05844国际商务英语复习题资料(7)
7月国际商务英语全国自学考试试题及答案解析试卷及答案解析
全国2018年7月高等教育自学考试国际商务英语试题课程代码：05844Ⅰ.Translate the following words and expressions from English into Chinese （10%）1.trade mark2.Gross Domestic Product3.national income4.escape clause5.capital marketmissionance credit8.arbitration9.transshipment10.documentary collectionⅡ.Translate the following words and expressions from Chinese into English（10%）11.承运人12.发盘（报盘）13.货号14.商业发票15.期权16.清算系统(制度)17.知识产权18.储备货币19.卖出价20.增值税Ⅲ.Match the words and expressions on the left with the explanations on the right（10%）21.indemnity a. a person covered by an insurance policy22.ad valorem duties b. the amount paid by an insured for coverage under thecontract23.sight credit c. compensation for loss124.insured d. a credit by which payment can be made uponpresentation of the draft25.specialization e. the main body of a contract26.contract proper f. social or natural calamities that take place beyond thecontrol of a contracting party27.premium g. duties levied on the basis of the price of the goods28.force majeure h. to restrict one’s economic activities to certainparticular fields29.liberalization of trade i. those commodities not processed, or only slightlyprocessed, usually farm produce or raw materials30.primary commodities j. the act of government in lifting controls overimports and exportsⅣ.Make brief explanations of the following terms in English （10%）31.anti-dumping32.acquisition33.devaluation34.subrogate35.confirming bankⅤ.Answer the following questions in English （20%）36.What is licensing? Why do firms sometimes choose it as a means of entering a foreign market?37.What is Comparative Advantage?38.Describe briefly the characteristics of MNEs.39.What is the difference between D/P at sight and D/P after sight? Which is more favourable for the exporter?Ⅵ.Translate the following into Chinese（10%）40.In choosing a transportation mode for a particular product, shippers consider as many as six criteria: speed, frequency, dependability, capability, availability and cost. Thus if a shipper seeks speed, air and truck are the prime contenders. If the goal is low cost, then water and pipeline are the prime contenders. Shippers are increasingly combining two or more transportation modes, thanks to containerization. Containerization consists of putting the goods in boxes or trailers that2are easy to transfer between two transportation modes. Each coordinated mode of transportation offers specific advantages to the shipper.41.The practical advantages exist due to the peculiar environment within which counter trade usually takes place. They quite likely disappear when the environment changes—as is happening now in many countries. Restructuring and the development of markets may therefore mean that the environment within which counter trade usually takes place is changing so as to reduce its frequency. Reduced ownership restrictions are likely to shift the organizational forms toward joint ventures and wholly-owned enterprises which possess production facilities. Improved knowledge, experience, and legal enforcement of contractual obligations will likely mean increasing use of longer term and more sophisticated explicit transaction contracts.Ⅶ.Translate the following into English（30%）42.加入世界贸易组织对中国有益，因为它将促进中国的改革和发展，提高商品和服务的质量，降低商品成本和服务费用，刺激投资和创造就业机会，改善法制。
全国2009年4月高等教育自学考试 国际商务英语试题 课程代码05844
全国2009年4月高等教育自学考试国际商务英语试题课程代码：05844I. Translate the following words and expressions: (10%)(i) From English into Chinese:1. usance credit2. certificate of origin3. intermediate products4. compensation trade5. securities(ii) From Chinese into English:6.经济一体化7.母公司8.还盘9.保兑行10.充分就业II. Match the words and expressions on the left with the explanations on the right: (5%)( )11. preference a. a limit placed by a government on the amount of imports orexports of a commodity( )12. mandate b. a practical advantage given to one over others( )13. quota c. social or natural calamities that take place beyond the control of acontracting party( )14. affiliate d. authority given to perform a duty( )15. force majeure e. a business concern owned or controlled in whole or in part byanother concernIII. Make brief explanations of the following terms and give the full name of the abbreviation in English: (20%)16. gross domestic product (GDP)17. direct exchange rate18. bill of exchange19. insurable interest==============================专业收集精品文档=============================20. ICCIV. Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word from the list (You can only chooseHistorically, counter trade was mainly conducted in the form of (21) ________, which is a direct exchange of goods of approximately (22)________ value between parties, with no (23) ________ involved. Such transactions were the very essence of business at times during which no money —that is, no common medium of (24)________ —existed or was available. Over time, money emerged as a convenient (25)________ that unlinked transactions from individual parties and their joint timing and (26)________ permitted greater flexibility in trading activities. Repeatedly, however, we can see returns to the barter system as a (27)________ of environment circumstances. Conditions that encourage such business activities are (28) of money, lack of value of or faith (29) ________ money, lack of acceptability of money as an exchange medium, or greater ease of transaction (30)________ using goods.V. Translate the following into English: (25%)31. 就出口商的利益而言，即期付款交单比远期付款交单有利。
2016年4月05844国际商务英语真题及答案
Ⅰ. Translate the following words and expressions from English into Chinese：本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分。
1. cross-border transaction2. absolute advantage3. Free on Board4. net positions5. confirmed letter of credit6. shipping marks7. indirect quote8. traded options market9. Generalized System of Preference10. differential treatmentⅡ. Translate the following words and expressions from Chinese into English：本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分。
11.外汇12.技术进步13.初级产品14.资本市场15.承兑交单16.大宗货物17.自有承运人18.交货费用19.国际收支20.关税配额Ⅲ. Match the words and expressions on the left with the explanations on the right：本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分。
21. assess a. done by one side or party only22. decentralize b. a tax on the difference between the cost of an item and its selling price23. unilaterally c. to judge an amount or value24. contracting parties d. distribute the administrative powers over a less concentrated area25. ban e. the terminal to which goods are sent26. impeccable f. signatories of an agreement27. destination g. faultless28. deposit h. required as a condition for something else29. prerequisite i. prohibit，forbid30. V AT j. Money paid as part payment that is owedⅣ. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English：本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分。
2006年4月国际商务英语 试卷答案
全国2006年4月高等教育自学考试国际商务英语试题课程代码：05844 Ⅰ. T ranslate the following words and expressions from English into Chinese（10%）1.certificate of origin2.logistics3.private carrier4.idle funds5.barter6.balance of payment7.grace period8.patent9.maturity 10.portfolio investmentⅡ. T ranslate the following words and expressions from Chinese into English（10%）11.东道国12.从量税13.还盘14.可转让装运单据15.补偿贸易16.直接标价17.跟单汇票18.不可撤销信用证19.资金周转20.领事发票Ⅲ.Match the words and expressions on the left with the explanations on the right （10%）21.subrogate a.one form of action which may be taken by a government toprotect industries from unfair competition by which goods are sold at a price lowerthan in the country where they are manufactured22.underwriter b. company expansion through the purchase of other business23.purchase contract c. the act of government in reducing by law the exchange valueof its currency in units of gold or as compared with other currencies24.invoice d. to substitute a claim against one person for a claim againstanother person25.devaluation e. a person who carries on insurance as a business26.anti-dumping f. a document for the general description of the goods and theprice27.acquisition g. the importer that goes to a bank for the establishment of anL/C28.offeree h. the bank that adds its own commitment to an L/C29.applicant of an L/C i. a contract made by the buyer30.confirming bank j.the party to whom an offer is madeⅣ. Make brief explanations of the following terms in English（10%）31.premium 32.sight credit 33.contract proper34.force majeure 35.primary commoditiesⅤ. Answer the following questions in English（20%）36.Explain the concepts of GNP and GDP respectively and point out their major difference.37.What is the most favoured nation treatment? Is it a very special treatment? why?第 1 页38.Can you summarize briefly the factors that have caused the changes in the transportation industry?39.What does “foreign equities”refer to? Is it becoming an important part of securities business?Ⅵ.T ranslate the following into Chinese（10%）40.UNCTAD is the intergovernmental body within the UN system for comprehensive review of trade, development and other related issues. UNCTAD is designed to promote trade and economic development of all countries, particularly developing countries. Over the 40-plus years since its founding, UNCTAD has played an important role in fostering North-South dialogue and cooperation, promoting trade and economic development of the developing countries and assisting them in speeding up integration into the multilateral trading economy.41.Allowing foreign banks to enter the Chinese market will exert a positive influence on domestic banks, making Chinese banks more competitive, introducing new technology and information and providing additional funds. But in the short and not-so-long term future after foreign banks enter the Chinese market, these banks will be able to use lower prices and efficient services, including such services as tele-banking, to win over a large number of customers from domestic banks, especially prized customers. This will result in a cut in the amount of funds in the hands of domestic banks. The toughest challenge the government will face will be to eliminate bad debts, implement cautious and standard risk management models, and tighten up bank administration so that domestic banks can adapt to international competition.Ⅶ. T ranslate the following into English（30%）42.比较利益并不是一个静止的概念，一个国家可以通过自己的行动发展某种特定的比较利益。
英语本科自考【复习资料】05844国际商务英语(复习要点)
International Business EnglishLesson 1International Business/国际商务Business Knowledge:The major differences between international business and domestic businessA.Differences in legal systems 法律体系B.Differences in currencies 货币C.Differences in cultural backgroundD.Different in natural and economic conditionsThe major types of international businessA. Trademodity trade 商品贸易b.Service tradeB. Investmenta.Foreign direct investmentb.Portfolio investment 证券投资C. Other typesa.Licensing and franchising 许可经营和特许经营b.Management contract and contract manufacturing 管理合同和承包生产c.Turnkey project and BOTTrade Terms:1.Customs area关税区:2.Conversion货币兑换3.Visible trade有形贸易: The form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goodsproduced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. (including cash transaction-by means of money and market, and counter trade)4.Invisible trade无形贸易: The form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance,consulting, information etc. is called invisible trade or service industries.5.FDI外国直接投资: Foreign direct investments. Returns through controlling the enterprises orassets invested in a host country. / P.256. One country acquires assets in a foreign country for the purpose of controlling and managing them.6.Portfolio investment证券投资: Purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other thancontrolling.7.Stocks股票: Capital stocks or bonds.8.Bonds债券: The papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the moneylent or invested together with interest.9.Maturity（票据等）到期10.Certificate of deposit大额存单11.Licensing许可经营: In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm inanother country. They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty（许可费）.12.Franchising特许经营: Under franchising, franchisee is allowed to operate in the name of another,franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty.13.Trade Mark商标14.Patent专利15.Royalty专利（许可）使用费，版税16.Copyright版权17.Licenser许可方18.Licensee被许可方19.Franchiser特许方: A firm who provides the franchisee with trademarks, brand names, logos andoperating techniques for royalty.20.Franchisee被特许方: A firm is allowed to operate in the name of another.21.Management contract管理合同: Under a management contract, one company offers managerialor other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume.22.Value chain价值链23.Turnkey project“交钥匙”工程: For an international turnkey project, a firm signs a contract with aforeign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion.24.BOT建设、经营和移交: Build, Operate, Transfer25.Expertise专门知识26.Bonus红利、奖金、津贴27.Royalty 许可使用费28.International investment国际投资: Supplying capital by residents of one country to another.29.Contract manufacturing承包生产30.GATT关贸总协定: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade31.International business国际商务: Transaction between parties from different countries.Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export.32.Intellectual property知识产权33.Oil deposit: 石油储备= oil reserves34.the reserves of natural resources 自然资源储备35.Personal advancement个人的晋升，个人素质的提高以及个人事业的进步等。
058441710高等教育自学考试 国际商务英语 有答案试题
2017年4月高等教育自学考试《国际商务英语》试题课程代码：05844I. Translate the following words and expressions from English into Chinese:1.institutional investors:事业机构投资者2. private carrier:自有承运人3. compensation trade:补偿贸易4. beneficiary:受益人5. standing committee:常务委员会6. compound duties:混合关税7. reserve currency:储备货币8. validity period:有效期9. tariff quota:关税配额10. portfolio investment:证券投资II. Translate the following words and expressions from Chinese into English: 11．预付现金cash in advance12．初级产品primary commodities13．贴现discount14．经济一体化economic integration15．光票信用证clean credit16．关税同盟customs union17．证券交易所stock exchange18．接受许可的人licensee19．缔约方contracting parties20．佣金commissionIII. Match the words and expressions on the left with the explanations on the right:21. invoice a. a practical advantage given to one over others22. equities b. a place in which securities are sold and bought23. preference c. organization structure24. turnkey contract d. company stock25. insurance policy e. a document for the general description of the goods and the price26. market place f. one in which one of the parties agrees to supply, at the contract price, acomplete product ready for use, such as a new home, factory, ship, etc.27. force majeure g. argument or controversy28. framework h. a document used for covering possible risks29. dispute i. a person to whom one owns money30. creditors j. social or natural calamities that take place beyond the control ofacontracting party答：21. e 22. d 23. a 24. f 25. h26. b 27. j 28.c 29. g 30. iIV. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English:31. returnsThe gain from an investment, either as income or yield or as profit on the sale of the investment.32. world companyA multinational corporation whose national identity has been blurred.33. premiumThe amount of money paid by an insured for coverage under the contract.34. free trade areaMembers of a free trade area removes barriers to the flow of goods and services among themselves while each member still adopts its own policy as regards to trade with outsiders.35. MFNmost-favored-nationV. Answer the following questions in English :36. Can you give one example to illustrate "insurable interest"?Insurable interest holds that no one may insure anything unless he has an interest in it, which means that if the thing insured is preserved he will derive a benefit from its preservation, but if it is in any way damaged or lost the assured will be adversely affected.For example, you can insure your own car, for if it is damaged you will have to pay for it to be repaired and consequently you will suffer a loss.37. What is the difference between a sales contract and a purchase contract?When the contract is made by the seller, it is called a sales contract; and when made by the buyer, it is called a purchase contract.38. What are the nature and objectives of OPEC?OPEC refers to the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries and it is the most influential commodity cartel. By assigning production quotas among its members, OPEC tried to limit the overall crude oil supply of the world for the purpose of maintaining higher oil prices.39. Can you give at least five major types of credits?The major types of credits are given as follows: 1 ) clean credit and documentary credit; 2) revocable credit and irrevocable credit; 3 ) confirmed credit and unconfirmed credit; 4 ) sight credit and usance credit; 5 ) transferable credit and non-transferable credit; 6) non- draft credit; 7) revolving credit.VI. Translate the following into Chinese:40. The packing list gives information such as the number, date, name and description of the goods, shipping marks, packing, number of packages, specific contents of each package and its net weight and gross weight etc. Sometimes, the credit stipulates for specification list which is similar to the packing list but emphasizes the description of the specifications of the goods.装箱单所提供的是号码、日期、货物名称和说明、唛头、包装、件数，)每件的具体内容、净重和毛重等信息。
全国2017年4月自考《国际商务英语》试题05844
绝密★考试结束前全国2017年4月高等教育自学考试国际商务英语试题课程代码:05844 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案写在答题纸上㊂注意事项: 1.答题前,考生务必将自己的考试课程名称㊁姓名㊁准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上㊂ 2.用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上,不能答在试题卷上㊂Ⅰ.Translate the following words and expressions from English into Chinese.(10%)1.irrevocable credit2.customer mobility3.periodic payments4.executive body5.advising bank6.transfer of technology7.insurable interest8.consignmentmitment10.income distributionⅡ.Translate the following words and expressions from Chinese into English.(10%)11.金本位制12.退税13.修改14.分批装运15.免责条款16.关税税率17.投资收益18.折扣19.无形贸易20.保险单Ⅲ.Match the words and expressions on the left with the explanations on the right.(10%)21.liability a.trade in servicespensation b.a person or company granting a license23.gilts c.major bank,most important bank24.invisibles d.what one is responsible for according to law25.licensor e.the act of paying a bill,debt,charge,ect.26.offeree f.of trade,the act of government in lifting controls over imports andexports.27.leading bank g.something given or received as an equivalent for loss28.settlement h.the bank that adds its own commitment to an L/C29.liberalization i.stocks issued by government30.confirming bank j.the party to whom an offer is madeⅣ.Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English.(10%)31.documents against acceptance32.non⁃draft creditmercial invoice34.the unlisted securities market35.GSPⅤ.Answer the following questions in English.(20%)36.What are the disadvantages of counter trade?37.What is most favored nation treatment?38.What are the characteristics of a common market?39.What is the difference between domestic transportation and international transportation?Ⅵ.Translate the following into Chinese.(15%)40.The term economic globalization”is now being used with increasing frequency in newspapers, magazines,seminars and international conferences.With the basic feature of free flow of commodity,capital,technology,service,and information in the global context for optimized allocation,economic globalization is giving new impetus and providing opportunities to world economic development.41.In international trade it is almost impossible to match payment with physical delivery of the goods,which constitutes conflicting problems for trade,since the exporter prefers to get paid before releasing the goods and the importer prefers to gain control over the goods before paying the money.The letter of credit is an effective means to solve these problems.Its objective is to facilitate international payment by means of the credit⁃worthiness of the bank.Ⅶ.Translate the following into English.(25%)42.其他参与国际贸易的形式有管理合同㊁承包生产和 交钥匙”工程㊂43.还盘是对发盘的拒绝,一旦作出还盘,原报盘即失效而失去约束力㊂44.对企业来说损失的价值要比个人高很多,因此保险费也比一栋房子或一辆车高出许多㊂45.贸易和发展理事会是联合国贸易和发展会议的常设机构㊂46.按照比较利益学说,两个贸易伙伴均可从贸易中得到好处㊂。
058441804高等教育自学考试 国际商务英语 有答案试题
2018年4月高等教育自学考试《国际商务英语》试题课程代码：05844I. Translate the following words and expressions from English into Chinese1. turnkey project2. EDI3. compound duties4. CPT5. trade credit accounts6. partial shipment7. cargo receipt8. port of origin9. buying rate10. tariff quota答案：1．交钥匙工程2．电子数据交换3．混合关税4．运费付至目的地5．贸易信贷往来账户6．分批装运7．货运收据8．货物原产地港口9．买人价10．关税配额II. Translate the following words and expressions from Chinese into English: 11．债权国12．董事会13．关税联盟14．缔约方15．分阶段付款16．资金周转17．产品自然领域18．股权投资19．增值税20．技术转让答案：11. creditor counlry 12. board of dircclors13. cusloms union 14. contracting parties15. periodic payment 16. capital turnover17. natural product provinces 18. equity investment19. value-added tax (V AT) 20. transfor of technologyIII. Match the words and expressions on the left with the explanations on the right:21. spur a. unable to pay debts22. welfare b. ability to succeed in operation23. remittance c. to urge or encourage24. business line d. to repay or pay off25. drawee e. a person or thing that closely resembles another in position or function26. insolvent f. a person to whom a draft is drawn27. viability g. a person engaged in the practice of a profession or occupation28. redeem h. money sent by post29. practitioner i. goods dealt in by a company30. counterpart j. well-being答案：21. c 22. j 23. h 24. i 25. f26. a 27. b 28. d 29. g 30. cIV. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English:31. invoice32. credit-worthiness33. revenue34. exchange rate35. FCA答案：31. a document for the general description of the goods and the price32. being believed or accepted by olhers as rcliablc in making payments33. the total annual income of a state34. the price at which one currency can be exchanged for another currency35. Frcc CarricrV. Answer the following questions in English,.36. Explain briefly how a member borrows from the International Monetary Fund.37. What is a joint venture? How are the proportions of ownership determined?38. What are the differences between visible trade and invisible trade? Give a few examples ofinvisible trade.39.What are the nature and objectives of OPEC?答案：36. A member country is allowcd to bon'ow up to its gold tranchc contribution, now c,'-dlcd reserve tranchc contribution atttomatic,'-dly, and ,an additional 100 percent of its contribution in 4 steps, each with additionally stringent conditions established by tmf37. A joint venture is ,an independent business entity founded and owned by two or mom parlncrs called parents. (2 5})Thc proportions of owncrship between thc partners may bt: cquat or uncqual depending on their respective investments that al;: mostly in thc form of capital butt may also bc in land, equipment, or intellectual property.38.Visible trade involves thc import ,and export of goods, while invisible trade involves thc cxch,'mgc of services between coLmtdcs. Examples of invisible trade, include transportation service across national boLmdafics, insurance and tourism.39. OPEC (thc Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countrics) is thc most influcntial commodity cra'tel composed of thirLccn members established in 1960 with hcadquartcrs at Vienna. By assigning production quotas among its members, OPEC tried to limit thc ovcr,"dl crude oil supply of the world for thc purposc of maintaining higher oil prices.VI. Translate the following into Chinese:40. Sending goods from one country to another, as part of a commercial transaction, can be a risky business. If they are lost or damaged, or if delivery does not take place for some other reason,the climate of confidence between parties may degenerate to the point where a law suit isbrought.答案：40．作为商业交易的一部分，把货物从一国运至另一国可能是件冒风险的事。
4月全国自考国际商务英语试题及答案解析
全国2018年4月自学考试国际商务英语试题课程代码：05844Ⅰ. Translate the following words and expressions from English into Chinese （10%）1. customs area2. roll on-roll off traffic3. amendment4. gold standard5. gilt-edged stocks6. compound duties7. discount rate8. certificate of quality9. national treatment10. cost economiesⅡ. Translate the following words and expressions from Chinese into English（10%）11．世界银行12. 互利贸易13. 保兑信用证14. 装船通知15. 增值税16. 追溯到17. 原产地港口18. 货物保险19. 商品交易会20. 目的地Ⅲ. Match the words and expressions on the left with the explanations on the right（10%）21. integration a. the act of putting money to use in something offering profitable returns22. voluntary offer b. connecting with the sea or navigation123. draft c. producing optimum results for the expenditure24. viability d. combining into a whole25. investment e. a person or an organization etc. that receives something26. export earnings f. the amount paid by an insured for coverage under the contract27. maritime g. an offer made on the initiative of the offerer28. premium h. money earned on the sale of goods to other countries29. cost-effective i. ability to succeed in operation30. recipient j. an unconditional order to someone to pay a sum of moneyⅣ. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English （10%）31. absolute advantage32. irrevocable credit33. indemnity34. green field strategy35. APECⅤ. Answer the following questions in English（20%）36. Why is it necessary to revise Incoterms in 1990?37. Why was the Special Drawing Right created?38. What contents should be included in a firm offer?39. What does international business refer to?Ⅵ. Translate the following into Chinese （15%）40. In insurance of all risks, the insurer is responsible for total or partial loss or damage to the insured goods arising from natural elements or from sea perils, including all losses caused by accidents to the carrying vessels or craft or by any external causes. But it does not, as its name suggests, really cover all risks.41. The term Triad refers to the three richest regions of the world, the United States, the European Union and Japan that offer the most important business opportunities. Any international enterprise must bear Triad in mind if they want to be successful in the increasingly competitive world market.Ⅶ. Translate the following into English（25%）242.在正常的市场交易中，由于使用货币及市场手段，货物的买与卖是分别进行的。
自考国际商务英语05844重点7-22
E: EXW F: FCA, FAS, FOB C: CFR, CIF, CPT, CIP D: DAF, DES, DEQ, DDU, DDP
What are the four different categories of terms in Incoterms 2000? In Incoterms 2000, the terms have been grouped in four basically different categories: Group E (departure), Group F (Main carriage unpaid), Group C (Main carriage paid) and Group D (Arrival).
The settling of a contract合同的构成 The title The contract proper
The name and address of the buyer and the seller The details of the commodity transaction The terms and conditions mutually agreed
The reasons for the 2000 revision of Incoterms
Spread of customs-free zones无关税区的发
展 Changes in transportation practices运输方式 的变化 Increased use of electronic communication 电子通讯使用的增加
Lesson 9 modes of trade
05844 自考国际商务英语复习资料
05844 自考国际商务英语复习资料lesson 1 International Business1.International business国际贸易Transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders ofdifferent customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export.2.Visible trade有形贸易The form of commodity trade. i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one countryfor consumption or resale in another.3.Invisible trade无形贸易The form of service trade. i.e. transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc.4. Franchise特许An arrangement by which an monopoly producer or owner gives another permission for the exclusive right to manufacture or sell the products in a certain area.Franchising特许经营A special form of licensing. A firm, called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logo, and operating techniques for royalty.5. Licensor 给予许可的人A person or a company granting a licenceLicensing许可经营/国际许可A firm lease the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. Such as trademarks, brand names, patents, copyright or technology.6. Non-tariff barrier非关税壁垒All forms of man-made obstructions to international trade other than tariffs, including prohibitions and quotas, etc.7. Portfolio证券The entire collection of investments in the form of stocks, bonds, or certificate of deposits for purposes other than controlling.8. Turnkey contract交钥匙工程One in which one of the parties agree to supply, at the contract price, a complete product ready for use, such as a new home, factory, ship, etc.9. Contract manufacturing承包生产A firm can concentrate on their strongest part in the value chain.11. Major differences between international business and domestic business.Ans: Differences in (1) legal system (2) currencies(3) cultural background:language, customs, traditions, religion, value, behavior etc.(4) natural and economic conditions,12. Major types of international businessAns: (1) trade : A. commodity trade B. service trade(2) Investment :(difference)A. foreign direct investment (FDI外国直接投资)(is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in in a host country.)B. portfolio investment 证券投资(refers to purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling.)(3) other types: A. licensing & franchising(in comparison with the relation between the licenser and licensee, franchiserhas more control over and provide more support for the franchisee.)B. management contract &contract manufacturingC. turnkey project & BOT(making profit from operating the project for a period )13. Why do firms choose licensing as a means of entering a foreign market? Ans:(1) do not have to make cash payments to start business ;(2) receive income in the form of royalty;(3) benefit from locational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations in ownership ormanagement.14. Under what condition is management contract most applicable? Ans: When a government forbids foreign ownership in certain industries it considers tobe of strategic importance but lacks the expertise for operation. A foreign companyto operate in the industry without owning the assets.Lesson 2 Income Level and the World Market1. PPP购买力平价--purchasing power parityPurchasing power购买力 of persons, the public, having the money to buy goods and services.2.Recipient接受者 a person or an organization etc. that receives something.3. Infrastructure基础设施large-scale public services, such as water and power supplies, road, rail and radio communications,etc. Needed to support economic activity, esp.industry, trade and commerce.4. GNP---refer to the market value of goods and services produced by the property andlabor owned by the resident of an economy.(国民生产总值)(focuses on ownership of the factors of production)GDP---refer to the market value of all goods and services produced within thegeographic area of an economy.(国内生产总值)(concentrates on the place where production take place),5. Countries of the world are divided by the World Bank into 3 categories:(1) high-income countries (per capita income of $9,386 and above):A. OECD (the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)B. Rich oil producing countries of the Middle East (Kuwait, Saudi Arabia &Arab Emirates)C. Small-industrialized countries or regions (Israel, Singapore, HK and Taiwan)(2) middle-income countries (per capita income bellow $9,386 but above $765 )A. 6 OECD members ( Czech, Greece, Hungary, Mexico and Turkey )B. -a. Some Latin American countries-b. Some Asia countries (China, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand)-c. Some South African and oil-producing countries (Libya, Nigeria, Algeria)(3) low-income countries (per capita incomes of only $765 or even less)Include: most African countries, some Asia countries and a few Latin American countries.6. High-income countries often have :(1)good infrastructure (2)high purchasing power (3)advanced technology(4)efficient management(5)favorable environment for trade and investmentA. Offer prime markets for expensive consumer goodsB. Are both attractive sources and destinations of investment7. Low-income countries should not be neglected in international business activities:(1) lower-priced staple goods (2) cheap labor(3) are often rich in resources (4)market is something to be developed8. In what way, GDP&per capita income significant in assessing(评估)the potential of aparticular market:(1)GDP is important in market assessment for durable equipment耐用设备or bulk goods大宗货物, such as grain谷物, steel, or cement水泥. (indicates the overall size of an economy)(2)Per capita income is important when marketing consumer durables.(reveals the average incomelevel of consumers)9. China with a per capita income of over $1,100 is a middle-income countriesthough is was a low income countries just a few years ago.10. The best policy for China to develop business opportunities iswherever advantageous while keeping in mind the key markets.11. Triad ---refers to the 3 richest region of the world ( the United States, the EU and Japan).Quad- --extend the scope of Triad to include Canada and name the broadenedgrouping Quad.12.OECD (the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)经济合作发展组织headquarters in Paris, established in 1963, have 29members (23members are high-income countries& 6 middle-income countries).Lesson 3 Regional Economic Intergration1. Major objective of regional integrationTo better enjoy the benefit of free flow of goods, services, capital, labor and other resources, countries have signed various agreement to liberalize trade among themselves while putting up barriers toeconomic activities with non-members.,2. The characteristics of a common market(1)Free trade area自由贸易区members of a free trade removes barriers to the flow of goods and services among themselves while each member still adopts its own policy as regards to trade with outsiders.(different members may have different tariff rates or quota restrictions.)The most notable(largest market)free trade area is NAFTA (the North American Free Trade Agreement), formed by the United Stated, Canada, Mexico in 1991.(2)Customs union 关税同盟by adopting(采取)the same trade policy for all members toward countries outside their organization in addition to abolishing(废除)trade barriers among themselves.(It's impossible for non-members to get into the market of the customs union in a detour(以迂回方式)as they possibly do in the case of trade with a free trade area.)(3)Common market共同市场the European Community remained a common market for some years in the pastA. Free movement of goods and servicesB. Adoption of common external trade policyC. Free movement of the factor of production (such as labor, capital, and technology)It's hard to say individual members will always benefit, still less to expect them to enjoy the advantage of factor mobility to the same degree.(4)Economic union 经济同盟A. is characterized by integration of the domestic policies of its members in respect of economy,finance etc. in addition to absence of trade barriers, practice of common external policy and freeproduction factor mobility.(not only to harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies,etc.but also use the same currency. )B. the member countries are require to surrender some of their national sovereignty, which is erodingthe tradition of the world political system based on the autonomy and supreme power of sovereign states.3. The development of EU(the European Union)欧盟:1952---ECSC (the European Coal and Steel Community)For more ambitious integration efforts.1957---EEC (the European Economic Community)Treaty of Rome ---signedAim to realizing the free movement of goods, services, labor and capital as well asharmonization of economic policies of the member countries.1967---EC (the European community)became a ture common market as evisaged by --the Single European Actformed by emrging EEC, ECSC and EURATOM(the European Atomic Energy Community)1994---EU--the strength of the Maastricht Treaty---12members(6signatories of the Treaty of Rome :France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands and Luxemburg +1973. Britain, Island and Denmark + 1981. Greece + 1986.Spain and Portugal)1995---15members (+Austria, Finland and Sweden)1999---use the common European currency for accounting and settlement2002---euro banknotes and coin were put into circulation.,4. The EU is a full-fledged(齐全的) entity.---composed of 20commissioners overseeing 23departments in charge of different affairs.---the commissioners appointed by member governments, but the commissioners are responsible tothe Union instead of their home country.(1)The Council of Ministers is the most powerful institution.A. has the final say on all important mattersB. has the power to pass legislationC. decision are made by votes allocated to member countries on the basis of their size.D. different ministers attend the council meetings depending on the matters discussed.(2)The European Parliament is an advisory body with limited power.A. vote EU membership application and trade agreements with non-members.B. believed that will be more powerful in the future.5. APEC(the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) 亚太经合组织set up at the Ministerial Meeting held in Australian capital Canberra. 1991,attended by 12members.(1) 21members:all the major Pacific Rim countries and regions.(2) has a five-layer organization structureA. the Informal Meeting of Economic leaders---held annuallyB. the Dual-Ministerial Meeting ---attended by foreign ministers and ministers in chargeof foreign trade (excluding Chinese Taipei and HK)C.the Meeting for Ministers Responsible for TradeD.the Senior Officials Meetings(SOM)--attended by vice ministers, departmental directors or ambassadors to implement(执行) decisions by economicleaders and ministerial meeting.E.four subordinate committees under SOMmittee of Trade and Investmentb.Economic Committeec.Economic and Technical Cooperation Subcommittee of SOMd.Budget Management Committee(3)the tenet and objectives---(by the Seoul Declaration)" inter-dependence, mutual benefits, adhering to an open and multilateral trading system andreduction of regional trade barriers."(4)"the two wheels of APEC"(APEC co-operation concentrates on)A. trade and investment liberation and facilitation (TILF)B. economic and technical cooperation (ECOTECH)6.OPEC(the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)欧佩克--the most influential commodity cartel(account for 40%of the global oil production)(1)composed of 13members established in 1960 with headquarters at Vienna.(2)tried to limit the overall crude oil supply(原油供应) of the world for the purpose of maintaining higher oil prices.,Lesson 4 Economic Globalization1. Economic Globalization经济全球化 as a objective trend(1)The basic featurefree flow of commodity, capital, technology, service, :and information in the context for optimized allocation优化配置Major role:A. Giving new impetus动力 and providing opportunities to world economic development.B. Making the various economies more and more interdependent相互依赖and interactive相互影响.(2)The pros and cons: different countries and peoples do not enjoy balanced benefitsA. enables countries benefit from the boom of other countriesB. makes them more vulnerable to the adverse events across the globe.the best policy for us isto follow the trend closely, availing 利用the opportunities it offer todevelop ourselves and avoiding its possible impacts.2. Multinational enterprise (MNE)跨国企业A business organization which owns (whether wholly or partly), controls and manages assets, oftenincluding productive resources, in more that one country, through its member companies incorporated 有限公司separately in each of these countries.Each member company is known as a multinational corporation(MNC)跨国公司.(1)If the MNC is established as a result of investments by the MNE, whether through the parent or through another of its already established MNC, it is an affiliate MNC.(2)If the MNC is the original investment corporation,it is known as the parent MNC, normally alsothe international headquarters of the MNE.(3)An MNE may also have various regional or operational headquarters, in addition to itsinternational headquarters.3. The characteristics of MNE(1)enormous size(2)wide geographical spread (play an important role and why?)A. have a wide range of option in terms of decisions in areasB.take advantage of changes in the international economic environmentC.engage in worldwide integrated production and market giving rise to extensive intra-MNE transactions Bcs: in order to the security of its profits, assets, organization and operations.(3) longevity and rapid growth4. Commonly objective of MNE(needs, goals, and roles)(1) profit ---the profits goal represents the basic needs of the MNEs' shareholders(2) securityA.the security in the short-and-long-runB.the security of the MNE's assets and investmentC.the security of other organizational needsa. a favorable business environmentb. supplies of raw materials and other resource inputsc. effective organizational control and managementd. transportation and communicatione. technical improvementsf. employees including managers(3)as vehicles for cross-border transfer of resources,5. The relationship between MNEs &their host countriesHost government can and do wield power over MNCs located within their territories. MNCs areunder the legal jurisdiction of their host governments which can impose various rules, regulations and laws on the MNCs to the extent of nationalizing all their assets.6. 4 types of MNCs---according to their organization and way of operation(1)multi-domestic corporations a group of relatively independent subsidiaries. ---i(2)the global corporations-iews the world market as an integrated whole. --vPower and responsibility are concentrated at the headquarters that manage production and marketing to achieve theeconomies of scale as much as possible.(3)the transnational corporation--aim to achieve both efficiency and flexibility, the activities and resources are integrated in an interdependent network of affiliates.(4)world company--as their national identities are blurred to a large extent. -Very few companies reached this level of internationalization.When such companies increasing and become dominating, the possibility of conflicts among sovereign states may begreatly reduced. Possibly they will be instrumental to the realization of complete globalization.Lesson 5 --6 International Trade1. International trade国际贸易Is defined as the exchange of goods and service produced in one country with those produced inanother.2. Other reasons for international trade:(1)the uneven distribution of natural resources among countries(2)International specialization国际生产专门化A.absolute advantage绝对利益/绝对优势(理论)---holds that a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms ofresources(capital, land, and labor.)---In reality, it is not rare that one country has no absolute advantage in any commodity.parative advantage比较优势(理论)---holds that even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodity, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.---it can make one country better off好转 without making another worse off恶化.The first country should specialize in the production, and export of the commodity in which its absolute disadvantageis smaller, and import the commodity in which its absolute disadvantage is greater.a.introduced by the English economist David Ricardo.b.not a static静止的 concept.(a)Switzerland--watchmaking (b)the United States--the most up-to-date technology.c.the cornerstone基石 of modern thinking on international trade.3. Primary commodities初级货物those commodities not processed, not only slightly processed, usually farm produce or raw material.3. Other bases for trade among countries(1)patterns of demand(2)economy of scale(i.e. The cost advantage of large-scale production)The cost for the production will decrease if the goods are produced on a larger scale.(3)innovation or style,4. The theory of international specialization and other bases for trade seeks to answer thequestion:Which countries will produce what goods, with what trade patterns among them.5. The reasons for complete specialization may never occur(1)for strategic or domestic reasons.a country may continue to produce goods for which does not have an advantage.(2)affected by transport cost.( the cost of transport reduces the benefit of trade,like bulky or perishable goods)(3)protectionist measures which are often taken by governments.6.Tariff barriers关税壁垒---are the most common form of trade restriction.7.Tariff关税---is a tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a customs area.8.customs area关税区---usually coincides with the area of a country.9.customs union关税同盟---is a customs area extending beyond national boundaries to include two or more independent nations.10.Import duties进口税--are tariffs levied on goods entering an area.(more common) (1)specificduty--duties levied on the basis of quantity, weight, size etc. of the goods.(2)ad valorem duty--duties levied on the basis of the price of the goods.(3)compound duty--the combination of specific duty&ad valorem duty.11.Export duties出口税--are tariffs levied on goods leaving an area.Coz. Most nations want to expand exports and increasing their foreign exchange earnings.12.drawback退税refers to duties paid on imported goods that are refunded if the goods are reexported.13.MFN(the most-favoured-nation)treatment最惠国待遇refers to a tariff treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariffconcessions granted to any participating country.It is not really special but is just normal trading status. It gives a country the lowest tariffs only within the tariff'sschedule, is still possible to have lower tariffs.14.Quotas配额or quantitative restrictions数量限制the most common form of non-tariff barriers.A quota limits the imports or exports of a commodity during a given period of time.The limits may be in quantity or value terms, and quotas may be on a country basis or global, without reference to countries.15.Visible trade--involves the import and export of goods.16.Invisible trade--involves the exchange of services between countries.(1)transportation service运输服务(2)insurance保险(Lloyd's of London is a leading exporter of this service)(3)tourism旅游(4)immigrant remittance移民汇款 ---refers to the money sent back to home countries by people working in a foreign land.,Lesson 7 Incoterms 2000《2000通则》1. The necessity and purpose of having Incoterms(1)eliminate any possibility of misunderstanding and subsequent dispute.(2)to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade termsin foreign trade.2. The revision of Incoterms took account of changes in transportation techniques.3. The 1990 revision of Incoterms was the desire to adapt terms to the increasing use of electronicdata interchange(EDI).It is of vital importance, when using EDI messages, to ensure that the buyer has the same legal position as he wouldhave obtained if he had received a bill of lading from the seller.4. The reasons for the 2000 revision of Incoterms(1)the spread of customs-free zones(2)changes in transportation practices(3)increasing use of electronic communication5.Incoterms 2000E terms---the seller makes the goods available to the buyer at the seller's own premises.(1)EXW---Ex work工厂交货F terms---the seller is called upon to deliver the goods to a carrier appointed by the buyer.(2)FCA---Free Carrier货交承运人(3)FAS---Free Alongside Ship装运港船边交货(4)FOB---Free On Board装运港船上交货C terms--the seller has to contract for carriage, but without assuming the risk of loss of or damage tothe goods or additional costs due to events occurring after shipment and dispatch.(5)CFR---Cost and Freight成本加运费(6)CIF--- Cost, Insurance and Freight成本、保险加运费(7)CPT---Cost Paid To 运费付至(8)CIP---Carriage and Insurance Paid To运费、保险费付至D terms---the seller has bear all costs and risk needed to bring the goods to the country ofdestination.(9)DAF---Delivered At Frontier边境交货(10)DES---Delivered Ex Ship目的港船上交货(11)DEQ---Delivered Ex Quay目的港码头交货(12)DDU---Delivered Duty Unpaid未完税交货(13)DDP---Delivered Duty Paid完税后交货6. The substantive实质性的changes made with Incoterms 2000:(1)the customs clearance and payment of duty obligations under FAS and DEQ.(2)the loading and unloading obligation under FCA.,Lesson 8 Business Contract1.Contract合同is an agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant parties.It is enforceable by law, and any party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued andforced to make compensation, though most contract do not give rise to disputes.2.Business negotiation交易磋商: A legitimate contract can be either in written or oral form. (1)Oral---refers to direct discussion conducted:A.at trade affairsB.by sending trade groups abroadC.by inviting foreign customers(2)WrittenA. Enquiry询盘 ---is made without engagement on the part of the enquirer.a. made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered such as quantity,specifications, prices, time of shipment and other terms.b. a first enquiry should be given, so as to facilitate the exporter's work:(a)how the name& address of the exporter have been obtained,(b)the business line and usual practice of the importer.B. Quotation报价---may be sent by the exporter which should include all the necessary informationrequired by the enquiry. Sometimes, the exporter may make an offer to an importer voluntarily. C.Offer and acceptance发盘与接受a firm offer---is a promise to sell goods at a stated price.The validity period is indispensable必不可少的.is open untill a stipulated time or it's accepted or rejected.made of :a. the time of shipmentb.the mode of payment desiredc.an exact description of the goods: quantity, quality, specifications, packing etc. D.Counter-offer还盘---is a refusal of the offer, the offeree may find part of the offer unacceptable and may raise for further discussions his own proposals. (the price, terms of payment, time of shipment, or otherterms and conditions of the offer.)Trade is considered concluded once an offer or a counter-offer is accepted.3. The necessity of the written contractis prepared and signed as the proof of the agreement and as the basis for its execution.4. The types of contracts(1)sales contract--the contract is made by the seller(2)purchase contract--the contract is made by the buyer(3)sales/purchase confirmation--is less detailed than a contact, covering only the essential terms of the transaction. Usually used for smaller deals or between familiar trade partners.5. The setting of a contract(1)the title(2)the contract proper合同正文&address of the buyer and the sellerB.details of the commodity transactionC.terms and conditions mutually agreedD. Indication of the number of original copies, languages used, and the validity. (3)The signatures of the contracting parties(4)the stipulations规定on the back of the contractA.the shipping documents requiredB.force majeureC.arbitration仲裁D.claims理赔,,Lesson 9 Modes of Trade1.counter trade对销贸易--is a peculiar form of transaction allegedly popular in less developed countries and in centrally planned economies. It has become the generic term of describe a set of cross-border contracts that link a seller's exports to imports from the buyer.original:the pre-World War ? years the Reichsbank agreed to establish a clearing system that permitted traditional trade flows between Germany and the Balkans to continue.development:during the World War ?Britain use bilateral arrangements, West Europe setting up the European Payment Union. Subsequently,the countries of centrally planned economies(like Finland)trade credit accounts between familiar trading partners exchanged unrelated goods.In the 1970s and 1980s, counter trade partner are not necessarily familiar partner and goods exchanged are sometimes vertically related.2.The 3forms of counter trade(1)Barter易货贸易The direct exchange of goods and services which is completed in a short period of time.(2)Counter purchase互购贸易An intertemporal不同时的direct exchange of goods and services. Usually stipulated to be fulfilled within a given period of time.(3)Buyback回购贸易/补偿贸易An arrangement by an exporter or plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output product by these goods as full or partial payment.3.The 2difference between counter purchase and buyback(1)in buyback the goods and services taken back are tied to the original goods exportedbut not in counter purchase.(2)a buyback deal usually stretches over a longer period of time than counter purchase.4.The features common to the 3forms of counter trade is bundling互相捆绑.Bundling--means the exchanges of goods and services are bundled together. (the exchanges are implemented either concurrently同时地or intertemporally不同时地)Unbundling greatly facilitates transaction and allow more efficient economic exchanges.5.The 5advantages in counter trade:(1)helps a country to deal with foreign exchange shortages; (2)promote exports;(3)reduce uncertainty regarding export receipts;(4)bypass an international price agreement(5)helps countries with debt problems to import goods.6.The drawbacks of counter trade:(1)concealing the real prices and costs of transactions . (2)company may suffer losses bcz they could not get rid of products of poor quality. (3)be considered as a form of protectionism.7.Other modes of trade:(1)processing trade加工贸易(2)consignment寄售(3)leasing trade租赁贸易(4)agency代理,,Lesson 10 International Payment1.Mutual trust is hard to build. purchase and sale of goods and service are carried out beyond national boundaries, which makes it rather difficult for the parities concerned in the transaction to。
国际商务英语 05844 连线题
一、1.Budget—预算an account of probable future income and expenditure during a stated, period, usu. a year used as aguide in making financial arrangements.2.Return—回报the gain from an investment, either as income or yield or as profit on the sale of the investment.3.Portfolio—证券投资组合the entire collection of investments in the form of stocks, bonds, or certificate ofdeposits for purposes other than controlling4.Royalty—专利税money paid to the owner of a copyright for permission to publish copyright material and to theowner of a patent for permission to use a patented design, usu. at a greed percentage of the selling price of the product.5.Expertise—专门知识expert knowledge or skill, esp. in a particular field; know-how.6.Licensor—认证颁发者a person or company granting a license.7.Patent—专利权a special right to an inventor to be the only person to make and sell, or to authorize others to makeand sell a newly-invented machine or process.8.Non-tariff barrier—非贸易壁垒all forms of man-made obstructions to international trade other than tariffs,including prohibitions and quotas, etc.9.Turnkey contract"交钥匙"合同—one in which one of the parties agrees to supply, at the contract price, a completeproduct ready for use, such as a new home, factory, ship, etc.10.Franchise—经销权an arrangement by which a monopoly producer or owner gives another permission for theexclusive right to manufacture or sell the products in a certain area.二、1.Purchasing power—购买力of persons, the public, having the money to buy goods and services.2.Assess—估价to judge an amount or value.3.spur—刺激to urge or encourage4.average—平数均of an ordinary, common or usual kind in quality or amount5.Productive—有成效的,多产的producing in high efficiency or in large quantity6.tap—开发,利用to take what is needed from, to exploit7.Infrastructure—基础设施large-scale public services, such as water and power supplies, road, rail and radiocommunications, etc. needed to support economic activity, esp. industry, trade and commerce.8.recipient—接受者a person or an organization etc. that receives something9.consumerism—消费主义considerable desire to make purchase for consumption10.PPP—购买力平价purchasing power parity三、1.liberalization—自由化of trade, the act of government in lifting controls over imports and exports2.integration—一体化combining into the whole3.tariff—关税tax levied by the customs4.barriers to trade贸易壁垒—any action by a government to limit or prevent the free flow of goods in and out of itscountry.5.Mobility—机动性capacity that can move or be moved easily and quickly from place to place.6.detour—绕道route that avoids a blocked road; deviation7.banknote—纸币printed paper money issued by a bank, usu. the country’s central bank.8.erode—侵蚀wear away, eat into9.envisage—想象picture(an event, action, etc) in the mind as a future possibility; imagine10.veto—否决权right to reject or forbid something四、1.affiliate—分公司a subsidiary company controlled by another2.assets—资产total resources of a business, as cash, accounts receivable, real estates etc.3.world company—a multinational whose national identity has been blurred4.facilities—设施,设备something designed, built or installed to serve a specific function or perform a particularservice5.revenue—收益the total annual income of state6.decentralize—使分权distribute the administrative powers over a less concentrated area7.nationalize—使国有化to bring under the control or ownership of a nation\8.welfare—福利well-being9.framework—体系organization structure10.input—投入something that is put in business operation五、1.service—服务something done to help or benefit others2.abundant—充裕的plentiful, more than enough3.specialization—专门化to restrict one’s economic activities to certain particular fields4.primary commodities—初级商品those commodities not processed, or only slightly processed, usually farmproduce or raw materials5.incentive—刺激,鼓励that which incites, rouses or encourages a person6.alternative—二选一,供选择的that may be had, used etc. In place of something. else7.intuitive—直觉relating to the power of the immediate understanding of something without reasoning or study8.efficient—高效的,胜任的producing a desired or satisfactory result; able to perform duties well9.endowment—天赋a natural gift or ability10.exploit—开发to develop the use of, make the best use of六1.drawback—退税duties paid on imported goods that are refunded when re-exported2.highlight—强调to make prominent; to draw special attention3.bulky—笨重的,庞大的taking a lot of space, and often of a shape difficult to handle4.perishable—易腐烂的easily to go bad5.tariff—关税duties imposed on goods imported and exported6.specific duties—从量税duties levied on the basis of quantity, weight, size etc. of the goods7.ad valorem duties—从价税duties levied on the basis of the price of the goods8.unilaterally—单方面地done by one side or party only9.maritime—海事的,海上的connected with the sea or navigation10.remittance—汇款money sent by post七w suit—诉讼案件legal prosecution2.dispute—争论,辩驳argument or controversy3.remedy—补救,矫正method of putting right something that is wrong4.amendment—修正changes made to something5.Incoterms—国际贸易术语解释通则a set of international rules for the interpretation of trade terms6.present—提交submit7.premise—前提a tract of land including its buildings8.heading—主题category9.classification—分类,类别the arrangement of things by groups10.carriage—运输the price or cost of transportation八1.business line—业务范围goods dealt in by a company2.voluntary offer—主动推荐an offer made on the initiative of the offeror3.contract—合约an agreement setting forth the binding obligations of the relevant parties4.indispensable—不可缺少的absolutely necessary5.contract proper—合同条款the main body of a contract6.contracting parties—契约当事人,签约各方signatories of an agreement7.force majeure—不可抗力social or natural calamities that take place beyond the control of a contracting party8.purchase contract—购货合同a contract made by the buyer9.firm offer—实盘an offer whose terms and conditions are binding on the offer10.offeree—受要约人the party to whom an offer is made九1.popular—受欢迎的liked and admired2.hyperinflation—恶性通货膨胀soaring of prices beyond control3.nflation—通货膨胀rise in prices brought about by the excess demand, expansion of money supply, credit etc.4.protectionism—贸易保护主义the theory of the system of developing home countries through duties and othermeans imposed on competitive imports5.bilateral—双边的of two sides6.bundling—捆绑式销售the exchange of goods or services are tied together7.expertise—专门知识expert skill or knowledge8.creditors—债权人a person to whom one owns money9.transferable—可转让的possible to be handed over10.verified data—核实数据authentic materials11.十1. debtor—借方,债务人a person who owes money2. default—不履行责任fail to carry out an obligation3. dubious—可疑的doubtful, uncertain, questionable4. draft—汇票an unconditional order to someone to pay a sum of money5. remittance—汇款the sending of money or the money sent6. fluctuation—波动,起伏irregular movement of (prices, exchange rates etc.)7. drawer—出票人the person who issues a draft, usually the exporter8. sound—有效的,合理的financially satisfactory9. ban—禁止,剥夺权利prohibit, forbid10. drawee—付款人the person to whom a draft is drawn十一1. credit-worthiness—信用可靠性,信誉being believed or accepted by others as reliable in making payment2. substantial—大量的large, great, considerable3. constitute—建立,制定make up; amount to; form4. applicant of an L/C—开证申请人the importer that goes to a bank for the establishment of an L/C5. beneficiary—受益人the company that can make use of an L/C to get paid for its export6. discrepancy—差异,不一致difference; absence of agreement7. confirming bank—保兑银行the bank that adds its own commitment to an L/C8. bill of exchange—汇票written order drawn by the beneficiary on the bank for the purpose of payment9. underlying—基本的,优先的forming the basis of10. reimburse—退款pay back to somebody for the expenses he has spent十二1. clean credit—清洁信用a credit that does not require shipping documents for payment2. cancel—作废,注销not to do something that has been arranged or decided upon3. leading bank—牵头行major bank, most important bank4. impeccable—无瑕疵的faultless5. insolvent—无力偿还的unable to pay debts6. sight credit—即付信用状a credit by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draft7. maturity—到期becoming due8. after sight—见票后照付after presentation of draft9. middleman—中间商trader through whom goods pass between the producer and the consumer10. sustain—认可,经受suffer十三1.documentation—文件,证明文件the presentation and use of shipping documents2.consignee—承销人,收货人the party in the bill of lading to whom the goods are shipped3.shipping marks—唛头what is printed on the outer packing of goods as symbol for identification in the course oftransportation4.discrepancy—差异,不一致absence of agreement5.liability—责任,债务what one is responsible for according to law6.apparent—明显的,表面上的according to appearance; seeming7.insurance policy—保险单a document used for covering possible risks8.discount—折扣,贴现率amount of money that may be taken off the full amount9.title—头衔,权利right to the possession of a position or property10.invoice—发票a document for the general description of the goods and the price11.十四1.alternative—两者择一的,供选择的a choice from two or more possibilities.2.modes—模式different forms of transportation3.fundamental—根本的,重要的very important4.ownership—所有权legal right of possession5.intermediate products—中间商品semi-manufacturesmercial intercourse—贸易往来,通商business dealings between individuals or firms7.unload—卸下,卸货getting goods off a carrier8.package—包装, 打包combination of related parts or elements accepted or rejected as a single unit9.distribution—分配,散布,销售量the marketing, transporting, merchandising, and selling of any item10.destination—目的地,终点the terminal to which goods are sent十五1.insured—被保险者a person covered by an insurance policy2.premium—保险费,溢价the amount paid by an insured for coverage under the contract3.potential loss—潜在损失loss which is possible to incur4.viability—可行性ability to succeed in operation5.claim—请求,索赔a payment demanded in accordance with an insurance policy6.margin—保证金amount above what is estimated as necessary7.underwriter—保险商a person who carries on insurance as a business8.consumption—消费,消耗the using up of goods and services having an exchangeable advantagepensation—补偿,保险金something given or received as an equivalent for loss10.pooling—联营a combination of funds formed for common advantage十六1.field—领域a sphere of activity2.incidence—发生(率),入射occurrence3.multi-modal transportation—多式联运transport that combines road, rail, sea and air4.diminish—减少,减损the right to collect from an endorser a payment of loss5.indemnity—赔偿compensation for loss6.subrogate—代理, 代替to substitute a claim against one person for a claim against another person7.legal action—法律诉讼an action taken against someone in accordance with the law8.leader—领导者,指挥者an insurer who is well-known in a particular class of business9.deposit—定金money paid as part payment that is ownedpulsory—强制的that must be done十七1.peg—支柱, 钉to keep fixed or unchanged2.redeem—兑现,偿还to repay or pay off, esp. loan stock, debentures and preference shares or stock3.settlement—结算,协议the act of paying a bill, debt, charge, etc4.exchange rate—汇率the price at which one currency can be exchanged for another currency5.fluctuations—波动upward and downward movements in the economic system6.gold reserves—黄金储备the stock of gold coin and bullion held by a note-issuing bank in a country on the goldstandard.7.money circulation—货币流通量money in the hands of the public and being used to pay for goods and services8.devaluation—货币贬值the act of a government in reducing by law the exchange value of its currency in units ofgold or as compared with other currencies9.offset—补偿,抵消,弥补to set one value against another or as equal to another10.par—同等, 票面价值equal in value, on the same level十八1.affiliate—分公司,附属机构a business concern owned or controlled in whole or in part by another concern2.institutions—体系an organization or establishment devoted to the promotion of a particular object3.productivity—生产率,生产力power of being productive4.loans—贷款something lent on condition of being returned, especially a sum of money lent at interest5.prerequisite—先决条件,前提required as a condition for something else6.cyclical—循环的,周期的recurring in cycles7.maturity—(支票等的)到期the time when a note or bill of exchange or a loan becomes due8.reserve—预备品,贮存money held aside to meet future demand9.investment—投资,投资额,投入the act of putting money to use in something offering profitable returns10.stringent—严格的strict, that must be obeyed十九12.quota—限额,配额a limit placed by a government on the amount of imports or commodity13.VER—自愿碳减排交易模式an agreement by a country’s exporters or government to limit their exports orgovernment to limit their exports to another country14.acquisition—获得,所获之物company expansion through the phrase of other business15.synergy—协同作用,增效作用benefits from combining different business, normally claimed by the promoters ofmergers16.rebate—减少,回扣reduce17.intellectual property—知识产权certain non-tangible assets held, principally covering the areas of patentprotection, registered trademarks and designs, and copy-right18.tax holiday—免税期a period of time during which tax is not levied19.return—（收益)回报the gain from an investment, either as income or yield or as profit on the sale of theinvestment20.access—进入, 使用之权a way by which a place, esp. property, can be reached or entered or used21.joint venture—合资企业a business where the provision of risk capital is shared between two or more firms二十1.market place—商业中心地,市场a place in which securities are sold and bought2.securities—股票,有价证券stocks and bonds3.gilts—优良证券,金边证券,即国债stocks issued by governmentrmation—信息,情报knowledge communicated or received concerning a particular fact or circumstance5.qualifications—资格,合格证书competence6.membership—成员资格,会员全体the state of being a member of a certain organization7.practitioner—从业者,实践者a person engaged in the practice of a profession or occupation8.cost-effective—有成本效益的,划算的producing optimum results for the expenditure9.shortfall—不足,差额deficiency10.equities—(无固定利息的)股票company stocks二十一1.ratify—批准,认可make an arrangement or a treaty officially valid by signing it.2.controversy—争议,(公开的)争论public argument about sth. which many people disagree with3.biennial—两年一次的happening every alternate year4.clout—影响力influence5.anti-dumping—反倾销one form of action which may be taken by a government to protect industries from unfaircompetition by which goods are sold at a price lower than in the country where they are manufactured6.mandate—授权authority given to perform a duty7.stillborn—流产(of a child) dead at birth; (of an idea or a plan) not developing further8.contracting party—立约者a country or firm that signs a legal agreement9.akin to—类似, 近于similar, related to10.optimal—最理想的,最佳的best or most favorable二十二1.terms of trade—进出口货价之间的比率the relation of export and import prices2.preference—优惠,偏爱,优先a practical advantage given to one over others3.export earnings—出口收益money earned on the sales of goods to other countries4.provisions—规定条款a formal or explicit statement of conditions demanded5.tariffs—关税customs duties imposed by a government on imports or exports6.invisible—看不见的,无形的trade in services7.board—董事会an official group of persons who direct or supervise some activities of a firm8.permanent—永久的,持久的lasting9.counterpart—职务相当的人,对应物a person or thing that closely resembles another in position or function10.forum—讨论会,论坛an outlet for discussion of matters of interest to a given group。
英语本科自考【复习资料】05844国际商务英语(词汇部分 )
国际商务英语复习题库unit one International businessI .Translate the following words and expressions from English into Chinese.commercial risk 贸易风险opportunity cost 机会成本absolute advantage 绝对优势intellectual property 人才资源1.visible trade有形贸易2. credit inquiry信用调查3. letter of credit信用证4.balance of trade贸易顺差5.sales contract销售合同 6.bill of lading提单7.consular invoice领事发票8. draft汇票1.counter-offer 还盘2.firm-offer 实盘3.enquiry 询盘4.offeror 发盘人5. cooperative negotiation 合作谈判6.offer without engagement 虚盘7.acceptance 承兑1.insurance premium 保险费2.certificate of origin 原产地证书3.metric ton 公吨4. inland freight 内陆运费5. FOB Under T ackle FOB 吊钩下交货1. cost structure 费用结构2. cost of production 生产成本3.profit margin 利润率4. selling cost 销售费用1.liner transport 班轮运输2. sea waybill 海运提单3. shipper 托运人4. shipping marks 运输标志5. war risks 战争险6. natural calamity 自然灾害7.total loss 全损8. sue and labor expenses 施救费用1. promotion 促销2.international marketing 国内营销3.product differentiation 产品差异化4. sociocultural factors 社会文化因素5. market structure 市场结构1. financial instruments 金融工具2. crossing cheque 划线支票3. sight bill 即期票据4. commercial invoice 商业发票5. shipping documents 船运单据6. consular invoice 领事发票7. insurance policy 保单1.remitting bank 汇出行2. consignment 寄售3.D/P 即期付款交单4. D/A 承兑交单5. credit assessment 信用评估6. performance guarantee 履行合同保证金7. overdraft guarantee 账号透支保函1.export commodities fairs 出口商品交易会II. Translate the following words and expressions from Chinese into English.国际商务international business 商业借贷commercial credit 双重征税double taxation 世贸组9.trade barrier贸易壁垒10.tariff关税11.export trade出口贸易12.letter of credit信用证13. transit trade过境贸易14.entrepot trade转口贸易15.certificate of origin原产地证书8.询盘enquiry 9. 还盘counter-offer 10.受盘人offered 11.发盘人offeror 12.虚盘offer without engagement 13. 实盘firm-offer6. 技术转让technological transfer7.内河航运inland water transportation8. 贸易协定trade agreement5.支付货币money of payment6. 硬货币hard 6. 市场细分market segmentation7.营销战略marketing strategy8. 消费者行为customer behavior9. 营销组合marketing mix 10.营销环境marketing environment 11. 目标市场target market12.营销研究market research currency 7.汇率exchange rate 8. 折扣discount9.期货/现货市场spot market9. 物权凭证document of title 10. 清洁提单clean bill of lading 11. 投保人policy-holder 12. 共同海损general average 13. 水渍险WPA ( with particular average)8. 价格术语term of price 9. 本票promissory note 10. 背书endorsement 11. 承兑人acceptor12. 受票人drawee 13. 商业单据commercial documents 14.提单bill of lading 15. 原产地证明certificate of origin 16.海关发票customs invoice10. 保兑行confirming bank 11. 议付行negotiating bank 12. 国际保理international factoring13. 银行保函bank guarantee 14. 光票托收clean collection 15规格、明细单specificationIV. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English.31.AQSIQ is abbreviation for The General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局（简称国家质检总局）p29（卷一）32. international trade, also known as world trade or overseas trade, is the fair and deliberate exchange of goods and services across national boundaries.P1733 Balance of trade indicates the balance between the export value and the import value in a given period.P20（卷四）34.Incoterms is abbreviation for International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms 国际贸易术语解释通则P21（卷二）35. A packing list is a document made out by the seller stating the detailed content of each individual shipment.P33 (卷三）IV. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English.31.positional bargaining is based on fixed, opposing viewpoints and tends to result in compromise or no agreement at all 立场型谈判P46（卷一）32 Contract P65 A contract is an agreement that creates an obligation, which is a binding, legally enforceable agreement between two or more competent parties.33.offer with engagement P61 is the kind of offer, in which the offeror's intention of making a contract is definitely indicated, and under which the offeror cannot revoke or amend what he has offered during the validity of the offer.IV. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English.FOB--- free on board (d port of shipment)CIF---P83 cost, insurance and freight (d port of destination) 成本加保险费加运费（指定目的港）CIP--- P89 carriage and insurance paid to (d place of destination)运费，保险费付至IV. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English.customs duties P112 are taxes imposed by a government on the import or export of products or services, whose cost factors must be taken into account by the exporter when he prices his products.（卷一）marginal cost P115 is the variable costs per unit of the production 边际成本，是增加一单位（output) 随即而产生的成本增加，其等于总成本的变化量除以对应产量的变化量。
全国2017年4月自考《国际商务英语》试题05844
绝密★考试结束前全国2017年4月高等教育自学考试国际商务英语试题课程代码:05844 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案写在答题纸上㊂注意事项: 1.答题前,考生务必将自己的考试课程名称㊁姓名㊁准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上㊂ 2.用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上,不能答在试题卷上㊂Ⅰ.Translate the following words and expressions from English into Chinese.(10%)1.irrevocable credit2.customer mobility3.periodic payments4.executive body5.advising bank6.transfer of technology7.insurable interest8.consignmentmitment10.income distributionⅡ.Translate the following words and expressions from Chinese into English.(10%)11.金本位制12.退税13.修改14.分批装运15.免责条款16.关税税率17.投资收益18.折扣19.无形贸易20.保险单Ⅲ.Match the words and expressions on the left with the explanations on the right.(10%)21.liability a.trade in servicespensation b.a person or company granting a license23.gilts c.major bank,most important bank24.invisibles d.what one is responsible for according to law25.licensor e.the act of paying a bill,debt,charge,ect.26.offeree f.of trade,the act of government in lifting controls over imports andexports.27.leading bank g.something given or received as an equivalent for loss28.settlement h.the bank that adds its own commitment to an L/C29.liberalization i.stocks issued by government30.confirming bank j.the party to whom an offer is madeⅣ.Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English.(10%)31.documents against acceptance32.non⁃draft creditmercial invoice34.the unlisted securities market35.GSPⅤ.Answer the following questions in English.(20%)36.What are the disadvantages of counter trade?37.What is most favored nation treatment?38.What are the characteristics of a common market?39.What is the difference between domestic transportation and international transportation?Ⅵ.Translate the following into Chinese.(15%)40.The term economic globalization”is now being used with increasing frequency in newspapers, magazines,seminars and international conferences.With the basic feature of free flow of commodity,capital,technology,service,and information in the global context for optimized allocation,economic globalization is giving new impetus and providing opportunities to world economic development.41.In international trade it is almost impossible to match payment with physical delivery of the goods,which constitutes conflicting problems for trade,since the exporter prefers to get paid before releasing the goods and the importer prefers to gain control over the goods before paying the money.The letter of credit is an effective means to solve these problems.Its objective is to facilitate international payment by means of the credit⁃worthiness of the bank.Ⅶ.Translate the following into English.(25%)42.其他参与国际贸易的形式有管理合同㊁承包生产和 交钥匙”工程㊂43.还盘是对发盘的拒绝,一旦作出还盘,原报盘即失效而失去约束力㊂44.对企业来说损失的价值要比个人高很多,因此保险费也比一栋房子或一辆车高出许多㊂45.贸易和发展理事会是联合国贸易和发展会议的常设机构㊂46.按照比较利益学说,两个贸易伙伴均可从贸易中得到好处㊂。
05844国际商务英语复习题资料(7)
05844国际商务英语复习题资料（7）VI. Translate the following into Chinese. page 3341.One notable characteristic of the economy is the working together of manufacturers, suppliers, and distributors in closely-knit groups called keiretsu. A second basic feature has been the guarantee of lifetime employment for a substantial portion of the urban labor force. Both features are now eroding.42. Industry, the most important sector of the economy, is heavily dependent on imported raw materials and fuels. The much smaller agricultural sector is highly subsidized and protected, with crop yields among the highest in the world. Usually self-sufficient in rice, Japan must import about 50% of its requirements of other grain and fodder crops. Japan maintains one of the world's largest fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the global catch.41.这个经济体的一个显著特点是日本的制造商，供应商和销售商紧密合作一道工作。
2020年7月全国自考试题及答案解析国际商务英语
全国2018年7月自考试题国际商务英语课程代码：05844I. Translate the following words and expressions:(10%)(i) From English into Chinese:1. purchasing power parity2. documents against acceptance3. insurance policy4. just-in-time inventory5. tax holiday(ii) From Chinese into English:6. 特许经营7. 关税同盟8. 外汇市场9. 证券交易所10. 差别待遇II. Match the words and expressions on the left with the explanations on the right:(5%)（）11. subrogate a. to develop the use of, make the best use of（）12. exploit b. the marketing, transporting, merchandising,and selling of any item（）13. carriage c. the sending of money or the money sent（）14. remittance d. the price or cost of transportation（）15. distribution e. to substitute a claim against one person for aclaim against another personIII. Make brief explanations of the following terms and give the full name of the abbreviation1in English:(20%)16. Generalized System of Preference17. selling rate18. consignee19. Incoterms20. EUIV. Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word from the list (You can only choose 10 from the following 12 words in the square):(10%)A letter of credit being the undertaking of the issuing bank to make (21)______ , the reputation, and the financial strength of that (22)______ are of prime importance. The(23)______ the bank’s financial standing is and the more prestigious the bank is, the more(24)______ its letter of credit appears.Furthermore, it should be noted that the bank’s undertaking to pay as provided in a letter of credit is a (25)______ one. The bank will live up to its promise only when the stipulations in the letter of credit are complied (26)______ by the beneficiary in due course. In other words, the beneficiary , the (27)______ in foreign trade, will be (28)______ only after he has duly fulfilled his obligations (29)______ stated in the credit.In summation, a letter of credit is a bank’s conditional (30)______ to make due payment to the beneficiary.V. Translate the following into English:(25%)31. 外国直接投资主要有三种形式：建立新企业，购买现成设备和建立合资公司。
自考商务英语05844课后问答题答案
自考商务英语05844课后问答题答案Lesson11.what does international business refer to?Please tell thedifference between international business and domestic business.?International business refer to transaction between parties from different countries.Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the country is also regarded as import and export,such as business between Hongkong and T aiwan. International business takes place between countries while domestic business takes place in the same country.2.Please explain the differences between visible trade andinvisible trade. which is becoming more and more important and accounts for an increasing proportion in international trade?Visible trade refer to the from of commodity trade, i.e.exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. Invisible trade refers to the kind of trade in the form of transportation, communication, banking insurance , consulting, information etc. The latter is becoming moreand more important and accounts for an increasing proportion in international trade.3.Can you cite some examples to illustrate cultural differencesin international business?Yes,I can. In business activities, Americans are more informal than Europeans. Americans are pleased to be called their first names to close the relationship.Europeans will think it impolite to be called the first names, especially the first time they meet.4.Please elaborate on the two categories of internationalinvestment. What is their major difference?International investment can be classified into two categories,that is ,foreign direct investment(FDI) and portfolio investment. The major difference between them is that FDI is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in a host country. Portfolio investment refers to purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling.5.What is licensing? Why do firms sometimes choose it as ameans of entering a foreign market?In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. Firms chooselicensing because they do not have to make cash payments to start business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty. Beside, they can benefit from locational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations in ownership or management.6.What is franchising? How is different from licensing?Franchising can be regarded as a special form of licensing.Under franchising, a firm, called the franchisee, is allowed to operate the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks. brand names, logos, and operating techniques for royalty. In comparison with the relation between the licenser and the licensee ,the franchiser has more control over and provides more support for the franchisee.7.what is management contract? Under what conditions is itmost applicable?Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services to another withina particular period for a flat payment or a percentage ofthe relevant business volume. When a government forbids foreign ownership in certain industries, it is most applicable.8.what is an international turnkey project? In what way is itsvariant BOT from it ?For an international turnkey project, a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion. For BOT,B stands for build, O for operate and T for transfer. BOT is a popular variant of the turkey project. For a BOT project,a firm operate a facility for a period of time after building it up before finally transferring it to a foreign company. Making profit from operating the project for a period is the major difference between BOT and the common turnkey project.Lesson21.Explain the concepts of GNP and GDP respectively and pointout their major difference.Can we use them interchangeably?GNP and GDP are two important concepts used to indicatea country’s total income. GNP refers to the market value ofgoods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy. GDP measures the market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy. The major difference between GNP and GDP is that the former focuss on ownership of the factors of production which the latterconcentrates on the place where production takes place.2.what are meant by high income,middle income,and lowincome countries according to the World Bank?Cite some examples for each group.High –income countries refer to those with annual per capita income of $9,386 and above , e.g. the united states .Middle income countries refer to those with annual per capita income of below $9,386 but above $765, e.g. Greece.Low—income countries refer to those with annual per capita income of only $765 or below , e.g.most African countries.3.Why are high income countries important to trade andinvestment?Should we neglect low income countries in international business?Because high—income countries often have good infrastructure, high purchasing power, advanced technology, efficient management , and favorable environment for trade and investment .They offer prime markets for expensive consumer goods and both attractive aources and destinations of investment. But lower income countries should not be neglected in international business activities , because they constitutle markets for。
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05844国际商务英语复习题资料（7）VI. Translate the following into Chinese. page 3341.One notable characteristic of the economy is the working together of manufacturers, suppliers, and distributors in closely-knit groups called keiretsu. A second basic feature has been the guarantee of lifetime employment for a substantial portion of the urban labor force. Both features are now eroding.42. Industry, the most important sector of the economy, is heavily dependent on imported raw materials and fuels. The much smaller agricultural sector is highly subsidized and protected, with crop yields among the highest in the world. Usually self-sufficient in rice, Japan must import about 50% of its requirements of other grain and fodder crops. Japan maintains one of the world's largest fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the global catch.41.这个经济体的一个显著特点是日本的制造商，供应商和销售商紧密合作一道工作。
第二个基本特点是相当多的城市劳动力享受终生雇佣。
这两个特征在逐渐褪色。
42.经济中最重要的部门工业的原材料和燃料高度依赖进口。
比工业规模小得多的农业部门收到政府的多方补贴和高度保护，农产品产量是世界最高的国家之一。
虽然稻米一般能自给，但50%的其他粮食和饲料依赖进口。
日本有世界上最大的捕鱼船队，年捕鱼量几乎占世界的15%VI. Translate the following into Chinese.40. Documentary collection is a means of ensuring that the goods are only handed over to the buyer when the amount shown on a bill of exchange is paid orwhen the customer accepts the bill as a contract to pay by a specified date. The exporter sends the bill of exchange and the shipping documents to his bank, which forwards them to a bank in the customer's country. This bank, or the exporter's agents in the country concerned, take the documents to the customer.41. If it is a sight bill the customer pays the amount directly. If it is a time bill he signs the bill, which means he has "accepted" it for payment within a certain specified time. In return for either payment or acceptance of payment, the customer is handed the shopping documents which give title to the goods.40. 跟单托收是一种付款方式，当货物汇票所示金额付清后，或客户承兑汇票作为指定日期付款的契约时，货物才交给买方。
出口商把汇票和货运单据交给他的银行，该银行再将汇票和单据交给客户国家的银行。
该银行或出口商在有关国家的代理把单据交给客户。
41.如果是即期汇票，客户便直接支付。
如果是远期汇票，他在汇票上签字，意思是承兑该汇票，在指定时间内付款。
现在客户便有权提货，该货物可能已到达目的港，客户的银行将收到的货款转给出口商的银行，该银行即把货款付给出口商。
VI. Translate the following into Chinese. page 24041.The Conference has further agreed that the nations should cooperate to increase the volume of foreign investment for these purposes, made through normal business channels. It is especially important that the nations should cooperate to share the risks of such foreign investment.42. The Conference has agreed that the nations should establish a permanent international body to perform these functions, to be called The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. It has been agreed that the Bank shouldassist in providing capital through normal channels at reasonable rates of interest and for long periods for projects that will raise the productivity of the borrowing country.41.会议还同意各国应通过正常商务渠道来增加对外投资以实现以上目标。
特别重要的是各国应共同分担这些对外投资的风险。
42.会议一致同意建立一个永久性的国际机构来行使这些职责，机构的名称就叫做国际复兴开发银行，此银行应通过正常渠道为能提高借款国生产力的项目提供长期低息贷款。
会议还就该银行必须掌握的权利和资源，以及成员国履行的义务达成了一致意见，并起草了相关的协议条款。
VI. Translate the following into Chinese.41. To start with, the scope of efforts to attract FDI must encompass all economic sectors. The tendency in the past was to focus almost exclusively on infrastructure and on efficiency-seeking and tariff-jumping FDI in manufacturing. In the future more and more FDI will be market seeking investment in service sectors as well as investment in tourism and offshore services.42. Most developing countries continue to restrict FDI in service sectors. For example, India does not allow FDI in retail, yet is ready to waste fortunes to attract efficiency-seeking FDI for manufacturing in an uphill battle against China.41.首先，吸引外国投资的范围要覆盖所有经济部门。
过去吸引外资几乎完全集中在基础设施方面和寻求高效率或寻求避关税的制造行业。
将来，越来越多的外国直接投资将投向寻求市场的服务业，旅游业和近海服务业。
42.多数发展中国家继续抵制外国直接投资进入服务业，印度不允许外国直接投资进入零售业，却不惜花费巨额财富吸引旨在寻求效率的外国直接投资进入制造业，以和中国进行艰难的抗衡。
VII. Translate the following into English41.国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而比国内贸易复杂很多。
42.随着经济一体化进程的发展，很少人和公司能完全独立于国家商务之外而存在。
因此，在此方面具有一定的知识是十分必要的，这既有利于企业的发展又利于个人的进步。
41. International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. It involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business.42. With the development of economic globalization few people or companies can completely stay away from international business. Therefore, some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement.VII. Translate the following into English41.经济全球化为世界经济发展提供了新的动力和机会，同时也使各经济体更加相互依赖，相互影响。