第一讲 句子成分及句子结构

第1讲：句子成分和句子结构

（一）句子成分

定义：组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。句子成分包括：主语、谓语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分（在英语中，句子必须有主语和谓语）。

1．主语

主语是句子陈述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当，也有从句充当的现象。大多数主语都在句首。如：

(1) 代词作主语 We work in a big factory.

(2) 名词作主语 The classroom is very big.

(3) 数词作主语 Three are enough. 三个就够了

(4)不定式作主语

To learn English well is important.学好英语很重要。（不定式做主语常用it来代替）

It is important to learn English well.

(5)动名词作主语

Watching TV is bad for your eyes.看电视对眼睛有害。

(6)从句作主语

That the earth goes around the sun is true.地球绕着太阳转是事实。（常用It来代替）。

It is true that the earth goes around the sun.

What we need is food. 我们最需要的是食物.

(7)在“There be ”句型中，主语在there be 之后。如：

There are some bottles of milk in the box.

There is a desk and four chairs in the room

(8)在倒装结构中，主语在动词后。

On the wall hang two pictures .墙上挂着两幅图画。

In front of the building stands a tall tree.楼前有一棵大树。

2．谓语

谓语是用来说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”的，谓语必须是动词，谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致（即主谓一致）。如：

He is very generous.（慷慨的）（该句子是主系表结构，不是主谓宾结构，即 is

不叫谓语，叫系动词）

She looks very smart and cool（looks是半系动词，所以该句子也是主系表结构，不是主谓宾结构）

We have finished the job.

He can speak German.（情态动词无人称和数量的变化）

注意：动词的分类：实义动词（及物动词和不及物动词）、助动词、情态动词和系动词。并不是所有这些动词都可以单独使用做谓语。3．宾语

宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式、或相当于名词的词或短语或从句来充当，它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么，通常放在谓语动词的后面。

注意：及物动词和介词后必须有宾语（即平常所说的动宾和介宾）。不及物动词+介词再跟宾语

（1）名词作宾语

He never forgives the boy for his mistakes.

（2）代词做宾语

He often helps me.

（3）不定式作宾语

He likes to sleep in the open air.

（4）动名词作宾语

The Americans enjoyed living in China.

You can’t escape being punished.

（5）从句做宾语

I believe that they can finish the work in time.

Chairman Mao said China would become a powerful country.

▲直接宾语和间接宾语

有些及物动词后跟双宾语语意才完整，其基本模式是“动词+人+物”，指人的叫间接宾语，

指物的叫直接宾语。常用动词是show, tell, teach, give, offer, buy, bring, lend, wish,

pass, ask等（背诵这些动词），如：

We brought them some food.

主谓间宾直宾

I teach you English

Please show me the way to the hospital.

He told me that he had been to Beijing twice.

间接宾语可以放在直接宾语后面，但必须加to 或 for。

He gave me a pen.== He gave a pen to me.

He bought me a bike= He bought a bike for me.

4．宾语的补足语

在英语中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面加上宾语的补足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把“宾语＋宾语补足语”合起来称为复合宾语。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语.如:

(1)名词作宾补

We made Lilei our monitor.

(2)形容词作宾补

We must keep our classroom clean.

(3) 副词作宾补