine引擎波司engine bush引擎盖engine hood引擎盖engine cover引擎盖铰链hinge of engine hood引擎零件engine parts引擎修理包engine gasket kits引擎罩盖air shroud / cylinder引擎支撑engine mounting油帮浦oil pump油杯fuel cup assembly油底壳oil pan油封oil seal油管fuel pipe油量表fuel gauge油品添加剂oil additive油土及基准模型clay model and master model 油土与基准模型clay model and master model 油箱fuel tank油箱浮筒gauge fuel tank油箱浮筒tank float油压感应器oil pressure sensor雨刷及雨刷连杆wiper / linkage预热塞glow plug越野车trekking bicycle运钞车armor cash carrier遮阳板sunvisor折叠式自行车folding bicycle蒸发器evaporator整车finished automobile整车finished bicycle整车finished motorcycle整流器rectifier支架bracket支柱总成strut assembly止推垫片thrust washer趾夹带toe strap置物袋carriage bag中心盖center cover中央门控central door lock中央置物箱console中轴组件（天心）bottom bracket parts轴承bearing主滑动模轮组件primary sheave assembly主脚架main stand主轴mainshaft铸造件(加工)casting parts (processing)转向齿轮箱steering gear box转向机柱steering column转向节臂knuckle转向连杆steering linkage转向主干steering stem comp转向总成steering assembly装饰贴纸、标志ornament mark自动变速箱油automatic transmission oil自排变速箱修理包automatic transmissiongasket kits自排车用滤油器oil filter for automatictransmission 自行车类bicycle总成 c.d.i. unit assembly座垫saddles座垫seat座垫套saddle cover座杆seat post座杆束seat post clamp休旅车recreational vehicle (rv)修理业repairing & maintenance悬臂式刹车器cantilever brake压条moulding烟灰缸ashtray摇臂rocker arm摇臂轴rocker arm shaft叶片弹簧leaf spring叶子板fender曳力杆trailing arm曳引车tractor truck液罐车refueling truck液压式刹车器hydraulic brake一般自行车regular bicycle仪表combination meter仪表meter仪表板instrument panel仪表板支架instrumental panel mounting仪表饰板instrument panel garnish音响喇叭盖speaker cover引擎engine引擎engine引擎波司engine bush引擎盖engine hood引擎盖engine cover引擎盖铰链hinge of engine hood引擎零件engine parts引擎零件engine parts引擎零件engine parts引擎零件engine parts引擎修理包engine gasket kits引擎罩盖air shroud / cylinder引擎支撑engine mounting油帮浦oil pump油杯fuel cup assembly油底壳oil pan油封oil seal油封oil seal油管fuel pipe油量表fuel gauge油品添加剂oil additive油土及基准模型clay model and master model 油土与基准模型clay model and master model 油箱fuel tank油箱fuel tank油箱浮筒gauge fuel tank油箱浮筒tank float油压感应器oil pressure sensor雨刷及雨刷连杆wiper / linkage预热塞glow plug越野车trekking bicycle运钞车armor cash carrier遮阳板sunvisor折叠式自行车folding bicycle蒸发器evaporator整车finished automobile整车finished bicycle整车finished motorcycle整流器rectifier支架bracket支柱总成strut assembly止推垫片thrust washer趾夹带toe strap置物袋carriage bag中心盖center cover中央门控central door lock中央置物箱console中轴组件（天心）bottom bracket parts轴承bearing轴承bearing主滑动模轮组件primary sheave assembly主脚架main stand主轴mainshaft铸造件(加工)casting parts (processing)铸造件(加工)casting parts (processing)转向齿轮箱steering gear box转向机柱steering column转向节臂knuckle转向连杆steering linkage转向主干steering stem comp转向总成steering assembly装饰贴纸、标志ornament mark自动变速箱油automatic transmission oil自排变速箱修理包automatic transmissiongasket kits自排车用滤油器oil filter for automatictransmission 自行车类bicycle总成 c.d.i. unit assembly座垫saddles座垫seat座垫套saddle cover座杆seat post座杆束seat post clamp全时四轮驱动系统Quattro轻触子-自动变速器Tiptronic多极子-无级自动变速器Multitronic车身主动控制系统ABC车身稳定控制系统DSC车身稳定控制系统VSC牵引力控制系统TRC牵引力控制系统TCS防抱死制动系统ABS加速防滑系统ASR制动辅助系统BAS车身动态控制系统DCS紧急制动辅助系统EBA电子制动力分配系统EBD电子差速锁EDS电子稳定程序系统ESP液压刹车辅助系统HBA坡道控制系统HDC坡道起车控制系统HAC下坡行车辅助控制系统DAC车身主动循迹控制系统A-TRC双安全气囊SRS主动性头枕SAHR车载卫星定位导航系统GPS智能集成化操作系统i-Drive主动式稳定杆Dynamic.Drive直列多缸排列发动机R型汽缸排列发动机V-V水平对置式排列多缸发动机B汪克尔转子发动机WA型汽缸排列发动机W-W前置发动机（纵向）Fi前置发动机（横向）Fq中置发动机（纵向）Mi中置发动机（横向）Mq后置发动机（纵向）Hi后置发动机（横向）Hq顶置气门，侧置凸轮轴OHV顶置气门，上置凸轮轴OHC顶置气门，双上置凸轮轴DOHC连续可变气门正时机构CVTC气门正时机构VVT-i气门正时机构VVTL-i化油器V单点喷射汽油发动机ES多点喷射汽油发动机EM自然吸气式超柴油发动机SDi直喷式柴油发动机TDi-Turbo 缸内直喷式汽油发动机ED泵喷嘴PD柴油发动机（共轨）D缸内直喷式柴油发动机DD（涡轮增压）TA-Turbo 氧化氮气增压系统NOS机械增压MA前轮驱动FF后轮驱动FR恒时全轮驱动Ap接通式全轮驱动Az动态稳定系统ASM主动偏行系统AYC无级自动变速器ST转向臂AS横向摆臂QL双横向摆臂DQL纵向摆臂LL斜置摆臂SL多导向轴ML整体式车桥SA德迪戎式独立悬架后桥DD复合稳定杆式悬架后桥VL弹性支柱FB减震器支柱DB钢板弹簧悬挂BF螺旋弹簧悬挂SF扭力杆DS 橡胶弹簧悬挂GF 空气弹簧悬挂LF 液气悬架阻尼HP 液压悬架HF 横向稳定杆QS 盘式制动S 内通风盘式制动Si 鼓式制动T 连续多点燃油喷射发动机SFI 直喷式汽油发动机FSI 动力控制模块PCM 废气循环再利用EGR 车身控制模块~BCM 点火控制模块~ICM 空气流量计MAP 无级自动变速器ST “前置引擎前轮驱动”FF “前置引擎后轮驱动”FR “后置引擎后轮驱动”RR。
在考雅思听力机经section4高频词汇
Exercise 11.0.1cm 0.1公分2.10,000 B.C. 公元前10,000年3.1860s4. 3 pairs 3双5. 4 decades 四十年6.9 liters 九升7. a land bridge 陆桥8. a standard way 一种标准的方法9.academic essay 学术文章10.accident 意外事件11.accountable 应负责的; 可解释的12.administration office 行政办公室13.advertise 做广告14.advertisement 宣传, 广告15.advisor 顾问16.agricultural 农业的17.air conditioning 空气调节装置18.air pollution 空气污染19.air pump 气泵, 抽气机20.alarm 警报21.alter attitude 改变态度22.alternative energy 可替代能源23.analysis 分析; 解析24.angle 角度25.animals’ behavior动物的行为26.approval 赞成27.arrow 箭头 亚洲29.attachment 附属; 附加的文件30.attack 攻击31.average ability 一般的才能32.award 奖, 奖品33.back wheel 后轮34.background 背景35.bacteria 细菌36.balcony 阳台, 露台37.bar code 计算机条码38.beer consumption 啤酒消费39.behavior 行为, 举止40.big toe 大脚趾41.biological 生物学的42.black velvet 黑色天鹅绒43.blood 血液Exercise 2 1.brain 头脑2.breathe 呼吸; 吸气3.breed 孵; 养育4.building material 建筑材料5.bus stop 公共汽车站6.butterflies 蝴蝶7.camel 骆驼8.camp 露营; 宿营9.candle 蜡烛10.car tires (tyres) 汽车轮胎11.carbon dioxide 二氧化碳12.case study 个案研究13.cattle 牛14.central part 中心部分15.central power source 中央动力源16.chain 连锁17.challenge 挑战18.cheap 便宜的19.cheap housing 廉价房20.check grade 检查等级21.chemical 化学的22.chewing gum 口香糖23.children and adults 儿童和成人24.cigar 雪茄25.clay 泥土, 粘土26.cliff 悬崖; 绝壁27.climate change 气候28.clothing 衣服29.cloud 云30.clubroom 俱乐部聚会堂31.coastal cities 沿海城市32.coconut 椰子33.collection of material 收集的材料bination 结合mercial 商业的mittee 委员会mon residence 普通住宅munication skills 交流技巧munication technology 通信技术munity 社区muter 通勤者parision 比较pete 比赛; 竞争Exercise 3petition 竞争; 竞赛plex designs 复杂的设计prehension of texts 文章理解/puter program 计算机程序puter teaching method计算机教学方法6.concentrated 集中的7.confidence 信心8.connected 有关连的9.conservation 保存10.contaminate 弄脏; 毒害; 污11.control of traffic 交通管制12.conversation 会话, 交谈13.cooperation 合作14.corn 小麦; 玉米15.corporate loan 企业贷款16.corrupt 使腐烂; 使恶化; 贪污17.cost effective 有成本效益的18.cost of oil 石油成本19.creation 创造; 创立20.crime 罪犯21.critical 批评的22.crocodile 鳄鱼23.cross passages 穿过通道24.cut and cover 随挖随填25.danger 危险26.dark and light 黑暗与光明27.dark blue veils 深蓝色的面纱28.decision making 决策29.decline 下降; 衰退30.decoration 装饰, 装潢31.definition 定义32.delicate fossil 精致的化石33.demonstration 示范; 实证34.density 密度35.department building 系大楼36.depression 沮丧, 消沉37.description 描写; 形容38.desert 沙漠39.desert habitat 沙漠栖息地40.design and manufacture 设计与制造41.develop diseases 疾病发展42.digest 消化43.digital system 数字系统Exercise 41.diploma in Nursing 护理文凭2.direct 直接的, 坦白的3.disadvantage 缺点, 坏处4.disappear 消失; 不见5.display 陈列; 显示6.distribution 分配; 配给物7.do exercise 做运动8.dome 圆屋顶, 穹窿9.domestic 家庭的, 驯服的, 国内的10.downhill 下坡11.dried 枯燥的12.earth 地球, 世界, 泥土13.eating pattern 饮食方式14.economical 节俭的, 合算的cation program 教育计划16.efficient 生效的; 能干的17.elastic 有弹性的18.email 电子邮件19.emotional 情绪的; 情感的20.energy 精力; 活力21.engine 引擎22.enjoy communication 享受沟23.entertainment 娱乐表演; 娱乐24.enthusiasm 狂热; 积极性25.entire city 全城26.environment 环境27.establishing rules 建立规则28.establishment of country 建立国家29.estimate 估计, 判断30.evidence of aging 老化的证据31.evolution 进化, 进展32.exhibition 表现; 展览品33.expected duration 预期持续时34.exploration 探索; 探35.exploring new facts 探索新的事实36.extra resources 额外的资源37.facilities 设备38.family relationships 亲属关系39.farming 耕作; 农事40.farming product 农业产品41.fear 恐怖; 担心42.feeding 给食; 饲养43.feeling of shame 羞愧感Exercise 51.fell 下降;减(fall过去式)2.fence 围墙, 剑术, 栅栏3.fertilizer 肥料4.filter 过滤器5.finance 财政, 财务6.financial 财政的; 金融的7.fire management 消防管理8.firewood 木柴; 柴火9.first in history 历史上首次10.fixed camera 固定摄像机11.flexible 柔软的, 灵活12.flooding 泛滥, 溢流13.flourish 茂盛; 华饰; 兴旺14.fold 折叠; 褶层15.food intake 进食16.food price 食品价格17.footprint 脚印; 足迹18.forest 森林, 林木19.freedom 自由, 特权20.fresh meat 鲜肉21.frog 蛙, 青蛙22.fruit growing 果树栽培23.funding 资金24.fur trade 毛皮贸易25.further training 深造; 进修26.future medicine 未来医学27.gender 性别28.General English Practice 一般性的英语学习29.genetic 遗传的30.genetically 从基因方面31.germ 细菌32.Germany 德国33.gift 赠品; 天赋34.give false data 提供虚假数据35.glass 玻璃36.global 球形的; 全世界的37.goat skin 山羊皮38.good eyesight 正常的视力ernment 政府ernment election 政府选举ernment policy 政府政策42.grain 谷物; 谷粒43.grass 草Exercise 61.gravity 地心引力; 重力2.great relationship 良好的人际关系3.Green Tax 环保税4.ground 土地5.group discussion 小组讨论6.group meeting 小组会议7.guard 守卫8.hard to recall 很难记得9.harvest 收获; 收成10.health department 卫生厅11.healthy 健康的12.hearing 听力13.heat 热, 高潮14.herbivorous 食草的15.herd 兽群, 牧人16.high absence rate 高缺勤率17.high car tax 高汽车税18.high temperature 高温19.higher sea levels 高海平面20.honey 蜂蜜21.hospital 医院22.hot house 温室23.huge increase 大幅增加24.humor 幽默25.hunting 狩猎26.identify animals 识别动物27.immigrant移民28.in a group 在一组29.in full 全部地30.income 收入; 所得31.income tax 所得税32.increased 增加的; 增强的33.India and Canada 印度和加拿大34.industrial 工业的, 产业的35.influence 影响rmal 非正式的rmation sector 信息内容产业38.injury 伤害39.ink 墨水40.innovation 革新, 创新41.insect 昆虫42.interaction 交互作用; 交感43.intermediate stage 中级阶段Exercise 71.internal clock 生物钟2.Internet 国际互联网络3.interview 面谈, 接见, 访问4.interview parents 采访家长5.introductory seminar 入门研讨会6.invader 入侵者7.investigation 调查; 研究8.irrigation 灌溉9.jaw 颚; 下巴10.killer whales 肉食鲸11.king 国王, 君主12.knife handle 刀柄13.knowledge 知识; 认识bel of product 产品标签boratory 实验室ck of space 缺乏空间ndmark 里程碑; 界标ne 小路; 车道rge-scale housing 大规模的住房ser printing 激光打印机wyer 律师22.leader 领袖, 指挥者23.leak 漏洞, 裂缝24.learning difficulty 学习障碍25.level of voice 声音水平26.lid of container 容器盖子27.life cycle 生命周期28.lifespan 寿命29.lifestyle 生活方式30.literature 文学; 著作31.local tribe 当地部落32.local TV station 当地电视台33.location 位置34.lock 锁35.long-term preservation 长久保存36.loud noises 大声喧哗37.low impact低强度, 不造成大损害的38.low nutrition 低营养39.lung 肺40.machinery 机器, 结构41.mammal 哺乳动物42.management skills 管理能力43.man-made 人造的Exercise 81.market research 市场研究2.marketing 营销学3.marriage 婚姻4.marsh 沼泽, 湿地5.Master’s Degree硕士学位6.material 材料; 物资7.mathematics 数学8.maturity 成熟9.maximum 最大量10.media 媒体11.medical services 医疗服务12.medicine 医学13.meet demands 满足要求14.memories 记忆; 回忆15.mental ability 心智能力16.microscope 显微镜17.migration patterns 迁移模式18.mineral 矿物19.mission statement 使命宣言20.model 模型21.money lender 放债人22.monitor 班长; 监视器23.monopoly 垄断24.mood 心情, 情绪25.moral 道义上的26.morality 道德, 品行27.more costly 更昂贵28.more flexible approach 更灵活的方法29.mould模子30.mud 泥31.national part 国家公园32.native 本地人33.natural subject 自然主题34.negative affect 负面影响35.negative thinking 负面思想work 网状系统37.no change 无变化38.non-active 非活跃39.North Africa 北非40.nursery 托儿所41.nut 坚果42.ocean conditions 海洋状况43.olive oil 橄榄油Exercise 91.on a regularly basis 定期2.one or two 一两个; 很少的3.one third 三分之一4.online games 在线游戏5.online service 线上服务6.other planets 其它行星7.outcome 结果; 后果8.oven 炉，烤箱9.own energy 自己的能量10.oxygen 氧11.package 包裹, 包12.paper jams 夹纸,堵纸,卡纸13.parental teaching 家长的教育14.participation 分享, 参与15.passenger’s weight乘客的体重16.passive 消极的, 被动的17.paying attention 注意18.performance 演出, 表演19.perfume 香料; 香水20.personal matter 私事21.personality 个性22.pest 有害的动物, 害虫23.philosopher 哲学家, 哲人24.photograph 照片25.physical activity 体力活动26.planet science 地球科学27.plastic 塑胶制品28.polished 擦亮的29.politics 政治30.polluted 受污染的31.population rise 人口的增长32.portable 可携带的33.postal survey 邮政调查34.precious stone 宝石35.private property 私有财产36.problem solving skills解决问题的能力37.problems and needs 问题和需要38.procedure 程序, 手续39.processing 处理, 加工40.professional 专业的41.profit 利润, 利益42.protection 保护43.public awareness 公众意识Exercise 101.public transport 公共交通2.qualification 资格3.quarter 四分之一4.rabbit 兔5.radar 雷达6.radio communication 无线电通信7.railway line 铁路线8.railway track 铁路轨道9.rain water 雨水10.rainfall 降雨11.random organization 随机组织12.rate of speed 速率13.reading difficulty 阅读困难14.recorder 记录者15.recreation therapy 娱乐治疗16.regulation 规章; 条例17.reinforce 加强; 加固18.reliable 可靠的, 可信赖的19.religion 宗教20.reproduce 繁殖, 生殖21.research 研究22.research assistant 助理研究员23.research method 研究方法24.resistant 抵抗的,阻止的25.responsibility 责任, 负担26.rice cultivation 水稻种植27.risk 冒险28.rival 竞争者, 敌手29.roads and bridges 道路桥梁30.rocket 飞弹, 火箭31.Roman 罗马人32.rose 上升; 上涨(rise的过去式)33.round 圆的, 圆形的34.royal commission 皇家委员会35.rubber blanket 橡胶垫36.rubbish 垃圾; 废话37.running shuttle 穿梭运行的飞机(或火车, 汽车)38.rural 乡下的39.safe and reliable 安全可靠40.safety office 安全办公室41.salary 薪资, 薪水42.sales 销售额; 营业收入43.salt 盐Exercise 111.sand glass 砂玻璃2.satisfactory 令人满意的3.scarce 缺乏的; 稀有的4.scent 气味, 香味5.score 得分, 比数6.Scotland 苏格兰7.sea level 海平面8.sea otters 海獭9.seasonal 季节的, 周期性的10.seed 种子, 籽11.selection 选择; 被挑选出的人12.selection of teams 选择球队13.self-centered 自我中心的14.self-defence 自卫15.self-evaluation 自我评价16.sensible exercise 合理运动17.shark skin 鲨鱼皮18.sheep and cattle 绵羊和牛19.sheet of paper 纸张20.shells 贝壳21.shipbuilding 造船22.shipping 海运, 航行23.shopping mall 购物中心24.silver setting 银色背景设置25.skills and experience 技能和经验26.slaves 奴隶27.sleeping sickness 昏睡症28.smaller areas 较小的区域29.smooth 平滑部分; 使光滑30.sociable 好交际的31.social isolation 社会隔离32.social matters 社会事务33.social skills 社交技能34.social worker 社会福利工作者35.solar power 太阳能36.South Africa 南非37.Southeast Asian 东南亚38.Spanish 西班牙人, 西班牙语39.spear 矛; 持矛的人40.special offers 特价优惠41.specialized software 专用软件42.speed 迅速, 速率43.spider 蜘蛛Exercise 121.spring 春天2.stem 茎, 柄, 干3.stimulation 激励; 刺激4.sting 刺痛; 刺, 叮5.stomach and heart 胃和心脏6.stone hammer 石锤7.stop joining 停止加盟8.storm 暴风雨9.straight 直接地, 不断地10.strategy 策略, 军略11.street children 街头游童12.strength 力气, 力量13.strict control 严格控制14.students feel confused 学生感到困惑15.subcommittee 小组委员会16.subsidize students’ income资助学生的收入17.sufficient details 足够的详细资料18.suggestion 提议, 暗示19.sun’s position太阳的位置20.sunlight 日光, 日照21.surface 表面; 外观22.survey 调查23.sustainable 可持续的24.symbol of progress 进步的象征25.teamwork 联合作业, 协力26.technical 技术上的27.teenager 十几岁的青少年28.telephone survey 电话调查29.temple walls 神庙的墙壁30.tent 帐篷, 帐棚31.textile factory 纺织厂32.therapy 治疗, 疗法33.tide 潮, 潮汐34.time management skill 时间管理技巧35.tiny camera 微型摄像头36.to be useless 无用37.tone 音调, 语调38.tongue 舌头39.tool 工具, 用具40.toothache 牙痛41.tower 塔, 堡垒42.trace fossil 足迹化石43.trader 商人Exercise 131.traditional 传统的2.traffic flow 交通流量3.training 训练, 练习4.translate 翻译5.translation 翻译6.transport museum 交通博物馆7.trash 无价值之物, 垃圾8.trend 趋势, 方位, 倾向9.triangle 三角10.tutorial 个别指导11.tutorial system 导师制度12.uncomfortable 不舒服的13.unhealthy diet 不健康的饮食14.unhealthy lifestyle 不健康的生活方式15.unsocial hours 没有社交时间16.urban 都市的e of land 土地利用18.vary 改变, 使多样化19.version 版本20.vertical 垂直线, 竖向21.video camera 摄像机22.visual aids 视觉教具23.vitamin A 维生素A24.volcanic dust 火山尘25.volcano 火山26.vote right 选举权27.warning 警告28.waste disposal 废物处置29.water pipes 水管30.water tank 水箱; 水槽31.wealthy people 有钱的人32.weed 野草, 杂草33.well-organized 良好组织性的34.west European 西欧35.wetland 湿地36.wheel 轮子37.wind blowing 风在吹38.window glass 窗玻璃39.workload 工作量40.worm 虫, 蚯蚓41.write a summary 写总结42.written questions 书面问题43.young graduates 年轻的大学毕业生。
常用英文培训
MA.DESIGN INTERNATIONALCOMPANY VOCABULARY常用英文单词表DIFFERENT DESIGN STAGES设计的不同阶段CONCEPTUAL DESIGN PERIOD 概念设计阶段DESIGN DEVELOPMENT PERIOD 扩初设计阶段DETAILED DESIGN PERIOD 设计深化/施工图阶段SITE SUPPORTING PERIOD 现场支持/跟进阶段SOME WORDS排版常用的词汇CONCEPTUAL INTERIOR DESIGN PROPOSAL概念设计方案DESIGN CONCEPTS 设计理念DESIGN FEATURES 设计特点OUR GOALS 设计目标LAYOUT PLAN / SPACE PLANNING 平面布局图COLOR ZONE PLAN 彩色平面图TRAFFIC FLOW PLAN 人流动线图3D RENDERINGS / 3D PERSPECTIVES 三维效果图BIRD‘S-EYE VIEW 鸟瞰图CONCEPTUAL LIGHTING DESIGN 概念灯光设计FUNCTION ANALYSIS 功能分析SITE CONDITIONS 现场状况SITE ANALYSIS 现场分析COLOR SCHEME 色彩平衡SAMPLE BOARD 材料样板REFERENCE PICTURES 参考图片DETAILS DESIGN 细部处理HIGHLIGHTS DESIGN 亮点设计INTERIOR DESIGN PROPOSAL 室内设计方案EXTERIOR ELEVATION RENOVATION 建筑外立面改造BIDDING PROPOSAL 投标方案PROJECT TIME SCHEDULE 项目进度表PROJECT ORGANIZATIONAL CHART 项目人员架构COMPANY INTRODUCTION 公司介绍DIFFERENT DESIGN STYLES设计的不同风格CONTEMPORARY MODERN STYLE 现代简洁风格CLASSICAL AND ELEGANT STYLE 古典贵气风格GRAND AND SIMPLE STYLE 简单大气风格CHINESE STYLE 中式风格NORTHERN EUROPEAN STYLE 北欧风格MEDITERRANEAN STYLE 地中海风格YOGA STYLE 瑜伽风格ZEN STYLE 禅风格FUSION STYLE 中西合璧风格SOME COLORS 常用色彩BLACK 黑色SILVER 银色GOLDEN 金色RED 红色WHITE 白色GREY 灰色BEIGE 米色COFFEE 咖啡色BROWN 褐色PINK 粉红色GREEN 绿色BLUE 蓝色SCARLET 绯红, 猩红PURPLE 紫色LAVENDER 淡紫色ORANGE 橙色YELLOW 黄色SMALL TIPS:DARK + 颜色= 更深的颜色LIGHT + 颜色= 更浅的颜色VOCABULARY FOR RESIDENTIAL PROJECTS居住空间类项目常用词汇（适用于样板房，酒店式公寓等）FOYER 门厅SHOE CABINET 鞋柜LIVING ROOM 客厅DINING ROOM 餐厅FAMILY ROOM 家庭起居室BEDROOM 卧室MASTER BEDROOM 主卧室GUEST BEDROOM 客卧室MASTER BATHROOM 主卫生间GUEST BATHROOM 客卫生间WALK-IN WARDROBE 走入式衣柜CHILDREN’S ROOM儿童房(SON’S ROOM / DAUGHTER’S ROOM) GRANDPARENT’S ROOM老人房STUDY 书房BAR AREA 酒吧区AV ROOM 视听室KITCHEN 厨房CORRIDOR 走道BALCONY 阳台GARDEN 花园ROOF GARDEN 屋顶花园MAID ROOM 佣人房BASEMENT 地下室GARAGE 车库VOCABULARY FOR CLUB HOUSE PROJECTS会所类项目常用词汇LIBRARY 阅览室CHILDREN’S PLAYG ROUND 儿童游乐场CIGAR + RED WINE ROOM 雪茄/ 红酒室AV ROOM 视听室POOL / SNOOKER 桌球室MAH-JONG ROOM 棋牌室GYM 健身中心SWIMMING POOL 游泳池INDOOR / OUTDOOR SWIMMING POOL室内/ 露天游泳池SPA / SAUNA 水疗/ 桑拿房RESTAURANT 餐厅CHINESE CUISINE RESTAURANT 中餐厅ITALIAN CUISINE RESTAURANT 意大利餐厅JAPANESE CUISINE RESTAURANT 日式料理WESTERN FOOD RESTAURANT 西餐厅BBQ AREA 烧烤区CAFETERIA 自助餐厅CAFÉ 咖啡吧LOUNGE 休息区BAR 酒吧JUICE BAR 果汁吧BACK KITCHEN 后厨LOBBY 大堂GARDEN 花园ROOF GARDEN 屋顶花园VOCABULARY FOR SALES OFFICE PROJECTS售楼处类项目常用词汇RECEPTION AREA 接待区/ 销控区MODEL DISPLA Y AREA 沙盘展示区UNIT MODEL DISPLA Y AREA 单体模型展示区MATERIAL DISPLA Y AREA 建材展示区DISCUSSION ROOM 洽谈室MEETING ROOM 会议室ROOM FOR SIGNING UP CONTRACTS 签约室FINANCE OFFICE 财务室CASHIER 缴费处SAMPLE ROOM AREA 样板房区域VOCABULARY FOR CORPORATE PROJECTS办公空间类项目常用词汇RECEPTION AREA 接待区LOGO WALL 公司标志墙WAITING AREA 等候区MAIL ROOM 收发室DISPLA Y AREA 展示区PRESIDENT OFFICE 总裁办公室CEO OFFICE CEO办公室GM OFFICE GM办公室DGM OFFICE DGM办公室MANAGER ROOM 经理室STAFF AREA 员工区MARKETING DEPT. 市场部SALES DEPT. 销售部ADMIN. DEPT. 行政部HR DEPT. 人事部FINANCE DEPT. 财务部AUDIT DEPT. 审计部BUSINESS DEPT. 事业部PURCHASING DEPT. 采购部MEETING ROOM 会议室CONFERENCE ROOM 大会议室VIP ROOM 贵宾室TRAINING ROOM 培训室IT ROOM 机房LIFT 电梯LIFT LOBBY 电梯间STAIRCASES 楼梯HYDRANT 消防栓PANTRY 茶水间LIBRARY 图书馆READING ROOM 阅览室STORAGE 储藏室COPY ROOM 复印室BUFFER ZONE 休息区CORRIDOR 走廊/ 走道TOILET (MALE / FEMALE) 洗手间（男/ 女）POSTER 海报ELEVATION 立面PLANTATION 绿化盆栽WATERSCAPE 水景SCULPTURE 雕塑LOW CABINET 低柜HANGING CABINET 吊柜FULL-HEIGHT CABINET 全高柜CUSTOM-MADE CABINET 定制柜PROJECTOR 投影机LOGO 公司标志LOGO WALL 标志墙/形象墙SOME MATERIAL常用建材WALL FINISHING 墙面处理WALLPAPER 墙纸WALLCOVERING 墙布ART PAINTING 挂画EMULSION PAINTING 乳胶漆POSTER 海报WOODEN CARVING 木雕MIRROR 镜子ART MIRROR 艺术镜子DOOR, WINDOW AND PARTITION 门窗及隔断DOOR FRAME 门框WINDOW FRAME 窗框DOUBLE-LEAF DOOR 双扇门SINGLE-LEAF DOOR 单扇门ONE-AND-A-HALF-LEAF DOOR 子母门HIDDEN DOOR 暗门SCREEN 屏风PARTITION 隔断FOLDABLE PARTITON 折叠式隔断屏风CEILING FINISHING 天花处理CEILING 天花FALSE CEILING 假天花FALSE CEILING TILE 天花矿棉板CEILING CORNICE 顶角线SKIRTING 踢脚线FLOOR FINISHING 地面处理CERAMIC TILE 瓷砖PVC TILE 胶地板CIMIC 玻化砖CARPET 地毯RUG 装饰块毯SPOT LIGHT 射灯DOWN LIGHT 筒灯FLOOR LAMP 立灯WALL LAMP 壁灯TABLE LAMP 台灯HANGING LAMP 吊灯FLUORESCENT 日光灯HVAC SYSTEM 空调系统FIRE SERVICE SYSTEM 消防系统INTELLIGENT SYSTEM 智能系统LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEM 灯光控制系统DATA/VOICE SYSTEM 弱电（数据/语音）系统SECURITY SYSTEM 门禁系统QUEUE SYSTEM 叫号系统BACKGROUND MUSIC SYSTEM 背景音乐系统BROADCASTING SYSTEM 广播系统CCTV SYSTEM 监控系统M&E WORKS 机电工程P&D WORKS 给排水工程STONE & GLASS 石材及玻璃MANMADE STONE 人造石SLATE 板岩MARBLE 大理石FROSTED GLASS 磨砂玻璃TEMPER GLASS 清玻璃TOUGHENED GLASS 强化玻璃ART GLASS 艺术玻璃BACK PAINTED GLASS 烤漆玻璃STAINLESS STEEL 不锈钢PEBBLE 鹅卵石FABRIC 布艺LEATHER 皮革CURTAIN 窗帘VERTICAL BLINDS 垂直帘ROLLER BLINDS 卷帘BEAD CURTAIN 珠帘SAND 沙CEMENT 水泥PLASTER 石膏GYPSUM BOARD 石膏板CONCRETE 混凝土REINFORCED CONCRETE 钢筋混凝土GRAVEL 碎石BRICK 砖BEAM 梁COLUMN 柱ARCH 拱SCAFFOLD 脚手架PIPE，CONDUIT 管WIRING 线FURNITURE AND DECOR家具及装饰品TOILET 马桶SINK 台盆SINK FAUCET 台盆龙头SHOWER FAUCET 淋浴龙头SHOWER ROOM 淋浴间BATHTUB 浴缸SOAP HOLDER 皂架PAPER HOLDER 卷纸架HAND DRIER 干手机TRASH CAN 垃圾桶EXHAUSTING FAN 排风扇TOWEL ROD 毛巾杆DECOR 装饰品SCULPTURE 雕塑PLANTATION 绿化盆栽ARTIFICAL FLOWER 仿真花艺CANDLE HOLDER 烛台ANTIQUES 古董CUSHION 靠垫BEDDING 床上用品COSMETICS 化妆品STATIONERY 文具TABLEWARE 餐具DINGING ROOM 餐厅DINING TABLE 餐桌DINING CHAIR 餐椅DINING CABINET 餐边柜SIDE TABLE 案几FLOWER STAND 花架FOLDABLE PARTITON/SCREEN 屏风BAR TABLE 吧台BAR CHAIR 吧椅LIVING ROOM 客厅SINGLE SOFA 单人沙发TWO SEATED SOFA 双人沙发THREE SEATED SOFA 三人沙发ORIGINAL ART CHAIR 原创艺术椅子COFFEE TABLE 茶几CORNER TABLE 角几TV CABINET 电视柜SIDE TABLE 案几BEDROOM 卧室SINGLE BED 单人床DOUBLE BED 双人床BED-SIDE TABLE 床边柜BED STOOL 床尾凳TV CABINET 电视柜MAKE-UP DESK 梳妆台MAKE-UP CHAIR 梳妆椅WARDROBE 衣柜CLOTHES RACK 衣架LAZE CHAIR 休闲椅SOFA 休闲沙发STUDY 书房DESK 书桌CHAIR 书桌椅/电脑椅COMPUTER DESK 电脑桌BOOK SHELF 书架CD SHELF 唱片架KITCHEN 厨房PLATE RACK 碗盘架HOOK 粘钩ARTIFICAL FOOD 仿真食品ARTIFICAL FRUIT 仿真水果DISHRAG 抹布TRASH BIN 垃圾桶BATHROOM 主卫生间TOILETARY 卫浴用品TOWEL 毛巾BATH ROBE 浴袍SLIPPERS 拖鞋MATH 地垫SOAP HOLDER 肥皂缸TISSUE BOX 纸巾盒DECOR PAINTING 装饰画BALCONY 阳台OUTDOOR COFFEE TABLE 室外茶几OUTDOOR LAZE CHAIR 室外椅OUTDOOR SWING CHAIR 室外千秋GRILL 室外烧烤架。
Unit1WeletotheunitReading课件高中英语牛津译林版选择性
Wlcm+reading
barely adv. 刚好；仅仅，勉强可能； 几乎不；刚才
* cigar n. 雪茄烟 appointment n. 约定，约会；任命，委任；
职务
tear down 拆毁，拆除 * keen adj. 灵敏的，敏锐的；渴望， 热切，热衷于
Being honest is the first step and it can help us to take responsibility for our feelings and behaviors.
What other descriptions of honesty and responsibility can you add to the lists?
• act in a way that is truthful and don’t hide the truth or trick others;
• ...
Possible answers：
Think & Share
What proverbs about honesty and responsibility do you know? How do you understand them?
B7 U1
Honesty and responsibility are the core of our moral values.
What do you think is the relationship between honesty and responsibility according to the descriptions?
● Witches' Loaves —《女巫的面包》
汽车配件单词
底盘车Chasis Truck引擎零件Engine Parts引擎Engine引擎波司Engine Bush引擎修理包Engine Gasket Kits引擎零件Engine Parts凸轮轴Camshaft凸轮轴链轮Sprocket Camshaft皮带张力器Tensioner曲轴Crankshaft曲轴皮带盘Crankshaft Pulley曲轴轴承片Crankshaft Bearing汽门V alve汽门座V alve Seat汽门摇臂V alve Arm汽门摇臂盖Rocker Cover汽门弹簧V alve Spring汽门导管V alve Guide汽缸头(盖) Cylinder Head汽缸衬套Cylinder Liner汽缸体Cylinder Block波司垫片Washer活塞Piston活塞肖Piston Pin活塞环Piston Ring活塞衬套Piston Liner飞轮Flywheel飞轮环齿轮Ring Gear of Flywheel 时规炼条/皮带Timing Chain/Belt连杆Connecting Rod连杆轴承片Connecting Rod Bearing 摇臂轴Rocker Arm Shaft汽门锁V alve Cotter止推垫片Thrust Washer共鸣箱Resonator喷油嘴Injection Nozzle燃料系统Fueling System油箱Fuel Tank油箱浮筒Gauge Fuel Tank空气滤清器Air Cleaner空气滤清器盖Air Cleaner Cover空气滤清器导管Air Intake Tube空气滤蕊Air Cleaner Element消音器Exhaust Muffler排气歧管Exhaust Manifold排气管Exhaust Pipe进气歧管Intake Manifold节流阀Throttle V alve燃油管Fuel Pipe燃油帮浦Fuel Pump燃油滤清器Fuel Filter触媒转化器Catalytic Converter柴油车黑烟净化器Diesel Particulate Filter 时规炼条/皮带外盖Timing Chain/Belt Cover 燃料系统Fueling System废气回收管EGR Tube冷却系统Cooling System水箱Radiator水管Water Hose水箱水管Radiator Hose水帮浦Water Pump水箱风扇Radiator Fan风扇Fan副水箱Auxiliary Radiator节温器Thermostat调节器Regulator水箱支架Radiator Mounting冷却系统Cooling SystemA/C风扇A/C Fan润滑系统Lubrication System油底壳Oil Pan自排车用滤油器Oil Filter for Automatic Transmission机油尺Oil Level Gauge机油帮浦Oil Pump机油滤清器Oil Filter机油滤网Oil Strainer润滑系统Lubrication System机油尺导管Oil Level Gauge Tube空调系统Air-conditioning System冷气总成A/C Assembly冷气配管A/C Hose冷气导风管A/C Duct冷气压缩机A/C Compressor冷凝器A/C Condenser暖气总成Heater Assembly鼓风机Blower Assembly蒸发器Evaporator冷媒管A/C Pipe储液瓶A/C Receiver空调相关零件A/C Related Components 空气清净机Air Purifier空调滤网A/C Filter空调系统Air-conditioning System提速器Actuator车身钣金件Body & Stamping Parts引擎支撑Engine Mounting引擎盖Engine Hood车身Car Body车门Door Panel车顶板Roof底盘及其另件Chassis and Related Parts 底盘车架Frame门框Sash保险杆Bumper钣金件Stamping Parts叶子板Fender横梁Cross Member行李箱盖Trunk Lid车柱Pillar车身钣金件Body & Stamping Parts支架Bracket补强板Reinforcement Plate底盘系统Chassis System下臂Lower Arm上臂Upper Arm手剎车拉柄Parking Brake Lever支柱总成Strut Assembly方向盘Steering Wheel比例阀Proportional V alve主轴、副轴Mainshaft / Countershaft平衡杆Stabilizer Bar扭力杆Torsion Bar剎车分泵Brake Cylinder剎车来令片Brake Lining Shoe剎车油管(软) Brake Hose剎车油管(硬) Brake Tube剎车真空倍力器Brake V acuum Booster 剎车总泵Brake Master Cylinder后轴总成Rear Axle Assembly动力方向系统Power Steering System 动力转向油管Power Steering Hose动力转向帮浦Power Steering Pump控制拉线Control Cable排档杆Shift Lever排档头Knob球形接头Ball Joint等速接头 C.V. Joint传动轴Propeller Shaft叶片弹簧Leaf Spring鼓、碟式剎车器Drum / Disc Brake ssembly鼓式剎车盘Brake Drum碟式剎车盘Brake Disc辅助气囊Air Bag踏板Pedal齿轮Gear横拉杆接头Tie-Rod End螺旋弹簧Coil Spring避震器Shock Absorber转向连杆Steering Linkage转向节臂Knuckle转向齿轮箱Steering Gear Box转向机柱Steering Column转向总成Steering Assembly离合器分泵Clutch Cylinder离合器片Clutch Disc离合器外壳Clutch Case离合器总成Clutch Assembly离合器总泵Clutch Master Cylinder离合器释放轴承Clutch Release Bearing变速箱Transmission Box变速箱外壳Transmission Case曳力杆Trailing Arm避震器前后活塞杆Piston Rod of Front and RearShock Absorber底盘系统Chassis System自排变速箱修理包Automatic Transmission Gasket Kits齿条Gear Rack剎车真空管Brake Boost V acuum Tube车轮系统Wheeling System轮毂Wheel Hub轮胎Tire胎汽门嘴Tire V alve中文产品名称Chinese英文产品名称English轮圈Wheel Disk轮圈盖Wheel Cover内胎(含内衬) Inner Tire (Flap)车轮系统Wheeling System电装品Electrical Parts电瓶Battery中央门控Central Door Lock分电盘Distributor火星塞Spark Plug汽车用电子钟Digital Clock汽车音响Car Audio防盗器Car Burglar Alarm雨刷及雨刷连杆Wiper / Linkage保险丝座Fuse Seat保险丝Fuse洗涤壶Windshield Washer配线Wire Harness马达类Motor高压线组Ignition Cable喇叭Horn发电机(零件) Alternator (Components) 开关类Switch蜂鸣器Buzzer预热塞Glow Plug仪表Combination Meter灯泡Bulb灯类Lamp点火线圈Ignition Coil继电器Relay倒车雷达Reverse Sensor电池充电器Battery Charger闪光器Flasher省电器Energy Saving Unit端子Terminal电动座椅装置Power Seat Unit马达零件Motor Components电装品Electrical Parts汽车用光盘Car CD汽车用液晶显示器Car LCD调整器Regulator整流器Rectifier电子点火器Ignition Module倒车显示器Rear V iew Display定速器Cruise ControllerHID车灯安定器组合HID Ballast Complete Set for HeadlightsLED 灯LED Lamp车灯控制器Lighting Controller点火线圈模块Ignition Coil Module外装品Exterior Parts水箱饰罩Radiator Grille天线Antenna车身护条Side Protector防撞护垫Bumper Pad后视镜Door Mirror装饰贴纸、标志Ornament Mark轮弧Fender Trim挡泥板Mud Guard扰流板Spoiler前防撞杆Guard Assy (Front)防撞杆Grard Assy (Rear)外装品Exterior Parts内装品Interior Parts仪表板Instrument Panel中央置物箱Console孔塞Grommet Plug地毯Floor Mat安全带Seat Belt车门扶手Door Armrest车门把手Door Handle车门锁Door Lock车顶内衬Roof Lining车窗升降摇柄Window Lifter Handle车窗升降机Window Lifter防水衬条Weatherstrip油量表Fuel Gauge门饰板Door Trim室内镜Room Mirror音响喇叭盖Speaker Cover(电动)座椅(Electric) Seat顶蓬Headlining烟灰缸Ashtray各类隔音垫All Kinds of Silencer饰板/饰条Garnish / Trim仪表饰板Instrument Panel Garnish遮阳板Sunvisor压条Moulding点烟器Cigar Lighter备胎板Trim for Spare Tire天窗Sun Roof后置物板Rear Parcel Shelf后舱室饰板Rear Trunk Trim内装品Interior Parts仪表板支架Instrumental Panel Mounting其它Others随车工具Tools千斤顶Jack尼龙绳、特多龙绳Nylon Rope生产、检测及涂装设备Production,Test & ainting Equipment 各类孔盖Cap、Cover扣具Cargo Lash夹片、管束Clamp, Clip油土与基准模型Clay Model and Master Model油封Oil Seal门铰链Door Hinge故障标志Reflector玻璃类Glass修理业Repairing & Maintenance粉末冶金Powder Metallurgy轴承Bearing塑料件Plastic Parts隔热材Heat Insulator电子件Electrical Parts垫片类Seal、Gasket、Washer、Packing碳刷Carbon Brush管类Pipe, Hose, Tube铜套类Bushing弹簧SpringEnglish模、夹、治、检具Die, Fixture, Jig, CheckingGauge橡胶件Rubber Parts帮浦类Pump帽/螺栓/螺丝Nut/Bolt/Screw锻造件(加工) Forging Parts (Processing)滤清器类Filter锁Lock镜类Mirror铸造件(加工) Casting Parts (Processing)引擎盖铰链Hinge of Engine Hood行李箱铰链Hinge of Trunk Lid保险杆支撑Mount of BumperCAD/CAM车身设计CAD/CAM Car Body design 汽车清洁保养用品Cosmetics for utomobile涂料Paints合成木材Synthetic Wood电磁阀Solenoid V alve热水阀Heater V alve冷煤电磁阀Refrigerate Solenoid valve玻璃滑槽Glass Run双面胶带Acrylic Foam Tape触媒转换器缓冲绵Catalytic Converter Mate黑烟过滤器Diesel Particle Filter车用灭火器Extinguisher零组件用材料Components Materials汽车用行动电话Car Hand-free Mobile Phone汽车保全系统Car Security System汽车导航系统Car Navigation System人造革Artificial Leather铭板Nameplate汽车用计算机Car Computer无线电胎压侦测仪Wireless Tire Monitor汽车内装用牛皮Leather for Car Interior打蜡机Buffer (Car Polisher)金属表面处理(材料) Metal Surface Treatment (Material)插接件Connector Clip胎压不足警示器Tire Low Pressure Indicator温度感应器Water Temperature Sensor油压感应器Oil Pressure Sensor机油Engine Oil中文产品名称Chinese英文产品名称English自动变速箱油Automatic Transmission Oil油品添加剂Oil Additive热处理Heat Treatment自行车类Bicycle整车Finished Bicycle一般自行车Regular Bicycle三轮车Tricycle协力车Tandem Bicycle城市车A TB孩童车Junveniles Bicycle室内运动车(健身车) Exerciser单轮车Unicycle无链式自行车Chainless Bicycle登山车Mountain Bicycle越野车Trekking Bicycle跑车（自由车）Racing Bicycle电动自行车Electrical Bicycle折叠式自行车Folding Bicycle海滩车Beach Bicycle(电动)滑板车(Electric) Kick Board Scooter其它特种自行车Other Special-purpose Bicycles 避震脚踏车Suspension Bicycle传动件Transmission曲柄组Chainwheel & Crank飞轮Flywheel链条Chain变速杆Shift Lever变速器Derailleur电动自行车马达Electric Bicycle Motor电动自行车控制器Electric Bicycle Driver齿轮箱Gear Box车轮及剎车Wheel and Brake轮胎Tire夹式剎车器Caliper Brake快拆Quick Release花鼓Hub & Free HubEnglish液压式剎车器Hydraulic Brake脚剎车器Coaster Brake碟式剎车器Disk Brake轮圈Rim辐条/辐帽Spoke/Nipple悬臂式剎车器Cantilever Brake控制拉线Control Cable剎车来令片Brake Lining Shoe配件Accessories铃Bell反光片Reflector水壶架Bottle Cage打气筒Floor Pump商标贴纸Sticker货架Luggage Carrier速度表Speed Meter喇叭Horn电灯Dynamo / Lighting Set辅助轮Training Wheel挡泥板Mud Guard / Fender头盔Helmet锁Lock链盖Chain Cover篮Basket后视镜Rear Mirror车体Body车架Frame把手Handle Bar中轴组件（天心）Bottom Bracket Parts 车手带Handle Strap车头组件Headset前叉Front Fork前叉肩Fork Crown后叉端Rear Fork End座杆Seat Post座杆束Seat Post Clamp停车支架Kickstand接头Lug & Shell辅助把手Bar End竖管Stem螺帽/螺栓/螺丝Nut/Bolt/Screw避震前叉Suspension Fork避震器Shock Absorber三通管3-way Pipe五通管5-way Pipe车架材料Frame Materials其它Others座垫Saddles水壶架Bottle Cage夹器固定座Pivot定趾器Toe Clip闪光灯Flasher趾夹带Toe Strap把手套Grip塑料件Plastic Parts脚踏板Pedal碳刷Carbon Brush弹簧Spring轮圈盖Wheel Cover锻造件(加工) Forging Parts (Processing)导线Cable模、夹、治、检具Die,Fixture,Jig & CheckingGauge橡胶件Rubber Parts生产、检测及涂装设备Production,Test & Painting Equipment座垫套Saddle Cover涂料Paints充电器Charger温度记录器Temperature Recorder电池容量计Battery Capacity Indicator电动自行车电路设计Electric Bicycle CircuitDesign电动自行车电池组Electric Bicycle Battery Set机车类Motorcycle整车Finished Motorcycle50CC以下机车Less Than 50CC Motorcycle50~150CC机车50~150CC Motorcycle150CC以上机车More Than 150CC Motorcycle残障专用车Motorcycle for Handicap电动机车Electric Motorcycle其它电动辅助车辆Other Electric AuxiliaryV ehicles多功能休闲车A TV引擎零件Engine Parts汽缸Cylinder化油器Carburetor引擎Engine引擎零件Engine Parts引擎盖Engine Cover水箱Radiator火星塞Spark Plug凸轮Cam凸轮轴Camshaft凸轮轴链条Cam Chain凸轮链条张力器Cam Chain Tensioner曲轴Crankshaft曲轴箱Crankcase曲轴箱盖Crankcase Cover汽门V alve汽门座V alve Seat汽门导管V alve Guide汽缸头Cylinder Head汽缸头侧盖Cylinder Head Side Cover油帮浦Oil Pump后轮驱动座Rear Wheel Drive Seat活塞Piston活塞肖Piston Pin活塞环Piston Ring连杆Connecting Rod涡轮增压器Turbo-Supercharger脚踏起动机杆Kick Starter齿轮变速零件Gear Shift Parts机油冷却器Oil Cooler离合器Clutch离合器座Clutch Plate离合器杆Clutch Lever变速箱Transmission Box油管Fuel Pipe汽门锁V alve Cotter火星塞盖Plug Cover齿轮衬套Gear Bushing曲轴肖Crank Shaft Pin炼条调整器Tensioner节流阀Throttle V alve离合器来令片Clutch Lining齿轮轴Gear Axle马达轴Motor Axle传动轴Transmission Axle车体及电装Body and Electrical Parts灯类LampC.D.I.总成C.D.I. Unit Assembly工具Tool中心盖Center Cover反光片Reflector引擎罩盖Air Shroud / Cylinder方向把手Steering Handle主滑动模轮组件Primary Sheave Assembly主脚架Main Stand交流发电机(零件) A.C. Generator (Components) 行李箱Luggage Box冷却风扇Cooling Fan把手盖Handle Cover车架Frame车体盖Body Cover拉杆Handle Lever油杯Fuel Cup Assembly油箱Fuel Tank空气滤清器Air Cleaner剎车来令片Brake Shoe剎车鼓Brake Drum剎车盘Brake Disk剎车踏板Brake Pedal剎车总成Brake Assembly前叉Front Fork前叉顶梁Fork Top Bridge前护盖Front Fender后视镜Back Mirror后悬吊系统Rear Suspension风扇盖Air Shroud飞轮Flywheel座垫Seat侧脚架Side Stand侧盖Side Cover排气消音器Exhaust Muffler后架Carrier喇叭Horn无段自动变速系统 C.V.T.发电机Alternator传动轴总成Secondary Sheave Assembly 摇臂Rocker Arm煞车踏板Brake Pedal节流把手Throttle Grip脚踏板Board / Footrest脚踏杆Kick Crank Assembly电圈Starter电瓶Battery配线Wire Harness碳刷Carbon Brush仪表Meter调整器Regulator轮胎Tire轮圈Wheel Disk轮毂Wheel Hub导线Cable挡泥板Fender机车链轮Chain灯泡Bulb燃油滤清器Fuel Strainer Assembly避震器Shock Absorber点火线圈Ignition Coil转向主干Steering Stem Comp链条盖Chain Case继电器Relay触媒转化器Catalytic Converter排气管Exhaust Pipe吊架Hanger控制拉线Control Cable活性碳罐Canister油箱浮筒Tank Float机油浮筒Oil Float档位调整器Gear Position Indicator端子Terminal电动机车控制器Electric Motorcycle Driver把手座Grip Holder马达类Motor马达零件Motor Components避震器前后活塞杆Piston Rod of Front and RearShock Absorber其它Others油封Oil Seal舌簧阀Reed V alve钣金件Stamping Parts防盗器Burglar Alarm闪光器Flasher贴纸Sticker轴承Bearing开关类Switch塑料件Plastic Parts电子件Electrical Parts垫片Gasket管类Tube or Pipe弹簧Spring模、夹、治、检具Die, Fixture, Jig, Checking Gauge辐条/辐帽Spoke/Nipple齿轮Gear胶件Rubber Parts帮浦类Pump螺帽/螺栓/螺丝Nut/Bolt/Screw锻造件(加工) Forging Parts (Processing)滤清器Filter铸造件(加工) Casting Parts (Processing)锁Lock生产、检测及涂装设备Production,Test & Painting铭板Name Plate油土及基准模型Clay Model and Master Model地毯Carpet涂料Paints握把Grip置物袋Carriage Bag机车座垫用牛皮Leather for Motorcycle Seat铁路车辆类Railroad V ehicle铁路车辆制造及修理Railroad V ehicle Manufacture & Repair 铁路车辆零件Railroad V ehicle Parts。
Unit13
I’ll do all (that) I can to assist you. you. 我将帮你找个住的地方。 我将帮你找个住的地方。 I’ll assist you (in) finding somewhere to live. 我受雇协助经理工作。 协助经理工作 我受雇协助经理工作。 I was employed to assist the manager with his duties. (大纲词 助理； 大纲词) assistant (大纲词)助理；助手 Eg.a shop assistant 商店售货员 My assistant will demonstrate 我的助手 助手将演示机器如 我的助手将演示机器如 the machine. 何运转. 何运转.
(n.)抽屉 12. drawer (n.)抽屉 Eg.写字台的上层 中层、下层抽屉 写字台的上层、 Eg.写字台的上层、中层、下层抽屉 in the top/ middle/ bottom drawer of the desk (v.)调查 调查； 13. investigate (v.)调查；侦查 =look into Eg.Police are investigating possible links between murders. 警察正在调查这些谋杀案之间是否有关联 (n.) investigation Eg.This accident is still under 仍在调查这起事故。 调查这起事故 investigation. investigation仍在调查这起事故。 .
(n.)偷 14. theft (n.)偷；行窃 Eg.警方正在调查这起 车案。 警方正在调查这起盗 Eg.警方正在调查这起盗车案。 Police are investigating the theft of cars. 小偷 thief (pl.)thieves (n.)宗教 15. religion (n.)宗教 Eg.Is there a conflict between religion? science and religion? 科学和宗教之间是否存在着冲突? 宗教之间是否存在着冲突 科学和宗教之间是否存在着冲突? religious (adj.) 宗教信仰 religious belief/faith (adj.)顽固的 顽固的； 16. stubborn (adj.)顽固的；倔强的
雪茄培训
a. 丁烃打火机： 这是最完美的选择，丁烃很干净也没有怪味，火焰很 合适也很持久。
• b. 合适的雪茄专用火柴： 这是最传统的选择。合适的雪茄火柴应至少有3
英寸长并且头部的化学物质应没有臭味。在点燃 雪茄时你应该用两根并排着的火柴以使火焰面宽 并且持久。擦燃火柴后，待火柴头化学物质充分 燃烧再点燃雪茄。
奖励机制
• 丘吉尔钟情的“朱丽叶2号”
V字手势 “愤怒的丘吉尔” 25 （ ） 46 （ ） 3000 （ ）
ENJOY YOURSELF
•
• 用什么来点燃它？
• 1. 点燃你的雪茄有几种方式。
用液体燃料打火机、蜡烛或有臭味头部的标准火柴， 及在前面提到的用篝火是最简单的错误，所有上述错误 都会使你的雪茄产生令人不愉快的气味。
制作的雪茄就完成了。 • 看上去似乎简单，其实很是讲究，比如说不同的著
名雪茄就有着自己独特的注意技巧在里面，否则，所有 人都可以自己制作雪茄了。
雪茄的构成
• 雪茄用具
雪茄的构成
• 雪茄的保存
盒身：常见的有：樱桃木、白杨、胡
桃木、枫木、黑檀木、花犁木、榆木、花樟 等等
隔板 ：cedar实木 围板 ：(可以装在上盖，也可以装在
• 三大忌讳事项： 1、不分手卷和机卷雪茄烟。 • 雪茄烟按照卷制的方式分为三大类，一是全叶卷雪茄烟，
二是半叶卷雪茄烟，三是机卷雪茄烟。
• 其中，全叶卷雪茄烟又分为纯手工卷制的雪茄烟和机卷 全叶卷雪茄烟，它们二者有着本质的区别，价格悬殊较 大，高的相差几倍或十几倍。以上三种雪茄烟的吸食方 式、吸食场合、保管条件都不一样，所以，初试雪茄客 千万别装酷。
雪茄的构成
2024学年吉林市第一中学高三下学期联合考试英语试题(含解析)
2024学年吉林市第一中学高三下学期联合考试英语试题考生请注意：1．答题前请将考场、试室号、座位号、考生号、姓名写在试卷密封线内，不得在试卷上作任何标记。
2．第一部分选择题每小题选出答案后，需将答案写在试卷指定的括号内，第二部分非选择题答案写在试卷题目指定的位置上。
3．考生必须保证答题卡的整洁。
考试结束后，请将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．__________him not to do so, he wouldn’t have made suc h a serious mistake.A．Did I persuade B．If I persuadeC．If I should persuade D．Had I persuaded2．--- How about ______ plan to open a branch?--- I should say it was ______ failure.A．a; a B．a; / C．the; / D．the; a3．Mary was pleased to see that the seeds she ______ in the garden were growing.A．was planting B．has planted C．would plant D．had planted4．He liked the lovely dog so much that he ________ his book and played with it immediately.A．gave off B．set asideC．took over D．turned down5．－Mike, our team will play against the Rockets this weekend. I am sure we will win.－________!A．Congratulations B．CheersC．Best wishes D．Good luck6．Having been treated in the hospital for as long as six months, the man injured in the car crash is now eventually back _______ his feet.A．at B．inC．on D．to7．Never turn down a job because you think it’s too small. You don’t know _____ it can lead.A．how B．whereC．whether D．what8．Abraham set himself up in front of his daughter, hands ________ her hair, and was close to tears, reluctant to tear himself from her.A．to toy with B．toyed with C．toying with D．being toyed with9．The deal，next week，will allow Charney to make a great fortune in the stock market.A．completed B．being completedC．to be completed D．having been completed10．—I’ve got something weighing on my mind. Could you give me some advice?—______. Tell me all about it and I’ll do what I can.A．Don’t mention it B．No wonderC．My pleasure D．No problem11．Backward somewhat technologically ________ we are for the moment, we have confidence in our ability to catch up in time.A．although B．if C．as D．once12．— Mummy, look at my gloves. I need a new pair.— ________. I bought them for you only a week ago!A．Y ou bet B．You said itC．Y ou don’t say D．You name it13．－What does the sign over there read?－“No person ________ smoke or carry a lighted cigarette, cigar or pipe in this area.”A．will B．shallC．may D．must14．Many writers are drawn to building a world, _____ readers are somewhat familiar with but also feel distant from our normal lives.A．it B．one C．that D．the one15．Between the two generations, it is often not their age, _________ their education that causes misunderstanding.A．like B．as C．or D．but16．Teachers in primary schools ______ influence the kids fall under should be role models.A．whose B．whoC．where D．which17．The company began to produce silk underwear last year, most of ________ imported to Europe.A．it B．them C．that D．which18．So ________ sometimes in trying to accomplish something big _______ we fail to notice the little things that give life its magic.A．we get caught up; as B．do we get caught up; thatC．caught up get we; as D．caught up do we get; that19．---Mum, can you tell me why some parents send their children to study abroad at a very young age?---__________, darling. I have never thought about it.A．Y ou have got me there B．Take your timeC．Y ou bet D．Don’t be silly20．Hot the night air was,we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey.A．although B．while C．as D．however第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
剑桥真题集4-12听力答案
剑桥真题集4-12听力答案4TEST11.variety of shopping各式各样的购物2.guided tours带导游的旅行3.more than12/over12大于124.notice board n.布告牌5.13th February2月13号6.Tower of London伦敦塔7.American museum美国博物馆8.student newspaper校刊，学生报9.coal n.煤10.firewood n.柴火，木柴11.local craftsman n.当地的工匠12.Ticket Office售票处13.Gift Shop礼品店14.(main)Workshop车间，讲习班15.Showroom n.陈列室，样品间16.Cafén.咖啡厅17.cottages n.村舍18.cities/environment城市/环境19.windy adj.多风的20.humid adj.潮湿的21.shady/shaded adj.荫凉的22.dangerous adj.危险的23.leaves n.树叶24.ground level n.地面水平25.considerably reduce/decrease减小/filter过滤26.low frequency低频率27.space/room n.空间4TEST21.Cathedral n.大教堂2.Markets n.市场3.Gardens n.花园4.Art Gallery美术馆，画廊5.climb the tower爬塔6.see the view看风景7.collecting/gathering data/data collection收集数据8.Survey Research调查研究9.London University Press伦敦大学出版社10.mass media大众媒体11.academic circles学术界12.researchers n.研究人员13.specialist/specialized knowledge专业知识14.unaware adj.无意识的15.individual customers/consumers个人客户16.illegal profits不合法的利益4TEST31.Forest Road森林大道2.Academic English学术英语3.Thursday星期四4.deposit n.押金5.on a monthly basis以月为基础6.telephone/phone bill手机账单7.light/lights/lighting n.灯光8.adults n成年人9.at the Studio Theater小型戏院10.the whole family/all the family/families 11.The City Gardens城市花园12.outdoors adv.在户外13.young/younger children少年儿童14.questionnaire n.调查问卷15.approximately/about2000大约200016.Faculty of Education教育系17.halls of residence学生公寓18.living quarters住宅区19.traffic problem交通问题20.parking problem停车问题21.lecture room/halls/theaters教室22.more room for a choice of facilities更多的空间选择设备4TEST41.22nd December12月22号2.College Dining Room大学食堂3.office staff办公室职员4.students n.学生5.10th December12月10号6.coffee break/coffee breaks咖啡时间，休息时间7.set of dictionaries一系列字典8.a good dictionary一本好字典9.some music tapes一些音乐磁带10.photos/photographs n.照片11.speech n.演讲12.the nearest station最近的车站13.local history当地的历史14.local walking club当地的竞走俱乐部15.20balloons n.气球16.units of measurements/measurement units测量单位17.rock salt岩盐18.crystals n.水晶19.piece of string细线20.ordinary white light普通的白光灯21.tail n.尾巴22.ocean floor/bed/bottom海底，海床23.sense of smell嗅觉5TEST11.Whale Watch Experience鲸鱼观看体验2.by minibus n.面包车，小型公共汽车3.15people15个人4.April18th4月18号5.move around/move about移动6.brakes n.刹车7.fingers n.手指头8.satisfactory n.满意9.put it together整合，组装10.too wide太宽11.dangerous adj.危险的12.wheels n.轮子13.the best/the best buy/safe最好的购买14.sharp adj.锋利的15.full-time adj.全日制的16.a term/one term一学期17.intensive adj.加强的，集中的18.two modules两个模块19.a topic/one topic一个话题20.politics n.政治学21.learn about学习，了解22.children’s education孩子教育23.a car车24.nursing care护理25.crisis n.危机26.early twenties n.二十几岁27.confidence n.信心，自信28.money management资金管理29.low-risk investment低风险的投资5TEST21.passport photos/passport photographs护照照片2.a bank statement银行对账单3.125per year一年1254.Local papers/local newspaper当地的报纸5.a card/cards n.卡片，卡6.Friday周五/doc/accc16ef2dc58bd63186bceb19e8b8f6 7c1cef9e.html puters n.计算机8.student’s home学生的家9.have dinner/come to dinner/go to dinner10.technical vocabulary专业术语11.slang俚语12.cooperating/cooperation合作13.persuading/persuade v.说服14.editing/edit v.编辑，校订/doc/accc16ef2dc58bd63186bceb19e8b8f6 7c1cef9e.html plete v.完成16.experiment v.尝试/n.实验17.long adj.长的18.desert n.沙漠19.science n.科学20.hospital n.医院21.ship n.船22.platforms n.平台，月台23.currents/ocean currents n.洋流24.current adj.现在的，流行的25.pollution n.污染26.young people年轻人5TEST31.1.4litres/1.4liters公升2.automatic adj自动的.3.light/sky blue淡蓝色4.credit n.贷款5.Dr/Doctor n.博士，医生6.messages n.短信7.lion n.狮子8.reasonable adj.还算好的，合理的9.references n.推荐信，介绍人(referee)10.country n.国家11.weather n.天气12.5th May5月5号13.16th July/Friday16th July14.clear adj.清晰的15.(an/the)outline/(an/the)course outline课程大纲16.the2nd half后半场，后一半17.standard of teaching(teachers)教学(老师)水平18.group discussion小组讨论19.handouts n.讲义20.written work写的作业21.student support/support for children学生支持22.incineration plants焚化厂23.drop-off sites垃圾回收点24.cooking/cook v.做饭25.roads n.公路26.soil conditioner土壤调节剂27.containers n.容器，集装箱28.pencils n.铅笔29.business card商务名片5TEST41.intermediate adj.中等的/advanced adj.高级的2.North-West西北方3.vegetarian n.素食者/adj.素食的4.a real garden真正的花园5.The only guest唯一的客人6.23rd March/Monday23rd March7.clubhouse n.俱乐部会所8.picnic n.野炊9.prizes n.奖品10.Wednesday afternoons周三下午11.Sunday afternoons周日下午12.collect the fees/collect the money收集钱13.send(out/the)newsletters发时事通讯14.supervise the teams监督团队15.sales n.销售，销售额/doc/accc16ef2dc58bd63186bceb19e8b8f6 7c1cef9e.html petition n.竞争17.interest rates/rates of interest利率18.training n.训练，培训6TEST11.a keep-fit studio健身房2.swimming游泳3.yoga classes瑜伽课4.a salad bar沙拉吧5.assessment n.评估6.October19th10月19号7.Monday周一8.Thursday周四9.in advance提前10.nursery n.托儿所11.annual fee年费12.tutor n.导师，辅导员/doc/accc16ef2dc58bd63186bceb19e8b8f6 7c1cef9e.html ptops n.笔记本14.printers n.打印机15.report writing报告撰写16.marketing n.市场营销17.individual n.个人18.feed the population喂养人口19.metal goods金属货物20.leather goods皮革制品21.restrictions n.限制22.ships n.船23.England n.英格兰24.built/build v.建造25.poverty n.贫穷6TEST21.green button绿色的按钮2.library n.图书馆/doc/accc16ef2dc58bd63186bceb19e8b8f6 7c1cef9e.html cation department教育系4.castles n.城堡5.old clothes旧衣服6.bottle tops瓶子的上半部分7.Undersea Worlds海底世界8.silver paper锡箔纸9.King Street国王街10.Central railway station中心车站11.half hour/30minutes30分钟12.refreshments n.点心13.Advance ticket预付票14.seat reservations预定座位15.catalog(ue)s n.目录/doc/accc16ef2dc58bd63186bceb19e8b8f6 7c1cef9e.html puter center计算机中心17.checklist n.检查清单18.teaching experience教学经验19.classroom n.教室20.context review背景综述，背景回顾21.schools n.学校22.the year20002000年23.end of term学期末24.research n./v.研究，调查25.Great Train Robbery火车大劫案26.sound effects声音效果27.poor sound quality声音质量差6TEST31.15Riverside地名2.weeks n.周3.engineer n.工程师4.mother n.母亲5.every month每个月6.internet service网络服务7.field n.牧场，旷野，领域8.footbridge n.人行桥9.viewpoint n.观察点，观点10.Entertainment industry娱乐行业11.telephone interview电话采访12.thirty people30个人13.male and female男人和女人14.jazz n.爵士15.classical n.古典音乐/adj.经典的16.concerts n.音乐会17.department store n.百货商店18.club n.俱乐部19.Opera house歌剧院20.people n.人21.water n.水22.sand n.沙子23.Scotland苏格兰24.outside n.外部/adj.外部的25.local area当地26.tops n.顶部6TEST41.cheque/check n.支票2.10minutes’/mins’walk十分钟走路路程3.conference pack会议指南，会议资料册4.South Park Road牛津大学科学区5.library n.图书馆6.tax n.税，税金7.security n.安全8.ground floor一楼(英国)，地面层(美国)9.lecture room311教室，演讲室10.Safety at work工作安全11.Main Hall主厅12.team leader团队领导13.reference materials参考资料14.textbooks n.教科书15.Secondary school中学16.primary education小学教育17.back issues过期报刊18.overdue books过期未还的图书19.7working days7个工作日20.disease n.疾病21.wealthy n.富人/adj.富有的22.prince n.王子23.diet n.饮食24.attack humans攻击人类25.leadership n.领导能力，领导权7TEST11.taxi/cab n.出租车2.city center/centre城市中心3.wait n.等待4.door-to-door service门到门的服务5.reserve a seat预定一个座位6.17th October10月17号7.attitude/attitudes n.态度8.gender/sex n.性别9.creativity/creativeness n.创造力10.culture n.文化11.profit/profits n.利益12.stress/strain n.压力13.April四月14.children n.孩子15.repeated adj.重复的16.human n.人类17.magic n.魔法18.distance n.距离19.culture n.文化20.fire/fires n.火21.touching v.触碰22.intact adj.完整的7TEST21.27Bank Road路名2.dentist n.牙医3.Northern Star公司名4.stolen adj.被偷的5.brother-in-law n.妹夫6.travel to work开车上班7.Red Flag红旗8.City Bridge城市桥9.Newtown地名10.formal garden正式的花园11.tower restaurant塔餐厅12.views n.风景13.history n.历史14.7screen cinema7屏影院15.every20minutes每20分钟16.Central Station中心车站17.signed v.签署18.2directions两个方向19.confident ad.自信的20.vision n.视力，视野21.corrections n.修正，改正22.balance n.平衡7TEST31.business n.商业，贸易2.third year第三年3.Sports Center运动中心4.cleaner n.清洁工5.library n.图书馆6.International House国际学生公寓7.office assistant办公室助理8.answer the phone接电话9.forest n.森林10.temple n.寺庙11.waterfall n.瀑布12.village n.村庄13.cigar n.雪茄14.13different countries13个不同的国家15.activated adj.激活的16.50km(s)50千米17.temperature n.温度18.business travellers商务旅行者19.kitchen n.厨房20.world n.世界21.escape v.离开，逃离22.baby n.婴儿23.chocolate n.巧克力7TEST41.4months4个月2.Advanced English Studies高级英语学习3.young children年轻的孩子4.pets n.宠物5.seafood n.海鲜6.tennis n.网球7.train n.火车8.this/that afternoon下午9.car park停车场10.rose garden玫瑰花园11.Cafén.咖啡厅12.cycling n.骑自行车兜风13.biology lesson生物课14.viewing shelter观景棚15.assessed v.对...进行评估16.media room多媒体教室17.resource room资料室18.embassy n.大使馆19.statistics/stats n.统计资料，统计学20.water n.水21.meat n.肉22.cheese n.奶酪23.5th/new taste第五种/新口味/doc/accc16ef2dc58bd63186bceb19e8b8f6 7c1cef9e.html mon adj.普通的25.bitterness n.苦味26.minerals n.矿物质8TEST11.48North Avenue2.free drinks免费的喝的3.free refreshments免费的点心4.the piano player/pianist n.钢琴家5.25December/Christmas Day圣诞节6.car-park/parking lot停车场7.tables n.桌子8.horses n.马9.caves n.洞穴10.surface n.表面11.environment n.环境12.impacts/effects n.影响13.urban adj.城市的14.problems n.问题15.images n.图像16.patterns n.模式17.distortions n.失真，扭曲18.traffic n.交通19.weather n.天气8TEST21.First Class Mover(公司名字)2.28November11月28号3.screen n.屏幕4.bathroom n.浴室5.door n.门6.leg n.桌腿7.plates n.盘子8.The Forest Area森林区9.Fish Farm养鱼场10.Market Garden Area商品果蔬园区11.insects n.昆虫12.feeding/eating v.喂养，吃/doc/accc16ef2dc58bd63186bceb19e8b8f6 7c1cef9e.html boratory n.实验室14.water n.水15.wings n.翅膀16.reliable adj.可靠的17.accurate adj.精确的8TEST31.central adj.中心的2.2years两年3.garage n.车库4.garden n.花园5.study n.书房6.noisy adj.嘈杂的，喧闹的7.classical music concert古典音乐会8.bookshop/bookstore n.书店9.planned adj.计划的10.City Council市政委员会11.The Garden Hall花园厅12.Three Lives(电影名字)13.Faces of China(会展名字)/doc/accc16ef2dc58bd63186bceb19e8b8f6 7c1cef9e.html bination n.组合，结合15.system n.系统16.attitudes n.态度17.controls n.控制18.factory/factories n.工厂19.skills n.技能8TEST41.waiter n.服务员2.day off休息日3.break n.休息4.free meal免费的饭5.dark adj.颜色深的6.jacket n.夹克7.28June6月28号8.mid-day n.中午9.references n.推荐信，介绍人(referee)10.priority/priorities n.优先权11.timetable n.时间表12.small tasks小任务13.single paragraph单独的段落14.animal/creature n.动物15.sea/water levels海平面16.hunting v.狩猎17.creation n.创造9TEST11.answer the phone接电话2.library n.图书馆3.national holidays国家法定节假日4.after11o’clock11点以后5.clear voice清晰的声音6.think quickly反应迅速，思维敏捷7.22nd October10月22号8.branch分店9.west n.西部10.clothing n.衣服11.running facilities跑步设备12.bags n.包13.tides n.潮汐14.hearing/ears n.听力/耳朵15.plants n.植物/工厂16.animals n.动物17.fishes n.鱼18.Feeding v.喂养，吃东西19.noise/noises n.噪音20.healthy adj.健康的21.group n.组，群22.social adj.社会的，群居的23.leader n.领导者，首领/doc/accc16ef2dc58bd63186bceb19e8b8f67c1 cef9e.html work/networks n.网络9TEST21.31st March3月31号2.nursing n.护理3.no red meat n.肉4.bedsit n.卧室兼起居室5.theater/theatre n.电影院，剧院6.mature adj.成熟的7.older adj.年长的8.town n.城镇9.shared area共享区域10.trees n.树11.Friday周五12.Sunday周日13.farm n.农场14.reading n.阅读15.CD16.workbook n.练习册，工作手册17.timetable n.时间表18.schedule n.时间表，计划表19.alarm n.闹铃，警报20.email n./v.邮件，发邮件21.central adj.中心的22.conversations n.对话23.effectively adv.有效地24.levels n.层次25.description n.描述26.technical adj.技术的27.change n.改变28.responsibility n.责任，职责，义务29.flexible adj.灵活的9TEST31.sunshade n.遮阳伞，遮光蓬2.balcony n.阳台3.forests n.森林4.relative n.亲戚5.missed departure错过离开6.item n.物品7.fishing industry渔业8.statistics n.统计学，统计数据9.note-taking记笔记10.confidence n.自信，信心11.ideas n.想法12.student support service学生支持服务13.places n.地方14.be too general太笼统15.3times3次16.glass n.玻璃17.insulation n.绝缘，隔绝18.windows n.窗户19.electricity n.电20.floors n.地面21.domestic waste家庭的垃圾22.concrete n.混凝土9TEST41.baby/babies n.婴儿2.evening appointments晚上的预约3.heart n.心脏4.primary school n.小学5.ages n.年龄6.Thursday周四7.approach n.方法/v.接近8.mature adj.成熟的9.interest n.利息/v.使感兴趣10.groups n.组11.every2days每两天12.2weeks两周13.confident adj.自信的/doc/accc16ef2dc58bd63186bceb19e8b8f6 7c1cef9e.html cation system教育系统15.frog/frogs n.青蛙16.predators n.捕食者，食肉动物17.count v.数18.seed/seeds n.种子10TEST11.newspaper n.报纸2.theme parks n.主题公园3.tent n.帐篷4.castle n.城堡5.beach/beaches n.沙滩6.flight n.航班7.dinner n.晚餐8.health problem健康问题9.safety rules安全规则10.plan n.计划11.joining fee入会费12.peak hours高峰期13.guests n.客人14.photo cards照片卡15.presentation n.演讲16.model n.模型17.material/materials n.资料18.grant n.拨款19.technical adj.技术的20.gene n.基因21.power/powers n.力量22.strangers n.陌生人23.erosion n.腐蚀24.islands n.岛25.fishing v.钓鱼26.reproduction n.繁殖，复制27.method/methods n.方式，方法28.expansion n.扩展10TEST21.hairdresser n.理发师2.go to the dentist/dentist’s看医生3.lighting n.灯光4.trains n.火车5.safe adj.安全的6.shower n.洗澡7.training n.培训/doc/accc16ef2dc58bd63186bceb19e8b8f6 7c1cef9e.html petition n.竞争9.global company跨国公司10.demand n.需求11.customers n.顾客12.regulation n.条例，规则13.project n.项目，计划14.flexible adj灵活的15.leadership n.领导能力，领导权16.woman n.女人17.self-employed worker个体经营者10TEST31.Thursday周四2.red n.红色3.lunch n.午饭4.wear glasses戴眼镜5.aunt n.阿姨6.month n.月7.achievement/achievements n.成就，成绩8.personality/character n.个性，性格9.situational factor情景因素，环境因素10.friend n.朋友11.aspirations n.渴望，报复12.ambition n.志向，报复13.style n.风格14.development n.发展15.vision n.设想，构想16.structures n.结构，构造17.innovation/innovations n.创新10TEST41.East Park Flats地名2.library n.图书馆3.morning n.早上4.postbox n.邮箱5.prices n.报价6.glass n.玻璃7.cooker n.厨具8.week n.周9.fence n.围栏10.trains n.火车11.dark adj.黑暗的12.games n.游戏13.guided tour带导游的旅行/doc/accc16ef2dc58bd63186bceb19e8b8f6 7c1cef9e.html dder n.梯子15.metal/metals n.金属/adj.金属的16.space travel太空旅行17.memory n.记忆18.solar energy太阳能19.oil n.油20.waste n.垃圾21.medical tests医学检查，医学测验11TEST11.a/one hundred(and)fifteen1152.cash n.现金3.parking n.停车4.music license音乐证5.entry charge入场费6.stage door后台入口7.code n.密码8.floors n.地板9.decorations n.装饰10.animals n.动物11.tools n.工具12.shoes n.鞋子13.dogs n.狗14.conservation n.保护15.foods n.食物16.surface n.表面17.oxygen/O2n.氧气18.mammals n.哺乳动物19.ice n.冰20.decline/declining/decrease n./v.下降21.map n.地图22.migration n.迁徙23.consumption n.消耗11TEST21.hostel n.招待所，青年旅舍2.waiter n.服务员3.politics n.政治学4.cycling n.骑自行车兜风5.cinema n.剧院6.disabled people残疾人7.half past four四点半8.social context社会背景9.factory n.工厂10.canal n.运河11.bridge n.桥12.box n.盒子13.screen n.屏幕14.rubber n.橡胶15.curved adj.弯曲的16.curtains n.窗帘17.international style国际风格11TEST31.birds n.小鸟2.flowers n.花3.mushrooms n.蘑菇4.river n.河6.tiger n.老虎7.dancing v.跳舞8.crying v.哭9.grass n.草地10.scarf n.围巾11.attitude/attitudes n.态度12.numbers n.数字13.time n.时间14.minutes n.分钟15.software n.软件16.patients n.病人17.emotions/feelings n.感情，情感18.income n.收入/doc/accc16ef2dc58bd63186bceb19e8b8f6 7c1cef9e.html fortable adj.舒服的20.observation n.观察21.analysis n.分析11TEST41.secondary school中学2.flute n.长笛3.cinema n.影院，电影院4.concert n.音乐会5.market n.市场6.actor n.演员7.dry adj.干的8.hard adj.硬的9.sugar/sugars n.糖10.roots n.根11.moist/damp/wet adj.潮湿的12.variety n.多种多样，种类14.gardens/gardening n.花园，公园15.grasses n.植被，青草16.payment/payment n.报酬17.money n.钱12TEST51.steamship n.蒸汽船2.mountains n.山3.horse n.马4.garden n.花园5.lunch n.午饭6.map n.地图7.experience n.经验8.helmet n.头盔9.shops n.商店10.budget n.预算11.employment law雇佣条款12.safety n.安全13.insurance n.预防措施，保险14.diary n.日记15.database n.数据库，资料库16.museum n.博物馆17.damage n./v.损失，损坏18.side effects弊端，副作用19.bridge n.桥20.confusion n.疑惑21.smartphone n智能手机22.resources n.资源23.unnecessary adj.没必要的24.chocolate bar巧克力棒25.problem n.问题26.market share市场占有率12TEST61.16th May2.band n.乐队3.scientist n.科学家4.river n.河5.grandparents n.祖父母6.traditional dances传统舞7.outdoor adj.户外的，露天的8.logo n.标识9.bullying n.恃强欺弱的行为10.superiority n.优越性11.personality n.个性，性格12.structural conflicts结构性冲突13.absence n.缺勤14.confidence n.自信15.vision n.憧憬，幻觉，视力，视野16.democratic business model民主的公司模式17.respect n.尊重18.mediator n.调解员12TEST71.travel/travelling/traveling books旅游书2.history n.历史3.study v.学习/n.书房4.teenagers n.青少年5.kitchen n.厨房6.crime n.犯罪7.make an appointment预约8.booking n.预约9.sugar in blood血糖10.stamps n.邮票11.parking n.停车12.reduce stress降低压力13.weight control体重控制14.families n.家庭15.insects n.昆虫16.behaviour/behavior n.行为17.father n.父亲/doc/accc16ef2dc58bd63186bceb19e8b8f6 7c1cef9e.html plex/complicated adj.复杂的19.reproduction/breeding n.繁殖20.control n./v.控制,管理21.duck/ducks n.鸭子/doc/accc16ef2dc58bd63186bceb19e8b8f6 7c1cef9e.html nguage n.语言23.food n.食物24.cost/costs/price/prices n.代价25.bill/bills n.账单12TEST81.temporary job临时的工作2.doctor n.医生3.Africa n.非洲4.youth club青年俱乐部5.May五月6.cheese n.奶酪7.Tuesday周二8.talk/presentation演讲9.classification n.分类10.the worst最糟糕的11.prepare some slides准备一些片段12.issues n.话题，议题13.garden/gardens n.花园14.political matter/issue政治问题15.Work/study n.学习，功课16.fountain n.喷泉17.social sciences社会科学18.lively adj.生动的19.training n.培训20.culture n.文化21.nature of sound声音的本质22.silent adj.无声的，寂静的。
专题 20 全球粮食危机--高考英语外刊时文精读精练
高考英语外刊时文精读精练(20)Global food crisis 全球粮食危机主题语境：人与自然主题语境内容：人类生存，社会发展与环境的关系距离高考还有一段时间，不少有经验的老师都会提醒考生，愈是临近高考，能否咬紧牙关、学会自我调节，态度是否主动积极，安排是否科学合理，能不能保持良好的心态、以饱满的情绪迎接挑战，其效果往往大不一样。
以下是本人从事10多年教学经验总结出的以下学习资料，希望可以帮助大家提高答题的正确率，希望对你有所帮助，有志者事竟成！养成良好的答题习惯，是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。
做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题，书写工整;答题完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。
总之，在最后的复习阶段，学生们不要加大练习量。
在这个时候，学生要尽快找到适合自己的答题方式，最重要的是以平常心去面对考试。
英语最后的复习要树立信心，考试的时候遇到难题要想“别人也难”，遇到容易的则要想“细心审题”。
越到最后，考生越要回归基础，单词最好再梳理一遍，这样有利于提高阅读理解的效率。
另附高考复习方法和考前30天冲刺复习方法。
【外刊原文】（斜体单词为超纲词汇，认识即可；下划线单词为课标词汇，需熟记。
）Governments should stop the use of biofuels (生物燃料) and lift bans on genetic modification (转基因)of crops, a green campaigning group has urged, in the face of a growing global food crisis that threatens the developing nations.The EU, the US and the UK are among countries that use biofuels compulsorily, usually mixed with petrol fuel, for road vehicles.But much of the biofuel used comes from food crops , including wheat, maize and so on. TheWorld Food Programme has warned that the rising prices of these food, which have been driven by a combination of the Covid pandemic, climate breakdown and the war in Ukraine, is generating a food crisis around the world.In the UK, the renewable transport Fuel Obligation requires about 10% of the fuels supplied by fossil fuel companies to be “sustainable”, which in effect means biofuels. However, the amount that can come from food crops is at 4% at most, and will be reduced further to 2% in 2032.A UK government spokesperson said: “biofuels, and other renewable fuels, will continue play an important part in helping to decarbonise transport and meet our climate goals. However, to help address the global food price crisis, we continue to promote waste-derived biofuels and are reducing the percentage of crop based biofuels that count towards supplier targets.”RePlanet says that although the original reason for biofuels was as a lower carbon alternative to fossil fuels, in fact, owing to the impact on food, the fertiliser and energy used to produce the grains and oils and the land converted to agriculture to produce biofuels, there is little carbon saving over fossil fuels.RePlanet also argues that rich countries should eat less meat to free up grain , and that prohibitions on the genetic modification of crops should be lifted to achieve higher yields .In another recommendation likely to be controversial, the report suggests that the EU’s organic targets should also be deserted in favour of conventional and intensive farming techniques for higher productivity. Karolina LisslöGylfe , the secretary general of RePlanet, said: “If Europe doesn’t look at finding evidence-based solutions, the outcome w ill be worse for the world’s poor, for the climate and for nature conservation. ”【课标词汇精讲】1.lift取消，撤销（规定或法律）The restrictions on water usage have been lifted now that the river levels are normal.河水的水位已经恢复正常，因此用水限制被取消了。
雪茄培训.pptx
•
烟心由单片的烟叶折叠卷起，以便能够均匀燃烧。
然后再用一片粗糙的烟叶作为卷叶将烟心缠绕卷起。
•
卷烟师会仔细检视烟叶，挑选出最好的部分切割成
最佳形状，用作雪茄的茄衣。雪茄包好后再使用少量植
物胶粘合，以确保包装牢固。
•
之后卷烟师从包叶上切割出一个圆形，制成雪茄顶
部的茄帽。最后再用一点植物胶粘上雪茄的标签，手工
制作的雪茄就完成了。
•
看上去似乎简单，其实很是讲究，比如说不同的著
名雪茄就有着自己独特的注意技巧在里面，否则，所有
人都可以自己制作雪茄了。
雪茄的构成
• 雪茄用具
雪茄的构成
• 雪茄的保存
盒身：常见的有：樱桃木、白杨、胡
桃木、枫木、黑檀木、花犁木、榆木、花樟 等等
隔板 ：cedar实木 围板 ：(可以装在上盖，也可以装在
• 卡斯特罗对全世界的影响
“雪茄王国”古巴将在公共场所禁止吸烟
雪茄圈径
雪茄的构成
雪茄的构成
1）小喇叭型（BELTCOSO）：长5--5.5英寸，圈径50。 2）蛇型（CCULEBRA）：是三支小秀丽型合而为一，吸食时分开，通常长5--6英 寸，圈径38。 3）鱼雷型（DIADEMAS）：通常长8英寸，脚部圈径52--54或更大。 4）小鱼雷型（PERFECTO）：通常中间部分较粗，长度变化十分大，有4.5--9 英 寸，圈径38-48。 5）大喇叭型（PYRAMID）：长6--7英寸，圈径由头部40加大至脚部52--54。 主要规格：直身雪茄有以下八大类，由于制造商没有按明确标准生产雪茄，尺寸 只以该型号的最大和最小的现有品种作参考： 1）丘吉尔型（CHURCHILL）：长6.25--7 .25英寸，圈径46--50。 2）绅士型（CORONA）：长5--英寸，圈径42--44。 3）秀丽型（PANATELA）：这种型号尺寸变化较大，长5 .5-7.5英寸，圈径30-40。 4）小绅士型（PETIT CORONA）：长4--5 .5英寸，圈径38-42。 5）俊郎型（LONSDALE）：长6--7英寸，圈径41--45。 6）富豪型（ROBUSTO）：小丘吉尔型开始受欢迎，长4 .5-5 .5英寸，圈径48-52。 7）超级绅士型（DOUBLE CORONA）：长7-8 .75英寸，圈径48--54。 8）特长绅士型（CORONA GORDA）：亦称超级富豪型（ROBUSTO EXTRA），长7-9 英寸，圈径46--50。
弗洛伊德【英文】 Sigmund Freud
SIGMUND FREUD 弗洛伊德
1856 - 1939
Born in 1856, in the Austro-Hungarian Empire Freud’s father was a small time merchant
In 1886 Freud married, moved to Vienna,
Austria and opened a practice specializing in nervous and brain disorders
In 1900 he introduced the world to ‘Freudian
Anally retentive?
Perhaps you have heard this term… typically
it refers to someone who is extremely stubborn; won’t let go of something once it is over; bears a grudge forever
interest in opposite sex. Id, ego, superego continue to compete Tasks to achieve: none
5.
Genital Stage
Duration: from 11 years on Pleasure zone: genitals
Main characteristics: increasing concern with adult ways of experiencing sexual pleasure
巨人通力GPS33K training(LCEBPG)
（2磁条底端相差36mm,详细见上述安装图），这样就完成了底楼磁条的精 确调整。
3.3 按上述过程分别完成所有楼层平层位置时塑胶磁条安装位置的精确调整。 3.4 进行一次电梯自学习（5-2-1 ；5-5-1）。
LCEBPG
调试 5.再平层调整 5.1 调整再平层速度。进入变频器参数设置“TRAVEL-Speed profile-
Multi speed 0”，将该速度改成10。 5.2 自学习完成后需将LCEBPG板上的X2插件插好。然后每一层开一边，
如遇导轨接头等 位置，可调节磁 条支架固定位置， 共3个位置可调节
磁条表面有白色 喷涂，所有白色 喷涂面必须正对
开关
7
2020/5/5
LCEBPG-Cigar
Cigar开关磁条及支架—30/61U/61N
30
263 155，曳引轮直径为400
8
2020/5/5
120
LCEBPG-Cigar
Cigar开关磁条及支架—77U/77N
16 2020/5/5
若有导轨接导板 平层位置调解不 够，须增加如图
所示调节板
LCEBPG
调试 1.检修运行 1.1 确认LCECPU上显示的速度是否为028左右（变频器检修速度为300时），
若速度不正常，须调节LCEBPG上的DIP开关，带电状态1-2-3至”OFF”位 置，断电上电； 1.2 DIP开关7设置：人正对曳引轮，逆时针转动为电梯上行，DIP开关在”OFF” 位置。
英文作文分析古巴香烟出口
英文作文分析古巴香烟出口英文：As a lover of Cuban cigars, I have always beenfascinated by the export of Cuban cigars and its impact on the global market. The export of Cuban cigars is asignificant part of the country's economy, and it has along history dating back to the 19th century. Cuban cigars are known for their high quality and unique flavor, which has contributed to their popularity worldwide.One of the main reasons for the popularity of Cuban cigars is the climate and soil in which the tobacco is grown. The rich, fertile soil of the Vuelta Abajo region in Cuba, combined with the ideal climate for growing tobacco, results in leaves that are considered to be the best in the world for cigar production. This unique combination of factors gives Cuban cigars their distinctive flavor and aroma, making them highly sought after by cigar enthusiasts.In addition to the quality of the tobacco, the skilland expertise of Cuban cigar rollers also play a crucialrole in the export of Cuban cigars. Cuban cigar rollers, known as "torcedores," undergo rigorous training and apprenticeship to master the art of rolling cigars. Their precision and attention to detail ensure that each cigar is of the highest quality, further adding to the allure of Cuban cigars in the global market.Furthermore, the Cuban government has implementedstrict regulations and controls over the production and export of cigars to maintain their quality and authenticity. The cigars are carefully inspected and certified beforethey are allowed to be exported, ensuring that only the finest cigars bear the coveted "Hecho en Cuba" label.The export of Cuban cigars has faced various challenges over the years, including trade embargoes and restrictions imposed by the United States. However, despite these obstacles, Cuban cigars continue to be highly sought after and are considered a luxury item in many parts of the world.In conclusion, the export of Cuban cigars is a complex and fascinating aspect of the global tobacco industry. From the unique climate and soil of Cuba to the skill of the torcedores, there are numerous factors that contribute to the popularity and demand for Cuban cigars in the international market.中文：作为古巴雪茄的爱好者，我一直对古巴雪茄的出口及其对全球市场的影响感到着迷。
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美国实施的 古巴禁运
1962年2月7日，美国前总统肯尼迪为制裁菲德尔· 卡斯特罗的共产政权， 对古巴实施禁运，而雪茄问题也随之而生。不仅美国国民因此失去购买 当时公认为最上乘的雪茄，而古巴雪茄也因而失去庞大的美国市场。根 据Pierre Salinger的叙述，2月6日傍晚，肯尼迪总统要求他代为购买千 支古巴H. Upmann雪茄，而翌日的早上，当雪茄到步，肯尼迪便签署禁 运法案。在禁运生效前的入口的雪茄仍然可以合法地进行交易。直至 2006年，法例依然禁止美国国民购买或入口古巴雪茄，但高价的走私货 和猖獗的伪冒货依然充斥市场。由于个人电脑和互联网的普及，美国国 民现在很容易在网上购买来自加拿大入口的古巴雪茄。但经此途径购买 雪茄承受着受骗的风险，如购买伪冒货或收不到货品。
Introduction about Cigar 雪茄简介
雪茄（英文：Cigar），属于香烟的一类，由干燥及经过发酵的烟草卷成的香 烟，吸食时把其中一端点燃，然后在另一端用口吸咄产生的烟雾。 雪茄的烟草的主要生产国是：巴西、喀麦隆、古巴、多米尼加共和国、洪都拉 斯、印尼、墨西哥、尼加拉瓜和美国。古巴生产的雪茄普遍被认为是雪茄中的 极品，但有不少的专家认为洪都拉斯和尼加拉瓜顶级雪茄同样俱竞争力。 古巴雪茄的优势在于下布埃尔塔（Vuelta Abajo）地区适宜烟草生长的小气候， 同时归功于当地雪茄制作人的手艺。 “雪茄”这中文译名为徐志摩所译，音译之余，也取其灰白如雪，因以为名。
MONTECRISTO的时刻到来了，1936年Alonso Menendez卖给了Cifuegos Cia， Partagas—巴尔达卡雪茄的主人，雪茄业最有钱的业主。利用这个生意中收益聪明的 ALONSO得在不景状态下挣扎的HPUMANN—乌波曼雪茄工厂，他重新更新工厂设备， 建立对卷烟师饿奖励制度，很快就恢复的HUPMANN雪茄当年的光辉。也是在这个时 候，ALONZO决定重对基督山雪茄进行投资。 特点：基督山-有的型号展示了古巴雪茄的强大，富有，勇敢，不妥协。它的烟皮通常 是暗棕色，它传统的系列从MONTECRISTO1号到MONTECRISTO5号获得了专利权， 但MONTECRISTO2号最突出，有着绝美的外形。 MONTECRISTO的4号，Mareva,是世界销售最好的雪茄。Gran Corona, Montecristo A,(提供给古巴雪茄工们)在可以做哈瓦那雪茄的任何一个顶峰。 市场：这个品牌在西班牙，法国，Benelux，西欧，瑞士，德国，意大利，俄国， 安道尔，大不列颠，远东，中国，拉美，加拿大，古巴，加勒比，非洲和中东有经销。
茄套
茄套是有弹性的烟叶，用途是承载捆束的茄心。
4.口味
不同于香烟，雪茄只有非常少的烟味，通常是一 些发酵过的烟草和其他的味道。一些好的雪茄特 别是如古巴早期到1990年份的雪茄基本上没有烟的 味道。
一些比较常见的口味包括以下： 皮革味 香料 可可／巧克力 泥土 咖啡 坚果 苹果 香草 蜂蜜，制造人工棚和仓库储蓄烟叶，期间，会经过 阴干、烘乾和冷却的过程去除糖份和水份，但同时要注意大块的 烟叶不会腐烂。这个过程主要因不同的气候需要25至45不等， 而过程的处理会因应烟草的种类和雪茄理想的颜色而有所不同。
发酵过程 第二个工骤是发酵。在理想的环境，烟叶会慢慢死亡，温度和 湿度的掌握会决定叶发酵质素，处理得不好的话，烟叶会腐烂 或分解。雪茄的芳香特性便是决定于烟草发酵过程。
Montecristo（基督山伯爵）
“基督山伯爵复仇记”问世近一个世纪以后，一个西班牙阿斯图里亚人充满幻想地 用电影主人公的名字在古巴注册了一个雪茄品牌。据说这是工厂的卷烟工们要求的， 一个被卷烟师们熟悉的人物，在卷烟师工作的时候就有人为他们朗读这部小说，他的 味道最宜人。今天我们的卷烟师在工作的时候有人为他们朗读报纸，但世纪初却是朗 读小说，特别是那些冒险故事的小说。就从这里诞生了这个品牌，也是卷烟师用此来 纪念Alejandro Dumas—大仲马。MONTECRIST—基督山 雪茄有着无与伦比的香气、 味道和浓度，随着时间流逝，它已经超越了电影本身的名气。 这个世纪的前半叶西班牙阿斯图里亚人Alonso Menendez开始在古巴经营雪茄生意， 并获得了很大的进步。但是他大部分的雪茄经验却是在美国佛罗里达的雪茄种植园获 得的。1935年返回古巴后Menendez同另一个从事雪茄业的阿斯图里亚人Jose Carcia合作创建了Menendez，Carcia Cia公司。 建立新的公司用资金和精力发展它独特的品牌，不久就出了成绩，它的雪茄在最著 名的雪茄世界中占有最突出的位置。坚定的毅力和金钱决定了它的特质。1935年创建 的MONTECRISTO品牌一直在等待着它的黄金年华。丑小鸭终于变成了白天鹅。
1982年，科伊巴宣布：他们的市场定位更倾向于平民百姓，而供应西班牙皇室 及其他国家的王公贵族的份额将逐渐减少。7年后，又有3种尺寸的雪茄闪亮登 场：Espléndido（Churchill尺寸）、Robusto和Exquisito。Exquisito的尺 寸较为独特：长5英寸，环径为36。这三者中只有Exquisito是在埃尔拉吉托烟 厂生产的，其余两种则由乌普曼烟厂或帕塔加斯烟厂生产。
甄选过程 当烟叶经过合适的成熟时间，便会经过甄选过程。烟叶会因应各自的质素及 外表被选择成为茄衣或茄心的材料。过程期间，烟叶会吸收一定水份，及经 小心处理：包括：捆包、检查、摊开、再检查，一直重复至成熟。当烟叶到 达雪茄生产商的成熟标准，烟叶便可制造成雪茄
完成和保存
现代的雪茄生产依然保持传统的手工制作。一名熟手雪茄师傅每天能生 产上百支几乎一样的雪茄。雪茄师傅会保持茄衣的湿润，再以特制的新月 型刀熟练地填充茄心。当卷好雪茄后，雪茄会储存在木格内等待干燥，而 同时雪茄也会被切成相约的尺寸。之后，雪茄便完成，可以在特定环境永 久保存。（苏富比拍卖行曾经拍卖储存在爱尔兰古堡地下室上世纪的雪茄， 据报，雪茄仍然能很好地点燃。）一般地说，雪茄在18-21°C、70%相对 湿度的环境下，能保存上几十年。购买雪茄后，雪茄通常会长时间储存于 特制的木盒或雪茄盒。就算雪茄干涸了，也可以再次湿润过来。部分雪茄， 尤其是顶好的牌子，会使用不同的烟叶作茄心和茄衣。长茄心雪茄， "Long filler cigars"，是高级的雪茄，用长烟叶卷制。长茄心雪茄更用上 第三类烟叶——茄套——填充茄衣及茄心。这个造法可以支持用更精巧和 更吸引的烟叶作茄衣。这类高级的雪茄多数混合多种烟叶，即使是古巴的 长茄心雪茄也会混合岛上不同的烟叶以达至更丰富的口味。低级的雪茄会 使用烟叶碎屑作为茄心，长烟叶或烟纸作为茄衣。
为了庆祝哥伦布在古巴发现雪茄500周年，科伊巴新上市了5种尺寸， 称为Lí nea 1492（先前的6种尺寸现在称为Lí Clásica），在1992年11月的 nea 一次庆祝会上公开亮相，并于一年后在伦敦克拉里奇（Claridge）饭店的盛宴 上闪亮登场。Siglo1、2、3、4、5（Siglo意思是世纪），这些为纪念哥伦布发 现新大陆5个世纪而命名的雪茄，与一些如今已不在古巴生产的大卫多夫雪茄非 常相似。 在多米尼加制造的科伊巴雪茄如今在美国的一些雪茄店里有售，但这和前述 的古巴制的科伊巴雪茄无关。多米尼加生产该雪茄的通用雪茄公司很精明，早 在80年代初就向美国注册了科伊巴雪茄品牌。 科伊巴一直是世界上属于昂贵雪茄且为众多雪茄客追求的对象。它拥有非常丰 富及顺畅的口感，在哈瓦那雪茄中，科伊巴系列被归类为中等浓郁到浓郁口感 的雪茄，而新上市的Siglo系列采用新成分，较中等浓郁又多一点点圆融的口感。 “Espléndido”意思是美好辉煌的，真正是取得好名字。丰富丰满的味道当中 藏着精致。
Cohiba 科希巴
起始于60年代中期，当时一位卡斯特罗的贴身保镖喜欢向当地雪茄工匠秘 密购买雪茄，没想到卡斯特罗抽后非常喜欢，于是聘请爱德华多· 里维拉 （Eduardo Ribera)专门为他调制雪茄，制作地点是在严密监控的埃尔拉吉 托的哈瓦那郊区的一座意大利式的豪宅里。起初该雪茄没有名字，直到1968 年才以“科伊巴”的名字命名，开始生产3种尺寸规格：Lancero、Corona Especial和Panetela，每种都是卡斯特罗个人非常喜爱的。由于都是新创雪 茄，所以起用工厂的名字命名，这3种规格：Laguito No.1、NO.2和NO.3中， 前两者具有带一个独特的小尾巴的特征。
90年代的雪茄热
1990年代中后期，美国众多的文化现象再次引发起雪茄热。当时，美国各 地的大城市流行着奢侈的晚宴，社会名门、电台电视的清谈节目主持、政界 人士、蓝领工人、甚至大量的妇女都流行吸食雪茄。突然而来的雪茄热加上 实施了三十多年的古巴禁运，令供不应求的情况十分明显。当时，但凡雪茄 零售商都能够轻易说出所有牌子的雪茄及其售价。部分商人更拒绝卖一整盒 的雪茄给予单一的顾客，然而背后真正的原因往往是零售商也没有能力支付 整盒雪茄的来货价而设的谦词。为了应付突如其来的需求，最顶级的雪茄的 质量也受到短暂的影响。最终，部分顾客也因为供应不足或价格过于昂贵或 者热潮退却而戒掉吸食雪茄的习惯。直至2005年，雪茄的售价已经下降至 合理水平，最上乘的雪茄牌子的供应也充裕。
1 历史 1.1 来源 1.2 美国实施的古巴禁运 1.3 90年代的雪茄热 2 生产 2.1 烟草加工 2.2 发酵过程 2.3 甄选过程 2.4 完成和保存 3 成份 3.1 茄衣 3.2 茄心 3.3 茄套 4 口味 5 世界十大雪茄品牌
Content 目录
1.History 历史
来源
根据考古学的考证，玛雅文明的出土容器的表面显示一男子吸食原始的雪茄的 绘图，证明公元10世纪，加勒比海和中美洲的原住民已经拥有吸食雪茄的技术。 虽然吸烟是美洲土著的习惯，但普遍认为雪茄是由热那亚冒险家哥伦布引入欧 洲。1492年，哥伦布的两名船员登陆古巴时，首次吸食烟草，是世上首两位雪 茄欧洲吸食者。公元十九世纪，吸食雪茄比吸食香烟更为普及。在雪茄生产工 具未机械化之前，雪茄工业曾经是重要的工业，制造厂雇用大量工人。很多现 代的雪茄制造商为了保持传统及威望，依然沿用人手卷制烟草，所以部分的雪 茄盒上依然会印有Hecho a Mano，人手制造的证据。