初中英语 人教版九年级第五单元语法 单词

被动语态

在英语中，主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：Computers are more and more widely used now.（被动语态）电脑现在被越来越广泛地使用。

被动语态由“be+动词的过去分词”构成。

1.一般现在时的被动语态构成常为：

▼肯定句：主语+ am / is / are +过去分词（+by+动作执行者+其他）。

如：Math is studied (by us) every day.

数学每天都被（我们）学习。

▼否定句：主语+ am / is / are + not +过去分词（+by+动作执行者+其他）。

如：Science is not studied (by us) every day.

科学不是每天都被（我们）学习。

▼一般疑问句：Am / Is / Are +主语+过去分词（+by+动作执行者+其他）？

如：Are your rooms cleaned (by you) every day?

你们的房间每天都被（你们）打扫吗？

▼特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+ am / is / are （+主语）+过去分词（+by+动作执行者+其他）？

如：How long are smart phones used (by us) every day?

智能手机每天被（我们）使用多久？

Who is praised (by the teacher) every day?

谁每天被（老师）表扬？

2.主动表被动的几种常见情况：

☆连系动词用主动表被动：尤其是表示“……起来”的系动词，如sound听起来，taste吃起来，smell闻起来，feel摸起来，look看起来。尽管有被动意味，却要用主动语态表示被动含义。

Silk feels soft and smooth.

丝绸摸起来柔软光滑。

☆某些动词用主动表被动：open, close, shut, read, write, translate, wash, clean, lock, sell, wear, cut, cook等，当主语是物，且因该事物本身具有某一固有特点时，用主动语态表示被动含义。

The book sells well.

这本书卖得不错。

☆need、require等表示“需要”的动词，如果物作主语，后跟动名词，用主动语态表示被动含义。也可跟to be done，意思相同。

The floor requires washing. = The floor requires to be washed. 地板该洗了。

☆be worth doing sth.某事值得做：be worth后的动名词用主动表示被动。

His suggestion is worth considering.

他的建议值得考虑。

both...and..

both意为“两个，两者”，是代词，可作主语、宾语、同位语，也可作定语。both...and...意为“两者都……”，通常连接两个相同性质的句子成分，若连接两个成分作主语，谓语用复数。

例：Both New York and London have traffic problems.

纽约和伦敦都有交通方面的问题。

Tonight they will both sing and dance.今晚他们将唱歌跳舞。

单词

B e known for/be famous for

Avoid

avoid“避免，防止”，是动词，可跟名词、代词或动名词作宾语，但不能跟动词不定式，可用于被动结构。

例：You had better avoid reading on the train.

你最好避免在火车上阅读。

No one can avoid his own responsibility.

没有人能够逃避自己的责任。

Such kind of mistakes must be avoided.

这种错误必须避免。

product

product为可数名词，意为“产品，产物，物产”，可指任何体力劳动或脑力劳动的产物。produce为动词，意为“生产”；production为抽象名词，意为“产量”。Almost every housewife tries to get the best product at the lowest price.

几乎每一位家庭主妇都试图买到价廉物美的产品。

This year's cotton production greatly exceeds last year's.

今年的棉花产量大大超过了去年。

He has produced his own sports magazine called Yes Sport.

他推出了自己的体育杂志，叫作《是的，体育》。

be made of/be made from/be made by/be made in/be made in

be made of 由……制成，一般能看出原材料；be made from由……制成，一般看不出原材料；be made by...由……制作；be made in…产自……；be made in被制作成……

This suit is made of very good material.

这套衣服的料质很好。

Brandy is made from grapes.

白兰地酒是用葡萄酿的。

The piano was made in Germany.

这架钢琴产自德国。

This cake was made by my sister.

这个蛋糕是我姐姐做的。

This piece of wood can be made into a small bench.

这块木头可以做成一条小长凳。

compete

compete v. 竞争

Schools should not compete with each other all the time.

学校不应该总是互相竞争。

compete with/against sb. for sth. 与某人为某事物而竞争

Now scientists have to compete with each other for funding, so they do not share information among themselves.