最新Unit 12 A Case of “Severe Bias”课文翻译综合教程四资料

合集下载

(完整版)Unit12GenderBiasinLanguage课文翻译综合教程一

Unit 12 Gender Bias in LanguageLanguage is a very powerful element. It is the most common method of communication. Yet it is often misunderstood and misinterpreted, for language is a very complicated mechanism with a great deal of nuance. There are times when in conversation with another individual, that we must take into account the person’s linguistic genealogy. There are people who use language that would be considered prejudicial or biased in use. But the question that is raised is in regard to language usage: Is language the cause of the bias or is it reflective of the preexisting bias that the user holds? There are those who believe that the language that we use in day-to-day conversation is biased in and of itself. They feel that the term "mailman", for example, is one that excludes women mail carriers. Then there are those who feel that language is a reflection of the prejudices that people have within themselves. That is to say, the words that people choose to use in conversation denote the bias that they harbor within their own existence.There are words in the English language that are existing or have existed (some of them have changed with the new wave of “political correctness” coming about) that have inherently been sexually biased against women. For example, the person who investigates reported complaints (as from consumers or students), reports findings, and helps to achieve fair and impartial settlements is ombudsman (Merriam-Webster Dictionary), but ombudsperson here at Indiana State University. This is an example of the gender bias that exists in the English language. The language is arranged so that men are identified with exalted positions, and women are identified with more service-oriented positions in which they are being dominated and instructed by men. So the language used to convey this type of male supremacy is generally reflecting the honored position of the male and the subservience of the female. Even in relationships, the male in the home is often referred to as the “man of the house,” even if it is a 4-year-old child. It is highly insulting to say that a 4-year-old male, based solely on his gender, is more qualified and capable of conducting the business and affairs of the home than his possibly well-educated, highly intellectual mother. There is a definite disparity in that situation.In American culture, a woman is valued for the attractiveness of her body, while a man is valued for his physical strength and his achievements. Even in the example of word pairs the bias is evident. The masculine word is put before the feminine word, as in the examples of Mr. and Mrs., his and hers, boys and girls, men and women, kings and queens, brothers and sisters, guys and dolls, and host and hostess. This shows that the usage of many of the English words is also what contributes to the bias present in the English language.Alleen Pace Nilsenn notes that there are instances when women are seen as passive while men are active and bring things into being. She uses the example of the wedding ceremony. In the beginning of the ceremony, the father is asked who gives the bride away and he answers, “I do.” It is at this point that Nilsen argues that the gender bias comes into play. The traditional concept of the bride as something to be handed from one man (the father) to another man (the husband-to-be) is perpetuated. Another example is in the instance of sexual relationships. The women becomebrides while men wed women. The man takes away a woman’s virginity and a woman loses her virginity. This denotes her inability, apparently due to her gender, to hold on to something that is a part of her, thus enforcing the man’s ability and right to claim something that is not his.To be a man, according to some linguistic differences, would be considered an honor. To be endowed by genetics with the encoding of a male would be as having been shown grace, unmerited favor. There are far greater positive connotations connected with being a man than with being a woman. Nilsen yields the example of “shrew” and “shrewd.” The word “shrew” is taken from the name of a small but especially vicious animal; however in Nilsen’s dictionary, a “shrew” was identified as an “ill-tempered, scolding woman.” However, the word “shrewd,” which comes from the same root, was defined as “marked by clever discerning awareness.” It was noted in her dictionary as a shrewd businessman. It is also commonplace not to scold little girls for being “tomboys” but to scoff at little boys who play with dolls or ride girls’ bicycles.In the conversations that come up between friends, you sometimes hear the words “babe,” “broad,” and “chick.” These are words that are used in reference to or directed toward women. It is certainly the person’s right to use these words to reflect women, but why use them when there are so many more to choose from? Language is the most powerful tool of communication and the most effective tool of communication. It is also the most effective weapon of destruction.Although there are biases that exist in the English language, there has been considerable change toward recognizing these biases and making the necessary changes formally so that they will be implemented socially. It is necessary for people to make the proper adjustments internally to use appropriate language to effectively include both genders. We qualify language. It is up to us to decide what we will allow to be used and made proper in the area of language.语言中的性别偏见语言是一个非常强大的元素。

综合教程第四册Unit 12 Text I--A Case of Severe Bias 词汇

A CASE OF “SEVERE BIAS”Patricia Raybon1 This is who I am not. I am not a crack addict. I am not a welfare mother. I am not illiterate. I am not a prostitute. I have never been in jail. My children are not in gangs. My husband doesn’t beat me. My home is not a tenement. None of these things defines who I am, nor do they describe the other black people I’ve known and worked with and loved and befriended over these forty years of my life.◆welfare mother: welfare queen is a pejorative phrase used in the United States to refer to people, usually women, who are accused of collecting excessive welfare payments through fraud or manipulation.◆tenement: n. 1) a large building divided into flats/apartments, especially in a poor area of a city (尤指城市贫困区的)经济公寓，廉价公寓e.g. a tenement block 经济住宅街区2 Nor does it describe most of black America, period.3 Yet in the eyes of the American news media, this is what black America is: poor, criminal, addicted, and dysfunctional. Indeed, media coverage of black America is so one-sided, so imbalanced that the most victimized and hurting segment of the black community －a small segment, at best －is presented not as the exception but as the norm. It is an insidious practice, all the uglier for its blatancy.◆dysfunctional: adj. (technical) not working normally or properly 机能失调的；功能障碍的e.g. children from dysfunctional families 有缺陷家庭的子女◆coverage: n. (U) 1) the reporting of news and sport in newspapers and on the radio andtelevision 新闻报道e.g. media/newspaper/press coverage 媒体/报纸/报刊的报道tonight’s live coverage of the hockey game 今晚曲棍球比赛的现场直播2) the range or quality of information that is included in a book or course of study, ontelevision, etc. (书、课程学习、电视等的)信息范围，信息质量e.g. magazines with extensive coverage of diet and health topics包含大量饮食与健康话题的杂志3) the amount of sth that sth provides; the amount or way that sth covers an idea提供的数量；覆盖范围（或方式）e.g. Immunization coverage against fatal diseases has increased to 99% in some countries.在一些国家致命疾病免疫注射的覆盖面已达到99%。

综合英语教程第四册 unit 12中文翻译

正文译文：Unit 12 永无休止的争论最近接受电视采访回答问题时，我表达了自己对困扰人们的迷信的蔑视。

采访者问：“可是，既然如您所承认的那样，大多数人们相信这种迷信的东西，并能从中得到安慰，为什么你还要人们放弃他们的信仰呢？镜头前，在可利用的短暂时间里，我尽可能地做了最好的回答。

但是现在我能做出更完善的回答，因为有更多的时间可供我支配。

实际上，下面才是我想说的。

原因有两个。

首先，我有义务这么做，有义务指出迷信的无用之处。

毋庸置疑，每个人都易于相信有神论者，当他们说他们有义务宣讲关于上帝世界的看法，并因拥有如此高尚的布道活动而赢得众人恭顺、尊敬时，那么，为什么我宣扬关于理智世界的观点就该遭到取笑呢？关于什么是理性，该怎样清楚地看世界，我有自己的看法。

与有神论者不同，我不会用地狱之火威胁任何人，即使他们拒绝接受我所说的每个字；我也不会企图用永久的幸福之类的鬼话来贿赂他们，只要他们认同我的每一句话。

相反地，我布道的世界里没有威逼，没有贿赂，只是纯粹为了认识而需努力去了解的东西。

与有神论者不同，我不会宣称拥有通往超自然力量的途径，也不断言有绝对的真理和关于过去、现在和将来问题的始终不变的答案。

相反地，我只是作为一个易犯错误的人，竭尽所能地改进自己对世界的认识，这种认识从某种程度上讲是代代相传的。

我只要求给我一个机会，谦逊而自由地表达见解。

其次，有人说迷信和伪科学给人们带来了安慰，缓解了痛苦，这并不能为迷信和伪科学辩护。

因此自认为杰出人物的我们不应该宣称知道得更多，从而剥夺人们纯洁的信仰。

如果说舒适是我们判断事物价值的标准，那么请想一想：香烟让吸烟者快乐；酒精让嗜酒者沉醉；各种各样的毒品让吸毒者沉溺；纸牌、跑马让赌博者兴奋；暴力给反社会的人带来快感。

只以此作标准，没有任何行为我们可以干涉。

诚然，所有这些都很容易给染上恶习的人们带来伤害，但是难道我们不可以就此质疑：人们从造成自身伤害的行为中得到快乐，真的如他们所认为的那样，只不过是他们自己的选择，仅与他们自己的身体健康、生命安全有关。

高三英语上学期unit-12-revision

嘿嘿，我就喜欢她把贵娃子当泡菜下稀饭吞，优游 / 嘿嘿，你脚在袜子里动，我就晓得你没有安好心。这是好事情嘛，咋个把话说得那么难听。我看见两个娃在一起还搞得拢，才来开这个口的。咋个不屙摊稀屎照照自家人算哪把夜壶，还有脸来开这个口？你又咋个不屙摊稀屎照照自家的状况，我家状况不关你的事。妈很生气地下逐客令你走，你马上出去，出去！妈还动手掀吴老爹出门。嘿嘿，嘿嘿，怪我嘴巴讨厌，怪我嘴巴烂。吴老爹嘻皮笑脸赔不对又赖着不想走，嘿嘿，有话好好说，好好说，何苦撕破脸呵！十我悟到了妈和吴老爹，围绕我东拉西扯的实质问题，脑海里徒然浮现出，我们山里有些女孩子，奶头还钉在胸板上就因其家庭贫困，实在抗拒不了天灾人祸的降临，只有接受好心人的劝说和安排，歹心人的肋迫和要挟，草率而又慌忙地找个婆家，嫁个男人渡其难关的凄惨命运。想起那些可怜的女子，我就倒抽冷气。她们嫁的男人，不是岁数太大就是体型极不相称，或者身体上有这样那样的缺陷。她们不晓得屁是臭的，就稀里糊涂地把自己没长醒的身体，拿给饿汉子去撒野。她们自己的黄屎还没屙干净就混混浊浊，弄个淹汤寡气的孩子驮在背上。她们从这个火坑又跳到那个火海，眼睁睁地被焚毁，被凄惨的命运彻底地焚毁！难道，我也逃不脱那种非常寒心，极其悲惨的命运？我为姐妹们的青春悲哀，为姐妹们的命运叹息，也思索着自己的青春，思索着自己的命运。简直没有想到，我一贯反感女孩子不大点点就说婚事嫁男人，更惧怕还是孩子就生个孩子自己凄惨的感觉。也许人身处劣境，到了这步田地的必然心态；也是人万般无奈时求生一种必然方式，也是人乞求生存的一种希望，一个亮点，或者贵哥是个好手好脚，样样乖净端正的好小伙子，而且年龄又与我相当，我们也算是青梅竹马的原故吧。

高级英语2的Unit12译文

高级英语2的Unit12译文Just recently a committee meeting at the University of Colorado was interrupted by the spectacle of a young man 1scaling the wall of the library just outside the window. Discussion of new interdisciplinary courses halted as we silently hoped he had discipline enough to return safely to the earth. Hope was all we could offer 2from our vantage point in Ketchum Hall, the impulse to rush out and catch him being 3checked by the realization of futility.就在最近，我们在科罗拉多大学举办的一次委员会会议因为窗户外一位年轻男士正在攀爬对面图书馆的高墙而半途中断。

这一刻，一切关于跨学科新课程的讨论戛然而止，因为我们都在默默地希望他接受过严格训练，能安全回到地面。

我们在凯彻姆礼堂看得很清楚，很想冲出去接住他，但当意识到这只能是徒劳无功时，我们所能做的也只有默默地为他祈祷。

The incident reinforced my sense that mountaineering serves as an 4apt analogy for the art of teaching. The excitement, the risk, the need for 5rigorous discipline all correspond, though the image I have in mind is not that of the solitary adventurer rappelling off a wall, but that of a Swiss guide leading an expedition.这次事件使我更加强烈地觉得攀岩对于教学艺术是一个恰当的类比。

Unit 12 “Take Over, Bos’n!”课文翻译综合教程三

Unit 12“Take Over, Bos’n!”Oscar Schisgall1 Hour after hour I kept the gun pointed at the other nine men. From the lifeboat’s stern, where I’d sat most of the twenty days of our drifting, I could keep them all covered. If I had to shoot at such close qu arters, I wouldn’t miss. They realized that. Nobody jumped at me. But in the way they all glared I could see how they’d come to hate my guts.2 Especially Barrett, who’d been bos’n’s mate; Barrett said in his harsh, cracked voice, “You’re a fool, Snyder. Y-you can’t hold out forever! You’re half asleep now!”3 I didn’t answer. He was right. How long can a man stay awake? I hadn’t dared to shut my eyes in maybe seventy-two hours. Very soon now I’d doze off, and the instant that happened they’d jump on the li ttle water that was left.4 The last canteen lay under my legs. There wasn’t much in it after twenty days. Maybea pint. Enough to give each of them a few drops. Yet I could see in their bloodshot eyes that they’d gladly kill me for those few drops. As a man I didn’t count any more. I was no longer third officer4 of the wrecked Montala. I was just a gun that kept them away from the water they craved. And with their tongue swollen and their cheeks sunken, they were half crazy.5 The way I judged it, we must be some two hundred miles east of Ascension. Now that the storms were over, the Atlantic swells were long and easy, and the morning sun was hot –so hot it scorched your skin. My own tongue was thick enough to clog my throat. I’d have given the rest of my life for a single gulp of water.6 But I was the man with the gun — the only authority in the boat — and I knew this: once the water was gone we’d have nothing to look forward to but death. As long as we could look forward to getting a drink later, there was something to live for. We had to make it last as long as possible. If I’d given in to the curses, we’d have emptied the last canteen days ago. By now we’d all be dead.7 The men weren’t pulling on the oars. They’d stopped that long ago, too weak to go o n. The nine of them facing me were a pack of bearded, ragged, half-naked animals, and Iprobably looked as bad as the rest. Some sprawled over the gunwales, dozing. The rest watched me as Barrett did, ready to spring the instant I relaxed.8 When they were n’t looking at my face they looked at the canteen under my legs.9 Jeff Barrett was the nearest one. A constant threat. The bos’n’s mate was a heavy man, bald, with a scarred and brutal face. He’d been in a hundred fights, and they’d left their marks on him.10 Barrett had been able to sleep —in fact, he’d slept through most of the night – and I envied him that. His eyes wouldn’t close. They kept watching me, narrow and dangerous.11 Every now and then he taunted me in that hoarse, broken voice:12 “Why don’t you quit? You can’t hold out!”13 “Tonight,” I said. “We’ll ration the rest of the water tonight.”14 “By tonight some of us’ll be dead! We want it now!”15 “Tonight ,” I said.16 Couldn’t he understand that if we waited until night the few drops wouldn’t be sweated out of us so fast? But Barrett was beyond all reasoning. His mind had already cracked with thirst. I saw him begin to rise, a calculating look in his eyes. I aimed the gun at his chest – and he sat down again.17 I’d grabbed my Luger on inst inct, twenty days ago, just before running for the lifeboat. Nothing else would have kept Barrett and the rest away from the water.18 These fools —couldn’t they see I wanted a drink as badly as any of them? But I was in command here — that was the difference. I was the man with the gun, the man who had to think. Each of the others could afford to think only of himself; I had to think of them all.19 Barrett’s eyes kept watching me, waiting. I hated him. I hated him all the more because he’d slept. He had that advantage now. He wouldn’t keel over.20 And long before noon I knew I couldn’t fight any more. My eyelids were too heavy to lift. As the boat rose and fell on the long swells, I could feel sleep creeping over me like paralysis. I bent my head. It fil led my brain like a cloud. I was going, going …21 Barrett stood over me, and I couldn’t even lift the gun. In a vague way I could guess what would happen. He’d grab the water first and take his drop. By that time the others would be screaming and tearing at him, and he’d have to yield the canteen. Well, there was nothing more I could do about it.22 I whispered, “Take over, bos’n.”23 Then I fell face down in the bottom of the boat. I was asleep before I stopped moving…24 When a hand shook my shoulder, I could hardly raise my head. Jeff Barrett’s hoarse voice said, “Here! Take your share o’ the water!”25 Somehow I propped myself up on my arms, dizzy and weak. I looked at the men, andI thought my eyes were going. Their figures were dim, shadowy; but then I realized it wasn’t because of my eyes. It was night. The sea was black; there were stars overhead, I’d slept the day away.26 So we were in our twenty-first night adrift —the night in which the tramp Croton finally picked us up – but now, as I turned my head to Barrett there was no sign of any ship. He knelt beside me, holding out the canteen, his other hand with gun steady on the men.27 I stared at the canteen as if it were a mirage. Hadn’t they finished that pint of water this morning? When I looked u p at Barrett’s ugly face, it was grim. He must have guessed my thoughts.28 “You said, ‘Take over, bos’n,’ didn’t you?” he growled. “I’ve been holding off these apes all day.” He hefted the Luger in his hand. “When you’re boss-man,” he added, “in command and responsible for the rest — you —you sure get to see things different, don’t you?”“水手长，接手吧!”奥斯卡·希斯高尔1. 一小时又一小时，我用枪指着其他九个人。

高三英语下学期unit-12

www.色情.com 她禁不住笑，揶揄他： “失望呀！还以为是因为你对这个宇宙有很多浪漫的想法呢。” 大克挑挑眼眉，说：“我是念科学的，念科学的人不浪漫。” “你那个学姊长得很美吧？”她又问。 “我已经不太记得她长什么样子了，那时大概是觉得她很美吧，否则不会那么傻。” “她后来是和那个男生一起吗？” “那个男生在大四那年冬天溺死了。” “溺死？”她没想到故事的结局是个悲剧…… “他失踪三天之后，尸体在海上飘浮。尸体捞起来的时候，穿着整齐的衣服，鞋子不见了，但两只袜子都还在。一直查不出他到底是自杀的，还是被人推下海的。” “那个女孩子很可怜。”她说。共2页: 上一页1用了前半生去憎恨的那个跟你最亲的人。她害怕变成她的舅舅，那个欺负她的酒鬼，那个老扒手，那个一生落魄的人。可是，她现在不也是爱上了酒精吗？她的酒量好得很。她爱着的也是个爱喝酒的男人。她的父母在她四岁那年死了。她惟一拥有的是一张父母的合照。她有一对慈爱，漂亮又年轻的父母。然而，她的记忆已经很模糊了，只依稀记得她的故乡美得像世外桃源，花开处处，天空很蓝。她跟父母住在一幢水泥盖的平房里，那儿有一个很大的院子，鸟儿常常来栖息。还有一种香味一直在她记忆里萦回，是院子里的桂花香。

Unit 12 A Case of “Severe Bias”Words and Expressions综合教程四

UNIT 12 A CASE OF “SEVERE BIAS”Words and Expressionsilliterate: a.(1) not able to read or writee.g.You must be illiterate if you’ve never heard of Marx.He is musically illiterate.addicted:a.(1) unable to stop taking or using sth. as a habite.g. become addicted to drugs, alcohol, tobacco, etc.(2) strongly interested in sth. as a hobby or pastimee.g. He is addicted to TV soap operas.dysfunctional: a.abnormally functioninge.g.Children from a dysfunctional family is more likely to be shy.Antonym:functionale.g.After repairs, the railroad is functional again.I’m hardly functional if I don’t get eight hours’ sleep!insidious:a.spreading or acting gradually and unnoticed but with harmful effectse.g.He had insidiously wormed his way into her affections.The leaflets were a more insidious form of propaganda.Synonym: sinister, menacinge.g. a sinister motive/actionThere was something cold and sinister about him.a menacing face/toneAt night, the dark streets become menacing.warfare: n.(1) the activity of fighting a war, especially using particular weapons or methodse.g. There were many countries engaged in warfare.(2) the activity of competing in an aggressive way with another group, company, etc.e.g. The debate soon degenerated into open warfare.Comparison:warfare & warwarfare: the activity of fighting in a war, used esp. when talking about particular methods of fightinge.g.diplomatic/economic warfarewar: fighting between two or more countries or opposing groups within a country, involving large numbers of soldiers and weaponse.g. If a war breaks out, many other countries will be affected.on welfare:the state of receiving money paid by the government to support one’s lifee.g.More and more people are living on welfare as a result of the financial crisis. deduce: v.arrive at (facts, a theory, etc.) by reasoning; infer sth.e.g.Detectives deduced from the clues who had committed the crime.We deduce from his behavior that he is trying to gain attention.Derivation:deductione.g.It’s an obvious deduction that she is guilty.The dividend will be paid without the deduction of tax.myopic: a.(1) [medical] unable to see things clearly that are far awaye.g.He thinks that Dolly is myopic and should see a good doctor.(2) unwilling or unable to think about the futuree.g.He is politically myopic.The government still has a myopic attitude to public spending.Synonym:short-sightede.g.He was too short-sighted to focus on the object.Until this short-sighted policy is reversed we shall never make any progress. pathetic: a.(1) causing one to feel pity or sadnesse.g.The pathetic sight of starving children made her burst into cry.(2) extremely inadequate; contemptiblee.g.His answers were pathetically inadequate.interpreter: n.(1) a person whose job is to translate what sb. is saying into another languagee.g. Speaking through an interpreter, the President said that the talks were going well.(2) a person who performs a piece of music or a role in a play in a way that clearly shows its meaninge.g.She was considered one of the finest interpreters of Debussy’s music.Comparison: interpreter & translatorinterpreter: a person who interprets, esp. one who translates speech orallye.g.He spoke very little English, so I talked to him through an interpreter.translator: a person who translates writing or speech into a different language.e.g. His love of language inclined him towards a career as a translator.(be) guilty of:having done sth. illegal; (being) responsible for sth. bad that has happened e.g.The jury found the defendant not guilty of the offence.We’ve all been guilty of selfishness at some time in our lives.in a good light:(1) with a proper lighting conditione.g.Read in a good light lest it should hurt your eyes.(2) from a positive perspectivee.g.Optimists tend to see things in a good light.underclass: n.the lowest social class, consisting of people who are very poor and who are not likely to be able to improve their situatione.g.As an urban underclass, he has very limited access to health care.The long-term unemployed are becoming a new underclass.Synonym:lower classe.g. I am from one of the lower classes and I’m proud of it.beset: v.surround (sb./sth.) on all sides; trouble constantly; threatene.g.The voyage was beset with dangers.The team was beset by injury all season.validity:n.(1) the state of being legally or officially acceptablee.g.The period of validity of the agreement has expired.(2) the state of being logical and truee.g.We had doubts about the validity of their argument.Synonym:soundness, legitimacye.g.He now enjoys soundness of mind and body.I doubt the soundness of the theory.the legitimacy of the governmentIt is difficult to judge the legitimacy of the child.scenario:n.(1) a situation that could possibly happene.g.Imagine a scenario where only 20% of people have a job.(2) written outline of a film, play, etc. with details of the scenes and plote.g.It looked ominously like we were about to repeat the earlier scenario.be relegated to:be given a lower or less important position, rank, etc. than beforee.g.I have been relegated to the role of a mere assistant.Synonym:be downgraded to, be reduced toe.g.She’s been downgraded from principal to deputy.The embassy will be downgraded to a trade office.They were reduced to begging or starving.Every building in this area was reduced to rubble.twilight zone:a gray area, a border in-between two or more things that is unclearly defined, a border that is hard to define or even impossible to definee.g.Wrestling is in a twilight zone between sport and entertainment.aberrant:a.not following the normal or correct waye.g.aberrant behavior/ideasan rocket on an aberrant courseAntonym:anomalous, deviante.g.He is in an anomalous position as the only part-time worker in the firm.These beliefs are labeled deviant by the majority.pervasive:a.existing in all parts of a place or thinge.g. A sense of social change is pervasive in her novels.infest:v.live in (a place) persistently and in large numberse.g.Our garden is infested with weeds.Collocation: infest sth. (with/by sth.)e.g.The Strait of Malacca was infested with pirates.The streets are infested with drug dealers.let alone:not to mentione.g.There isn’t enough room for us, let alone six dogs and a cat.He hasn’t enough money for food, let alone amusements.affirmation: n. a positive assertione.g.The poem is a joyous affirmation of the power of love.portrait: n.(1) painted picture, drawing or photograph of (esp. the face of) a person or an animale.g.She had her portrait painted.(2) description in wordse.g.The book contains a fascinating portrait of life at the court of Henry VIII. Comparison:portrait & paintingportrait: a painting, drawing, or photograph of a persone.g.The portrait of her mother was her most prized possession.painting: a picture that has been painted。

大学综合英语Unit12 a case of severe bias

大学综合英语Unit12 a case of severe bias1. IntroductionIn this unit, we will explore the topic of severe bias, which refers to a strong preference or prejudice for or against a particular group, person, or idea. Bias can manifest itself in various forms, such as in media coverage, academic research, or everyday conversations. Understanding the impact of bias and how to recognize and address it is crucial in promoting fairness and equality.2. Definition and ExamplesSevere bias is an extreme form of bias that is characterized by a complete disregard for opposing viewpoints and a deliberate distortion of facts. It goes beyond mere preference or personal opinion and can have significant negative consequences. Here are a few examples of severe bias:Example 1: Media BiasMedia bias is a common occurrence in today’s society. It occurs when media outlets selectively report news and present information in a way that supports a particular political or social agenda. Severe bias can be seen in cases where newsoutlets completely ignore or dismiss opposing viewpoints, leading to a lack of balanced and unbiased reporting.Example 2: Academic BiasAcademic bias occurs when researchers or scholars intentionally or unintentionally favor certain theories, methodologies, or perspectives over others. This can result in a skewed representation of knowledge and can limit the development of new ideas and perspectives. Severe bias in academia can hinder the progress of scientific inquiry and intellectual growth.Example 3: Personal BiasPersonal bias is an individual’s tendency to favor or discriminate against particular people or ideas based on personal preferences or prejudices. Severe personal bias can result in unfair treatment and discrimination against certain individuals or groups. It can also lead to a lack of open-mindedness and a reluctance to consider alternative viewpoints.3. Identifying Severe BiasRecognizing severe bias can be challenging, as it often involves subtle manipulation of information and a deliberate distortion of facts. However, there are some common signs that can help us identify severe bias:•Cherry-picking of evidence: Severe bias often involves the selective use of evidence that supports aparticular viewpoint while ignoring or dismissingcontradictory evidence.•Lack of transparency: Biased sources may fail to disclose their potential conflicts of interest or their motives behind promoting a particular agenda.•One-sided presentation: Severe bias often presents a one-sided argument without acknowledging or addressing opposing viewpoints.•Emotional manipulation: Biased sources may use emotional language or appeal to fear, anger, or otheremotions to influence the audience’s perception.4. Impacts of Severe BiasSevere bias can have significant negative impacts on individuals and society as a whole:•Inaccurate information: Severe bias can lead to the dissemination of misinformation, which can mislead people and prevent them from making informed decisions.•Polarization: When severe bias is prevalent, it can lead to increased polarization and division within society.People become less willing to engage in civil discourse and instead resort to silencing or attacking opposingviewpoints.•Inequality and discrimination: Severe bias can perpetuate inequality and discrimination by favoringcertain groups or ideas over others. This can lead to unfair treatment and a lack of opportunities for marginalizedindividuals or groups.5. Addressing Severe BiasAddressing severe bias requires a concerted effort from individuals, institutions, and society as a whole. Here are some strategies to address severe bias effectively:•Diverse perspectives: Actively seek out and consider diverse perspectives and viewpoints to ensure a morecomprehensive and balanced understanding of a topic.•Critical thinking: Develop critical thinking skills to assess information objectively and identify potential biases or distortions.•Fact-checking: Verify the accuracy of information by cross-referencing multiple sources. Fact-checkingorganizations can also provide valuable guidance indetermining the reliability of sources.•Open dialogue: Encourage open and respectful dialogue that allows for the exchange of ideas andchallenges biases in a constructive manner.6. ConclusionSevere bias is a phenomenon that can have far-reaching consequences on individuals and society. Understanding the different forms of bias and developing the skills to recognize and address them is essential in promoting fairness, equality, and informed decision-making. By actively seeking out diverse perspectives and engaging in open dialogue, we can work towards a more inclusive and unbiased society.Note: The content provided in this document is for informational purposes only and does not constitute professional advice. It is recommended to consult relevant experts or references for specific concerns or inquiries.。

速读1 unit 12 翻译

"The unspeakable in pursuit of the inedible"Oscar WildeIn one sense, the above quotation needs no further embellishment from me.I feel very strongly that the act of hunting with hounds is a cruel and unnecessary leftover from the days when we were a more ruthless, divided society of moneyed and peasant, with very little compassion for one another, let alone the animal kingdom.Pro-hunting folk, some of whom I know and have had very stirring debates with, will issue forth all sorts of reasons why hunting is a Good Thing:∙ As a means of fox population control∙ As a significant employer of country folk∙ As a tradition∙ As a control method more humane than the stated alternatives of gassing (用毒气杀死)or shooting∙ As a sportAs a horse owner, I don't deny the fact of a rather obvious肾上腺素肾上腺素adrenalin-fuelled thrill involved in galloping across country, accommodating all obstacles encountered with a skill (or otherwise) borne of hard-earned horsemanship (although it would be naive to assume that all the people who participate in hunting have suitable ridden expertise for the rigors of the hunting field).Personally, however, the perceived thrill of said activity loses every ounce of its appeal the moment one stops to think that at the heart of the whole setup is one poor fox, trying only to eke a living in his territory, to be subjected to the terror of being chased by a large pack of dogs to the point of exhaustion and violent death. By the admission of huntsfolk themselves, these creatures are often the old and infirm. As such, one might then assume that their chances of escape are pared down still further. How can we realistically make glib statements about the amount of suffering that animals under such conditions might feel? Is it not conceivable that the persecuted fox, running for his life, might be feeling abject terror in the face of a baying pack of bloodthirsty hounds? In our arrogance we, the human race, often seem to labour under the falsehood that no living animal can possibly enjoy similar levels of sentience to ourselves. Why is that, I wonder. I fear the simple truth is that if we were to admit to ourselves that we are not the only highly sentient, intelligent animals on this planet, our treatment of them would reveal us simply and uncompromisingly as monsters. Now that's a truth that's a bit difficult to swallow.Perhaps it is the fact that everyone dresses up nicely when they go out hunting, enjoying a glass of sherry on the ha-ha before setting off for an ostensibly civilised pursuit which leads the participants to over-ride the slightly guilty feelings I am sure some at least of them *must* feel, to convince themselves that there is nothing really wrong with foxhunting. Perhaps it is the fact that one needs a certain amount of money to participate in what is seen as an exclusive pursuit, although this is not quite as true now as it used to be. Horse riders are ever tarnished with the brush reserved to demarcate the moneyed of our society, and I can tell you that this is more often than not a complete fallacy. I know loads of horsey people, and the vast majority of them work like hell and give up many of the niceties others take for granted to keep their precious horses on quite limited budgets.I do not think that trying to justify hunting by virtue of the number of rural people employed directly or (most often) indirectly as a result of the "sport" is feasible. Doubtless there used to be many people employed in the numerous bear pits scattered around London in Shakespearian times, but that is no reason to claim it as a viable pastime.What I find most deplorable is the preoccupation of the human race with controlling the populations of every species except its own. Watching the news or reading the paper, watching natural history documentaries, all are tinged with a deep, fundamental sadness at the fact that we seemincapable of realising that our own uncontrolled spreading around the globe is causing such world-wide climatic disruption of far greater import than any other single issue. Why are politicians not addressing the the really pressing issues at source? Let's just ban foxhunting and concentrate on more pressing issues, before it's too late.1．狩猎是否如王尔德所言，是“难以启齿的追逐难以入口的行为”，还是一个被过于多愁善感的城里人误解和贬低的乡村传统？2．从中可以看出其辩论已经越来越两极化，从而引起了英国一些由来已久最激烈的社会争论。

综合英语二Lesson 12课后翻译习题答案

Lesson 12P4422.）Use the “useful expressions”1.恐怕你上错了船。

它是驶向上海的。

I am afraid you have boarded the wrong ship, She is heading/headed towards ShangHai.2.秘书确保每位出席会议的人都有一份主席的讲话稿。

The secretary made sure that everyone present at the meeting had a copy of the chairman’s speech.3.你可以把电话费用作为办公费用记下来。

You can put the telephone bill down as business costs/a business cost.4.执政党击退反对党的强烈反对，使这项法案得以通过。

The ruling party broke down the strong resistance of the opposition and got the bill past.5.我得抓紧时间，明天就该交论文了。

I have got to hurry up, as the paper is due tomorrow.6.面试中他信心十足，给考官留下了深刻的印象。

Brimming with confidence, he greatly impressed the interviewers.7.搬家时他处理掉了200多本旧书。

When he moved house he disposed of over 200 old books.8.他因业绩突出受到嘉奖，得到了两周的假期。

He was rewarded with a two-week vacation for his excellent performance.9.你今晚不用熬夜了，考试已延期到下周。

全新版大学英语综合教程12册句子翻译

Unit 11. 那是个正式的宴会，我照妈妈对我讲的那样穿着礼服去了。

As it was a formal dinner party, I wore formal dress, as Mother told me to.2. 他的女友劝他趁抽烟的坏习惯还未根深蒂固之前把它改掉。

His girlfriend advised him to get out of his bad habit of smoking before it took hold.3. 他们意料到下几个月电的需求量很大，决定增加消费。

Anticipating that the demand for electricity will be high during the next few months, they have decided to increase its production.4. 据说比尔因一再违背公司的平安规章而被辞退。

It is said that Bill has been fired for continually violating the company’s safety rules.5. 据报道地方政府已采取适当措施防止严重缺水的可能性。

It is reported that the government has taken proper measures to avoid the possibility of a severe water shortage.Unit 21) 半个小时过去了，但末班车还没来。

我们只好走回家。

Half an hour had gone by, but the last bus hadn’t come yet. We had to walk home.2) 玛丽看上去对汉语考试很担忧，因为她还没有背熟课文。

Mary seems to be very worried about the Chinese exam because she hasn’t learned the texts by heart.3) 既然篮球赛已被推延，我们不妨去参观博物馆。

Unit-12-A-Case-of-“Severe-Bias”习题答案综合教程四

Unit 12 A Case of "Severe Bias"Key to the ExercisesText comprehensionI. Decide which of the following best states the author's purpose of writing.AII. Judge, according to the text, whether the following statements are true or false.1. T (Refer to Paragraph 3. In American news media, black America is poor, criminal, addicted and dysfunctional. Indeed, the media have covered only a small segment of the black community and presented it as the norm.)2. T (Refer to Paragraph 3, where it is said that "it is an insidious practice, all the uglier for its blatancy," meaning that the media's practice of misrepresenting black America is obtrusive and offensive.)3. F (Refer to Paragraph 4, where it is indicated that media reports on crack babies, gang warfare, violent youth, poverty and homelessness are all featured as black, while rarely is there any article about blacks playing a positive role, or any role at all.)4. F (Refer to Paragraphs 6?, where it is shown that in numbers there are more white Americans on welfare, but among the urban underclass there is a larger proportion of blacks.)5. F (Refer to Paragraph 12, in which the author tells us that she has not seena recognizable "gang" member or any "gang" activity, nor has she been the victim of "gang violence.")6. F (Refer to Paragraphs 14?6, which show that blacks' true characteristics and contributions are the biggest secret in America. Every black, even those with the strongest minds, craves affirmation of their contributions to American society.)III. Answer the following questions.1. Refer to Paragraph 3. It refers to the small group of blacks who are poor, criminal, addicted and dysfunctional.2. Refer to Paragraphs 3?, and 11. The author especially focuses on the news media, and she also touches upon the film industry.3. Refer to Paragraph 7. As presented in the media, white America is always whole and lovely and healthy, while black America is usually sick and pathetic and deficient.4. Refer to Paragraph 9. By "twilight zone," the author means that the image of black America is very confusing because of the discrepancy between its image in themedia and its real character.5. Refer to Paragraph 12. According to the author, she has never experienced any "gang" activity in Denver, nor has she been the victim of "gang violence."6. Refer to Paragraphs 5?, and 13. Yes, news reports and journalism are always supposed to be the mirror on American reality.IV. Explain in your own words the following sentences.1. The media's malicious use of a small segment to represent all black America is shameless and offensive.2. The media are supposed to present American culture and American experience truthfully by reflecting American reality, and people usually accept news reports as truth without any doubt. Unfortunately, in many cases what they present is anything but the truth.3. The distorted, inaccurate news coverage is worse than covering nothing at all about blacks.4. I am not suggesting we close our eyes to the very real problems associated with the lower class in cities, nor denying that blacks are overrepresented in this class.5. Most black people work hard, obey the law and pay their taxes. We have made our contributions to American society, but the media never notice and cover it. That makes blacks resentful.Structural analysis of the textWith a series of sentences beginning with "I am not," the author shows how different the image of blacks established by the media is from reality. And using again the same sentence structure in Paragraph 6, the author emphasizes that she is not an exception but one of the majority of blacks. With this structural repetition, the author is comparing herself with the majority of blacks and contrasting the image of blacks in the media with that in real life.Rhetorical features of the textNor is it a matter of closing one's eyes to the very real problems of the urban underclass -- which undeniably is disproportionately black. (Interrupting a sentence)And as self-reliant as most black Americans are -- because we've had to be self-reliant -- even the strongest among us still crave affirmation. (Interrupting a sentence)I want America to know us -- all of us -- for who we really are. (Putting special emphasis)That is the real portrait of black America -- that we're strong people, survivingpeople, capable people. (Introducing an explanation)Vocabulary exercisesI. Explain the underlined part in each sentence in your own words.1. that's it2. supply3. people in the lowest social position4. hazy area; marginalized area5. independent; self-dependentII. Fill in the blank in each sentence with a word or phrase from the box in its appropriate form.1. are guilty of2. have been screaming out3. contribution4. was featured5. being reminded of6. in the light of7. in the eyes of8. deserving the attention ofIII. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words.1. victim2. blatant3. nutritional4. Vibrations5. denial6. relegation7. aberration 8. addictiveIV. Choose the word or phrase that can replace the underlined part in each sentence without changing its original meaning.1. C2. D3. D4. A5. B6. A7. C8. BV. Give a synonym or an antonym of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used.1. Synonym: favour (support)2. Antonym: balanced (fair, objective)3. Antonym: honest (straightforward, sincere)4. Synonym: impaired (harmed, incomplete)5. Synonym: serious6. Synonym: infer (derive, conclude, reason)7. Synonym: inexact (faulty, mistaken, erroneous)8. Antonym: elite (gentry)VI. Explain the meaning of the underlined part in each sentence.1. provides space for2. because of3. makes interesting4. protect5. competitive6. carefulGrammar exercisesI. Rewrite the following sentences, omitting if.1. Had it not been for our adopted son, we would not now be surrounded by caring strangers.2. Had I known that, I wouldn't have said anything.3. Should the guests arrive early, no one will be here to greet them.4. Were I the President, I would make some changes.5. Had Susan not been so lazy, she could have passed her history final.6. Had Harry locked his door properly, the burglar would not have entered his apartment.7. Had I not seen it with my own eyes, I would not have believed it.8. Should there be a global nuclear war, some scientists predict that life on earth as we know it would end forever.II. Complete the following sentences with the proper forms of the verbs in brackets.1. would not be waiting2. would not be able to go3. had read4. had given5. would love6. had finished7. listened8. would have fallen9. had been10. will not dry outIII. Fill in the blanks with the words and phrases given.1. Given2. unless3. In the event of4. but for5. Supposing6. in case7. on condition that8. so long asIV. Explain the following sentences.1. If he laughs last, he laughs best.2. If you try to grasp everything, you will get nothing.3. If you give him an inch, he will take a mile.4. If he had been born in better times, he would have done credit to the profession of letters.5. If the same thing should happen in wartime, it would amount to disaster.6. If you should hear him talk, you'd think he had passed half his life in Australia.7. If you don't follow your doctor's advice, your cough will get worse.8. If you lose one hour in the morning, you will be looking for it the rest of the day.V. Improve the following sentences.1. The sheriff was looking for a middle-aged woman driving a dark green Buick sedan with a little Scotch terrier beside her.2. To start a conversation, I asked her for a light while waiting for the train.3. Seymour lay in a hammock and watched the vultures circling steadily overhead.4. Filled with eagerness, curiosity, and excitement, Nancy carefully unwrapped the small package.5. We watched with the aid of powerful binoculars the gulls flying over the windswept waves and barren rocks.6. The pair of antique candlesticks shining brightly on the table attracted the admiring glances of many visitors.7. With a smile the doctor said that there was nothing seriously wrong. / The doctor said with a smile that there was nothing seriously wrong.8. When discussing creativity, John E. Gibson stresses a person's ability to finisha pun.VI. Make sentences of your own after the sentences given below, keeping the underlined structures in your sentences.(Reference version)1. As sick as he was, he came to work.2. Visitors and the media teams all gathered to commemorate this breath-taking, record-breaking, epoch-making event.Translation exercisesI. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1. 这些都不能用来界定我，也不能描述我40年生命中认识、共事、热爱、交往的任何其他黑人。

Unit 12

Unit 12 富有的北部与贫穷的南部(南贫北富)1.几年前，富国在与发展中国家经济交往中所担心的是那些贫穷国家不能从中获益。

北部强大的工业与南部弱小的血汗工厂之间的交换条件严重失衡，结果双方的经贸往来只能是一方剥削另一方。

全球融合不仅不能帮助贫穷国家，反而只会加重这些国家的贫穷。

目前这种恐惧已被另一种势均力敌的相反的悲观情绪所取代，即与发展中国家的经贸往来会使今日的富国陷人贫困之中。

2.与前一种恐惧相同，这种观点有一点儿道理—足以使其貌似可信。

同样，像前一种恐惧一样，这种观点极为夸张。

然而，这种新的恐慌比前一种更加危险。

前者还心照不宣地承认,如果切断与第三世界国家的联系，那么工业国家将会遭受损失。

有鉴于此，限制与发展中国家的贸易在北部还将是一场艰苦的斗争。

现在那些反对进一步经济融合的人占了上风，重大经济利益驱使富国保护其工业不受新的攻击。

与前一种恐惧不同，这种观点可能会大行其道。

3.这种见解已经对大众舆论所造成的影响与经济史和经济原则关系不大。

如同前一种恐惧，这种新的恐慌表达了这样一种信念:世界上一个地区的发展必定是以牺牲另一个地区为代价的。

这是一种根深蒂固的偏见，并且大错特错，因为几乎整个世界都比30年前繁荣昌盛。

发展是一个共同前进的问题，而不是一个重新分配的问题。

一些地区在最近几十年生活水平尚未得到提高(尤其是非洲的部分地区)，但大规模的国际经济融合并不是造成这种现象的原因。

4.与前一种错误观点遥相呼应的是第二种错误观点—可供分配的工作只有这么多。

如果新技术淘汰一些工种，或者增加进口廉价商品的数量导致其它一些工作不划算，那么后果必定是失业率的永远上升。

然而，略加思考就会发现这种观点是错误的，否则的话，本世纪的技术进步将很可能使工业国家的失业率超过95%.5.两种谬论的核心是对市场经济的适应能力视而不见。

当如今的经济富国以农业为主时，迅速增长的农业生产力(归功于新技术)似乎一定会造成失业大军的永久性存在。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。