跨文化交际中语用失误的分析和规避方法

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跨文化交际中翻译的语用失误及对应策略

跨文化交际中翻译的语用失误及对应策略车蕾全球经济一体化加快，不同国家、不同地区之间的跨文化交流也越来越频繁，由于不同国家在生活习俗、常用语言规范、表达方式的不同，造就了跨文化交际翻译当中的语用失误，对彼此的交流、理解、沟通带来一定的影响。

跨文化交流不仅仅指同一个国家不同人群之间的交流，也包括不同国家之间人与人之间的交流。

而从翻译的方式来看，同样包括笔译与口译，由于笔译与口译之间的要求不同，因此在翻译所用时间，翻译标准度上也不尽相同。

本文就跨文化交际翻译当中出现的问题进行分析，在此基础上提出解决翻译语用失误的策略方法，为从事翻译工作者提供参考标准。

1导言语用翻译观是近十多年来出现的一种翻译新论，是语用学运用于翻译领域的结果。

何自然先生在他的《语用学与英语学习》(何自然，1997)中提出语用翻译可以通过两种语言的对比，分别研究语用语言等效和社交语用等效的问题。

他认为语用语言等效近似奈达的“动态对等翻译”（dynamicequivalenttranslation）。

语用翻译把翻译看作是一种跨文化交际活动，强调译文应再现原文的语用潜力，使译文与原文达到语用等效。

跨文化交际必须懂得语用学，因为它关系到如何正确使用和理解说话双方用以交际的语言。

人们在跨文化交际时，由文化差异造成的语用习惯差异是不可回避的事实，由此产生的语用失效会影响交际中的信息获得，导致信息错误和信息障碍，以致产生交际误解，影响交际的顺利进行。

要取得跨语言、跨文化交际的成功，必须注意英汉两种语言在语用方面的文化差异。

从语用学来说，交谈者要达到真正的理解，必须明白对方的交际意图，而交际意图往往是隐含的，这主要是靠语言所承载的民族文化及语言习惯来体现。

2翻译在跨文化当中的语用失误分析2.1原文信息与译文信息无法对等“在跨文化交流翻译当中，往往会发生这样的语用失误：原文信息与译文信息无法对等的情况。

语义信息会传达两种信息，即为表层意思和深层意思”。

跨文化商务沟通中的语用失误及对策分析

跨文化商务沟通中的语用失误及对策分析跨文化商务沟通的历史渊源流长，国内外很多学者对此从不同角度做了分析研究。

由于跨文化交流沟通的研究难度较大，从内容和功能来看，语用失误是由于人的主观认知造成的。

本文主要从语用的角度出发，结合国内外研究的成果，论述语用问题形成的原因和对策，从而更好地帮助我们解决跨文化商务沟通中遇到的问题。

标签：跨文化交际语用失误对策一、前言从20世纪60年代开始，跨文化商务沟通就成为了国外学者研究的热点之一。

多种文化的交流与碰撞势必回事当代人遇到越来越多的源于跨文化交际的冲突，形成跨文化沟通的障碍。

尤其语用问题表现得越来越重要，英国著名经济学家托马斯·曼早就指出：“一个优秀的跨国企业管理人员和商人所具备的品质之一是应该能说几种语言，并熟悉各国的法律、风俗、政策、礼节、宗教、艺术状况。

”由此可见跨文化商务沟通中由于语用文化造成的沟通障碍是我们以后的文化发展和包容的需要，是时代的呼唤，是大势所趋。

二、跨文化交际与语用失误1.跨文化交际的含义“跨文化交际”的英语名称是“cross-cultural communication（或inter-cultural commu nication”）。

它指本族语者与非本族语者之间的交际，也指任何在语言和文化背景方面有差异的人们之间的交际。

通俗来说就是如果你和外国人打交道，应该注意什么问题，应该如何得体地去交流。

换言之，跨文化交际指的是一个文化群体和另一个文化群体之间的接触和交流，语言是文化的一种载体，一种语言本身已经具有与另一种语言的区别性特征。

因此，跨文化交际往往又是指一个语言群体的人与另一个语言群体的人之间进行交流。

2.语用失误的含义语用失误是跨文化交际中的常见现象。

研究语用失误对于跨文化交际、英语教学都具有现实意义。

一方面，它能帮助不同文化背景的人更好地了解对方，意识到自己认为合适的话语在不同的文化氛围里会被认为是不正常的言语行为，发现交际故障之所在并知道采取怎样的补救措施，调整自己的言语行为规范，避免交际冲突。

跨文化交际语用失误现象分析及对策研究

- 216-校园英语 / 语言文化跨文化交际语用失误现象分析及对策研究广东省高级技工学校/毕永利【摘要】跨文化交际中时常会出现语用失误现象，本文主要分析跨文化交际语用失误现象，并探讨该现象的原因，针对跨文化交际语用失误现象提出有效对策，从而减少或避免跨文化交际中的语用失误现象，以培养英语学习者跨文化交际的语用能力。

【关键词】跨文化交际语用失误现象对策一、跨文化交际的语用失误随着不同文化背景的人们越来越多的交流，跨文化交际日益频繁。

跨文化交际(cross-cultural communication)是指本族语者与非本族语者之间的交际，也指任何在语言和文化背景方面有差异的人们之间的交际。

人们虽然掌握了英语的单词发音、词汇和语法规则，但在交际中仍然会存在交际障碍或误解。

在语言交际过程中，由于说话不得体、不合时宜而导致的失误，并非一般遣词造句出现的语言运用错误(performance errors)，这种失误就是语用失误(pragmatic failure)。

如果犯跨文化交际语用失误，这样就可能会使对方产生误解，导致交际障碍，双方不能顺利进行交流和沟通。

要提高英语学习者的跨文化交际能力和语用能力，首先要解决的是这种语用失误问题。

因而，探讨这一课题，对英语教与学具有极为重要的理论价值和实践意义。

最早研究跨文化交际语用失误的英国语言学家Jenny Thomas ，1983年撰写了《跨文化语用失误》(Cross-cultural Pragmatic Failure)，为日后分析文化迁移和语用失误建立了理论框架，同时为研究跨文化交际语用失误的研究者提供了理论基础。

中国的语言学家何自然认为“跨文化交际过程中造成语用失误的原因并非常规的遣词造句过程中产生的语言运用问题，而是说话没有掌握好分寸或表达的方式不恰当、不符合文化习惯等造成交际无法获得令人满意的效果”。

他研究发现导致英语学习者跨文化交际语用失误的重要原因是母语的迁移。

跨文化交际中的语用失误分析

跨文化交际中的语用失误分析一、本文概述在全球化的今天，跨文化交际已经成为日常生活和工作中不可或缺的一部分。

然而，由于文化背景、社会习俗、语言习惯等方面的差异，跨文化交际中往往会出现各种语用失误，这些失误不仅可能导致沟通的障碍，甚至可能引发误解和冲突。

因此，对跨文化交际中的语用失误进行深入分析，具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。

本文旨在探讨跨文化交际中的语用失误现象，分析其产生的原因，并提出相应的应对策略。

文章首先回顾了相关理论和研究，界定了语用失误的概念和分类。

然后，结合具体案例，从语言习惯、社会习俗、价值观等方面分析了跨文化交际中常见的语用失误类型及其影响。

在此基础上，文章进一步探讨了如何提高跨文化交际能力，减少语用失误的发生。

本文的研究不仅对提高个体在跨文化交际中的能力有指导意义，也对促进不同文化间的理解和和谐共处具有积极意义。

二、语用失误的定义与分类在跨文化交际中，语用失误是一个核心概念，它涉及到语言使用者在交际过程中因文化差异而产生的误解或冲突。

语用失误不仅反映了语言本身的问题，更揭示了深层次的文化差异和认知冲突。

语用失误通常可以分为两类：语言语用失误和社交语用失误。

语言语用失误主要发生在语言使用的形式上，是由于对语言本身的误解或使用不当造成的。

例如，在一种文化中可能被视为礼貌或谦逊的表达，在另一种文化中可能被视为直接或冒犯。

这种失误通常是由于语言学习者对目的语的语言规则掌握不足或误解造成的。

社交语用失误则更加复杂，它涉及到语言使用者在交际过程中对文化规范、社会习俗和价值观的误解或忽视。

这种失误往往是由于交际双方对彼此文化的社会距离、行为准则和期望的误解造成的。

例如，在某些文化中，直接询问他人的年龄、婚姻状况或收入等私人信息被视为不礼貌或侵犯隐私，而在其他文化中则可能被视为友好或关心的表现。

在跨文化交际中，理解和避免语用失误至关重要。

这不仅需要语言学习者掌握语言本身的规则，更需要他们深入了解目的语的文化背景和社会习俗。

跨文化交际中的英语语用失误及应对措施

百家论点跨文化交际中的英语语用失误及应对措施金祥禹（对外经济贸易大学，北京100029）摘要：在跨文化语言交际的过程中，交际双方通常拥有不同的文化背景，对于彼此之间的文化差异不够了解，所使用的第二语言也总是或多或少地伴随着母语的文化特征。

因此，双方在言语交际过程中经常会出现不能完全达到交际目的的现象，造成跨文化语用失误。

本文列举跨文化交际在英语语用上的失误并从中分析原因，最终提出减少或避免语用失误的策略并得出以下结论：在跨文化交际中，只有双方确立情感意识中心，缩小对话双方之间的距离，承认不同的文化背景及其差异，增强理解和信任，才能减少或避免语用失误，达到顺畅交际的目的。

关键词：跨文化交际；语用失误；应对措施1引言随着经济发展全球化，跨文化交际变得越来越频繁，越来越普遍。

不同文化背景的交际者想要达到交际的目的，不仅仅需要语言相通，更重要的是应该具备跨文化交际的意识和能力。

“跨文化交际”这一术语既指本族语者与非本组语者之间的交际，也指任何在语言和文化背景方面有差异的人们之间的交际。

由于交际双方对于彼此文化的不理解，跨文化交际通常都存在一定障碍，根据吉尔特·霍夫斯塔德（Hofstede）所述，跨文化交际主要存在以下五大障碍：语言不同、非语言交流、文化固有概念、基于自身文化的评判偏见、交流中的高压力。

以上种种都会导致对话双方在交际中出现言语运用失误，造成交际失败或冲突。

为避免交际失败，就要对各种语用言语进行分析研究以达到减少语用失误，提高交际效率的目的。

2语用学及跨文化语用研究语用学（Pragmatics），这一术语是在20世纪30年代由美国哲学家莫里斯和卡纳普提出的。

莫里斯和卡纳普认为：句法，语义，语用构成语言的三个基本方面。

语用学研究语言对于人们观点和行为产生的影响，同时也关注交际者如何使用语言以达到成功交流的目的。

通过研究语用学，人们可以理解什么是成功地交流。

例如，当被问道“你有没有一只多余的笔呢？”，在这种语境下，大多数被访问者都能联想到对方是想借一支笔而不想要是或不是这种答案。

跨文化交际中的语用失误以及有效应对策略

跨文化交际中的语用失误以及有效应对策略摘要：随着中国改革开放程度的逐渐深入，跨国域、跨民族、跨文化的经济和社会交往与日俱增，不同国家和地区的人们在相互交往的过程中不可避免地会出现文化冲突现象。

语用失误不是来自语言本身的语法错误，而是说话人用词不当或听话人误解了说话人的意图所致。

更多的语用失误则是由于谈话双方不了解对方的文化背景、风俗、禁忌、价值观念等造成的。

通过对跨文化交际中常见的语用失误进行分析，提出了减少语用失误的对策。

关键词：跨文化交际；语用失误；文化一、跨文化交际与语用失误跨文化交际是指不同文化背景的人们之间的交际活动。

人进行言语交往时都要受到文化背景的影响，交际双方的交流就是依赖于两种文化背景的人运用不同的语言进行交往。

当编码与解码不在同一语言文化模式下进行，这种跨文化交际就会形成不同形式的语用失误。

在人们的言语交际中，因未达到完满的交际效果而出现的差错，统称为“语用失误”。

在这里，我们不用“错误”，而是采用“失误”这一说法，这是因为，语言失误并不是语言本身的语法错误所引起的，它不是因语法结构出现错误而导致的词不达意。

语用失误是说话人采取的说话方式不合时宜或者不符合表达习惯。

根据英国著名语言学家jenny tommas的观点，可以将语用失误分为两种：语用语言失误和社交语言失误。

它们均是跨文化语用学的重要组成部分。

顾名思义，语用语言失误是因不同语言之间的差异和它们之间的影响所引起的，很多情况下，这种失误也应归因于母语对第二语习得过程中的干扰。

而社交语言失误是由不同语言所依赖的文化背景差异或者社交文化习惯引起的，这就是说，当说话者对对方缺乏文化了解，情急之下，运用母语的文化习惯进行会话就会形成语用失误。

二、跨文化交际中语用失误的表现及其产生的原因1.跨文化交际中语用失误的表现（1）语用语言失误语用语言失误指的是由于外语学习者不懂得目的语的语言习惯，而把母语的语言习惯运用到目的语中，而造成表达的不准确，例如：a：thank you very much.b：never mind.在上述的对话中，b用“never mind”来表达不用谢的意思是不对的，当我们对对方道歉时表示不介意时才会用“never mind”。

跨文化交际中的语用失误分析

跨文化交际中的语用失误分析在全球化日益加剧的今天，跨文化交际能力已成为人们不可或缺的一项技能。

然而，在实际的跨文化交际过程中，语用失误时常出现，成为交际中的一大障碍。

本文将探讨跨文化交际中语用失误的重要性，分析其表现形式、产生原因以及如何应对这一挑战。

在跨文化交际中，语用失误指的是由于语言使用不恰当或不合适，导致信息传递不畅或者交际失败。

这种失误可能源于语言使用者的文化背景、思维方式、价值观念等方面与目标语言使用者的差异。

例如，英语国家的人普遍重视个体主义和直接性，而东方文化则更注重群体主义和婉转含蓄。

在跨文化交际中，如果使用过于直接或者过于婉转的语言，都可能导致语用失误。

语用失误在跨文化交际中有很多表现形式。

语言选择不当是常见的一种。

例如，使用不礼貌的语言或者过于专业的术语，都会让对方感到不舒服或者困惑。

语境偏移也是语用失误的一种表现。

在某些语境下，使用不恰当的语言或者表达方式，可能导致误解或者沟通失败。

表达方式的不同也是引起语用失误的一个重要因素。

不同文化背景下的人有不同的沟通风格和礼仪习惯，如果不能很好地适应对方的沟通方式，也容易导致语用失误。

语用失误的产生原因有很多，其中最主要的是文化差异。

不同的文化背景会造就人们不同的思维方式、价值观念和行为习惯。

如果不能很好地了解并尊重对方的文化，就很容易在跨文化交际中出现语用失误。

语言习惯也是导致语用失误的重要因素。

不同语言习惯的人有不同的表达方式和沟通技巧，如果不能很好地适应对方的语言习惯，也容易导致语用失误。

社会压力也是语用失误产生的原因之一。

在某些情况下，由于对对方的文化和社会环境不够了解，或者由于对自己的语言能力不够自信，人们往往会在跨文化交际中产生一定的社会压力，这种压力可能会导致语用失误。

让我们来看一个例子。

在电视剧《北京遇上西雅图》中，由于男主角Frank是美国人，而女主角文佳佳则是中国人，两人在交流过程中就出现了很多语用失误。

例如，Frank经常直接表达自己的想法和观点，而文佳佳则更喜欢用一些含蓄的方式表达自己的意见。

跨文化交际中的英语语用失误分析及对策(英语)

摘要语用失误是语用学研究的一个重大领域，是影响跨文化交际的重要障碍之一。

本文由导致跨文化交际语用失误所涉及的几大元素入手，如中外文化渊源差异、文化价值认同感差异、理解偏差的中外现状和将来趋势等进行讨论语用失误。

当今中外对语用的研究，重心由对语用的本义转向对引申义的研究，由此引起的中外文化渊源、文化价值认同感等一系列问题的语用研究。

本文从语用学的角度,针对跨文化交际的语用失误,分析语用失误的类型和原因,并进一步提出在跨文化交际中应注重对语用能力的提升。

关键词：交际障碍；语用失误；跨文化交际ABTRACTIn this study,in cross-cultural communication, pragmatic failure is an important area of pragmatics and one of the important barriers. This paper starts with several elements that lead to the pragmatic failures in cross-cultural communication, such as the differences in cultural origins, the differences in cultural value recognition, the current situation and future trend of the understanding deviation. Nowadays, the focusof Chinese and foreign studies on pragmatics has shifted from the original meaning of pragmatics to the extended meaning. From the perspective of pragmatics, analyzes the types and causes of pragmatic errors in cross-cultural communication, and further proposes that emphasis should be placed on the improvement of pragmatic competence in cross-cultural communication.Key words: Communication Disorder; Pragmatic Failure; Intercultural CommunicationContentsAnalysis and Countermeasures of Pragmatic Errors in Cross-cultural Communication (2)Introduction (2)Chapter I (7)Theoretical Basis (7)1.1.Theoretical Basis (7)2.1. Language pragmatic failure (8)2.2Social pragmatic failure (10)2.3. Non-verbal pragmatic failure (13)Chapter III (16)The cause analysis of pragmatic failure and strategies for Pragmatic Failures in Cross-cultural Communication (16)Conclusion (19)The solution study of Pragmatic Failures in Cross-cultural Communication (19)IntroductionPragmatic errors caused by the differences of various elements in cross-cultural communication have become a serious problem. Due to the fact that each country does not understand the cultural characteristics of native English speakers and non-native speakers, and there are differences in their beliefs, cultural value recognition and understanding, pragmatic errors occur in cross-cultural communication. Therefore, it is increasingly important to study pragmatic errors in cross-cultural communication. Expression in communication, use of vocabulary, sentence and culture value identity subtle difference also can cause communication barriers, in cross-cultural communication, we are no longer simply to express literal meaning, must be combined with the other person's social status, cultural background and environment, through a series of accurate analysis, the correct expression and understanding the true meaning of the speaker. Based on this theory, the study of pragmatics focuses on the cultural value recognition and understanding. With the development of linguistics, pragmatic errors have gradually become a hot topic among scholars. Languages have been formed for thousands of years, and their statusis not easily shaken. However, due to various cultural backgrounds, they all have fixed language structure and logical thinking. Pragmatics scholars believe that in communication, even if the speaker USES the correct and standard grammar, the deviation of the way of expression and the neglect of the cultural background and social rules can lead to communication barriers, which leads to pragmatic failure.Nowadays many scholars found the original meaning and metaphorical meaning of the study of foreign language that focus on both sides of the subject and the culture origin of differences, as well as the difference between Chinese and foreign cultural value identity understanding deviation, for us to study of pragmatic failure in cross-cultural communication pointed out the direction. However, their research is only limited to the description on the surface of language and does not focus on pragmatic errors. Now, on the basis of Jenny Thomas' classification, scholars classify pragmatic errors into pragmatic language errors and social pragmatic errors. In cross-cultural communication, the verbal expression fails to achieve the desired effect of the target language, or the structure of the mother tongue is created, and inappropriate verbal expression leads to misunderstanding and communication barriers. Social pragmatic error refers to the pragmatic error caused by the misunderstanding of the cultural background of the other party in communication. The pragmatic failures in cross-cultural communication can be analyzed from their respective beliefs, cultural value identity and understanding. Some differences between English-speaking countries and Chinese in these aspects. English-speaking countries pay great attention to the pursuit and sublimation of personal values, especially the protection of personal privacy. Therefore, it can be known that in the communication of English speaking countries, such as marriage status, children, actual age, salary, religion, etc., are private and are forbidden to be asked. However, in China, tolerance is great, and people pay attention to the harmony and friendship between people and all things in the world. So the Chinese are more collectivist. In addition, English-speaking countries also have different time control. English-speaking countries more unknown's vision of the time, but the Chinese culture under the edification of the Chinese pay more attention to the history ofexploration, in the history of Chinese pay more attention to hierarchical, and junior to his birthright, and the English-speaking countries pay attention to equality, it also makes people to say in communication, taboo language and euphemism and politeness language is different. In the long run, the differences in understanding of language habits lead to pragmatic errors and hinder the smooth progress of communication.However, according to the cross-cultural pragmatic failures redefined in this thesis, the cross-cultural pragmatic failures should be divided into three categories: pragmatic, social and nonverbal pragmatic failures. The former two belong to the verbal level and the latter to the non-verbal auxiliary level. It provides a new perspective for further analysis and countermeasures of pragmatic errors in cross-cultural communication.People living in a common society are bound to abide by social rules. Social rules are norms that regulate people's behavior in society, including cultural background, cultural value identity, religious belief and other factors. There is an old saying: "no rules, no radius." Social rule is a constraint mechanism to regulate society, and it is a criterion to regulate social behavior that can be recognized by the whole society gradually formed by people in the society in the long-term historical background. In other words, without the existence of social rules, all social activities and social existence are difficult to unify activities. We violate social rules, according to the degree of violation, will be punished by the world, both social criticism, punishment, even legal sanctions. People have to follow certain social rules and follow them naturally.As an important part of society, speech is bound to be subject to certain social rules.Just as people's expression must follow social rules, people's speech expression must follow the rules of usage Shared and created by society, that is, the rules of social language. Social language rules belong to the category of social rules in cross-cultural communication. Just as it is natural for people to follow the social norms, the verbal expression is also the observance of the rules of social language, as well as the recognition of cultural value naturally generated after they understand the cultural background of various countries and communicate with thelanguage rules of various countries. As there are differences in social rules, there must be differences in social language rules, which leads to differences in cross-cultural communication. Due to the influence of many factors, the differences become more and more severe, which will be disastrous if it is ignored in the context of today's globalization. We tend to only pay attention to the learning of grammatical structures and ignore the understanding of logical thinking and cultural background. Between different cultures is not only reflected in the pragmatic language failure refers to the pragmatic meaning in the context of a particular language make communication both sides understand the deviation caused by error, specific as phonetics, vocabulary, grammar mistakes of words, but also in social pragmatic failure and even pragmatic failures in cross-cultural nonverbal communication in auxiliary language, body posture, object object language, etc., including communication, communication, communication error. It is urgent to study pragmatic failure.People of different cultures in communication often understanding deviation or not meet expectations, such as their don't know the culture of native English speakers and between non-native characteristic, follow each other beliefs, cultural values, identity and understand the differences between the differences with the social language rules caused by lacking of awareness of cross-cultural communication breakdown, linguists called pragmatic failures.And with these words with science research community in order to smooth progress of communication all over the world, has started the study of pragmatics, and the term "pragmatic failure" began in the British linguist Jenny Thomas (1983), and the pragmatic failure into linguistic pragmatic failure and social pragmatic failure, points out that "as long as the perception by the speaker's discourse with the speaker intends to express or think should be obedient people perceived meaning is different, then creates a" pragmatic failures. He Ziran(1997) believes that "pragmatic failure is not the linguistic failure in general diction and sentence construction, but the failure in speaking out of turn, or the improper way of speaking or expression out of habit.The existing definition of Thomas and He Ziran only studies the verbal errors and ignores the importance of non-verbal AIDS. Verbal expression accounts for about one-third of verbal communication, and the remaining two-thirds is done with nonverbal assistance. Therefore, the existing pragmatic errors should be redefined as: in cross-cultural communication, one of the communicating parties is called pragmatic errors because of the misunderstanding caused by the verbal and non-verbal AIDS. Pragmatic failures can be divided into pragmatic and social pragmatic failures. Language pragmatic failure lies only in the language itself, the native language speakers live move hard stretched out the form structure, in the desire to express the meaning but not the pragmatic failures caused by clear of her intention, is due to express the original meaning of language and word meaning understanding deviation caused, often characterized by semantics, grammar, structure, expression of pragmatic failure, this also caused the social pragmatic failures. However, according to the cross-cultural pragmatic failures redefined in this paper, the cross-cultural pragmatic failures should be divided into three categories: pragmatic, social and nonverbal pragmatic failures. The former two belong to the verbal level and the latter to the non-verbal auxiliary level. It provides a new perspective for further analysis of Chinese students' misunderstanding in cross-cultural communication ,This thesis mainly adopts the literature research method to study the views of scholars on pragmatic errors.Taking pragmatic failures as the focus of pragmatics research, scholars' research shows that the study of language culture learning and background is no longer just the study of language learning, but the study of the ultimate purpose of pragmatic failures and the development direction of pragmatic failures. By means of discussion and practical verification, linguists have shown how to reasonably express their own words so that both sides can achieve the desired effect. By analyzing the understanding deviation caused by pragmatic failure, linguists have analyzed the relationship between discourse communication and cultural background. Different cultural backgrounds lead to different communication modes. There are also studies on language strategies that affect cross-cultural communication errors, and show howhuman verbal communication develops and what factors restrict human communication, which plays a very important role in our study of pragmatic errors.The first chapter introduces the background and current situation of the research, the purpose and significance of the research, the research methods and the structure of the paper.The second chapter introduces relevant theoretical research and theoretical basis.The third chapter introduces the types of pragmatic failures,The fourth chapter analyzes the causes of pragmatic failures, The fifth chapter summarizes the pragmatic failures.Chapter ITheoretical Basis1.1.Theoretical BasisThomas and definition of pragmatic failure, this article studies verbal pragmatic failures, the British linguist Jenny Thomas (1983) for further study of pragmatic failures, and the pragmatic failures can be divided into linguistic pragmatic failure and social pragmatic failure and points out that the speaker of words do not tally with the anticipated effect to make each other understand deviation cause pragmatic failure. He Ziran (1997) holds that pragmatic errors are not only linguistic errors, but also improper expression errors. However, the importance of non-verbal assistance has been gradually valued by the broad masses, which is defined as: one party of the two sides of communication is called pragmatic failure because of the misunderstanding of the other party caused by verbal expression and non-verbal assistance. Pragmatic failures can be divided into pragmatic and social pragmatic failures. Languagepragmatic failure lies only in the language itself, the native language speakers live move hard stretched out the form structure, in the desire to express the meaning but not the pragmatic failures caused by clear of her intention, is due to express the original meaning of language and word meaning understanding deviation caused, often characterized by semantics, grammar, structure, expression of pragmatic failure, this also caused the social pragmatic failures.Chapter II2.Main Types of Pragmatic Errors in Cross-culturalCommunication2.1. Language pragmatic failurePragmatic language failure refers to the errors caused by the misunderstanding of the pragmatic meaning of language in a specific context, which include errors in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. Due to the subtle influence of the native culture and the factors of their own learning ability, when learning English pronunciation, they will have an accent, ignore consonants, wrong pronunciations, wrong vowels, and ambiguous stressed syllables, resulting in phonetic errors. V ocabulary is caused by the influence of Chinese language structure which leads to the deviation of English meaning comprehension and the improper use of similar words. Grammar is caused by the confusion of tense and voice in communication. For example, Chinese students and foreign students live together in the dormitory. In themiddle of the night, Chinese students play music. The Chinese students answered, "It's 1 o 'clock at night." obviously, the Chinese students did not understand that the foreign students' specific question meant that they should have gone to sleep quietly instead of listening to music recklessly. Therefore, we must pay attention to the appropriateness of language in language communication. Pragmatic linguistic errors are mainly considered from the perspective of communicative parties.First of all, it is taken for granted that the other side can fully understand their own words, and the improper way of expression leads to pragmatic failure, such as the conversation between English speakers and Chinese.Chinese: Has Marry been set free?English speaker:What happened to her?Here the problem is a typical Chinese style of question sentence structure, and if the Chinese mean free this is Mary, general meaning come to Mary for me to play, but the English country people will think Mary accident of imprisonment its consequences, so in the appropriate context of discourse to combine their cultural background and sentence comprehensive analysis to ensure the smooth progress of communication.Again, such asEnglish speaker: Thank you.Chinese: It is my duty to do It.This is a conversation in which the Chinese accompany the English speakers to the exhibition, the English speakers express their thanks, and the Chinese reciprocate. Thank you for your company. Although the polite response of Chinese people is quite different from the normal humble response in Chinese culture, due to the cultural background of the two sides, the semantics in the speech are quite different. However, according to the normal understanding of the guests, the correct answer should be "It is my pleasure. Because English-speaking people think of "duty" as a greater responsibility and psychological burden is too heavy, contrary to social norms and other meanings, which will be uncomfortable and cause communication barriers.2.2Social pragmatic failureThe social pragmatic failure is that different cultural backgrounds have different views on the appropriate language behavior in a specific context. As a result, English-speaking countries and Chinese people misunderstand the real meaning of their words in the complex social culture, resulting in communication barriers. For example, according to Chinese traditional virtues, respecting the old and caring for the young is a virtue beyond reproach to Chinese students. Anglophone elders, however, see the attention given to her as a sign of old age and distemper, causing difficulties in communication. Differences in cultural background and cultural values lead to this social pragmatic failure. People from different cultural backgrounds may have a wrong understanding of inappropriate speech patterns. Behaviors that are generally accepted in one culture are not recognized or even discarded in another culture. What is appropriate and appropriate to express in one culture is considered naive and ignorant in another culture. These ubiquitous differences in the sense of value identity lead to communication difficulties and obstacles between English-speaking countries and Chinese people. Learners of English are influenced by the logical thinking of their mother tongue in language expression and use English according to the structure of their mother tongue. This deep-rooted cultural atmosphere interferes with our learning of English, which we call negative cultural transfer. The greater the cultural differences between English-speaking countries and Chinese, the greater the negative cultural transfer gap, and the higher the failure rate of pragmatic mistakes. Some typical examples of negative cultural transfer in the failure of social pragmatics, which is one of the important reasons for the failure of cross-cultural communication.Cultural background differences lead to social pragmatic errors in greeting, personal, euphemism, polite language and taboo words.Social pragmatic failures of greeting and person.For exampleA student greets an English-speaking teacher with "Hello ,the teacher John."This kind of pragmatic mistake is a typical mistake in English and Chinese modes. In English countries, we should use Sir, Madam, Mr, Mrs, Miss, Ms and theirsurnames to address each other. We can't use personal occupation as the address. Chinese call teacher Li, doctor Lin, manager Wu and so on. It can be seen that the differences in cultural backgrounds lead to the failure of communication everywhere. There are also privacy issues that English speakers refuse to answer and loathe.And privacy protections for English speakers cannot be ignored."Older?" "From where? "How many people in the family?""what is your occupation?" "how much is your salary?"And so on. Although the Chinese are not willing to answer, but the Chinese will polite polite response, English speakers will directly refuse or even reduce contact. This protection of privacy is also due to cultural differences.The social pragmatic failure of polite language, polite language can make you grasp the right time in communication and praise the other party appropriately to make the communication go smoothly, polite language in the conversation from time to time to use polite words transition dialogue, so that the conversation goes on smoothly. Pragmatic rules are relatively existing and common among countries, but the most important thing is to understand the cultural background of both sides and to restore the appropriateness of language to the greatest extent. Different language structures have similarities and great differences in details, which require the joint efforts of both sides in communication to grasp the similarities of conversation as far as possible to common communication, so that the two sides can communicate smoothly. The two sides of the communication with different cultural backgrounds grasp the use and flexibility of pragmatic rules, and measure the communicative standards and forms of expression.An English-speaking student goes to a Chinese student's home for dinner and says "I can eat all of this food" to show his satisfaction with the food, but the Chinese student thinks there is not enough food for him! If Chinese people invite friends from English-speaking countries to dinner, they always say humbly, "there is no good food to serve, please excuse me until you arrive, please help yourself!" People in English-speaking countries think, "since you invited me to dinner, shouldn't you treat me well? Wouldn't it be better to have a good reception?" It can be seen that theunderstanding of table manners is also very deviated, and the social pragmatics mistakes are not properly grasped, which leads to the departure of the party.Social pragmatic failure of taboo words and euphemism. Taboo words and euphemism are mutually complementary and closely attached to each other. Since there are some taboos, euphemism should be used to avoid them to ensure smooth communication. Taboo words and euphemisms exist in most languages, which are the product of the long-term formation of the society. However, euphemisms are relatively generated from this, enabling people to follow the principle of politeness in their lives, and thus language has broad commonality. In English-speaking countries of "old" euphemism is particularly, mapping in English-speaking countries people taboo "old" social mentality, old man most single life had come to the English countries, sad lonely, so the "old" is a taboo, resulting in English-speaking countries, known as "senior citizens" elderly (an senior citizen), it is stray flower defeated , but euphemistically called hale and hearty. Chinese people more grief, Chinese culture is not to "old" is the taboo, national tradition also has the traditional culture of "respect", the old man most has children to take care of, in the home is "the home has a old if there is a treasure" of say, universal respect and care for, old "in the Chinese culture far from a daunting word, instead it gives a person the sense with a kind of" respected ". People like to use "old" to show respect, love, respect, such as "you old, old gentleman, old cadres, old revolutionary old professor" and so on, these are the title of respect for the elderly, it seems friendly. But this is forbidden in English-speaking cultures. English speakers don't usually call people "old" to their faces, so how old are you? Although it may seem polite, the other person will not like it, because he may think you are laughing at his lack of usefulness. At the same time of language learning, communicative competence is reflected not only in the correctness of the grammatical structure of language, but also in the appropriateness of social pragmatic language.The aim of language learning is to cultivate students with language communication, and the cultivation of communicative ability and cultural background of learning and teaching have a close relationship, when learning a language, if simply learning language syntax and does not include the culture background, not tounderstand the social rules of the language, and cannot accurately, in communication. Let the students enhance their awareness of the culture of English-speaking countries, subtly, improve the understanding of the culture of English-speaking countries, cultivate the sense of cultural value and correct cultural perception.There are a lot of social pragmatic errors in cross-cultural communication, so it is particularly important to study social pragmatic errors, which not only helps to reduce pragmatic errors in cross-cultural communication, but also promotes the effective conduct of cross-cultural communication. Through a concrete analysis of the various manifestations of the study of social pragmatic errors, we can explore the underlying historical causes such as historical formation, cultural values and sense of identity. To understand and analyze the culture of English-speaking countries and improve the understanding of different cultures is also an effective way to reduce social pragmatic errors in communication.For exampleIn China, people may ask one another, "how old are you?What kind of work do you do ?And how much does it pay? "And so on.In the context of China's extensive and profound culture is an appropriate speech act, popular and cordial. But in foreign countries where English is the native language, they pay special attention to privacy protection and inviolability, which will lead to antipathy, and they will directly refuse to answer, thus causing communication barriers.2.3. Non-verbal pragmatic failurePragmatic failures in cross-cultural non-verbal communication are embodied in auxiliary language, body posture and object language and other aspects, including communicative behavior, communicative mode, communicative situation mistakes. Nonverbal communication is to assist and create the right atmosphere so that the speaker can express the meaning of the conversation more accurately. Facial expression is the main expression of communication, while smile is the leading part ofexpression. In the same social situation, people from different cultures have different understandings of smile. For example, if people in English-speaking countries hear the other side of the joke during the meal habit of whispering, low-key and elegant continue to eat. Chinese people, however, laugh and share jokes with those around them to create a harmonious atmosphere. People in English-speaking countries, however, believe that they interfere with other people's normal eating and cause communication problems. For example, when a person makes a mistake, he/she reflects on himself/herself with an expression of guilt and self-reproach, while making a humble and careful apology in his/her tone. In this way, he/she can express his/her guilt in a coherent auxiliary language and express his/her attitude and body with an expression that makes people feel that they are worthy to be taught.Gestures reinforce confidence and courage in the words they are trying to express.For exampleThe speaker say, "we can only succeed in this way."At the same time, the others with their heads up, their bodies straight, their drummers, and their enthusiasm, express their firm ideals and beliefs.Object including gestures, eye, face, expression, atmosphere, etc., can play in the appropriate atmosphere using the appropriate expression make communication smoothly, for example: conversation, people use gestures, eye, posture, and pause tone hint at his words, transition, emphasizing the importance of making words can make each other understand more. It can be seen from this that if we ignore the assistance of non-verbal communication, it will replace the adjustment, emphasis and cooperation of verbal communication. In verbal communication, you will complete the sentences in accordance with the grammatical structure with fear, but in interpersonal communication, you will violate or be unfamiliar with the cultural background of the other party, and the use of inappropriate auxiliary language in an inappropriate atmosphere will still hinder the smooth communication.There is also a big difference in the expression of eyes between English-speaking countries and Chinese people in communication. Chinese people do。

跨文化交际的语用失误分析

跨文化交际的语用失误分析摘要：跨文化交际的语用失误主要是指不同文化背景的人们在交际过程中对语言的运『}1不够得体而产生的语言失误。

跨文化交际的语用失误包括社交语用失误和语用语言失误两种基本娄型。

跨文化交际语用失误产生的原因是多种多样的。

可采取以下对策培养学生的跨文化交际语用能力：了解目的语文化，传授语用知识；尽量创造语言环境，不断开展交际活动。

关键词：跨文化交际；语用失误；语用学一、跨文化交际语用失误的概念要想了解跨文化交际语用失误的概念，首先耍了解跨文化语用学的基本理论。

跨文化语用学是近几年来语用学研究的一个新领域，它主要研究语言行为的跨文化特征。

具体来讲，跨文化语用学主要研究的是在使用第二语言进行交际的过程中出现的语用问题。

跨文化交际语用失误是指在跨文化交际的过程中，交际人由于背景、思维方式不同，不自觉地违反了正常的交际规范、社会规约以及特定文化的价值观念，而造成的交际行为失败或者中断。

语用失误不是单纯的语法失误，而是由于说话的方式不对，不符合正常的语言习惯，导致交际无法达到预期效果。

语用失误有广义和狭义之分。

广义的语用失误主要包括在语言运用中出现的所有错误，比如语法错误、拼写错误等。

狭义的语用失误指的是语言使用中的可接受性，而不是语言语法运用得正确与否。

二、跨文化交际语用失误的分类英国著名语言学家Jenny Thomas把语用失误分为两种：语用语言失误和社交语言失误。

(一)语用语言失误语用语言失误指的是由于外语学习者自身的语言不符合外语民族的语言习惯，而造成表达的不准确和不规范。

例如：(1)A：Thanks a lot．That’s a great llelP．B：Never mind．在上述的对话qlJ，A 感谢B。

B川Never mind表达不用谢、不客气之类的意思，实际上，当对方道歉时表示自己不介意才用Never mind。

所以说．13的回答方式是错误的，导致了语用失误。

(2)A：W ould you like to go the movie with me?B：Excuse ille，I’n1 busy at the IYIOII1("I'1t．A邀请B去看电影，B不接受，应该朋sorry，小应用Excuse me。

跨文化交际中的语用失误分析与对策

跨文化交际中的语用失误分析与对策跨文化交际中的语用失误分析与对策在全球化的今天，跨文化交际已经成为一种非常普遍的沟通方式。

然而，由于不同语言和文化背景的差异，跨文化交际中经常会出现语用失误，给沟通双方带来一定的困扰和不便。

本文将从语用失误的定义与类型、分析原因和对策等多个方面来探讨跨文化交际中的语用失误。

一、语用失误的定义与类型语用失误指在跨文化交际中，由于使用者对目标语言的语用规则不熟悉，导致与原语言所表达的含义不同的信息传达过程。

语用失误的类型分为四类：（1）错用语用规则；（2）选择不当的语用策略；（3）未恰当运用常用语；（4）意图不明确。

其中，错用语用规则指的是在无意识的情况下，使用者将自己母语的语用规则错误地应用到目标语言中。

比如，很多英语学生在学习中文的时候，会不自觉地采用英语中的“尊重性语言”来表达敬意和礼貌，这往往会在中国人的眼中显得过于生硬和冷淡。

选择不当的语用策略是指使用者在跨文化交际中选择不适当的语用策略导致了沟通不畅。

比如，在西方国家中，使用直接的语言表达对方的错误或不满是非常常见的，但在华人社会中，这种做法会被认为是不礼貌和失礼的。

未恰当运用常用语是指使用者在跨文化交际中，未能恰当地运用目标语中常见的语言和表达方式，导致信息传达不清楚。

比如，日本人在主动表达自己的意见时，通常会使用含糊不清的表达方式，这容易让他们的外国朋友误解他们的意思。

最后，意图不明确是指在跨文化交际中，无法准确地表达自己的意图，从而造成语用失误。

比如，一些母语非英语的学生在申请留学时，由于无法准确表达自己的想法和意愿，导致申请被拒或错过最佳的申请时间。

二、分析语用失误的原因产生语用失误的原因主要有两大方面：一是文化差异；二是语言差异。

由于不同的文化背景和价值观，不同的人群对于同一事物可能有截然不同的看法和态度。

比如，在中国，长辈和上司通常被视为更加重要和值得尊重的人物，而在西方，个人的权利和自由则更受到重视。

跨文化交际中语用失误的分析和规避方法

２跨文化交际
语言是文化的一部分，并对文化起着重要作用，没有语言，就没有文化：语言又受文化的影响，从而反映文化。文化与语言的
关系在具有不同文化背景的人们的交际活动中表现得最为明
关键词：跨文化交际语用失误语用语言失误社交语用失误规避方法
中图分类号：Ｈ３１５．９
文献标识码：Ａ
文章编号：１６７２ — １５７８（２０１５）０２ — ００３３ — ０２
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引言
为，就会造成语用失误，易引起本族语者的误解、愤怒。
第１２卷第Ｎ２期Ｖ０１．１２ｏ．２
读与写杂志
ＲｅａｄａｎｄＷｒｉｔｅＰｅｒｉｏｄｉｃａｌ
２０１５年２月Ｆｅｂｒｕａｒｙ２０１５
跨文化交际中语用失误的分析和规避方法
误；（４）只理解字面意思，弄不清说话人的真正用意；（５）滥用完整句，忽略完整旬在特定场合下可能带来的特殊含义；（６）混淆
同义结构的不同使用场合。这种语用一语言失误，一方面表现在
显。作为一个新兴的交叉性学科，跨文化交际学研究具有不同文
化背景的人们在各类交际活动中涉及文化的种种问题。英语中

中日跨文化交际语用失误分析及对策

中日跨文化交际语用失误分析及对策跨文化交际语用失误是交际双方因不理解对方的意图而发生的沟通失误。

通过分析导致中日跨文化交际语用失误的成因，即语言差异、文化背景和习惯差异导致的社交理念差异、以及受文化定势的影响，针对性地提出改进意见，降低中日交流过程中误会发生的可能性。

标签：中日跨文化交际；语用失误；语言；社交理念；文化定势引言近年来，中日两国互赴旅游、留学、工作热潮持续升温。

以中国游客赴日旅游为例，2015年出现了井喷式增长。

日本政府观光局公布的统计资料显示，2015年1月至10月中国大陆赴日游客超428.4万人，较去年同期增长112.9%，中国游客的消费观念也给日本民众以强大的冲击，催生了“爆买”一词，并在年度日本十大流行语票选中拔得头筹〔1〕。

与此同时我们也遗憾的看到，根据凤凰卫视的一档《寰宇大战略》日本智库言论MPU的调查显示，84.3%的日本人对中国印象不佳，而对日本有负面印象的中国人也高达64.5%。

一方面是日益频繁的交际，另一方面是对彼此印象的恶化，两者严重矛盾，长此以往势必影响中日民间交往的健康发展。

中日两国的关系用“一衣带水的邻邦”来形容恰如其分，撇开长久以来的政治恩怨、地缘纠葛，细想起来，飞行距离短且感受不到时差、似曾相似的语言、源远流长的文化渊源、趋近的黄皮肤黑头发，都可以成为两国民众“相熟”并增进感情的理由。

然而事实上中日民众的交际存在诸多文化碰撞下的“水土不服”，又鉴于对这些现象背后深层次的误读，助推了双方在互为差评师的道路上渐行渐远。

本文试图立足于跨文化语用失误角度，探究导致中日交际语用失误的成因，并相应提出改善对策，以期对中日跨文化交际朝着正向发展提供一些参考。

一、跨文化交际语用失误的概念和分类语用失误（Pragmatic Failure）是由英国语言学家托马斯（Jenny Thomas）于上世纪八十年代提出的。

她在“跨文化语用失误”（Cross-cultural Pragmatic Failure）一文中使用了语用失误（Pragmatic Failure），以区别于以往的语用错误（Pragmatic Error）概念。

语用失误及对策

语用失误及对策 Prepared on 22 November 2020浅析跨文化交际中的语用失误及其应对策略摘要：在跨文化交际时,人们常常理所当然地以本国文化的准则和社会规范作为解释和评价别人行为的标准，这种行为往往造成交际失败，并产生较大的心理或社会距离，即造成语用失误。

可以说，语用问题已经成为跨文化交际顺利进行的障碍。

本文就语用失误中社交语用失误的概念、产生的原因以及应对策略三个方面进行简单的分析和概括，希望能使更多人了解语用失误，并且能正确应对语用失误以实现交际顺利进行。

关键词：跨文化交际；语用失误；文化背景；社会环境Abstract: In cross-cultural communication,people often take it for granted that their own cultural norms and social norms as the standard to explain and evaluate the behavior of behavior often causes communication failure and larger psychological or social can say that pragmatic problems has become the obstacle for the smooth intercultural this paper,I analysis and summary the pragmatic failure simply in three aspects that concept,reasons and to make people know more about pragmatic failure and fix them to make Communication go smoothly.Key word: cross-cultural communication;pragmatic failure;cultural background;social environment 随着世界地球村的形成和中国国力的逐步增强，跨文化交际已成为国际间交往的必须。

论跨文化社交语用失误及对策

－169－文化教育论跨文化社交语用失误及对策赵丹（哈尔滨师范大学&黑龙江东方学院，黑龙江哈尔滨150000）1概述。

随着中国对外开放程度的逐渐深入，西方社会的人和事物越来越多地走进了我们的视野，在这种情况下，跨国域、跨民族、跨文化的经济和社会交往将会与日俱增，这就为我们提供了许多与西方人接触和交往的机会，这对于加深我们对西方社会的理解是一件好事，但这并不是一件简单的事情。

在人类的交际活动中，语言交际是最直接、也是最主要的方式。

用语言进行交际，不仅需要知道语言知识，还需要知道如何使用语言。

跨文化交际是指任何两个不同语言文化背景的人之间的交际。

在跨文化交际中，由于双方文化背景存在差异，常发生文化冲突，这种文化冲突必然反映在作为文化载体的语言上，从而产生语用失误。

英语语用失误包括语用语言失误和社交语用失误：前者是指忽视语言使用时的语境或违反语言习惯而盲目套用母语的表达方式所产生的语言失误；后者是指交际中因不了解或忽视谈话双方的社会文化背景差异而出现的语言表达失误，它与谈话双方的身份、会话的语域和话题的熟悉程度等因素有关。

在大多数情况下，在交际过程中出现的语用失误都属于因文化背景不同而造成的社交语用失误。

2社交语用失误的形成原因和表现形式。

社交语用失误多数是在交际的一方在不使用母语的情况下出现的。

它是由于交际的一方在交际过程中套用了本族文化中不能为对方所接受的社会语用规则或语用参数而造成的，有如下一些情况：2.1不得当的问候和告别方式。

问候和告别是交际的重要方面，使用不得当的语言来问候和告别常常会导致困惑甚至反感。

中国人见了面传统的打招呼的问候语“吃了吗？”或者“你到哪儿去？”而在与初到中国的西方人相遇时问“Have you had yourdinner?”或者“Where are you going ?”会使它们感到困惑：“为什么总问我吃没吃饭？我有钱吃饭。

难道是要邀请我共餐吗？我去哪里是自己的事情，为什么别人要打听？”合适的问候语应该是“Good morning .”“Good afternoon.”等。

论跨文化社交语用失误的文化探源及对策.

论跨文化社交语用失误的文化探源及对策自然先生（1988）认为，“在言语交际中导致交际者本人未能取得完满交际效果的差错统称为语用失误”。

语用失误有时又被称为语用违例（Ninio & Snow，1996）。

语用失误主要表现为说话方式欠妥，或者不符合特定语言和文化社区的表达习惯，或者说话不合时宜等。

需要指出的是语用失误不等于语法错误，错误是可以改正的，失误只能去避免。

在Thomas（1983）看来，在言语交际中，说话人在表达思想时出现语法错误，至多被认为是“说得不好”；但违反交际规则如礼貌原则就会被认为是“举止不好”，被认为是“不真诚的，存心欺骗的或居心不良的人”。

她根据Leech关于语用学的分类，将语用失误分为两类：语用语言失误和社交语用失误。

前者主要是指由语用语言迁移所造成的失误，即把一种语言中语言形式与语言功能的对应关系照搬到另一种语言的使用之中，造成使用中形式与功能的错位。

这类失误还包括因教学所导致的错误，比如在实际生活中用课堂上学的完整句子讲话或回答问题。

而社交语用失误是指交际中因不了解或忽视谈话双方的社会、文化背景差异而出现的语言表达失误。

它与谈话双方的身份、会话的语域、话题的熟悉程度等因素有关。

例如，一位中国学生向外籍教师Johnson打招呼：“Hello！Teacher Johnson.”外藉教师Johnson此时不知道怎么回答；中国学生也很失望，觉得这个外籍老师没有礼貌。

这种误解是由于英汉称呼系统不对应，正确的说法应是直接称呼“Johnson”，或者称呼“Dr.Johnson”、“Prof.Johnson”也是合适的。

此外，笔者观察在中西方人打交道的的时候，中国人最常见的开场白就是“Hello，××.Where are you going？”或者“Have you had your meal？”，这几句表达都是正确形式，但它们却是不合适、不得体的英语。

如果这样去和英语人士对话，说话人会被误解语意甚至被认为是无礼的，是干预别人的隐私。

浅谈跨文化交际中语用失误的原因及解决方法

2018年第3期【摘要】从跨文化交际中可能产生语用失误的层面对其中的失误进行探讨，在文化、思维、对话双方的身份、对社交语用信息的熟悉程度等４个方面来具体分析了跨文化语境下为何会产生语用失误的情况。

并根据产生语用失误的原因来进行针对性的分析，提出能应用在实际中的良好的解决办法。

旨在为相关的文化交流和融合服务。

【关键词】跨文化交际；语用失误；解决方法引言：“跨文化言语交际指交际一方或双方使用非母语进行的言语交际。

由于在这样的环境中所使用的第二语言总是伴随着母语的一些特征因此称为跨文化言语交际”（何兆熊１９９９：２４３）。

由于语用的跨文化和地域特性，决定了在交际的过程中对话双方可能会站在自己的立场和文化思维习惯层面解读他人的用语，造成一些麻烦或者尴尬，这便是所谓的额语用失误。

随着我国对外交流的发展和扩大，跨文化语言应用越来越频繁，而且面临的文化系统和语言系统也更加复杂和多样，如何能更加巧妙地避免语用失误，提升交流的效率成为如今语言研究工作中的重中之重。

一、跨文化交际中语用失误的原因分析（一）忽视双方的文化背景和内涵文化是人们行为和心理的根本，一国的文化深深的印刻在其国民的日常行为和语言交际之中。

众所周知，中华文化博大精深，是指被各群体、团体及个人所视为文化遗产的各种实践、表演、表现形式和知识体系等相关的工具、实物、工艺品等。

随着社会实践的进行和对中国文化概念外延的探索，人们逐渐对非中国的文化有了较深的理解和现实的应用，中国文化遗产的认证和相关存在形态都与人们的日常生活密切相关，有的基本的乐曲表现形式、歌谣、舞蹈等随着人类族群的迁移和发展而逐渐丰富其形式并扩大其影响力，可以这样认为，中国文化是对人类精神和中国生活结合形式的一种把握，人们在认清其价值的同时也在不断的利用其所产生的乐趣和价值，等于是人类生活状态的活化和浓缩，关于中国文化的概念更应该从三部分进行解读，即：文化、精神。

受到中国文化的影响，汉语的内涵和用法会表现出与英语或者其他西方语言不一样的内涵，比如“小王是谁？”“小王是我”这种简单的句子，虽然英语也有短句，且在信息传递方面具有一样的作用，但是实际的句法构成中，汉语会出现句子成分一味的现象，这就是对语境的重视所导致的汉语语言的突出特点。

跨文化交际中的语用失误类型及对策分析

文化上不适当的言论，跨文化交际失败的主要的原因。因此，是我
不同的文化传统和社会习俗，存在不同文化的话题差异。在交际会中要注意西方人非常注重个人隐私，其是关于年龄，教，入等尤宗收
跨文化交际中的语用失误类型及对策分析
昊丽敏冯梅花
（林大学外国语学院１０１）吉３０２
【摘要】着科学技术不断的进步，讯和交通的发展，自全球各地随通来
１恰当的问候和告别方式。问候和告别在交际当中应用非常．不多，果使用不当常常会导致困惑甚至反感。一些刚到中国的外国如
一
、
引言
方，别是初次见面时，特而且对于别人的赞美也通常会愉快的接受说 “ ｈｎｏ． “ ｅｌＴａｋｙｕ” ＲａｙＩｍａｈｔｏｈｋｓ．。而中国人对或ｌａｄｔａｙｕｔｉ ” ｎｏ于西方人频繁的使用赞美之辞也常会感到不习惯。中国人的应答通常是谦虚的否定：哪里，里，奖了。而对于西方人来讲这样 “ 哪过 ” 的否定会令他们觉得难堪，乎他们在说谎话或者他们没有辨别似
朋友就会问我 “ 什么他们老是问我吃饭了没有？好像我没有钱吃为
饭。中国人见面习惯性的会询问“ 了吗？、你到哪儿去？或者是 ” 吃 ”“ ”

浅析跨文化商务交际中的语用失误

浅析跨文化商务交际中的语用失误随着我国对外贸易的不断发展，跨文化商务交际的重要性日益体现。

在跨文化商务交际中，因语用失误导致的交际不适甚至交际冲突会直接或间接地影响商务活动的最终成败。

分析涉日企业跨文化商务往来中的语用失误，可以减少中日商务活动中不必要的误解，实现有效的商务沟通。

跨文化商务交际语用失误中国日本从中国改革开放外资企业进入中国，到中国企业纷纷走出国门开拓国际商务大市场，由于国际商务活动中的对象是不同文化背景的人，各国在经贸领域由于语言与文化差异而造成的文化冲突时有发生。

只有深入了解对方国家商务文化的基本特征，并在此基础上把握经贸外语中不同于汉语的表达方式才能够避免不必要的“交际冲突”，实现有效的商务沟通。

故而跨文化商务交际中的语用问题得到了越来越多的关注。

一、跨文化商务交际中的语用失误语用失误的概念最早由英国语言学家珍妮·托马斯（Jenny Thomas）在《跨文化语用失误》一文中提出。

托马斯认为“所谓语用失误，是指人们在言语交际中没有达到完满的交际效果的差错”。

我国对语用失误的研究始于何自然等人，何自然在《语用学与英语学习》中指出，语用失误不是指一般遣词造句中出现的语言运用错误，而是说话不合时宜的失误，或者说话方式不妥、表达不合习惯等导致交际不能取得预期效果的失误。

由于不同文化背景的人在价值观念、伦理道德、风俗习惯、生活方式、思维方式等方面存在差异，这些差异会形成语用失误。

语用失误是跨文化交际中的常见现象。

研究语用的不得体对于跨文化交际、跨文化商务交际都具有现实意义。

在跨文化商务交际中，理解使用该语言的本族人的社会文化心理和行为习惯，并能在用该语言表达思想时，也符合其社会文化心理和行为习惯，才能减少跨文化商务交际中的语用失误，提高跨文化商务交际的成功率。

二、中日商务交际中的语用失误分析随着日本在中国投资规模的扩大，以及中日贸易往来的日益频繁，两国在经贸领域由于语言与文化差异而造成的文化冲突时有发生。

跨文化交际中的语用失误分析与对策

跨文化交际中的语用失误分析与对策跨越不同文化背景的交际经常会发生故障。

语言学家将人们在言语交际中，因没有达到完满交际效果的差错，统称为语用失误。

本文结合中西文化对比，以英汉语交际为例分析了跨文化交际中的语用失误的原因，并提出了几种避免或克服这种现象的对策。

标签：跨文化交际语用失误对策一、前言近几年来，经济的迅猛发展与技术的飞速进步把我们带到了一个全球化的时代，来自不同文化背景的人际之间的交流也越来越频繁。

值得注意的是，不同的知识背景，甚至同一个信息也会由不同的人理解为不同的意思，这些都会引起交际障碍，这就是交际失败。

这种交际失败导致某人的意图没有真正被对方理解。

然而在跨文化交际中大多数的交际失败都是由语用失误引起的。

正因如此，语用失误的研究对跨文化交际、二语习得等学科有重要意义。

本文结合中西文化对比，以英汉语交际为例分析了跨文化交际中的语用失误的原因，并提出了几种避免或克服这种现象的对策。

为了了解跨文化交际中的语用失误，本文先介绍了跨文化交际和语用失误，并分析了两者之间的联系。

然后本文重点讨论了引起跨文化交际中的语用失误的原因。

最后针对前面所讨论的原因提出了一些相应的对策。

二、跨文化交际不同文化的交际活动随着人类经济和文化的发展而频繁。

有很多方式可以用来表示跨文化交际，如：“intercultural communication”和“cross-cultural communication”，而大多数人们采用“intercultural communication”。

在很多情况下，“intercultural communication”和“cross-cultural communication”是相同的意思，但是Gudykunst和Kim在他们的《跨文化交际理论》的序言中对它们进行了区分，认为前者是不同文化现象的比较，而后者是不同文化背景的人们的相互影响。

“intercultural communication”的研究一般都认为包括“cross-cultural communication”。