甲状腺ATA2009指南

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甲状腺峡部微小乳头状癌行甲状腺峡部扩大切和甲状腺全切的对照效果分析

甲状腺峡部微小乳头状癌行甲状腺峡部扩大切和甲状腺全切的对照效果分析

甲状腺峡部微小乳头状癌行甲状腺峡部扩大切和甲状腺全切的对照效果分析发布时间:2022-12-17T11:21:58.326Z 来源:《医师在线》2022年9月17期作者:汤铖[导读]甲状腺峡部微小乳头状癌行甲状腺峡部扩大切和甲状腺全切的对照效果分析汤铖(江苏省原子医学研究所附属江原医院外科;江苏无锡214000)摘要:目的:本院主要就甲状腺峡部微小乳头状癌(≤1cm,术前影像学检查无异常淋巴结)患者治疗过程中应用甲状腺峡部扩大切除和甲状腺全切的临床效果进行回顾性探究。

方法:选取2016年11月~2022年9月期间本院收治的甲状腺峡部微小乳头状癌且术前影像学检查颈部无异常淋巴结患者51例作为研究对象,按手术方式进行患者的分组处理,其中观察组25例手术方式为甲状腺峡部扩大切除+喉前及气管前淋巴结清扫手术治疗,对照组26例手术方式为甲状腺全切+双侧中央区淋巴结(包括喉前,气管前,ⅥA及ⅥB区淋巴结)清扫手术治疗,对比分析两种手术方式的临床治疗情况。

结果:在本次医学研究之中,观察组患者手术时间、术中出血量显著优于对照组患者(P<0.01);观察组患者的术后并发症尤其是术后甲状旁腺功能下降(低PTH)发生率也要明显低于对照组患者(P<0.01);另外观察组和对照组术后淋巴结情况及转移个数并无统计学差异(P>0.05)。

结论:在甲状腺峡部微小乳头状癌患者的临床治疗过程中,甲状腺峡部扩大切除+喉前及气管前淋巴结清扫术在治疗和预后效果上与甲状腺全部切除+双侧中央区淋巴结清扫术相仿,但是甲状腺峡部扩大切除+喉前及气管前淋巴结清扫术能够显著缩短手术时间,减少出血量,避免了甲状旁腺功能减退、喉返神经、喉上神经损伤的问题,在不影响治疗效果情况下减少了患者甲状腺药物的应用,提高了患者生活质量,具有较高的手术安全性的应用优势。

关键词:甲状腺峡部微小乳头状癌;甲状腺峡部扩大切除,甲状腺全部切除,甲状腺癌;外科治疗甲状腺是人体内最大的内分泌器官,它具有分泌甲状腺激素以及调节机体新陈代谢的重要作用。

ATA诊治指南解读

ATA诊治指南解读

美国甲状腺学会2009年分化型甲状腺癌诊治指南解读由美国甲状腺学会(ATA)负责的工作小组通过短期和长期的对甲状腺肿瘤的内外科诊治经验评估了先前2006年出版的《甲状腺结节和分化型甲状腺癌诊治指南》(简称指南),进而于2009年编写了一份修订版的《指南》。

第一版《指南》出版发行的时候就承诺了要保持这份文件的与时俱进性。

由于对甲状腺结节和甲状腺癌诊治新途径经验的迅速积累,对《指南》的更新显现出明显的必要性。

因此,工作组把对2008年12月份前出版物的严格系统回顾作为依据,采用循证医学的研究策略,制定了《甲状腺结节和分化型甲状腺癌诊治指南修订版》,并于2009年11月出版在ATA官方杂志《甲状腺》上,它对临床医生在甲状腺肿瘤的诊治上有重要的指导意义。

但不能说原先第一版《指南》上出现的争议性问题现在能够得到解决,因为现在仍然缺乏足够的随机对照试验的确定性的数据,一些问题还没有通过循证医学得到解决。

关于甲状腺癌的诊治,我国实际操作情况与新《指南》之间存有较大的差异。

例如:我国FNA开展尚未普及,且缺乏统一标准和规范,使得我们在临床实践中不能主要依据FNA结果制订治疗方案,多数只能通过术中冰冻,甚至术后病理结果进行诊断。

同时,随着检出率和发病率的不断提高,甲状腺癌患者越来越多,各级医院都在进行相关的手术和治疗,但因为我国没有统一的诊治规范,造成甲状腺癌的治疗方式多样,术后管理不规范,因而影响到治疗的效果并给患者带来不必要的痛苦。

鉴于我国的实际情况,我们认为目前在我国完全照搬ATA《指南》的做法有困难,也不符合我国具体的国情。

但我们有必要学习和了解ATA《指南》的内容,并结合我国的国情和现状,制定出我们自己的指南,使甲状腺癌的诊治有一个统一的标准,使甲状腺患者得到合理的、规范的、有效的治疗。

一分化型甲状腺癌简介:分化型甲状腺癌(Differentiated Thyroid Cancer, DTC)起源于甲状腺滤泡上Carcinoma,PTC)约占85%,滤泡癌(Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma,FTC)约占10%,而Hürthele和嗜酸细胞瘤共占3%左右。

2009美国甲状腺诊疗指南

2009美国甲状腺诊疗指南

ORIGINAL STUDIES,REVIEWS,AND SCHOLARLY DIALOGTHYROID CANCER AND NODULESRevised American Thyroid Association ManagementGuidelines for Patients with Thyroid Nodulesand Differentiated Thyroid CancerThe American Thyroid Association (ATA)Guidelines Taskforceon Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid CancerDavid S.Cooper,M.D.1(Chair)*,Gerard M.Doherty,M.D.,2Bryan R.Haugen,M.D.,3Richard T.Kloos,M.D.,4Stephanie L.Lee,M.D.,Ph.D.,5Susan J.Mandel,M.D.,M.P.H.,6Ernest L.Mazzaferri,M.D.,7Bryan McIver,M.D.,Ph.D.,8Furio Pacini,M.D.,9Martin Schlumberger,M.D.,10Steven I.Sherman,M.D.,11David L.Steward,M.D.,12and R.Michael Tuttle,M.D.13Background:Thyroid nodules are a common clinical problem,and differentiated thyroid cancer is becoming increasingly prevalent.Since the publication of the American Thyroid Association’s guidelines for the man-agement of these disorders was published in 2006,a large amount of new information has become available,prompting a revision of the guidelines.Methods:Relevant articles through December 2008were reviewed by the task force and categorized by topic and level of evidence according to a modified schema used by the United States Preventative Services Task Force.Results:The revised guidelines for the management of thyroid nodules include recommendations regarding initial evaluation,clinical and ultrasound criteria for fine-needle aspiration biopsy,interpretation of fine-needle aspiration biopsy results,and management of benign thyroid nodules.Recommendations regarding the initial management of thyroid cancer include those relating to optimal surgical management,radioiodine remnant ablation,and suppression therapy using levothyroxine.Recommendations related to long-term management of differentiated thyroid cancer include those related to surveillance for recurrent disease using ultrasound and serum thyroglobulin as well as those related to management of recurrent and metastatic disease.Conclusions:We created evidence-based recommendations in response to our appointment as an independent task force by the American Thyroid Association to assist in the clinical management of patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer.They represent,in our opinion,contemporary optimal care for pa-tients with these disorders.Thyroid nodules are a common clinical problem.Epi-demiologic studies have shown the prevalence of palpa-ble thyroid nodules to be approximately 5%in women and 1%in men living in iodine-sufficient parts of the world (1,2).In contrast,high-resolution ultrasound (US)can detect thyroid nodules in 19–67%of randomly selected individuals with higher frequencies in women and the elderly (3).The clinical importance of thyroid nodules rests with the need to exclude thyroid cancer which occurs in 5–15%depending on age,sex,radiation exposure history,family history,and other factors*Authors are listed in alphabetical order and were appointed by ATA to independently formulate the content of this manuscript.None of the scientific or medical content of the manuscript was dictated by the ATA.1The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Baltimore,Maryland.2University of Michigan Medical Center,Ann Arbor,Michigan.3University of Colorado Health Sciences Center,Denver,Colorado.4The Ohio State University,Columbus,Ohio.5Boston University Medical Center,Boston,Massachusetts.6University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine,Philadelphia,Pennsylvania.7University of Florida College of Medicine,Gainesville,Florida.8The Mayo Clinic,Rochester,Minnesota.9The University of Siena,Siena,Italy.10Institute Gustave Roussy,Paris,France.11University of Texas M.D.Anderson Cancer Center,Houston,Texas.12University of Cincinnati Medical Center,Cincinnati,Ohio.13Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center,New York,New York.THYROIDVolume 19,Number 11,2009ªMary Ann Liebert,Inc.DOI:10.1089=thy.2009.01101167(4,5).Differentiated thyroid cancer(DTC),which includes papillary and follicular cancer,comprises the vast majority (90%)of all thyroid cancers(6).In the United States,approx-imately37,200new cases of thyroid cancer will be diagnosed in2009(7).The yearly incidence has increased from3.6per 100,000in1973to8.7per100,000in2002,a2.4-fold increase (p<0.001for trend)and this trend appears to be continuing (8).Almost the entire change has been attributed to an in-crease in the incidence of papillary thyroid cancer(PTC), which increased2.9-fold between1988and2002.Moreover, 49%of the rising incidence consisted of cancers measuring 1cm or smaller and87%consisted of cancers measuring2cm or smaller(8).This tumor shift may be due to the increasing use of neck ultrasonography and early diagnosis and treat-ment(9),trends that are changing the initial treatment and follow-up for many patients with thyroid cancer.In1996,the American Thyroid Association(ATA)pub-lished treatment guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and DTC(10).Over the last decade,there have been many advances in the diagnosis and therapy of both thyroid nodules and DTC.Controversy exists in many areas,including the most cost-effective approach in the diagnostic evaluation of a thyroid nodule,the extent of surgery for small thyroid cancers, the use of radioactive iodine to ablate remnant tissue following thyroidectomy,the appropriate use of thyroxine suppression therapy,and the role of human recombinant thyrotropin (rhTSH).In recognition of the changes that have taken place in the overall management of these clinically important prob-lems,the ATA appointed a task force to re-examine the current strategies that are used to diagnose and treat thyroid nodules and DTC,and to develop clinical guidelines using principles of evidence-based medicine.Members of the taskforce included experts in thyroid nodule and thyroid cancer management with representation from thefields of endocrinology,surgery, and nuclear medicine.The medical opinions expressed here are those of the authors;none were dictated by the ATA.The final document was approved by the ATA Board of Directors and endorsed(in alphabetical order)by the American Asso-ciation of Clinical Endocrinologists(AACE),American College of Endocrinology,British Association of Head and Neck Oncologists(BAHNO),The Endocrine Society,European As-sociation for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery(EACMFS),Eur-opean Association of Nuclear Medicine(EANM),European Society of Endocrine Surgeons(ESES),European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology(ESPE),International Association of Endocrine Surgeons(IAES),and Latin American Thyroid So-ciety(LATS).Other groups have previously developed guidelines,in-cluding the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Association of Endocrine Surgeons(11),the British Thyroid Association and The Royal College of Physi-cians(12),and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (13)that have provided somewhat conflicting recommenda-tions due to the lack of high quality evidence from random-ized controlled trials.The European Thyroid Association has published consensus guidelines for the management of DTC (14).The European Association of Nuclear Medicine has also recently published consensus guidelines for radioiodine(RAI) therapy of DTC(15).The ATA guidelines taskforce used a strategy similar to that employed by the National Institutes of Health for its Consen-sus Development Conferences(http:===aboutcdp.htm),and developed a series of clinically relevant questions pertaining to thyroid nodule and thyroid cancer di-agnosis and treatment.These questions were as follows:—Questions regarding thyroid nodulesWhat is the appropriate evaluation of clinically or inci-dentally discovered thyroid nodule(s)?*What laboratory tests and imaging modalities are in-dicated?*What is the role offine-needle aspiration(FNA)?What is the best method of long-term follow up of pa-tients with thyroid nodules?What is the role of medical therapy of patients with benign thyroid nodules?How should thyroid nodules in children and pregnant women be managed?—Questions regarding the initial management of DTCWhat is the role of preoperative staging with diagnostic imaging and laboratory tests?What is the appropriate operation for indeterminate thyroid nodules and DTC?What is the role of postoperative staging systems and which should be used?What is the role of postoperative RAI remnant ablation? What is the role of thyrotropin(TSH)suppression therapy?Is there a role for adjunctive external beam irradiation or chemotherapy?—Questions regarding the long term management of DTC What are the appropriate features of long-term man-agement?What is the role of serum thyroglobulin(Tg)assays? What is the role of US and other imaging techniques during follow-up?What is the role of TSH suppression in long-term follow-up?What is the most appropriate management of patients with metastatic disease?How should Tg-positive,scan-negative patients be managed?What is the role of external radiation therapy?What is the role of chemotherapy?—What are directions for future research?The initial ATA guidelines were published in2006(16). Because of the rapid growth of the literature on this topic, plans for revising the guidelines within24–36months of publication were made at the inception of the project.Re-levant articles on thyroid cancer were identified using the same search criteria employed for the original guidelines(16). Individual task force members submitted suggestions for clarification of prior recommendations,as well as new infor-mation derived from studies published since2004.Relevant literature continued to be reviewed through December2008. To begin the revision process,a half-day meeting was held on June2,2007.The Task Force was broadened to include European experts and a head and neck surgeon.Three sub-sequent half-day meetings were held on October5,2007;July 13,2008;and October5,2008,to review these suggestions and for additional comments to be considered.The meeting in July 2008also included a meeting with six additional surgeons in1168COOPER ET AL.REVISED ATA THYROID CANCER GUIDELINES1169anization of Management Guideline Recommendations,Tables,and Figuresfor Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid CancerPage Location key a Sections and subsections Item b1171[A1]THYROID NODULE GUIDELINES T11171[A2]Evaluation of Newly Discovered Thyroid Nodules F11171[A3]Laboratory tests1171[A4]Serum TSH R1–R2 1171[A5]Serum thyroglobulin(Tg)R31171[A6]Serum calcitonin R41173[A7]Role offine-needle aspiration(FNA)1173[A8]Ultrasound(US)with FNA R5,T3 1174[A9]Cytopathological interpretation of FNA samples1174[A10]Nondiagnostic cytology R61174[A11]Cytology suggesting papillary thyroid cancer(PTC)R71174[A12]Indeterminate cytology R8–R10 1175[A13]Benign cytology R111175[A14]Multinodular goiter(MNG)=multiple thyroid nodules R12–R13 1175[A15]Long-Term Follow-Up of Thyroid Nodules R14–R15 1176[A16]Medical therapy for benign thyroid nodules R16–R17 1176[A17]Thyroid nodules in children R181176[A18]Thyroid nodules in pregnant women R19–R20 1176[B1]DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CANCER(DTC):INITIAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES1176[B2]Goals of Initial Therapy of DTC1177[B3]Preoperative staging of DTC1177[B4]Neck imaging R21–R22 1177[B5]Serum Tg R231177[B6]Thyroid surgery1178[B7]Surgery for nondiagnostic biopsy R24–R25 1178[B8]Surgery for biopsy diagnostic of malignancy R261179[B9]Lymph node dissection R27–R28,F2 1180[B10]Completion thyroidectomy R29–R30 1180[B11]Postoperative staging systems1180[B12]Role of postoperative staging1180[B13]AJCC=UICC TNM staging R31,T4 1181[B14]Role of postoperative remnant ablation R32,T5 1183[B15]Preparation for radioiodine(RAI)remnant ablation R33,F3 1183[B16]rhTSH preparation R341183[B17]RAI scanning before RAI ablation R351185[B18]Radiation doses for RAI ablation R36–R37 1185[B19]Low-iodine diet for RAI ablation R381185[B20]Post RAI ablation whole-body RAI scan R391185[B21]Post Initial Therapy of DTC1185[B22]Role of TSH suppression therapy1185[B23]Degree of initial TSH suppression required R401186[B24]Adjunctive measures1186[B25]External beam irradiation R411186[B26]Chemotherapy R421186[C1]DTC:LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT1186[C2]Appropriate Features of Long-Term Management1186[C3]Appropriate method of follow-up after surgery F41186[C4]Criteria for absence of persistent tumor1186[C5]Role of serum Tg assays R43–R45 1189[C6]Whole body RAI scans,US,and other imagingIf viewing these guidelines on the Web,or in a File,copy the Location Key to the Find or Search Function to navigate rapidly to the desired section.b R,recommendation;T,table;F,figure.(continued)Table1.(Continued)Page Location key a Sections and subsections Item b 1189[C7]Diagnostic whole-body RAI scans R46–R47 1189[C8]Cervical ultrasound R48a–c 1189[C9]FDG-PET Scanning R48d1189[C10]Role of thyroxine suppression of TSH R491190[C11]Management of Metastatic Disease1190[C12]Surgery for locoregional metastases R501190[C13]Surgery for aerodigestive invasion R511191[C14]RAI for local or distant metastatic disease1191[C15]Methods for administering RAI R52–R54 1191[C16]The use of lithium in RAI therapy R551191[C17]Metastasis to various organs1192[C18]Pulmonary metastasis R56–R58 1192[C19]Non–RAI-avid pulmonary disease R591193[C20]Bone metastases R60–R64 1193[C21]Brain metastases R65–R67 1194[C22]Management of Complications of RAI Therapy R68–R70 1194[C23]Secondary malignancies and leukemia from RAI R711194[C24]Other risks to bone marrow from RAI R721194[C25]Effects of RAI on gonads and in nursing women R73–R74 1195[C26]Management of Tg Positive,RAI Scan–Negative Patients R75–R77,F5 1197[C27]Patients with a negative post-treatment whole-body scan R78–R79 1197[C28]External beam radiation for metastatic disease R801197[D1]DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH1197[D2]Novel Therapies and Clinical Trials1197[D3]Inhibitors of oncogenic signaling pathways1197[D4]Modulators of growth or apoptosis1197[D5]Angiogenesis inhibitors1197[D6]Immunomodulators1197[D7]Gene therapy1198[D8]Better Understanding of the Long-Term Risks of RAI1198[D9]Clinical Significance of Persistent Low-Level Tg1198[D10]The Problem of Tg Antibodies1198[D11]Small Cervical Lymph Node Metastases1198[D12]Improved Risk StratificationTable2.Strength of Panelists’Recommendations Based on Available EvidenceRating DefinitionA Strongly recommends.The recommendation is based on good evidence that the service or intervention can improveimportant health outcomes.Evidence includes consistent results from well-designed,well-conducted studies in representative populations that directly assess effects on health outcomes.B Recommends.The recommendation is based on fair evidence that the service or intervention can improveimportant health outcomes.The evidence is sufficient to determine effects on health outcomes,but the strength of the evidence is limited by the number,quality,or consistency of the individual studies;generalizability toroutine practice;or indirect nature of the evidence on health outcomes.C Recommends.The recommendation is based on expert opinion.D Recommends against.The recommendation is based on expert opinion.E Recommends against.The recommendation is based on fair evidence that the service or intervention does notimprove important health outcomes or that harms outweigh benefits.F Strongly recommends against.The recommendation is based on good evidence that the service or interventiondoes not improve important health outcomes or that harms outweigh benefits.I Recommends neither for nor against.The panel concludes that the evidence is insufficient to recommend foror against providing the service or intervention because evidence is lacking that the service or interventionimproves important health outcomes,the evidence is of poor quality,or the evidence is conflicting.As a result,the balance of benefits and harms cannot be determined.Adapted from the U.S.Preventive Services Task Force,Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality(17).an effort to produce guidelines related to central neck dis-section that would be as authoritative as possible.The orga-nization of management guideline recommendations is shown in Table1.It was agreed to continue to categorize the published data and strength of recommendations using a modified schema proposed by the U.S.Preventive Services Task Force(17)(Table2).[A1]THYROID NODULE GUIDELINESA thyroid nodule is a discrete lesion within the thyroid gland that is radiologically distinct from the surrounding thyroid parenchyma.Some palpable lesions may not corre-spond to distinct radiologic abnormalities(18).Such abnor-malities do not meet the strict definition for thyroid nodules. Nonpalpable nodules detected on US or other anatomic im-aging studies are termed incidentally discovered nodules or ‘‘incidentalomas.’’Nonpalpable nodules have the same risk of malignancy as palpable nodules with the same size(19). Generally,only nodules>1cm should be evaluated,since they have a greater potential to be clinically significant can-cers.Occasionally,there may be nodules<1cm that require evaluation because of suspicious USfindings,associated lymphadenopathy,a history of head and neck irradiation,or a history of thyroid cancer in one or morefirst-degree relatives. However,some nodules<1cm lack these warning signs yet eventually cause morbidity and mortality.These are rare and, given unfavorable cost=benefit considerations,attempts to diagnose and treat all small thyroid cancers in an effort to prevent these rare outcomes would likely cause more harm than good.Approximately1–2%of people undergoing2-deoxy-2[18F]fluoro-d-glucose positron emission tomography (18FDG-PET)imaging for other reasons have thyroid nodules discovered incidentally.Since the risk of malignancy in these 18FDG-positive nodules is about33%and the cancers may be more aggressive(20),such lesions require prompt evaluation (21–23).When seen,diffuse18FDG uptake is likely related to underlying autoimmune thyroiditis.[A2]What is the appropriate evaluation of clinicallyor incidentally discovered thyroid nodule(s)?(See Fig.1for algorithm)With the discovery of a thyroid nodule,a complete history and physical examination focusing on the thyroid gland and adjacent cervical lymph nodes should be performed.Pertinent historical factors predicting malignancy include a history of childhood head and neck irradiation,total body irradiation for bone marrow transplantation(24),family history of thy-roid carcinoma,or thyroid cancer syndrome(e.g.,Cowden’s syndrome,familial polyposis,Carney complex,multiple en-docrine neoplasia[MEN]2,Werner syndrome)in afirst-degree relative,exposure to ionizing radiation from fallout in childhood or adolescence(25),and rapid growth and hoarseness.Pertinent physicalfindings suggesting possible malignancy include vocal cord paralysis,lateral cervical lymphadenopathy,andfixation of the nodule to surrounding tissues.[A3]What laboratory tests and imaging modalities are indicated?[A4]Serum TSH with US and with or without scan.With the discovery of a thyroid nodule>1cm in any diameter or diffuse or focal thyroidal uptake on18FDG-PET scan,a se-rum TSH level should be obtained.If the serum TSH is subnormal,a radionuclide thyroid scan should be obtained to document whether the nodule is hyperfunctioning(i.e., tracer uptake is greater than the surrounding normal thy-roid),isofunctioning or‘‘warm’’(i.e.,tracer uptake is equal to the surrounding thyroid),or nonfunctioning(i.e.,has uptake less than the surrounding thyroid tissue).Since hyperfunc-tioning nodules rarely harbor malignancy,if one is found that corresponds to the nodule in question,no cytologic evaluation is necessary.If overt or subclinical hyperthy-roidism is present,additional evaluation is required.Higher serum TSH,even within the upper part of the reference range,is associated with increased risk of malignancy in a thyroid nodule(26).&RECOMMENDATION1Measure serum TSH in the initial evaluation of a patient with a thyroid nodule.If the serum TSH is subnormal,a radionuclide thyroid scan should be performed using either technetium99m Tc pertechnetate or123I.Recommendation rating:ADiagnostic thyroid US should be performed in all patients with a suspected thyroid nodule,nodular goiter,or radiographic abnormality;e.g.,a nodule found incidentally on computed tomography(CT)or magnetic resonance im-aging(MRI)or thyroidal uptake on18FDG-PET scan. Thyroid US can answer the following questions:Is there truly a nodule that corresponds to the palpable abnormal-ity?How large is the nodule?Does the nodule have benign or suspicious features?Is suspicious cervical lymphade-nopathy present?Is the nodule greater than50%cystic?Is the nodule located posteriorly in the thyroid gland?These last two features might decrease the accuracy of FNA bi-opsy performed with palpation(27,28).Also,there may be other thyroid nodules present that require biopsy based on their size and appearance(18,29,30).As already noted, FNA is recommended especially when the serum TSH is elevated because,compared with normal thyroid glands, the rate of malignancy in nodules in thyroid glands involved with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is as least as high or possibly higher(31,32).&RECOMMENDATION2Thyroid sonography should be performed in all patients with known or suspected thyroid nodules.Recommenda-tion rating:A[A5]Serum Tg measurement.Serum Tg levels can be ele-vated in most thyroid diseases and are an insensitive and nonspecific test for thyroid cancer(33).&RECOMMENDATION3Routine measurement of serum Tg for initial evaluation of thyroid nodules is not recommended.Recommendation rating:F[A6]Serum calcitonin measurement.The utility of serum calcitonin has been evaluated in a series of prospective, nonrandomized studies(34–37).The data suggest that theREVISED ATA THYROID CANCER GUIDELINES1171use of routine serum calcitonin for screening may detect C-cell hyperplasia and medullary thyroid cancer at an earlier stage and overall survival may be improved.How-ever,most studies rely on pentagastrin stimulation test-ing to increase specificity.This drug is no longer available in the United States,and there remain unresolved issues of sensitivity,specificity,assay performance and cost-effectiveness.A recent cost-effectiveness analysis suggested that calcitonin screening would be cost effective in the United States (38).However,the prevalence estimates of medullary thyroid cancer in this analysis included patients with C-cell hyperplasia and micromedullary carcinoma,123I or 99Tc Scan a Normal or High TSHHistory, Physical, TSHLow TSHDiagnostic USRESULTS of FNAElevated TSHEvaluate and RxforHyperthyroidismNot Functioning HyperfunctioningNodule on US Do FNA (See R5a–c)No Nodule on USNormal TSHEvaluate andRx for Hypo-thyroidismFNA not IndicatedNondiagnosticMalignant PTCSuspicious for PTCBenignIndeterminateRepeat US- Guided FNANon-diagnosticClose Follow-Up or Surgery (SeeText)Pre-op USSurgeryFollicular NeoplasmHürthle Cell NeoplasmFollowConsider 123I Scanif TSH Low NormalNotHyperfunctioningHyperfunctioning WORKUP OF THYROID NODULEDETECTED BY PALPATION OR IMAGINGFIG.1.Algorithm for the evaluation of patients with one or more thyroid nodules.aIf the scan does not show uniform distribution of tracer activity,ultrasound may be considered to assess for the presence of a cystic component.1172COOPER ET AL.which have an uncertain clinical significance.If the un-stimulated serum calcitonin determination has been ob-tained and the level is greater than100pg=mL,medullary cancer is likely present(39).&RECOMMENDATION4The panel cannot recommend either for or against the routine measurement of serum calcitonin.Recommenda-tion rating:I[A7]What is the role of FNA biopsy?FNA is the most accurate and cost-effective method for evaluating thyroid nodules.Retrospective studies have reported lower rates of both nondiagnostic and false-negative cytology specimens from FNA procedures performed via US guidance compared to palpation(40,41).Therefore,for nodules with a higher likelihood of either a nondiagnostic cytology(>25–50%cystic component)(28)or sampling error(difficult to palpate or posteriorly located nodules),US-guided FNA is preferred(see Table3).If the diagnostic US confirms the presence of a pre-dominantly solid nodule corresponding to what is palpated, the FNA may be performed via palpation or US guidance. Traditionally FNA biopsy results are divided into four cate-gories:nondiagnostic,malignant(risk of malignancy at sur-gery>95%),indeterminate or suspicious for neoplasm,and benign.The recent National Cancer Institute Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspiration State of the Science Conference proposed a more expanded classification for FNA cytology that adds two additional categories:suspicious for malignancy(risk of ma-lignancy50–75%)and follicular lesion of undetermined sig-nificance(risk of malignancy5–10%).The conference further recommended that‘‘neoplasm,either follicular or Hu¨rthle cell neoplasm’’be substituted for‘‘indeterminate’’(risk of malig-nancy15–25%)(42).[A8]US for FNA decision making(see Table3).Various sonographic characteristics of a thyroid nodule have been associated with a higher likelihood of malignancy(43–48). These include nodule hypoechogenicity compared to the normal thyroid parenchyma,increased intranodular vascu-larity,irregular infiltrative margins,the presence of micro-calcifications,an absent halo,and a shape taller than the width measured in the transverse dimension.With the exception of suspicious cervical lymphadenopathy,which is a specific but insensitivefinding,no single sonographic feature or combi-nations of features is adequately sensitive or specific to identify all malignant nodules.However,certain features and combination of features have high predictive value for ma-lignancy.Furthermore,the most common sonographic ap-pearances of papillary and follicular thyroid cancer differ.A PTC is generally solid or predominantly solid and hy-poechoic,often with infiltrative irregular margins and in-creased nodular vascularity.Microcalcifications,if present, are highly specific for PTC,but may be difficult to distinguish from colloid.Conversely,follicular cancer is more often iso-to hyperechoic and has a thick and irregular halo,but does not have microcalcifications(49).Follicular cancers that are<2cm in diameter have not been shown to be associated with met-astatic disease(50).Certain sonographic appearances may also be highly pre-dictive of a benign nodule.A pure cystic nodule,although rare (<2%of all nodules),is highly unlikely to be malignant(47).In addition,a spongiform appearance,defined as an aggregation of multiple microcystic components in more than50%of the nodule volume,is99.7%specific for identification of a benignTable3.Sonographic and Clinical Features of Thyroid Nodules and Recommendations for FNA Nodule sonographic or clinical features Recommended nodule threshold size for FNAHigh-risk history aNodule WITH suspicious sonographic features b>5mm Recommendation A Nodule WITHOUT suspicious sonographic features b>5mm Recommendation I Abnormal cervical lymph nodes All c Recommendation A Microcalcifications present in nodule 1cm Recommendation B Solid noduleAND hypoechoic>1cm Recommendation B AND iso-or hyperechoic 1–1.5cm Recommendation C Mixed cystic–solid noduleWITH any suspicious ultrasound features b 1.5–2.0cm Recommendation B WITHOUT suspicious ultrasound features 2.0cm Recommendation C Spongiform nodule 2.0cm d Recommendation C Purely cystic nodule FNA not indicated e Recommendation E a High-risk history:History of thyroid cancer in one or morefirst degree relatives;history of external beam radiation as a child;exposure to ionizing radiation in childhood or adolescence;prior hemithyroidectomy with discovery of thyroid cancer,18FDG avidity on PET scanning;MEN2=FMTC-associated RET protooncogene mutation,calcitonin>100pg=mL.MEN,multiple endocrine neoplasia;FMTC,familial medullary thyroid cancer.b Suspicious features:microcalcifications;hypoechoic;increased nodular vascularity;infiltrative margins;taller than wide on transverse view.c FNA cytology may be obtained from the abnormal lymph node in lieu of the thyroid nodule.d Sonographic monitoring without biopsy may be an acceptable alternative(see text)(48).e Unless indicated as therapeutic modality(see text).REVISED ATA THYROID CANCER GUIDELINES1173。

甲状腺结节和分化型甲状腺癌诊治指南

甲状腺结节和分化型甲状腺癌诊治指南

• 评估颈部区域有无淋巴结和淋巴结的大小、形态和结 构特点
触诊与甲状腺超声检查比较
通常可触及的甲状腺结节直径大于1cm;
超声检查可发现小至2mm结节 在体检时未触及结节者,50%超声检查可 发现结节 体检发现的孤立性结节中,50%超声检查 为多发性结节
超声检查在甲状腺结节评估中的 作用
• 某些超声征象有助于甲状腺结节的良恶性 鉴别 • 通过超声检查鉴别甲状腺结节良恶性的能 力与超声医师的临床经验相关 • 近年来,弹性超声和甲状腺超声造影技术 在评估甲状腺结节中的应用日益增多,其 临床价值有待进一步研究
问题3. 甲状腺结节的评估要点
• 良恶性甲状腺结节的临床处理不同 • 对患者生存质量(quality of life, QOL)的影 响和涉及的医疗花费也有显著差异。 • 甲状腺结节评估的要点是良恶性鉴别。
推荐1-1:
• 甲状腺结节的评估要点是 良恶性鉴别 (推荐级别A)
问题4. 甲状腺结节的临床表现
病因及分类
增生性结节性甲状腺肿 肿瘤性结节 良性肿瘤 恶性肿瘤
囊肿
炎症性结节
问题1. 甲状腺结节的定义
• 甲状腺结节是指甲状腺细 胞在局部异常生长所引起 的散在病变 • 虽能触及、但在超声检查 中未能证实的“结节”, 不能诊断为甲状腺结节 • 体检未能触及、而在影像 学检查偶然发现的结节称 作“甲状腺意外结节”
• 大多数甲状腺结节患者没有临床症状。
• 合并甲状腺功能异常时,可出现相应的临 床表现。 • 部分患者由于结节压迫周围组织,出现压 迫症状
• 声音嘶哑、压气感、呼吸/吞咽困难等。
下述病史和体格检查结果是
甲状腺癌的危险因素
• ①童年期头颈部放射线照射史或放射性尘埃接触史; • ②全身放射治疗史; • ③有分化型甲状腺癌(DTC)、甲状腺髓样癌(MTC)或 多发性内分泌腺瘤病2型(MEN2型)、家族性多发性息 肉病、某些甲状腺癌综合征的既往史或家族史; • ④男性; • ⑤结节生长迅速; • ⑥伴持续性声音嘶哑、发音困难,并可排除声带病变; • ⑦伴吞咽困难或呼吸困难; • ⑧结节形状不规则、与周围组织粘连固定; • ⑨伴颈部淋巴结病理性肿大。

甲状腺穿刺技术发展规划书

甲状腺穿刺技术发展规划书

甲状腺穿刺技术发展规划书细针穿刺活检(FNAB)作为甲状腺结节诊断的新技术,以其高敏感度和高特异度被国内外医疗工作者广泛认可。

我国FNAB技术起步相对较晚,各地技术掌握水平参差不齐。

纵观近10年甲状腺结节FNAB临床报道发现,我国FNAB发展具有迅猛发展、热点层出的特征,然而,在临床指征把握、穿刺取材以及结果判读上仍存在良莠不齐、有待规范等问题。

因此,严格把握穿刺指征、获取满意穿刺标本和准确判读穿刺结果有助于FNAB质量控制措施的全面施行,推进甲状腺疾病迈向精准医疗时代。

细针穿刺活检(fine needle aspiration biopsy, FNAB)作为微创诊断技术,可在术前明确甲状腺结节性质,为甲状腺疾病个体化精准治疗提供依据,是甲状腺诊治决策的关键。

目前,美国国家综合癌症网络(NCCN)、美国甲状腺学会(ATA)、欧洲肿瘤内科学会(ESMO)和中国指南均将甲状腺结节FNAB检查作为A类推荐。

我国FNAB技术开展较晚,目前仍处于发展阶段,各级医院对穿刺技术的掌握和结果解读能力参差不齐。

本文通过检索我国学者近10年有关甲状腺结节FNAB相关文献,对中国甲状腺结节FNAB应用现状进行分析。

1 我国FNAB发展历程甲状腺结节穿刺活检技术已有170余年的历史,但最初并未受到医生的重视。

我国于20世纪80年代引入FNAB技术,随着甲状腺结节的逐年增多,医患对甲状腺结节诊疗水平的要求不断提高,FNAB逐渐受到国内学者的关注。

1985年6月,曾宪九和贾振庚首次进行100例甲状腺结节触诊下细针穿刺吸引检查并进行了临床报道,拉开了中国甲状腺结节FNAB诊断的帷幕[1]。

2012年,我国发表了《甲状腺结节和分化型甲状腺癌诊治指南》[2](以下简称2012版指南),肯定了超声引导下甲状腺结节FNAB检查的临床价值,并且规范了FNAB 适应证和判读标准。

经过5年的摸索与实践,经国内相关专家讨论,2018年3月中国医师协会甲状腺疾病专业委员会制定了《超声引导下甲状腺结节细针穿刺活检专家共识及操作指南》(以下简称2018版FNAB指南),用于普及、规范甲状腺结节FNAB技术,推动该项技术顺畅发展[3]。

2009年美国甲状腺学会甲状腺结_省略_和分化型甲状腺癌诊断治疗指南解读_郭朱明

2009年美国甲状腺学会甲状腺结_省略_和分化型甲状腺癌诊断治疗指南解读_郭朱明

作者单位:中山大学附属肿瘤医院头颈外科,广东广州510060通讯作者:郭朱明,E-mail:lql2206@ 指南与解读文章编号:1005-2208(2010)10-0859-042009年美国甲状腺学会甲状腺结节和分化型甲状腺癌诊断治疗指南解读郭朱明,李秋梨,李浩中图分类号:R6文献标志码:A【关键词】美国甲状腺学会;甲状腺结节;分化型甲状腺癌Keywords American Thyroid Association;thyroid nodules;differentiated thyroid carcinoma(DTC)2009年11月美国甲状腺学会(ATA)修订了第三版甲状腺结节和分化型甲状腺癌诊断治疗指南,第二版修订时间为2006年,而第一版制订的时间为1996年。

期间在甲状腺结节和分化型甲状腺癌的诊断和治疗方面有很多进展,但在多方面仍存争议,包括甲状腺结节评价措施中性价比最高的方法、甲状腺癌的手术范围、甲状腺切除术后残余组织放射性碘消融的应用、促甲状腺素抑制治疗的合理应用和人重组促甲状腺素(rhTSH)的作用等。

ATA认识到这些临床重要问题的处理方法已经发生了变化,故指定一个工作组重新审视当前诊断和治疗甲状腺结节和分化型甲状腺癌的策略,并按照循证医学原则修订了新的临床指南。

2009年版指南与2006年版相比,内容更多、更细化,主要有以下改动:(1)在甲状腺结节处理方面更重视甲状腺结节病人血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)的测定、超声检查及超声引导下的细针穿刺细胞学检查(FNA);对于FNA不能确诊的病人可考虑检测相关分子标志物以指导处理;明确甲状腺结节增大的定义;对于细胞学结果良性的复发囊性甲状腺结节,可以考虑行手术切除或经皮乙醇注射(PEI);细针穿刺结果可疑或确诊为乳头状癌的孕妇可考虑予左旋甲状腺素治疗,控制促甲状腺素在0.1~1.0mU/L范围。

(2)在分化型甲状腺癌的首次处理方面重视对超声可疑的淋巴结行超声引导下的FNA以明确诊断;双侧结节病变可行全甲状腺切除或近全甲状腺切除术;直径>1cm的甲状腺癌,除非有禁忌证,首次手术方式应为近全或全甲状腺切除术;腺叶切除术对直径<1cm、低危、单灶、腺体内乳头状癌、无头颈部放疗史及无淋巴结转移的病人可能已满足治疗需要;明确T3和T4期的病人,可行预防性中央区淋巴结清扫术,而对T1和T2期且组织病理为非侵袭性类型的病人可不行预防性中央区淋巴结清扫术。

甲状腺超声诊断标准

甲状腺超声诊断标准

病理: 双侧 FTC
病理: 双侧 PTC
三、结节大小
1. 结节大小一般在纵断面测量(上下径×前后径); 2. 测量结节大小时应注意:
– 测量结节最大切面的最大径 – 测量包括结节声晕厚度 – 测量包括周边区域(边界模糊不清的结节)
3. 结节大小对评估良恶性肿块无意义。
四、结节纵横比
1. 纵径A是指与皮肤垂直的结节最大前后径 2. 横径T指与皮肤平行的结节最大径(一般指纵断
甲状腺彩超TI-RADS分级
超声报告结论 病变位置+病变数量+病变性质+ TI-RADS分级 如:
甲状腺右侧叶多发实性结节 TI-RADS 3级
颈部淋巴结转移
• III区、IV区、VI区转移率明显高于II区。
转移性淋巴结声像图
• 门结构缺失(内部结构紊乱) • 形态不规则(部分呈类圆形) • 囊性变(可及液性暗区) • 微钙化 • 周边血流
• American Thyroid Association(ATA)发布的甲状腺 结节和甲状腺癌诊治指南(2009.11,第三版,询 证医学证据分级)
• European Society for Medical Oncology(ESMO)欧 洲肿瘤内科学会甲状腺癌诊治和随访指南(2012 年)
• National Comprehensive Cancer Network(NCCN) 美国国家综合癌症网发布的分化型甲状腺癌诊治 指南(2012)
甲状腺结节: Thyroid Nodule
2006版 :甲状腺内的散在病灶,初诊或超声检查能 将其和周围甲状腺组织清楚分界。
2009版:甲状腺内的散在病灶,影像学检查能将其和 周围甲状腺组织清楚分界。
ATA指南指出:直径≤1cm、无可疑征象的结节建议不 需要进行其他检查和处理,临床意义不大。

甲状腺结节的诊治

甲状腺结节的诊治
判定甲状腺结节的性质需要 实验室检查 的支持 ,所有 甲状腺结节 患者均需测定 甲状腺功能 ,多数恶性结节 甲状腺功能正常 ,高功能腺瘤 几乎都是 良性 的。自身免疫抗体阳性是桥本 甲状腺炎的诊 断指标 ,但不 能排除恶性结的可能。_rg测定对判断结节 良、恶性 没有很大意义 ,恶性 者 Tg可升高 ,但 TGAb阳性者也可升 高 ,其对于恶性 病变术后 随访 可 起一定作用 ,术后 下降而后升高提示复发可能。血清降钙 素对髓样 癌诊 断是 明确的 ,常规检测血清降钙素可早期检出甲状腺旁 细胞增生 和甲状腺髓样癌 ,从而改善这类患者 的总体生存率。在未经刺激的情况 下,血清降钙素 >lO0pg/ml,则提示可能存在 甲状腺髓样癌。当 甲状腺结 节 的直径 >lcm时 ,应检查血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平。如 TSH低下 , 则应行放射线核素 甲状腺扫描,以确定结节为功能性结节 、等功能结节 (“温结节”)或无功能结节 。功能性结节极少为恶性 ,因此 ,无需对这类结 节作细胞学评估 。如血清 TSH未被抑制 ,应行诊断性 甲状腺超声检查 , 超声是评价 甲状腺结节最敏感的检查方法 ,超声诊断恶性 占位病变的 依据为:①单发结节 ,②病灶形态欠规则 ,边界欠清晰 ,低 回声结节侵犯 甲状腺包膜外或 甲状腺周 围组织 ,③ 内部不均匀低 回声 ;④细沙粒样钙 化 ;⑤血流丰富 ,且 以内部血流为主 ;⑥颈部淋巴结转 移性肿 大 ,淋巴结 门结构 消失 、囊性变或淋 巴结内出现微小钙化血流紊 乱,均高度 提示结 节恶性 。CT增强扫描和 MRI检查可通过反映甲状腺及其周围组织关 系 判定结节性质 。在操作得 当的前提下 ,细针抽吸加细胞学检查(FNAC) 的敏感性 、特异性 、准确性还是相当高的。即便 甲状腺结节被诊断为 良 性 ,也需对患者进行随访 ,因为 FNA的假 阴性率可达 5-15%。良性结节

2009-ATA-分化型甲癌指南解读-David-Cooper-中文全

2009-ATA-分化型甲癌指南解读-David-Cooper-中文全
• 40岁女性,甲状腺左叶1.4 cm的结节 • 活检:符合甲状腺乳头状癌 • 针对这位病人应该如何选择手术方式 ? • 是否需要行“预防性”中央区(VI区)颈淋巴结清扫术?
第六页,共73页。
甲状腺癌中央颈淋巴结清扫术 术语及手术分类的共识
制定该共识的专家组成员:
Gregory Randolph, David Terris, Ralph Tufano, Sally Carty, Quan-Yang Duh, and Robert Udelsman
第一页,共73页。
第二页,共73页。
甲状腺癌和甲状腺结节的管理指南2009修订版
结节的评估 结节的超声特征、细针穿刺活检
手术的范围
甲状腺切除术 ?预防性颈淋巴清扫术
+ 131I消融
病人的选择 rhTSH准备
T4治疗与监测
TSH抑制
Tg,超声监测 晚期的甲状腺癌
第三页,共73页。
证据等级
改编自USPSTF分类
区清扫
• 3组:其他清扫方式
Macroscopic LN Disease
No macroscopic LN Disease
第十七页,共73页。
伴或不伴中央区颈淋巴清扫的术式的 手术并发症情况
Fritze and Doherty 2010
第十八页,共73页。
残余组织放射性碘消融 患者 2
• 19岁男性,右叶甲状腺有直径1厘米结节
• 无肿瘤的临床证据 • 无肿瘤的影像学证据(初始治疗后全身扫描未现甲状
• 建议32b 对肿瘤直径1-4 厘米、肿瘤局限于甲状腺内的患者,放
射性碘消融推荐应用于:伴有淋巴结转移,或者伴其他的危险因 素,综合年龄、肿瘤大小、淋巴结状态以及肿瘤组织学特点提示

ATA指南解读讲义

ATA指南解读讲义

甲状腺结节
• 第三版指南对于细针穿刺细胞学检查结果不能提供肯定性 诊断的情况,建议查甲状腺癌分子标志物(BRAF、RAS、 RET/PTC、Pax8-PPARγ和galectin-3等)以协助诊断 (C级)。这条建议在第二版中并不存在,而ATA专家在 对近3年的大量研究文献的回顾中肯定了这些分子标志物 的意义。而且,近期仍有很多相关研究还在不断地被发表, 这些文献证明了上述分子标志物对于甲状腺癌的术前诊断、 手术术式选择和术后随访方案制定都有重要的意义。
甲状腺结节
• 对于有甲状腺结节的儿童,诊治原则与成人相同(A级)。 对于有甲状腺结节的妊娠女性,如果同时甲功正常或甲功 低,应该行细针穿刺细胞学检查;对于TSH低的患者(亚 临床甲亢),宜等到妊娠和哺乳结束时再行甲状腺ECT检 查(A级)。妊娠早期对甲状腺结节的细针穿刺细胞学检 查结果提示为甲状腺乳头状癌且随访过程中结节增大时, 可待妊娠24周时进行手术切除。如果结节稳定、无明显变 化或者妊娠中后期细针穿刺细胞学检查结果才证实为甲状 腺乳头状癌,甲状腺切除术可以等到生产之后进行(C 级);也可以口服小剂量左旋四碘甲状腺原氨酸(L-T4) 以实现对TSH的抑制治疗(控制在0.1-1.0 mU/L),等 待妊娠结束再手术(C级)。
ATA指南解读
基本情况
• 2009年11月,美国甲状腺协会(ATA)的13位专家在 2006年发表的第二版甲状腺结节和甲状腺癌的临床诊治 指南的基础上,通过对近3年这一领域快速发展的大量研 究文献的分析和总结,发表了第三版的甲状腺结节和甲状 腺癌的临床诊治指南(简称第三版指南)。第三版指南以 循证资料为依据,针对甲状腺结节的诊断、分化性甲状腺 癌的诊治和分化性甲状腺癌的随访3大方面提出了80项专 家建议,其中的某些项目下还有2-4个支项,因此总共有 124个条目。

ATA甲状腺癌治疗指南中文版

ATA甲状腺癌治疗指南中文版
-1-
《甲状腺结节与分化型甲状腺癌管理》(第三版)
美国临床内分泌学家协会和美国内分泌外科医师协会、英国甲状腺协会和皇家医学院、国立综合癌症 网络(NCCN)均是由于缺乏随机对照试验的高品质证据而制订了一些互相矛盾的临床指南。欧洲甲状腺协 会发布了统一的DTC 治疗指南。欧洲核医学协会近期也发布了统一的DTC放射碘(RAI)治疗指南。
【A8】超声检查决定是否施行FNA检查。 甲状腺结节的各种超声特征常常能提示恶变的可能,如超声显示与正常甲状腺组织相比结节有低回 声、结节内血供丰富、不规则的边缘侵犯、结节出现微小钙化、晕圈缺如或结节高度超过宽度等。超声提 示可疑的颈部淋巴结浸润病变存在,往往是恶性结节的特异性改变,但超声检查的敏感性较低,否则超声 影像的一种或多种改变无论是在敏感性还是在特异性方面都不足以证明所有恶性结节的存在。但是,某些 影像改变对预测恶性变有较高的价值。再者,最常见的甲状腺乳头状和滤泡状癌的超声改变两者不同。乳 头状甲状腺癌通常为实性或大部分为实性的低回声改变,常伴有不规则的边缘浸润和结节内丰富的血供。 微小钙化对乳头状癌来说特异性较强,但是不易与胶质分辨清。相反,滤泡状癌多为等回声或高回声改变 并有较厚的不规则晕圈,但是没有微小钙化。直径<2cm的滤泡状癌多不伴有远处转移。 某些超声改变高度提示结节为良性,如一个纯囊性结节(罕见,在所有结节中发生率<2%)极少恶 性变。另外,如出现含多个小囊泡(占该结节体积的50%以上)的海绵状改变,则99.7%的可能为良性甲 状腺结节。最近的研究发现360 名恶性结节患者中仅1 名为海绵状改变者,另一项研究指出98.5%的海绵状 形态的结节不会发生恶变。Elastography是一种有待批准使用的有发展前景的超声检查技术。 对小于1cm的结节来说,不推荐将FNA作为常规检查。然而,如果超声显示为微小钙化的实性低回 声结节,则高度提示为乳头状甲状腺癌(PTC)。大多微小乳头状癌是意外发现的,但是那些直径大于 5mm 的结节仍会有一定的临床意义,这些结节往往是在临床检查或影像学检查发现异常淋巴结后才被发 现。因此,如果影像学检查发现小于1cm的结节形态可疑时,应该行超声检查颈部淋巴结包括侧颈部以 及由于甲状腺的存在而难以检查的颈部中央区。如发现有异常淋巴结,应对其行FNA检查。对小于1cm 的结节行FNA检查的其他情况是有以下恶变的高危因素:1)PTC 家族史;2)儿童期有放射线暴露史; 3)儿童期或青春期有电离辐射暴露史;4)因甲状腺癌行单侧甲状腺切除术病史;5)18FDG-PET 检查 阳性的甲状腺结节。 混合型囊实性结节和大于50%为囊性的结节常规应对实性部分(特别是伴有血管的部分)行FNA 活 检。对那些有症状的患者可考虑予以行囊泡引流。

《放射性粒子植入治疗指南》(2009版) - 中华医学会核医学分会

《放射性粒子植入治疗指南》(2009版) - 中华医学会核医学分会

《放射性粒子植入治疗临床应用指南》(2009讨论稿)中华医学会核医学分会核素治疗学组【概述】近年来,放射性粒子永久性植入疗法发展很快,常用的放射性粒子为125碘、198金及103钯。

放射性粒子永久性植入疗法是治疗恶性肿瘤的一种有效的方法,它是一个多学科技术,治疗时应有相关临床科室的医师、技师和物理师参加。

【临床表现】参见不同肿瘤的临床表现的章节。

【诊断要点】参见不同肿瘤的诊断要点的章节。

【适应证】1.临床诊断为恶性肿瘤患者;局部肿瘤,且为实体病灶。

2.需要保留的重要功能性组织或手术将累及重要脏器的肿瘤3.拒绝进行根治手术、无法手术或用其他治疗方法无效的肿瘤患者4.预防术中(后)残留肿瘤病灶的局部扩散或区域性扩散5.转移性肿瘤或术后孤立转移灶已失去手术机会者6.局部进展期肿瘤需粒子植入与外照射综合治疗。

7.局部进展期难以用局部治疗方法控制,或有远位转移但局部有严重症状者,为达到姑息治疗目的,也可行粒子植入治疗。

【禁忌症】1.一般情况差,恶液质或不能耐受治疗者2.肿瘤并发感染和有大范围溃疡、坏死者3.估计病人寿命不能等待疗效出现【治疗原则】1.严格掌握临床适应症和禁忌症。

2.粒子植入前应通过近期CT、MRI或B超了解病灶与周围重要器官的关系。

3.治疗前应对10%放射性粒子进行测定,允许测量结果偏差在〒5%以内。

4.应有放射粒子植入计划设计及剂量分布。

5.治疗后应拍CT片进行验证了解粒子重建和剂量分布情况,如发现有稀疏或遗漏应拟定计划择期补种,以期与植入前治疗计划相符。

6.放射性粒子植入之后,如果需要配合外照射或化疗者,应在第一个半衰期内给予外照射的相应生物学剂量或化疗方案,并告知患者或亲属。

【操作方法及程序】对各种不同肿瘤的粒子植入治疗有不同的具体方法,首先要明确肿瘤的形态、位置、大小及与邻近器官、血管的关系。

因此植入治疗前或术中应用CT、MRI、超声或PET/CT 影像学确定靶区;由于粒子种植在三维空间进行,每种放射性粒子物理特性不同,对每种核素需要特定的三维治疗计划系统进行治疗计划设计,进行模拟粒子种植的空间分布。

甲状腺功能减退

甲状腺功能减退

16
碘摄入量与甲减的发生和发展显著相关
碘过多可以导致自身免疫甲状腺炎和甲减的患病率和发 病率显著增加; 促进甲状腺自身抗体阳性人群发生甲减;
碘缺乏地区补碘至碘超足量可以促进亚临床甲减发展为 临床甲减。
17
碘摄入量与甲减的发生和发展显著相关
正常人,当碘过多时,通过所谓急性Wolfff-Chaikoff 效应,暂时性抑制甲状腺过氧化物酶mRNA和蛋白合成及 甲状腺球蛋白的碘化作用,抑制碘的有机化,可预防甲 状腺合成大量的甲状腺激素,此效应持续时间很短,然 后通过所谓的脱逸现象,即通过钠碘泵的下调,降低甲 状腺内未有机化的碘的浓度,因此允许TPO-H202合成系 统恢复正常功能,甲状腺内的碘的有机化恢复,T3和T4 的合成恢复。
9
根据病变发生的部位分类
原发性甲减(甲状腺本身病变)
占全部甲减的95%以上
中枢性(继发性)甲减(下丘脑和垂体病变)
其中由于下丘脑病变引起的称为三发性
甲状腺激素抵抗综合征(甲状腺激素在外周组织发挥
作用障碍)
10
根据病变的原因分类
原发性甲减
常见原因:占原发性甲减90%以上
自身免疫(特发性) 甲状腺手术 甲亢放射碘治疗
42
左旋甲状腺素(L-T4)与甲状腺片的比较
产品特性 制作工艺 有效成份 优甲乐 化学合成 左甲状腺素钠 甲状腺片 动物甲状腺提取 T3、 T4
有效成份含量
生物利用度 生物适应性 血药浓度 疗效 疗效持续时间 安全性和副作用 应用趋势
稳定
79.6±3.0% 好 易控制,FT3平稳 稳定 长,半衰期为7天 副作用较少,较轻 广泛应用
31
实验室诊断
TGAb、TMAb、TPOAb:

美国甲状腺学会甲亢指南浅析【41页】

美国甲状腺学会甲亢指南浅析【41页】

合并有Graves眼病的甲亢患者的治疗
推荐80 合并Graves眼病或有发展为此病风险的甲亢患者应使其 甲状腺功能快速降至正常并且稳定 1/++0
推荐81 对于非吸烟的且无明显甲亢症状的Graves甲亢患者, 131I治疗而不同步应用类固醇、甲硫咪唑或甲状腺切除可以同等视 为可接受的治疗1/++0
* Task force opinion was not unanimous; one person held the opinion that pretreatment with methimazole is not necessary in this setting
关于放射性碘治疗的几个问题
推荐8:应该给予单剂足量的RAI治疗(通常需要10-15 mCi) ,以使GD 患者达到甲减。1/++0
推荐 3: β受体阻滞剂在所有有症状的甲状腺毒症患者中 均应考虑应用1/+00
甲亢治疗方法的选择
推荐 4: 有明确的GD甲亢表现的患者可行以下形式的 治疗: 131I治疗(RAI),抗甲状腺药物(ATD),甲状 腺手术切除. 1/++0
ATD 131I 手术
美国(%) 欧洲(%) 日本(%)
31
而回声正常者随访3年无一例发生自身免疫性甲功异常。 GD治疗效果及预后判断:治疗后甲状腺超声仍表现低回声及高血流
量节预示更高的TRAb滴度,停用ATD后复发风险高 特别适合用于妊娠甲亢妇女
β受体阻滞剂的应用
推荐 2: β受体阻滞剂推荐应用于有甲状腺毒症的老年患 者,静息心率高于90次每分,或同时合并有心脏疾病的甲 亢患者。1/++0
Definition of grades
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ATA2009年指南要点甲状腺结节的处理一、甲状腺结节发病情况各种原因导致甲状腺内出现一个或多个组织结构异常的团块。

可触及结节发病率随年龄增加,50岁以后达到5%。

但尸检、手术探查、超声检查发现率更高,可达50%。

女性发病率是男性4倍,50岁以后发病率最高。

自幼年起新发结节一般每年0.1%,照射后每年2%。

绝大多数甲状腺结节为良性,恶性占5~15%。

多个结节与单个结节恶变风险没有差异二、如何评估甲状腺结节?1、基本原则:●甲状腺结节是甲状腺内的孤立病变,可触及结节但没有影像学异常不符合定义。

●可否触及的结节恶变率相同。

●一般只对>1cm的结节进行评估(因其有较强的恶变潜能),但超声结果可疑或伴有淋巴结病变、头颈部放射线照射史、甲状腺癌家族史等也应该对<1cm的结节进行评估。

●18PDG-PET扫描阳性结节33%会恶变且进展很快,需积极评估。

2、提示有恶性可能的特殊病史●童年头颈部放射线照射史;●甲状腺癌家族史;●一级亲属患某些甲状腺癌综合征(Cowden综合征、家族性肠息肉病、Carney综合征、MEN2、Werner综合征等);●儿童或青春期有放射性尘埃接触史;●结节快速增大;●声嘶或声带麻痹;●结节同侧颈部淋巴结肿大;●结节与周围组织相对固定。

3、实验室和影像学检查a)甲状腺结节>1cm或18PDG-PET扫描显示弥漫或局限性摄取时,应该检查TSH。

i.如果TSH低下,需要做核素扫描检查,高功能结节恶变率很低,无需细胞学评估。

ii.如果TSH升高,甚至只是接近正常值上限,也需要对结节进行评估,此时结节恶变率较高。

b)已知或可疑结节均应行超声检查(低回声、结节内血供丰富、不规则边缘、结节内微小钙化、晕圈缺如或结节高度超过宽度等、以及颈部淋巴结浸润病变等)。

c)Tg不是常规检查项目,不特异也不敏感。

d)常规血清降钙素检测皆不支持也不反对。

e)FNA(或超声引导下FNA)是性价比最高和最准确的术前评估方法,一般用于>1cm的结节,可疑的>5mm的结节也可使用。

三、甲状腺结节随访结节增大,超声+FNA●结节增大合理定义:✓结节直径增加20%(相当于体积增大50%),或同时在2个方向增加至少2mm。

初次FNA为良性,应连续超声随访6~18月,大小不变则可以每3~5年检查一次。

反复检查不能确定,或囊性结节复发,可以考虑手术。

四、左旋甲状腺素钠片治疗选择多个随机对照和三个荟萃分析研究共同提示,用优甲乐抑制TSH可能有助于减小结节,且可预防低碘地区人群长出新结节。

●但碘摄入正常人群效果不明显。

●大约只有17~25%的结节缩小达到50%以上。

碘摄入正常地区不推荐常规使用。

结节已经增大的患者没有数据支持继续应用,可以考虑继续观察或手术。

五、儿童甲状腺结节的处理儿童甲状腺结节较少见,2%,每年7‰。

儿童甲状腺结节恶变率高于成年人15~20%(也有资料认为相似)。

FNA具有敏感性和特异性。

诊断和治疗儿童甲状腺结节应与成年人一样,包括临床评估、TSH、超声和FNA。

六、孕妇甲状腺结节的处理孕妇甲状腺结节是否比非孕妇容易恶变尚不肯定。

结节评估方法与非孕妇相同。

FNA:TSH正常或升高者。

核素扫描禁用。

如果提示DTC,可以等待分娩后再手术,且一般不影响治疗效果。

观察期间推荐使用TSH 抑制治疗(TSH0.1~1mU/L)。

早孕FNA发现的PTC到孕24周时明显增大(体积增大50%以上),则需要马上手术。

DTC规范化治疗要点一、DTC的初始治疗方案(一)、DTC初始治疗的目标切除肿瘤原发灶、扩散至甲状腺包膜外的病变组织及受累的淋巴结。

手术完全切除对于预后有重要影响。

最大限度降低治疗相关病死率。

手术范围和术者经验影响大。

1、对肿瘤进行精确分期。

有助于预后、治疗和随访。

2、术后适当时机进行碘131治疗。

需要碘131治疗者,初始手术时切除所有正常甲状腺组织非常关键。

全切还可降低对侧叶复发风险。

3、术后需要长期精确监控疾病复发,RAI和Tg检测时必须的。

而残余的正常甲状腺组织会影响这两项检查结果的准确性,因此需要甲状腺全切。

4、最大限度降低肿瘤复发和转移风险。

合适的手术方案是影响预后最重要的因素,碘131、TSH抑制及外放疗只起辅助作用。

(二)、不确定的结节和DTC的处理手术的目的是:明确诊断、切除原发肿瘤、为肿瘤精确分期、为术后碘131治疗和监测Tg 做准备。

手术方式:腺叶切除、全切、近全切(<1g)●不确定性质的单个结节,如果患者希望手术范围不大,可以考虑腺叶切除;●恶性可能性较大,应考虑甲状腺全切;●性质不确定的双侧结节,或单侧未定性质结节,患者不希望将来再次手术,应给予全切或近全切。

(三)、活检确诊的DTC的手术方案甲状腺全切(近全切)适应证●肿瘤直径>1cm;●肿瘤对侧存在甲状腺结节;●有头颈部放疗史;●有甲状腺癌家族史;●年龄较大(>45岁)理由:扩大手术范围可能提高高危和低危患者生存率●一项超过50000名PTC患者的研究表明,甲状腺全切能明显改善>1cm患者的复发率和生存率。

●研究发现,即使是1~2cm的肿瘤,腺叶切除后仍有24%复发风险和49%的死亡风险。

●另有研究指出,即使是低风险患者,甲状腺全切也可降低其复发率。

(四)、颈部区域淋巴结清扫●伴有颈部中央区及侧方颈部淋巴结转移患者,应给予甲状腺全切及治疗性颈部中央区淋巴结清扫。

●颈部淋巴结未受累的PTC患者,可行预防性单侧或双侧中央区淋巴结清扫。

尤其是那些侵袭性较强的肿瘤类型。

●肿瘤较小、非侵袭性、淋巴结未受累的PTC或大部分FTC,可只做和甲状腺全切,不做预防性淋巴结清扫。

●活检已经证实有侧方淋巴结转移者,应行颈侧区淋巴结治疗性清扫。

20~90%的PTC在确诊时即存在局部淋巴结转移。

肿瘤小于1cm、单个癌结节、未突破甲状腺被膜、无淋巴结转移、低风险肿瘤等患者,可行腺叶加峡部切除。

残余腺叶碘131消融可以作为甲状腺全切的另外一种选择,但不推荐常规用碘131消融来代替甲状腺全切。

二、DTC手术治疗后复发风险分层低危组:无局部和远处转移;所有可见肿瘤均已切除;邻近结构无侵犯;不是侵袭性组织学类型(高细胞、小岛状、柱状细胞、血管侵袭);碘131治疗后第一次扫描无甲状腺床外的摄碘灶。

中危组:初次手术时发现周围组织侵犯;已有颈部淋巴结转移或甲状腺床外有摄碘灶;侵袭性组织学类型或有血管侵犯。

高危组:肉眼可见的肿瘤侵犯;未完全切除的肿瘤;有远处转移;术后检查Tg浓度超标。

NCDB研究表明,乳头状癌,滤泡癌,霍斯勒氏细胞癌的10生存率分别为93%,85%,76%。

虽然说未分化癌的恶性程度高,但死于甲状腺癌的病人近95%是上述三种类型癌。

依赖于最初的治疗和其它一些预后变量,近30%的分化病人在几十年内复发,66%的这些复发病人在治疗后第一个十年内复发。

虽然复发通常不是致死性,但是颈部复发一般较严重,被认为是一种潜在的致死因子。

一项大规模的研究表明,颈部淋巴复发最常见占74%,随后是残留甲状腺复发占20%,气管或肌肉复发6%。

在所有复发的人群当中有8%病人死于复发。

21%的病人存在远处转移复发,63%在肺内转移。

出现远处转移的病人,有50%死于癌。

(摘自甲状腺癌nccn指南2009)三、DTC手术后131I扫描检查与治疗术后RAI消融残余物的作用?术后RAI消融是用来消除术后残留的甲状腺组织,它的应用越来越广泛。

●有利于通过检测Tg或RAI WBS来判断有无复发;●术后消融时的扫描便于判断先前未确定的分期;●是甲状腺癌的辅助治疗,杀灭可能残留的癌细胞。

多数研究表明RAI可以降低复发和死亡风险,尤其是肿瘤>1.5cm,或有肿瘤残留者。

RAI治疗适应证:●有远处转移、肉眼可见的周围侵犯,不管肿瘤大小,均需要RAI治疗。

●原发肿瘤>4cm,也应考虑RAI治疗。

●1~4cm的肿瘤且有淋巴结转移,或其他高危因素(年龄、肿瘤大小、淋巴结状态、组织学类型),应考虑RAI治疗。

●单病灶肿瘤<1cm且无高危因素,不推荐RAI治疗。

●多病灶但所有病灶均<1cm且无高危因素,不推荐RAI治疗。

RAI治疗前的准备:●非对照研究表明TSH>30mU/L可增加RAI摄取停用优甲乐(LT4)三周换用LT3用2~4周后停用LT3两周注射外源性rhTSHRAI治疗后第二或第三天恢复优甲乐治疗。

RAI治疗前RAI扫描应尽量避免,一是由于可能造成正常甲状腺组织和转移肿瘤抑顿,二是低剂量RAI扫描准确性不高。

扫描可在RAI治疗后2~10天进行。

单纯RAI消融剂量30~100mCi,治疗性RAI剂量100~200mCi。

治疗前低碘饮食1~2周。

分化型甲状腺癌碘治疗指征TNM分期:II、III、IV ATNM分期I期病例的肿瘤多灶、淋巴结转移、甲状腺外转移或者浸润性生长,组织学可见侵入性表现2009年美国甲状腺学会(ATA)《甲状腺癌诊治指南》131I治疗的应用建议遵循如下原则:T1(<1cm)不建议用131I治疗。

E级。

T1(1-2cm)有高危因素的患者可以应用。

I级。

T2(2-4cm)有高危因素的患者建议应用。

C级。

T3(>4cm,<45岁)应该应用。

B级。

T3(>4cm,≥45岁)应该应用。

B级。

T3(任何大小,任何年龄,只有包膜外微浸润)有高危因素的患者可以应用。

I级。

T4(有包膜外肉眼可见的浸润)应该应用。

B级。

Nx和N0(没有淋巴结转移)一般可不应用。

I级。

N1(<45岁)有高危因素的患者建议应用。

C级。

N1(>45岁)有高危因素的患者建议应用。

C级。

M1(有远处转移)必须应用。

A级。

ATA提出了指南性的参考意见。

指南性的参考意见分为7个等级,分别是:A级(有确凿的证据表明应该采取某种诊治方法,该方法肯定有效)B级(有研究证实某种诊治方法有效,但是研究的病例数、一致性等还相对欠缺)C级(根据ATA专家的观点,建议采取某种诊治方法,该方法应该有效)D级(根据ATA专家的观点,建议不要采取某种诊治方法)E级(有研究证实不应该采用某种诊治方法,该方法无效)F级(有确凿的证据表明不应该采取某种诊治方法,该方法对预后没有任何益处)I级(正面观点和反面观点同时存在,无法做出建议,或可做可不做)。

四、TSH抑制治疗的作用DTC的细胞膜表达TSHR,TSH刺激可以增加Tg、NIS等的表达,并加快肿瘤生长,应用大于生理剂量的LT4可以抑制TSH水平从而减少DTC复发率。

抑制目标:●中高危组:TSH<0.1mU/L;●低危组:TSH0.1~0.5mU/L。

副作用:亚临床甲亢、加剧心肌缺血患者的心绞痛、老年患者房颤风险增加、绝经后妇女骨质疏松发生率增加。

分化型甲状腺癌TSH治疗肿瘤持续存在,没有禁忌症TSH维持在0.1mU/L以下;临床无症状的高危患者,TSH维持在0.1~0.5mU/L临床无症状的低危患者,TSH维持在0.3~2.0mU/L五、化疗或外放疗没有数据支持DTC患者常规使用化疗,多柔比星可能起到放疗增敏作用。

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