2020年9月5日托福阅读机经(新东方版)
小站托福：史上最全的托福阅读加试机经【经典+非经典】
小站托福：史上最全的托福阅读加试机经【经典+非经典】史上最全的托福阅读加试机经包含了每一次托福考试中出现的经典、非经典托福阅读加试题，是我们备战托福阅读满分不可缺少的精华资料。
虽然托福阅读加试成绩不计入总成绩，但是却可能会影响到我们的托福总成绩，考生们一定要给予一定的重点。
下面小编给大家带来史上最全的托福阅读加试机经【经典+非经典】小站托福：史上最全的托福阅读加试机经【经典+非经典】史上最全的托福阅读加试机经【经典+非经典】部分内容：威尼斯的盐业说威尼斯的盐事业，说威尼斯本来自己产盐，跟另外一个城市竞争，但是威尼斯的盐是细盐，要粗盐还要进口，另外自然灾害来了，那个威尼斯专门产盐的地方被端了，所以他只能进口了(有两项选择)。
然后说没想到，威尼斯做盐贸易作发财了，然后越做越好，盐的贸易刺激了其他产品的买卖，然后还说政府制定一些规定，说政府虽然不拥有盐，但是管理盐，跟中国不一样(有题，问中国什么样)然后威尼斯就很牛了，开始跟其他国家签合同，说你们只能卖我的，不能卖别人的，(有词汇题，stipulate 规定，约定)然后还在海上查岗，跟海上警察一样。
)史上最全的托福阅读加试机经【经典+非经典】地核物质成分讨论地核物质成分，科学家根据地震波传导的快慢，确定了地核的成分与地表的成分不同。
然后科学家发现火山爆发出来的物质有钻石，证明地球深层是一个高温高压的环境，因为钻石只能在这种情况下产生。
然后来了一段很长的，TMD,如果他分开好了。
说根据陨石里面的材料来判定地核的材料。
因为科学家可以估计地核的密度，如果发现陨石的密度与地核密度差不多，很有可能他们的element(元素成份)是相同的。
有一道题目问地核的构成物质最多是什么，有 iron, silicon(硅),还有两个忘记了。
托福阅读备考题目解析：推理题一、推理题的两大分类：有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题。
这里所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。
2020年8月30日托福阅读真题(新东方版)
2020年8月30日托福阅读真题(新东方版)2020年8月30日托福阅读真题(新东方版)8月30日托福阅读机经词汇akin to= similar tothereby=consequentlyingenuity=inventivenessrudimentary=elementaryplentiful=numerousoccasionally=sometimestending=take care ofsuitable=appropriatecharacteristic=distinctive第一篇本文讨论照相艺术对欧洲杂志的影响。
这个杂志从前用雕刻的模版做插图(illustration)，后来用摄影技术(photography)来大规模印杂志。
因为大众认为摄影更符合真实，能够模仿realism，所以会有一定的社会影响。
后来还提到了漫画(comic)，漫画一度非常流行，但是随着社会的文化开始发生改变，漫画的画风开始变得严肃，地位也从原来的主要位置去到了次要位置。
第二篇本文说的是古代的壁画(cave art)，特点是延续了很久。
分别介绍了画的工具，用不同的石头给壁画做出不同的材质(texture) ，还提到了一个unifying system。
然后这个艺术的作品保存的技术要求非常高，很容易坏掉，所以一直没有对公众开放。
第三篇讲的是欧洲殖民者在美洲的实行农业开发。
美洲的土地不太适合耕种，但是欧洲人比较懒，所以一开始就用现有的当地人耕作过的地来耕地，后来不够用了，就开始自己耕种，然后人口增长速度太快，所以耕地不够用，所以就开始很粗糙地耕地。
因为速度快，所以它们毁林开发耕地以后也不按照老的一套办法实行管理，石头也都不清理干净。
毁林的时候主要是运动刀耕火种的方法，直接把树烧掉，然后用灰来种田。
长期以往土地会失去肥力而废掉。
后来终于发现这样的办法不可持续，于是想native美洲人学习他们传统的三种耕作方式，这三种方式之间能够相互促动形成良性循环地生长。
TOEFL iBT机经汇总阅读
2005年11月5日第一篇我是先读文章，后几篇是先读问题再看文章。
我觉得后看文章比较省时间。
11月8日第一篇是将在一定的海拔的“植物线”现象，就是在垂直几十米内，树迅速消失，代之以灌木或光秃秃之类的东西。
建议大家查背景材料熟悉。
20分钟14题。
一共做了2个40分钟的阅读，各两篇。
这和在摸考不同，估计可能是有一个用来做测试。
记不太清楚了，但记得最后一篇是将underground water的成因的。
请自己查背景材料。
还有一个是讲中世纪农业技术和工具的提高使人口增长，但文章认为说不清谁是因果。
第一项是阅读，3个长篇，真是够长。
第一篇我是先读文章，结果第一遍读下来以后什么信息都没记住，浪费了不少时间，差点没做完。
最后一道2分题肯定错了。
后来的几篇我是一边做题一边读文章我觉得方法也不是很好。
电脑系统要求先读文章，我就把下滑条迅速一支拉下来，不知道这样做会不会影响成绩，担心中...11月19日先说阅读第一篇是将在一定的海拔的“植物线”现象，就是在垂直几十米内，树迅速消失，代之以灌木或光秃秃之类的东西。
建议大家查背景材料熟悉。
20分钟14题。
我一共做了2个40分钟的阅读，各两篇。
这和在摸考不同，估计可能是有一个用来做测试。
记不太清楚了，但记得最后一篇是将underground water的成因的。
请自己查背景材料。
还有一个是讲中世纪农业技术和工具的提高使人口增长，但文章认为说不清谁是因果。
一来就是五篇听力（大家一起祈祷ETS把它改成三篇吧！）。
第一个二十分钟第一篇文章，第二个四十分钟第二，三篇，第三个四十分钟第四，五篇。
每篇七八百字。
直接效果就是看了下文忘了上文。
几乎各种题型都考到了。
每篇都有句子插入题，最后一题一律是summary文章大意。
做完后可以review，看看是不是有漏掉的题。
传说中的难词解释出现过两次，只记得有个是讲表面张力的，说的是水的蒸发问题。
12月2日三个SECTION. 1/2/2 .做的不好,没读进去. 就不误导了.这次可能就失败在阅读了.IBT考试很吵, 互相干扰很大. 特别是SPEAKING 对LISTENING 的干扰. ETS 只顾赚钱了. 建议早点CH ECK IN.希望JJ能对大家明天的考试有帮助. 最后祝Cders都考出好成绩.12月3日难于以往的真题和practise 的IBT 试题. 题型与practise的一致1: 讲的是有关AMERICAN REVOLUTION后关于政府方面的改革及遇到的困难2:原始社会society的若干种形式,进行了对比3:地球的板块学说从被质疑到被接受的过程.心得: 先看题目再看文章会节约很多的时间12月16日SECTION 11. LONDON的由来，罗马帝国对他的影响，LONDON的地理因素使之成为交流中心。
托福阅读机经汇总4
小马网校托福机经背景—苹果公司的成功秘诀托福机经,托福机经背景,托福阅读机经背景小马过河网校为大家带来了托福阅读机经背景：苹果公司的成功秘诀!托福机经背景是同学们进行托福备考的重要资料，小马网校为您提供最全最快的机经背景知识!苹果公司的成功秘诀。
众所周知，托福机经背景知识不仅开拓考生的思维，而且让考生熟悉托福经常考试的题材、背景知识，让考生更好的适应托福考试，所以如果有其他问题可以请登录小马网校进行免费咨询。
Under the leadership of Steve Jobs, Apple has produced products that have changed the way people around the world communicate, obtain information and entertain themselves. Here's a look at Apple’s success and what sets the company apart from other computer companies as it prepares for its founder and visionary leader to step down as CEO.在史蒂夫·乔布斯的领导下，苹果公司推出的一系列产品，从根本上改变了世界各地的人彼此之间通讯联络、获取信息以及娱乐的方式。
Whether it’s iPods, iPhones or iPads, they have become a part of daily life for people around the world. Technology analyst Francis Lun in Hong Kong said the man responsible is Apple’s chief executive officer, Steve Jobs.不管是iPods，iPhones 或iPads，它们都已经成为世界各地很多人目前生活中不可或缺的一部分。
2020年托福阅读模拟试题及答案(卷六)
2020年托福阅读模拟试题及答案（卷六）托福阅读文本：Prehistoric mammoths have been preserved in the famous tar pits of Rancho La Brea (Brea is the Spanish word for tar) in what is now the heart of Los Angeles, California. These tar pits have been known for centuries and were formerly mined for their natural asphalt, a black or brown petroleum-like substance. Thousands of tons were extracted before 1875, when it was first noticed that the tar contained fossil remains. Major excavations were undertaken that established the significance of this remarkable site. The tar pits were found to contain the remains of scores of species of animals from the last 30,000 years of the Ice Age.Since then, over 100 tons of fossils, 1.5 million from vertebrates, 2.5 million from invertebrates, have been recovered, often in densely concentrated and tangled masses. The creatures found range from insects and birds to giant ground sloth's, but a total of 17 proboscides (animals with a proboscis or long nose) —including mastodons and Columbian mammoths —have been recovered, most of them from Pit 9, the deepest bone-bearing deposit, which was excavated in 1914. Most of the fossils date to between 40,000 and 10,000 years ago.The asphalt at La Brea seeps to the surface, especially in the summer, and forms shallow puddles that would often have beenconcealed by leaves and dust. Unwary animals would become trapped on these thin sheets of liquid asphalt, which are extremely sticky in warm weather. Stuck, the unfortunate beasts would die of exhaustion and hunger or fall prey to predators that often also became stuck.As the animals decayed, more scavengers would be attracted and caught in their turn.Carnivores greatly outnumber herbivores in the collection: for every large herbivore, there is one saber-tooth cat, a coyote, and four wolves. The fact that some bones are heavily weathered shows that some bodies remained above the surface for weeks or months. Bacteria in the asphalt would have consumed some of the tissues other than bones, and the asphalt itself would dissolve what was left, at the same time impregnating and beautifully preserving the saturated bones, rendering them dark brown and shiny.托福阅读题目：1. What aspect of the La Brea tar pits does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The amount of asphalt that was mined there(B) The chemical and biological interactions between asphalt and animals(C) The fossil remains that have been found there(D) Scientific methods of determining the age of tar pits2. In using the phrase "the heart of Los Angeles" in line 2, the author is talking about the city's(A) beautiful design(B) central area(C) basic needs(D) supplies of natural asphalt3. The word "noticed" in line 5 closest in meaning to(A) predicted(B) announced(C) corrected(D) observed4. The word "tangled" in line 10 is closest in meaning to(A) buried beneath(B) twisted together(C) quickly formed(D) easily dated5. The word "them" in line 13 refers to(A) insects(B) birds(C) cloths(D) proboscideans6. How many proboscideans have been found at the La Brea tarpits?(A) 9(B) 17(C) 1.5 million(D) 2.5 million7. The word "concealed" in line 17 is closest in meaning to(A) highlighted(B) covered(C) transformed(D) contaminated8. Why does the author mention animals such as coyotes and wolves in paragraph 4?(A) To give examples of animals that are classified as carnivores(B) To specify the animals found least commonly at La Brea(C) To argue that these animals were especially likely to avoid extinction.(D) To define the term "scavengers"托福阅读答案：CBDBD BBA托福阅读文本：One area of paleoanthropological study involves the eating and dietary habits of hominids,erect bipedal primates —including earlyhumans. It is clear that at some stage of history, humans began to carry their food to central places, called home bases, where it was shared and consumed with the young and other adults. The use of home bases is a fundamental component of human social behavior; the common meal served at a common hearth is a powerful symbol, a mark of social unity. Home base behavior does not occur among nonhuman primates and is rare among mammals. It is unclear when humans began to use home bases, what kind of communications and social relations were involved, and what the ecological and food-choice contexts of the shift were.Work on early tools, surveys of paleoanthropological sites, development and testing of broad ecological theories, and advances in comparative primatology are contributing to knowledge about this central chapter in human prehistory.One innovative approach to these issues involves studying damage and wear on stone tools.Researchers make tools that replicate excavated specimens as closely as possible and then try to use them as the originals might have been used, in woodcutting, hunting, or cultivation.Depending on how the tool is used, characteristic chippage patterns and microscopically distinguishable polishes develop near the edges. The first application of this method of analysis to stone tools that are 1.5 million to 2 million years old indicates that, from the start, an important function of early stone tools was to extract highly nutritious food —meat and marrow —from large animal carcasses. Fossil bones with cut marks caused by stone tools have been discovered lying in the same 2-million-year-old layers that yielded the oldest such tools and the oldest hominid specimens (including humans) with larger than ape-sized brains. This discovery increases scientists' certainty about when human ancestors began to eat more meat than present-day nonhuman primates. But several questions remain unanswered: how frequently meat eating occurred; what the social implications of meat eating were; and whether the increased use of meat coincides with the beginnings of the use of home bases.托福阅读题目：1. The passage mainly discusses which of the following aspects of hominid behavior?(A) Changes in eating and dietary practices(B) The creation of stone hunting tools(C) Social interactions at home bases(D) Methods of extracting nutritious food from carcasses2.According to the passage , bringing a meal to a location to be shared by many individuals is(A) an activity typical of nonhuman primates(B) a common practice among animals that eat meat(C) an indication of social unity(D) a behavior that encourages better dietary habits3. The word "consumed" in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) prepared(B) stored(C) distributed(D) eaten4.According to paragraph 2, researchers make copies of old stone tools in order to(A) protect the old tools from being worn out(B) display examples of the old tools in museums(C) test theories about how old tools were used(D) learn how to improve the design of modern tools5. In paragraph 2, the author mentions all of the following as examples of ways in which earlystone tools were used EXCEPT to(A) build home bases(B) obtain food(C) make weapons(D) shape wood6. The word "innovative" in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) good(B) new(D) costly7. The word "them" in line 15 refers to(A) issues(B) researchers(C) tools(D) specimens8. The author mentions "characteristic chippage patterns" in line 16 as an example of(A) decorations cut into wooden objects(B) differences among tools made of various substances(C) impressions left on prehistoric animal bones(D) indications of wear on stone tools9. The word "extract" in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) identify(B) remove(C) destroy(D) compare10. The word "whether" in line 26 is closest in meaning to(A) if(B) how(C) why托福阅读答案：ACDCABCDBA托福阅读文本：Plants are subject to attack and infection by a remarkable variety of symbiotic species and have evolved a diverse array of mechanisms designed to frustrate the potential colonists. These can be divided into preformed or passive defense mechanisms and inducible or active systems.Passive plant defense comprises physical and chemical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens,such as bacteria, or render tissues unpalatable or toxic to the invader. The external surfaces of plants, in addition to being covered by an epidermis and a waxy cuticle, often carry spiky hairs known as trichomes, which either prevent feeding by insects or may even puncture and kill insect larvae. Other trichomes are sticky and glandular and effectively trap and immobilize insects.If the physical barriers of the plant are breached, then preformed chemicals may inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, many of which are highly effective deterrents to insects that feed on plants. The success of the Colorado beetle in infesting potatoes, for example,seems to be correlated with itshigh tolerance to alkaloids that normally repel potential pests.Other possible chemical defenses, while not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycoproteins in plant cell walls may inactivate enzymes that degrade cell walls. These enzymes are often produced by bacteria and fungi.Active plant defense mechanisms are comparable to the immune system of vertebrate animals,although the cellular and molecular bases are fundamentally different. Both, however, are triggered in reaction to intrusion, implying that the host has some means of recognizing the presence of a foreign organism. The most dramatic example of an inducible plant defense reaction is the hypersensitive response. In the hypersensitive response, cells undergo rapid necrosis —that is, they become diseased and die —after being penetrated by a parasite; the parasite itself subsequently ceases to grow and is therefore restricted to one or a few cells around the entry site.Several theories have been put forward to explain the basis of hypersensitive resistance.托福阅读题目：1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The success of parasites in resisting plant defense mechanisms(B) Theories on active plant defense mechanisms(C) How plant defense mechanisms function(D) How the immune system of animals and the defense mechanisms of plants differ2. The phrase "subject to" in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) susceptible to(B) classified by(C) attractive to(D) strengthened by3. The word "puncture" in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) pierce(B) pinch(C) surround(D) cover .4. The word "which" in line 12 refers to(A) tissues(B) substances(C) barriers(D) insects5. Which of the following substances does the author mention as NOT necessarily being toxic tothe Colorado beetle?(A) resins(B) tannins(C) glycosides(D) alkaloids6. Why does the author mention "glycoproteins" in line 17?(A) to compare plant defense mechanisms to the immune system of animals(B) to introduce the discussion of active defense mechanisms in plants(C) to illustrate how chemicals function in plant defense(D) to emphasize the importance of physical barriers in plant defense7. The word "dramatic" in line 23 could best be replaced by(A) striking(B) accurate(C) consistent(D) appealing8. Where in the passage does the author describe an active plant-defense reaction?(A) Lines 1-3(B) Lines 4-6(C) Lines 13-15(D) Lines 24-279. The passage most probably continues with a discussion of theories on(A) the basis of passive plant defense(B) how chemicals inhibit a parasitic relationship.(C) how plants produce toxic chemicals(D) the principles of the hypersensitive response.托福阅读答案：CAABD CADD托福阅读文本：Any rock that has cooled and solidified from a molten state is an igneous rock. Therefore, if the Earth began as a superheated sphere in space, all the rocks making up its crust may well have been igneous and thus the ancestors of all other rocks. Even today, approximately 95 percent of the entire crust is igneous. Periodically, molten material wells out of the Earth's interior to invade the surface layers or to flow onto the surface itself. This material cools into a wide variety of igneous rocks. In the molten state, it is called magma as it pushes into the crust and lava when it runs out onto the surface.All magma consists basically of a variety of silicate minerals (high in silicon-oxygen compounds), but the chemical composition of any given flow may differ radically from that of any other. The resulting igneous rocks will reflect these differences. Igneous rocks also vary in texture aswell as chemistry. Granite, for instance, is a coarse-grained igneous rock whose individual mineral crystals have formed to a size easily seen by the naked eye. A slow rate of cooling has allowed the crystals to reach this size. Normally, slow cooling occurs when the crust is invaded by magma that remains buried well below the surface. Granite may be found on the surface of the contemporary landscape, but from its coarse texture we know that it must have formed through slow cooling at a great depth and later been laid bare by erosion. Igneous rocks with this coarse-grained texture that formed at depth are called plutonic.On the other hand, if the same magma flows onto the surface and is quickly cooled by the atmosphere, the resulting rock will be fine-grained and appear quite different from granite, although the chemical composition will be identical. This kind of rock is called rhyolite. The most finely grained igneous rock is volcanic glass or obsidian, which has no crystals. Some researchers believe this is because of rapid cooling; others believe it is because of a lack of water vapor and other gases in the lava. The black obsidian cliffs of Yellowstone National Park are the result of a lava flow of basalt running head on into a glacier. Some of the glacier melted on contact, but suddenly there also appeared a huge black mass of glassy stone.托福阅读题目：1. In the first paragraph, the author mentions that 95% of theEarth's crust is composed of igneous rock to support the idea that(A) the Earth began as a molten mass(B) a thin layer of magma flows beneath the Earth's crust(C) the minerals found in igneous rock are very common(D) igneous rock is continually being formed2. The word "invade" in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) move into(B) neutralize(C) cover(D) deposit3. The word "contemporary" in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) vast(B) natural(C) existing(D) uneven4. The word "it" in line 16 refers to(A) granite(B) surface(C) landscape(D) texture5. Granite that has been found above ground has been(A) pushed up from below the crust by magma(B) produced during a volcanic explosion(C) gradually exposed due to erosion(D) pushed up by the natural shifting of the Earth6. Which of the following is produced when magma cools rapidly?(A) granite(B) plutonic rock(C) rhyolite(D) mineral crystals7. The word "finely" in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A) minutely(B) loosely(C) sensitively(D) purely8. Which of the following is another name for volcanic glass?(A) Plutonic rock(B) Crystal(C) Lava(D) Obsidian托福阅读答案：AACAC CAD托福阅读文本：Television has transformed politics in the United States by changingthe way in which information is disseminated, by altering political campaigns, and by changing citizen's patterns of response to politics. By giving citizens independent access to the candidates, television diminished the role of the political party in the selection of the major party candidates. By centering politics on the person of the candidate, television accelerated the citizen's focus on character rather than issues.Television has altered the forms of political communication as well. The messages on which most of us rely are briefer than they once were. The stump speech, a political speech given by traveling politicians and lasting 11/2 to 2 hours, which characterized nineteenth-century political discourse, has given way to the 30-second advertisement and the 10 second "sound bite" in broadcast news. Increasingly the audience for speeches is not that standing in front of the politician but rather the viewing audience who will hear and see a snippet of the speech on the news.In these abbreviated forms, much of what constituted the traditional political discourse of earlier ages has been lost. In 15 or 30 seconds, a speaker cannot establish the historical context that shaped the issue in question, cannot detail the probable causes of the problem, and cannot examine alternative proposals to argue that one is preferable to others. In snippets, politicians assert but do not argue.Because television is an intimate medium, speaking through itrequire a changed political style that was more conversational, personal, and visual than that of the old-style stump speech.Reliance on television means that increasingly our political world contains memorable pictures rather than memorable words. Schools teach us to analyze words and print. However, in a word in which politics is increasingly visual, informed citizenship requires a new set of skills.Recognizing the power of television's pictures, politicians craft televisual, staged events,called pseudo-event, designed to attract media coverage. Much of the political activity we see on television news has been crafted by politicians, their speechwriters, and their public relations advisers for televised consumption. Sound bites in news and answers to questions in debates increasingly sound like advertisements.托福阅读题目：1. What is the main point of the passage ?(A) Citizens in the United States are now more informed about political issues because of television coverage.(B) Citizens in the United States prefer to see politicians on television instead of in person.(C) Politics in the United States has become substantially more controversial since the introduction of television.(D) Politics in the United States has been significantly changed by television.(A) analyzed(B) discussed(C) spread(D) stored3. It can be inferred that before the introduction of television, political parties(A) had more influence over the selection of political candidates(B) spent more money to promote their political candidates(C) attracted more members(D) received more money4. The word "accelerated" in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) allowed(B) increased(C) required(D) started5. The author mentions the "stump speech" in line 7 as an example of(A) an event created by politicians to attract media attention(B) an interactive discussion between two politicians(C) a kind of political presentation typical of the nineteenth century(D) a style of speech common to televised political events(A) added interest to(B) modified(C) imitated(D) been replaced by7. The word "that" in line 12 refers to(A) audience(B) broadcast news(C) politician(D) advertisement8. According to the passage , as compared with televised speeches, traditional political discoursewas more successful at(A) allowing news coverage of political candidates(B) placing political issues within a historical context(C) making politics seem more intimate to citizens(D) providing detailed information about a candidates private behavior9. The author states that "politicians assert but do not argue" (line 18) in order to suggest thatpoliticians(A) make claims without providing reasons for the claims(B) take stronger positions on issues than in the past(C) enjoy explaining the issue to broadcasters(D) dislike having to explain their own positions on issues to citizens10. The word "Reliance" in line 21 is closest in meaning to(A) abundance(B) clarification(C) dependence(D) information11. The purpose of paragraph 4 is to suggest that(A) politicians will need to learn to become more personal when meeting citizens(B) politicians who are considered very attractive are favored by citizens over politicians who areless attractive(C) citizens tend to favor a politician who analyzed the issue over one who does not(D) citizens will need to learn how to evaluate visual political images in order to become betterinformed12.According to paragraph 5, staged political events are created so that politicians can(A) create more time to discuss political issues(B) obtain more television coverage for themselves(C) spend more time talking to citizens in person(D) engages in debates with their opponents13. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage ?(A) Political presentations today are more like advertisements than in the past.(B) Politicians today tend to be more familiar with the views of citizens than in the past.(C) Citizens today are less informed about a politician's character than in the past.(D) Political speeches today focus more on details about issues than in the past.托福阅读答案：DCABC DABAC DBA托福阅读文本：Fungi, of which there are over 100,000 species, including yeasts and other single-celled organisms as well as the common molds and mushrooms, were formerly classified as members of the plant kingdom. However, in reality they are very different from plants and today they are placed in a separate group altogether. The principal reason for this is that none of them possesses chlorophyll, and since they cannot synthesize their own carbohydrates, they obtain their supplies either from thebreakdown of dead organic matter or from other living organisms. Furthermore the walls of fungal cells are not made of cellulose, as those of plants are, but of another complex sugarlike polymer called chitin, the material from which the hard outer skeletons of shrimps,spiders, and insects are made. The difference between the chemical composition of the cell walls of fungi and those of plants is of enormous importance because it enables the tips of the growing hyphae, the threadlike cells of the fungus, to secrete enzymes that break down the walls of plant cells without having any effect on those of the fungus itself. It is these cellulose-destroying enzymes that enable fungi to attack anything made from wood, wood pulp, cotton, flax, or other plant material.The destructive power of fungi is impressive. They are a major cause of structural damage to building timbers, a cause of disease in animals and humans, and one of the greatest causes of agricultural losses. Entire crops can be wiped out by fungal attacks both before and after harvesting. Some fungi can grow at +50°C, while others can grow at -5°C, so even food in cold storage may not be completely safe from them. On the other hand, fungi bring about the decomposition of dead organic matter, thus enriching the soil and returning carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. They also enter into a number of mutually beneficial relationships with plants and other organisms. In addition, fungi are the source of many of the most potent antibiotics used in clinical medicine,including penicillin.托福阅读题目：1. What does paragraph 1 mainly discuss?(A) differences between simple and complex fungi(B) functions of chlorophyll in plants(C) functions of sugar in the walls of fungal cells(D) differences between fungi and plants2. Which of the following is mentioned as a major change in how scientists approach the study offungi?(A) Fungi are no longer classified as plants(B) Some single-cell organisms are no longer classified as fungi.(C) New methods of species identification have been introduced(D) Theories about the chemical composition of fungi have been revised.3. The word "principal" in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) true(B) main(C) logical(D) obvious4.According to the passage , how do fungi obtain carbohydrates?(A) The absorb carbohydrates from their own cell walls.(B) They synthesize chlorophyll to produce carbohydrates.(C) They produce carbohydrates by breaking down chitin.(D) They acquire carbohydrates from other organic matter, both living and dead.5. The passage mentions shrimps, spiders, and insects in line 9 because their skeletons(A) can be destroyed by fungi(B) have unusual chemical compositions(C) contain a material found in the walls of fungal cells(D) secrete the same enzymes as the walls of fungal cells do6. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?(A) "chlorophyll" (line 5)(B) "polymer" (line 8)(C) "hyphae" (line 12)(D) "enzymes" (line 14)7. The word "those" in line 13 refers to(A) tips(B) hyphae(C) enzymes(D) walls8. Fungi have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT(A) They grow hyphae.(B) They secrete enzymes.(C) They synthesize cellulose.(D) They destroy crops.9. The word "Entire" in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) certain(B) whole(C) mature(D) diseased10. The passage describes the negative effects of fungi on all the following EXCEPT(A) buildings(B) animals(C) food(D) soil11. The phrase "bring about" in line 21 is closest in meaning to(A) cause(B) join(C) take(D) include12. The passage mentions "penicillin" in line 25 as an example of(A) a medicine derived from plants(B) a beneficial use of fungi(C) a product of the relationship between plants and fungi(D) a type of fungi that grows at extreme temperatures.托福阅读答案：DABDC CDCBD AB托福阅读文本：The first flying vertebrates were true reptiles in which one of the fingers of the front limbs became very elongated, providing support for a flap of stretched skin that served as a wing. These were the pterosaurs, literally the "winged lizards." The earliest pterosaurs arose near the end of the Triassic period of the Mesozoic Era, some 70 million years before the first known fossils of true birds occur, and they presumably dominated the skies until they were eventually displaced by birds. Like the dinosaurs, some the pterosaurs became gigantic; the largest fossil discovered is of an individual that had a wingspan of 50 feet or more, larger than many airplanes. These flying reptiles had large, tooth-filled jaws, but their bodies were small and probably without the necessary powerful muscles for sustained wing movement. They must have been expert gliders,not skillful fliers, relying on wind power for their locomotion.Birds, despite sharing common reptilian ancestors with pterosaurs, evolved quite separately and have been much more successful in their dominance of the air. They are an example of a common theme inevolution, the more or less parallel development of different types of body structure and function for the same reason —in this case, for flight. Although the fossil record, as always, is not complete enough to determine definitively the evolutionary lineage of the birds or in as much detail as one would like, it is better in this case than for many other animal groups. That is because of the unusual preservation in a limestone quarry in southern Germany of Archaeopteryx, a fossil that many have called the link between dinosaurs and birds. Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils, they might well have been classified as dinosaurs. They have the skull and teeth of a reptile as well as a bony tail, but in the line-grained limestone in which these fossils occur there are delicate impressions of feathers and fine details of bone structure that make it clear that Archaeopteryx was a bird. All birds living today, from the great condors of theAndes to the tiniest wrens, trace their origin back to the Mesozoic dinosaurs.托福阅读题目：1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Characteristics of pterosaur wings(B) The discovery of fossil remains of Archaeopteryx(C) Reasons for the extinction of early flying vertebrates(D) The development of flight in reptiles and birds2. Which of the following is true of early reptile wings?。
托福阅读经典加试题机经汇总
托福阅读经典加试题机经汇总资料说明：托福阅读或听力部分，会在考试时要求考生多完成一篇阅读或者二篇听力，作为题目难以度的检测，一般而言加试阅读的数量为两篇文章，加试听力则是加三个听力段子。
随着热心考生的增多，这些试题，包括原文，题目和答案都被回忆整理出来了，叫做托福经典加试题机经。
本文档是托福阅读经典加试题部分。
扫描二维码加托福名师刘文勇老师微信，可参加免费空中课堂乐闻携尔官网托福培训咨询电话4000-182-178Necessary Evil开篇明义：我并不中意“机经”。
“机经”这个说法，最早可能源于机考GRE的年代——在那段时间内的多次考题是可能完全重复的（一般以“自然月”为周期）。
常出现的情形是：月末参加考试的同学遇到的试题，居然与月初的试题完全一致。
所以，尽管我们在参加这些标准化考试之前都需先“签字画押”（签订保密协议，同意绝不将试题内容透露给任何第三方），但仍有“热心”的同学愿意在网络上回顾、分享自己考过的试题，这也就给后来参加考试的同学们创造了提前熟悉某些将要考到的真实考题的机会。
与之类似，机经在新托福（iBT）考试出现后，也逐步流行了起来，因为自从托福将纸笔考试（PBT）改革成计算机考试之后，也出现了重复出题的现象（尽管它并不是以自然月为周期的，但总归是重复了很多次，还是有规律可寻的）。
按照陈睿老师的说法，科班出身的理工科专业人才使用STATA或SPSS等统计软件来“处理数据、总结规律”的能力还是不可小觑的。
于是同学们总能看到诸多预测机经，也总能够听到我们的机经预测命中的消息。
这看上去貌似是一件皆大欢喜的事情。
但事实上，若同学们有缘读到这篇小短文，我最想对大家说的一句话却是“机经可能并不如你想象中的那么有用”。
尽管我们制作的“机经材料”经常命中考题，但我却时常在各类讲座中宣传“机经无用论”。
因为在一个真正经过了精心设计、目的是考查学生语言能力的测试中，出题者并不是那么在意学生是否已经提前了解了部分试题。
托福阅读机经汇总2
小马网校托福机经背景—妮可·基德曼与丈夫很相爱托福机经,托福机经背景,托福阅读机经背景小马过河网校为大家带来了托福阅读机经背景：妮可·基德曼与丈夫很相爱!托福机经背景是同学们进行托福备考的重要资料，小马网校为您提供最全最快的机经背景知识!妮可·基德曼与丈夫很相爱。
众所周知，托福机经背景知识不仅开拓考生的思维，而且让考生熟悉托福经常考试的题材、背景知识，让考生更好的适应托福考试，所以如果有其他问题可以请登录小马网校进行免费咨询。
Nicole Kidman says she's "deeply in love" with her new husband country music star Keith Urban, but stops short of describing their marriage as "happy".The pair married in Sydney in June of last year but their newlywed bliss was short lived, with Urban checking into rehab for a 90 day stint just four months later.The actress says that despite her strong feelings, love is no guarantee that the relationship will last.She told US magazine Interview: "You never know where something's going.""My husband and I are committed to each other and deeply in love. That's how I would put it. We are working on staying in that place and hopefully we will for the rest of our lives."Told by the magazine interviewer that she and Urban appeared happy together, she replied: "I don't ever say that.""People's lives together are complicated and beautiful and that's what they should stay. They're very quiet. Complicatedly quiet. They don't need to be broadcast."Kidman also hinted she may be looking to quit her successful Hollywood career.She said: "I've found other things in my life that can absolutely fulfil me. That's been a necessity because a lot of my life has been spent living for my work."The 40-year-old star, who has an adopted daughter Bella, 15 and 12-year-old son Conor with former husband Tom Cruise, recently spoke of her hopes having a baby with Urban.In a recent interview with Vanity Fair, in which she revealed she suffer a miscarriage at 23, Kidman said: "I'm yearning to have one. I think I would be very sad if I wasn't able to have a baby.妮可·基德曼说她与丈夫“很相爱”，但并没有说他们的婚姻“很幸福”。
托福阅读机经汇总1
小马网校托福机经背景—萨科奇与名模女友闪电完婚托福机经,托福机经背景,托福阅读机经背景小马过河网校为大家带来了托福阅读机经背景：萨科奇与名模女友闪电完婚!托福机经背景是同学们进行托福备考的重要资料，小马网校为您提供最全最快的机经背景知识!萨科奇与名模女友闪电完婚。
众所周知，托福机经背景知识不仅开拓考生的思维，而且让考生熟悉托福经常考试的题材、背景知识，让考生更好的适应托福考试，所以如果有其他问题可以请登录小马网校进行免费咨询。
French President Nicolas Sarkozy married former model Carla Bruni on Saturday at the Elysee Palace, tying the knot less than three months after they reportedly first met.In a terse statement, the couple said only that they "were married this morning in the presence of their families in the strictest privacy." The official statement followed an announcement of the wedding several hours earlier from the official who had performed the ceremony at the presidential Elysee Palace."The bride wore white; she was ravishing, as usual," Francois Lebel, mayor of Paris' eighth arrondissement, or neighborhood, told Europe-1 radio. "The groom wasn't bad either."Sarkozy, 53, and Bruni, 40, were married in the presence of about 20 close family and friends, Lebel said. He called the ceremony "a moment of family intimacy for the young newlyweds, of great simplicity and apparently a lot of affection between the spouses."I wished them a lot of happiness," he said.Under French law, couples must tie the knot before a mayor to make their union official. Sarkozy was not the first French president to marry in office: Gaston Doumergue tied the knot at the Elysee Palace in 1931.Sarkozy's openness about his private life has surprised many French, accustomed to presidents who keep their love lives under wraps.At a news conference in January, Sarkozy revealed that the relationship was "serious" and hinted that wedding plans were in the works. But he refused to reveal the date for a wedding, saying only that France might learn about the nuptials once they had already taken place.The couple went public with their relationship during a visit to Disneyland Paris, and they carried out their brief but highly publicized courtship in such places as the ruins of Petra, Jordan. The tabloids even showed the couple at an Egyptian beach resort, Bruni in a tiny black bikini, Sarkozy in orange trunks and Ray-Ban sunglasses in photos.Sarkozy's approval ratings dropped during their courtship —in part, analysts say, because many older, more traditional voters were put off by his glitzy, jet-setting style.The wedding was the third for Sarkozy, who has three children. He ended his 11-year marriage with Cecilia in October last year.上周六，法国总统萨科奇与相识不到三个月的前超级模特卡拉·布鲁尼在爱丽舍宫完婚。
新东方王京竹老师整理的经典加试题机经
新东方王京竹老师整理的经典加试题机经一、经典阅读加试题机经：阅读加试题1、美索不达米亚文明(Mesopotamia culture)（又称：苏美尔文明(Sumerian culture)或两河文明）与古埃及文明之比较名称美索不达米亚文明(Mesopotamia culture)苏美尔文明(Sumerian culture)两河文明古埃及文明Egypt civilization产生时间发展时间科学家惊奇的发现It is astonishing that，两个地方两种文明是同时产生、发展起来的。
（考：Mesopotamia 文明是独立于Egypt 的文明），他们同时存在，互有交流，但没有一方压倒另一方。
地理条件政治制度美索不达米亚两河流域，地理环境特殊，河水土地narrow，shallow，四周沙漠，没天然屏障保护，经常被外族入侵，政治上很不稳定。
不存在united format，都是一个城邦一个城邦的。
当初美索不达米亚居民生活好像挺好的，所以一直没人提出统一的想法，很久以后才有，可是由于大量的花费在战争上什么的，很快就覆灭了。
古埃及仰仗尼罗河，河水浇灌了肥沃的土地，两岸有沙漠作自然屏障，因此古埃及政治上比较稳定和统一。
Egypt 的体制跟两河流域的政治体制不一样，一个united under Pharaoh（法老王）统治下。
文化（建筑、历史）由于外来入侵，美索不达米亚文化没有留下很多遗产。
由于当地石料不丰富，因外来入侵和苏美尔人的建材多为泥土和木头，木材容易腐烂，建筑物不牢固，美索布达米亚文明的建筑architecture structure未保存。
也少有tangible substance 遗存。
考古学家只能从挖掘出来的陶器、泥板fragment上面刻着的文字推知他们的历史。
后来又变成什么苏美尔了，这是从外面迁徙过来的民族。
文明的特点Sumer 文明的特点之一是两河城邦的宗教神祗制度，每个城邦有个本地神local lord的信仰。
托福阅读机经原文整理
托福阅读机经原文整理托福阅读机经一文明衰落引起很多人的研究兴趣。
其中一个理论是认为高强度的农业造成了生态系统的崩溃：玛雅人口的数量和密度都比较大，为了供养这些人口，玛雅人从事高强度的农业，对土地施加的压力越来越大，最终造成生态系统极其脆弱，在不可预知的气候变化来临时崩溃了。
也有人认为人口与农业只是导火索，更加直接的使得玛雅文明灭绝的原因在于食物短缺：因为玛雅农业主要依靠一种在沼泽里抬起来的高地系统，一年四季都可以进行农业生产，因为流失的土壤营养可以通过高地周围的水渠底部挖泥，再把泥巴堆回到高地而循环获取，前提条件是水渠里必须有稳定的水位，而严重的干旱大大降低了水位使得高地农田系统不再起作用，这是天灾，有地质证据证明，玛雅文明消失和历史一次大干旱时间相同;除此之外也有人祸，玛雅各城邦猛烈竞争，竞相修建起纪念碑，耗费了大量的人力物力，使得农业生产充满压力。
托福阅读机经二按照学术文章的常见思路打开：引出学术话题(一万年前北美巨型哺乳动物大量灭绝)，提出假说(人类的过度猎杀所致overhunting)，进而对假说证据的寻找，然后又说这个说法太简单了，肯定还有别的原因，比如气候干旱，和最终假说破绽的指出(同时代被人类过度猎杀的野牛bison却没有灭绝，一直持续到了19世纪，所以单靠人类猎杀不足以导致灭绝);于是提出另一假说，进入同样的循环证明的过程。
托福阅读机经三the origins of plant and animal domestication(重复2022年7月1日北美题目)说的是生命的形成。
刚开始说地球早期火山爆发使得地球上有很多大气，后来就形成了一些简单的植物，后来这些植物吸收了那些甲烷和二氧化碳光合作用产生了氧气和水(后来有了海)，那些简单生物就在海里形成了。
洋气多了以后形成了一个氧气保护膜，使得地球气温不太高，生物不受SUV上海(这里有一个对比)，太阳系上其他行星因为没有这个氧气保护层所以没办法形成生命。
托福考试九月听力机经汇总
托福考试九月听力机经汇总中国---北美●中国大陆●9月12日托福听力机经1.第一篇:有一个男生来找女教授，说他突然对历史感兴趣了，虽然原来学习政治也很好玩。
说大学的历史很有趣是因为它不光讲那些FACT，BUT BEYOND THE BOOK，有时候会说很多关于COMMON PEOPLE BUT NOT ONLY LEADER。
这就会让人想想为什么这些事情会发生（有题）于是这个男生就说最担心（有题）是不是双学位要写两篇毕业论文。
这个老师就说，其实可以写一篇涵盖两边学科内容的文章就可以了，但是要写的更好，更有内涵更复杂（有题），但是从以前这个男生交给教授的文章来看，他完全有能力来写这样一篇文章（有题）。
后面还讲了一点，不太记得了2.第二篇:fabric enzymes。
一开始介绍什么是enzymes，就说以人来说，有很多的enzymes比如消化系统里。
后面讲很多人穿着FADED JEANS, 就开始介绍这种jeans是怎么造的。
一开始是用一种石头，丢到一起去洗，但是洗完以后会：1.destory washingmachine 和一些不想FADE的部分2是WASTE WATER3. 是什么忘了后面发明了ACID 洗法，这种的坏处： 1. 对工人有害2. polution,导致工厂被罚（有题）3. waste water。
后面e nzymes被用来洗牛仔裤，讲了几点好处（有题）3.第三篇:marine forest，写了为什么重要，还有达尔文的定理，还有为什么被人类活动威胁4.（加试）浪漫主义5.丢失ID卡9月20日托福听力机经1. 第一篇学生要参加什么比赛，要找Gym进行训练（这里面一个关键单词我不认识！T打头的。
），教授提供给她一些信息到哪个gym能得到什么样的练习，比如run的，bike的。
注意听教授说的三个不同的地方都有哪些设施和服务之类的，后面有题。
2. 第二篇Archeology关于考古学家使用的三种考古探测技术，不用破坏现场，便于挖掘:一种是电的，一种是磁的，一种是xxx. 每一种，老师都会问学生，他们用这个发现了什么？（一种E分别石头根土壤，一种找金属，还一中跟E功能一样，但是用热源找。
托福阅读真题2020
托福阅读真题2020托福阅读真题1PASSAGE 10One area of paleoanthropological study involves the eating and dietary habits of hominids, erect bipedal primates —including early humans. It is clear that at some stage of history, humans began to carry their food to central places, called home bases, where it was shared and consumed with the young and other adults. The use of home bases is a fundamental component of human social behavior; the common meal served at a common hearth is a powerful symbol, a mark of social unity. Home base behavior does not occur among nonhuman primates and is rare among mammals. It is unclear when humans began to use home bases, what kind of communications and social relations were involved, and what the ecological and food-choice contexts of the shift were. Work on early tools, surveys of paleoanthropological sites, development and testing of broad ecological theories, and advances in comparative primatology are contributing to knowledge about this central chapter in human prehistory.One innovative approach to these issues involves studying damage and wear on stone tools. Researchers make tools that replicate excavated specimens as closely as possible and then try to use them as the originals might have been used, in woodcutting, hunting, or cultivation. Depending on how the tool is used, characteristic chippage patterns and microscopically distinguishable polishes develop near the edges. The first application of this method of analysis to stone tools that are 1.5 million to 2 million years old indicates that, from the start, animportant function of early stone tools was to extract highly nutritious food —meat and marrow —from large animal carcasses. Fossil bones with cut marks caused by stone tools have been discovered lying in the same 2-million-year-old layers that yielded the oldest such tools and the oldest hominid specimens (including humans) with larger than ape-sized brains. This discovery increases scientists' certainty about when human ancestors began to eat more meat than present-day nonhuman primates. But several questions remain unanswered: how frequently meat eating occurred; what the social implications of meat eating were; and whether the increased use of meat coincides with the beginnings of the use of home bases.1. The passage mainly discusses which of the following aspects of hominid behavior?(A) Changes in eating and dietary practices(B) The creation of stone hunting tools(C) Social interactions at home bases(D) Methods of extracting nutritious food from carcasses2. According to the passage , bringing a meal to a location to be shared by many individuals is(A) an activity typical of nonhuman primates(B) a common practice among animals that eat meat(C) an indication of social unity(D) a behavior that encourages better dietary habits3. The word consumed in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) prepared(B) stored(C) distributed(D) eaten4. According to paragraph 2, researchers make copies of oldstone tools in order to(A) protect the old tools from being worn out(B) display examples of the old tools in museums(C) test theories about how old tools were used(D) learn how to improve the design of modern tools5. In paragraph 2, the author mentions all of the following as examples of ways in which earlystone tools were used EXCEPT to(A) build home bases(B) obtain food(C) make weapons(D) shape wood6. The word innovative in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) good(B) new(C) simple(D) costly7. The word them in line 15 refers to(A) issues(B) researchers(C) tools(D) specimens8. The author mentions characteristic chippage patterns in line 16 as an example of(A) decorations cut into wooden objects(B) differences among tools made of various substances(C) impressions left on prehistoric animal bones(D) indications of wear on stone tools9. The word extract in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) identify(B) remove(C) destroy(D) compare10. The word whether in line 26 is closest in meaning to(A) if(B) how(C) why(D) when托福阅读真题2PASSAGE 11Plants are subject to attack and infection by a remarkable variety of symbiotic species and have evolved a diverse array of mechanisms designed to frustrate the potential colonists. These can be divided into preformed or passive defense mechanisms and inducible or active systems. Passive plant defense comprises physical and chemical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens, such as bacteria, or render tissues unpalatable or toxic to the invader. The external surfaces of plants, in addition to being covered by an epidermis and a waxy cuticle, often carry spiky hairs known as trichomes, which either prevent feeding by insects or may even puncture and kill insect larvae. Other trichomes are sticky and glandular and effectively trap and immobilize insects.If the physical barriers of the plant are breached, then preformed chemicals may inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, many of which are highly effective deterrents to insects that feed on plants. The success of the Colorado beetle in infesting potatoes, for example, seems to be correlated with its high tolerance to alkaloids that normally repel potential pests. Otherpossible chemical defenses, while not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycoproteins in plant cell walls may inactivate enzymes that degrade cell walls. These enzymes are often produced by bacteria and fungi.Active plant defense mechanisms are comparable to the immune system of vertebrate animals, although the cellular and molecular bases are fundamentally different. Both, however, are triggered in reaction to intrusion, implying that the host has some means of recognizing the presence of a foreign organism. The most dramatic example of an inducible plant defense reaction is the hypersensitive response. In the hypersensitive response, cells undergo rapid necrosis — that is, they become diseased and die —after being penetrated by a parasite; the parasite itself subsequently ceases to grow and is therefore restricted to one or a few cells around the entry site. Several theories have been put forward to explain the basis of hypersensitive resistance.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The success of parasites in resisting plant defense mechanisms(B) Theories on active plant defense mechanisms(C) How plant defense mechanisms function(D) How the immune system of animals and the defense mechanisms of plants differ2. The phrase subject to in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) susceptible to(B) classified by(C) attractive to(D) strengthened by3. The word puncture in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) pierce(B) pinch(C) surround(D) cover .4. The word which in line 12 refers to(A) tissues(B) substances(C) barriers(D) insects5. Which of the following substances does the author mention as NOT necessarily being toxic tothe Colorado beetle?(A) resins(B) tannins(C) glycosides(D) alkaloids6. Why does the author mention glycoproteins in line 17?(A) to compare plant defense mechanisms to the immune system of animals(B) to introduce the discussion of active defense mechanisms in plants(C) to illustrate how chemicals function in plant defense(D) to emphasize the importance of physical barriers in plant defense7. The word dramatic in line 23 could best be replaced by(A) striking(B) accurate(C) consistent(D) appealing8. Where in the passage does the author describe an active plant-defense reaction?(A) Lines 1-3(B) Lines 4-6(C) Lines 13-15(D) Lines 24-279. The passage most probably continues with a discussion of theories on(A) the basis of passive plant defense(B) how chemicals inhibit a parasitic relationship.(C) how plants produce toxic chemicals(D) the principles of the hypersensitive response.托福阅读真题3PASSAGE 12Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets. Of all the birds on these cliffs, the black-legged kittiwake gull is the best suited for nesting on narrow ledges. Although its nesting habits are similar to those of gulls that nest on flat ground, there are a number of important differences related to the cliff-nesting habit.The advantage of nesting on cliffs is the immunity it gives from foxes, which cannot scale the sheer rocks, and from ravens and other species of gulls, which have difficulty in landing on narrow ledges to steal eggs. This immunity has been followed by a relaxation of the defenses, and kittiwakes do not react to predators nearly as fiercely as do ground-nesting gulls. A colony of Bonaparte's gulls responds to the appearance of a predatory herring gull by flying up as a group with a clamor of alarm calls,followed by concerted mobbing, but kittiwakes simply ignore herring gulls, since they pose little threat to nests on cliffs. Neither do kittiwakes attempt to conceal their nest. Most gulls keep the nest area clear of droppings, and remove empty eggshells after the chicks have hatched, so that the location of the nest is not given away. Kittiwakes defecate over the edge of the nest, which keeps it clean, but this practice, as well as their tendency to leave the nest littered with eggshells, makes its location very conspicuous.On the other hand, nesting on a narrow ledge has its own peculiar problems, and kittiwake behavior has become adapted to overcome them. The female kittiwake sits when mating, whereas other gulls stand, so the pair will not overbalance and fall off the ledge. The nest is a deep cup, made of mud or seaweed, to hold the eggs safely, compared with the shallow scrape of other gulls, and the chicks are remarkably immobile until fully grown. They do not run from their nests when approached, and if they should come near to the cliff edge, they instinctively turn back.1. What aspect of the kittiwake gull does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Its defensive behavior(B) It interactions with other gull species(C) Its nesting habits(D) Its physical difference from other gull species2. The word rear in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) visit(B) watch(C) reverse(D) raise3. The word scale in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) climb(B) avoid(C) approach(D) measure4. The word immunity in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) distance(B) transition(C) protection(D) reminder5. Why is it difficult for ravens to steal the kittiwakes' eggs?(A) The kittiwakes can see the ravens approaching the nest.(B) The ravens cannot land on the narrow ledges where kittiwakes nest.(C) The kittiwakes' eggs are too big for the ravens to carry.(D) The female kittiwakes rarely leave the nest.6. The author mentions that eggshells litter around the nests of kittiwakes in order to(A) demonstrate that kittiwakes are not concerned about predators(B) prove how busy kittiwakes are in caring for their offspring(C) show a similarity to other types of gulls(D) illustrate kittiwakes' lack of concern for their chicks7. According to the passage , it can be inferred that which of the following birds conceal theirnest?(A) Bonaparte's gulls(B) Atlantic puffins(C) Kittiwake gulls(D) Northern gannets8. The word it in line 17 refers to(A) location(B) edge(C) nest(D) practice9. The word conspicuous in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) disordered(B) suspicious(C) noticeable(D) appealing10. The phrase On the other hand in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) therefore(B) however(C) for example(D) by no means。
5日托福阅读机经
托福考试(TOEFL)/备考辅导2015年12月5日托福阅读机经12月5日托福阅读词汇题：supplement=add toexclusively=solelyanxious=worryenduring=lastingerase=eliminateculminate=endexploit=useinitiate=startemergence=appearanceautonomous=independent12月5日托福阅读第一篇考生回忆：本文讲的是照片的发展史。
第一段讲了照片是使用D技术摄制的，这项技术因为反应了自然的真实而被人们所喜爱。
在乡村地区，不同的个体都是独干，因此照片的质量也不尽相同。
对比之下，城市地区出现了一些像照相馆一样的地方。
第二段，D发展成了另外一种PPW,它解决了D只能在屏幕上展现一张照片的局限性。
正因为可以展现多张照片，所以可以解决不同的家庭成员对不同照片的需求。
第三段和第四段，既然PPW可以解决不同家庭成员的需求，相应地，也就可以解决不同社会的焦虑。
人们可能无法适应社会的发展，而照片就把社会上的各种各样的人呈现出定个的样子，就像古时代的社会画像一样。
人们可以把那些遇到的陌生人转化成他们所熟悉的一个模式来了解。
第五段，有一个商人A在城里开了一个画廊，里面展览了很多名人的照片。
很多人来到这个地方，因为她们希望通过观看名人的likeness来发现他们的内在。
这个画廊也因为人们也因为人们的喜爱被不断迁徙到更好的位置。
这个商人A也觉得自己牛逼得不行了。
第六段，商人A也邀请了一些政界领导人为他们拍照并且挂在画廊里。
政界人士也觉得特别可以，觉得这是一个自我推销。
而人民也觉得他们可以通过照片来了解领导人，看看她们说的那些政策是否可以贯彻。
另外人们也可以把它们看到的那些品质作为自己的目标。
解析：本文围绕着在照片的发展史进行讨论。
与植物学相关的话题是托福阅读的常客，也是学生们比较陌生的题材。
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2020年9月5日托福阅读机经（新东方版）
2020年9月5日托福阅读机经（新东方版）
机经词汇：
devoid of=lacking of
correspond=match
ongoing=continuing
peculiar=unusual
diffusion=spread
a wealth of= a valuable amount of
complexity=sophistication
allowing=resulting in
temporarily=briefly
unpromising
distortion
第一篇
考生回忆：本文讨论苏美尔文明。
开始的时候那个地方(美索不达米亚平原)的自然环境不好，缺乏一些很重要的自然资源，也经常遭遇洪水泛滥,所以人口也不多。
但是此后somehow这个地方发展起来了，人口增多了，也出现了很多新兴的职业比如说scientists。
随着城市的发展出现了贸易，主要参与贸易的是一些原材料比如copper和stone。
因为城市发展需要管理，所以发明了writing。
后来writing 还出现了发展，有了更多的用途，影响长远。
第二篇
考生回忆：有的鱼周围有磁场能够用来感应事物。
科学家做了一个实验，把一种瞎的鱼从熟悉的环境放到不熟悉的环境里，发现即使看不见，但是这些鱼还是能找到一些holes。
同时磁场还能根据物种的性别发生变化。
比如在交配(mating)的时候female 和male就明显不一样。
还有就是能够识别个体。
如果两条鱼的速率(rate)很相似，那么它们就会调整自己的速率让这个区别变得可识别的。
第三篇
考生回忆：讲的在寒武纪(Cambrian)的物种大爆发(species explosion)。
这个时期的物种演化的速率和多样性都是别的时期所无法媲美的。
科学家们提出了几个可能性的原因。
第一个原因是氧气。
在寒武纪之前，氧气的含量很低，无法支持大型的生物生长。
但是寒武纪因为氧气量大大增加，所以也为大型生物的演化提供了条件。
第二个原因是在物种多样性爆发的初期，当时的捕猎者没有很高级的捕猎技术，所以一些猎物也能生存。
而现在因为捕食者大大控制了猎物的数量，所以再也无法达到寒武纪那样的生物多样性的高度。
第三个原因是在寒武纪之前有一个小冰河时期，使得大量的动物灭绝。
之后气候变好了，所以很多动物就出现了。
小编推荐：。