英语写作基础教程(effective_Sentences_1)

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写作教程1-答案

写作教程1-答案写作教程1-答案Unit OnePart V Follow-up Exercises1.a.mouse-hearted: →chicken-heartedb.politician: →statesmanc.wind:→breezed.utilize: →drinke.ascertaining: →findingf.was bombarded with→received a lot ofg.opened→drew backh.contain→accommodatei.habits→customs2. The writer’s attitude changes from negative to positive in each pair of sentences.3.(1)___(4) experienced, elapsed, attempting, with(5)___(8) take up, made, endeavor, true4. a. The state attorney said that the man would be prosecuted.b. We suppose that a feferee should be disinterested but not uninterested.c. Tony can hit a ball farther than I can.e. The principles behind our constitution are a principal reason for its astounding success.f. All the band instruments except the tuba will be carried to the auditorium for the music contest.g. The federal government comprises the legislative, judicial, and executive branches.h.The whole region was struck by an economic disaster.i.(correct)j. He was awake to the risk.5. The first line: principle→principalThe second line: stationary → stationeryThe fourth line: adopted → adaptedThe fifth line : effect → affectThe sixth line: economic →economical; self-co nscience→self-consciousThe seventh line: disinterested→uninterestedThe ninth line: credible → credulousThe eleventh line: continuously → continually6. a. isb. is expectedc. hasd.was/ise. isf. wasg. planh. arei. werej. varuk.improvesl.becomesm. isn. iso. haveAnswer to Unit 22. Translate the following Chinese idioms into English and see if they are literally translateda. play a minor roleb. That’s Greek to me.c. belated action/adviced. Where there is smoke, there is fire.e. an evil creaturef. walk into the trapg. one’s face glowing with health3. Delete unnecessary words or repeated meaning in the sentences below and make improvemnents. Then compare the two versions and see how the two differ.a. We must practice economy. /We must reduce unnecessary expenditures.b. It is essential to control environmental pollution.c. We must arrive at the station on time.d. Financial wxpenditures should be arranged in order of priority.e. We should speed up constructions of urban housing so as to improve the housing condition.f. To be allowed to make profits, private capital has to meet two conditions：1) the profits must be legal, and 2)they must not be excessive.g. During the period of the Tenth Five-Year Plan we must never neglect grain production. Instead,m we must steadily increase it.4. Reference version|In feudal China, women had low social status, and were regarded as inferior to men. Thanks to the women’s liberation movement, women have achieved equal status with men, which is establis hed by the law. But in fact, they still can’t enjoy equalrights with men.At home, wives are expected to do all the housework, which is obviously unfair.Husband and wife should share the housework and family responsibilities. But in some families husbands usually get angry when they find the cleaning or cooking unfinished by their wives. One can’t help wondering why they don’t it by themselves.I think women should be spiritually and financially independent if they want real equality. In order to do that , they have to learn as much as men so as to find a good job. Appearance is no longer important to women. It is their ability that can bring them a good job rather than their appearance. So I think the best way for women to win more rights is to receive good education.5. a._____e ：me, who, I, me/myselff._____j ：each other’s, who, us, whom, us, whom, Some k______n ：one’s, his, his; his, his6. a. We are all born into this world as equals, but for variousreasons, not all of us are treated as equals. This inequality begins when we reach the age of five, for this is when we will enter elementary school. In school, we are no longer “Mommy’s little darling.” We now have to prove ourselves to the other children and also to our teacher., If we seem different from the other students, we are treatred differently, and these differnces could be anything: pants, shoes, speech, religion and so forth. Rigtht from the start, we think that as long as we are different, there is something wrong with us.b. There are those who assume that since I can’t see, I obviously cannot hear.Very often people will talk with me at the top ot their lungs, uttering each word very carefully. On the otherhand, people will also often whisper, assuming that since my eyes don’t work, my ears don’t either. For example, when I go to the airport and ask the ticket agent for assistance to the plane, he or she will invariably pick ud the phone, call a ground hostess and whisper:“Hi, Jane, we’ve got a 76 here.” I have concluded that the word “ blind” is not used for one of two reasonsLeither they fear that if the dread word is spoken, the ticket agent’retina will detach, or they are reluctant to inform me of my condition of which I may not have been previously aware.Unit 3 Part V1. a. When I was aggigned a certain task, I did it to my best ability.b. Fog can cause blindness.c. Recently I joined a social club which raises money for the care of needy children, and we meet every Wednesday afternoon.d. An essay should be understandable to the reader.e. Many items are expensive at discount stores.f. Bears that have just come out of hibernation are usually hungry and dangerous.g. The author should have shortened the story by half.h. The city’s envir omnme ntalsurroundings are not the most comfortable.i. I learned certain facts that I believe are vital to every freshman.2. a. simmer: cook food fently at or just below boiling point. saute: fry quickly in a little hot fatbake: cook by using diret heat in an ovenb. Other verbs about cooking include roast, steam, braise,fry, dee-fry, boil, poach, scramble, grill, stew, curry, baste,barbecue.3. a. For dinner we had barbecued steaks and sweet corn.b. Last week my brother John joined an insurance company.c.He is not a friendly and easy-goibg colleague.d. Our view of the sea at sunset was splendid/breathtaking.e. It was a fine day to play outdoors.f. What impressed me most about the city was the hustle and buslte in the streets.4. There are seize, hurl, choke, blind,m leap, flee, etc.5.a. I admire Jenny’s long black glossy hair so much..b.The fearless explorer finally landed at the South Pole.c. Fast driving on a smooth road can be great fun.d. John and I often wrote each other long e-mails full of jokes.e. The pale skinny woman fainted suddenly.6. a. I invited the vistiting professor to the English Club.b. Shooting stars warn us of catastrophe.c. The deleted sentence was unnecessary.d. Stephanie tiptoed up the carpeted steps.e. The students attending the art school are highly active.f. The taped dollar bill split in half.g. Amy was the only winning contestant who was below 10.h. The freshly painted house shone in the sun.7. a. indescribably b. dark c. occasional d. steadily e. surely, bad f. terribly8. a. At his mother’s request, he agreed to wait at least a year before getting married.b.Half of the girls in town were in love with Ben, but he wanted to marry Christine only.c. Hohn hopes that in the years to come he can be as successful as his father has been.d. The winter of the contest ate almost three soxen frankfurters.e. Debbie knew that chicken when fried always please Ed.f. May could not resist the temptation to whisper in her friend’s ear about what she has seen.Unit 4 Part V Follow_Up Exercise1. a. I can see the Central Park frim my window..b. He insisted on seeing the manager, only to anger the saleswoman.c. I has to control my urge to laugh at his predicament.d. We must contimue measuring and assessing children’s performance.e. A presidential commission has already investigated the causes of the nuclear accident.f. Mary had to give up the plan to travel as far as Denver, because her money ran out while she was still in Chicago.2. At the sound of a bell, I entered the huge red building along with hundreds of others. Just inside the entrance, a mean-looking old lady was yelling instructions at us. I clutched my lunchbox, and followed a crowd of six-year-olds down a long hallway, up some steps, and down another corridor. We were looking for Mrs. Nearing’s room. I knew we had reahed our destination when a tall, black-haired woman greeted me loudly. She asked me my name. Then she printed it on a sticky tag, pressed it to my chest. Inside the room I could see several other six-year-olds, some of them big. Finally Mrs. Nearing closed the classroom door and make a loud bang. A network of wires prevented the small pane of glass near the top fromshattering. To my imagination, the wires looked like the barsin a prison. I was back in school.3. As Prime Minister of Britain from 1940-1945, Churchill led his country through Workd War II, but immediately after the war he was voted out of office. Later he regained his position as prime minister. After he left that offie in 1955, he enjoyed great popularity for the rest of his life, and when he died in 1965, he was acclaimed as a national hero.4. a. The trees stand nearly barren;their leaves lie on the ground.b. The actor opens the Bible and begins reading the Song of Solomon.c. The Puritans were in some ways severe, but they led lives of deep devotion to what they believed.d. That experience taught me that family ties are the most enduring.e. When their party came back to the camp site, ours had already arrived two hours earlier.f. It seems a long time since we last met.g. Sherry flew home, but her grandfather had already died.h.I will visit you whenever I get the chance.i. His mother insists that he return now.j. If Siberia were in a warmer region, its population would be larger.k. That bell sounds as though it were cracked.l. It is important that he find a suitable job.5. 1._____10 was attacked , robbed, was taken, released, spent, left, had promised, be, waswalking ,was attacked.11______20 described, took, containing, was (just) turning,occurred, saw, was happening, rushed , ran, warn 21_______25 be , walk, had, commented, beUnit 5 Follow-up Exercises1. a. that her cat likes bestb. Who doesn’t like the seac. why we hate the writing classd. you bought him as his birthday presente.(No relative clause)f. which is a western way to entertain friends and relatives who prefer the western life styleg. I should ask forh. where he was born 50 years agoI. (No relative clause)j.who was always telling me to be scrupulous2.a. June 19th, 1978 was the day on which Garfied was born..b.Mom’s kitchen was the place where Garfield was born.c. Pirate and Masked Avenger are some of the nicknames that his friends give him.d. Taking a long nap is the sport that Garfield kikes most.e. Garfield himself is the person that he likes most.f. Hunger is the pressure that Garfield hates most.g.His glass is the friend that Garfield likes best.h. Italian noodles are the food Garfield likes most.i. Monday is the day that Garfield hates most.j. Hotdog is the “dog” that Garfield likes most.k. Coffee is the drink that Garfield likes most.l.“There have never been Italian noodles that I don’t like”is a quotation that Garfield usesmost often.3.Reference version:But he didn’t like the big, deep pond. It was full of strange plants. The water- snails that were supposed to be polite were rude to him, and he was afraid of the ducks that always tried to swallow him. The fish which had been described as fine didn’t like him, and he was the smallest frog there. He found that he was living a lonely and unhappy life.He sat on a broad water-lily leaf and croaked sadly to himself, “I don’t like it here. I think I will go back to my lovely tittle pond tomorrow.”But just at this moment, a hungry heron flew down and swallowed him up for supper.4. a. the old lady’s five kittensb. her second marriagec. all her blue French crystal wine cupsd. those two large shining diamond rings of yourse. My three jazz records bought in the States/the three jazz records I bought in the Satesf. half the delicious Ferman chocolate in the cang. some Brazilian footballers playing abroad5. Reference VersionSecond, advertisements can improve the reputation ot the company. More and more companies have knoen that advertisements can hilp them, so they make use of advertisements. If everyone knows their products, the products will be very famous. More people will buy them and the company can get more money. If the products are really good, many people will use them and then this company will become famous. Therefore, advertisements can help the company get better reputation .答案Unit Six Follow-up Exercises1. a. missing, describing the boyb. (No descriptive participle in this sentence)c. holding , describing the magiciand.(No descriptive participle in this sentence)e. sleeping, describing shef. living, describing everybodyg.(No descriptive participle in this sentence)i. knowing, describing Ij. (No descriptive participle in this sentence)2.Excerpt Aa. bringing (describing a 23-year-old Korean woman) to 15 the death tollb. staying (describing a 47-year-old American man) in the southern port of BusanExcerpt Ba. with doors locked(describing doors) and windows barred (describing windows)b. turning (describing cafes) them into fire trapsc. aging (describing students) about 18 or 19Excerpt Cd. responding(describing 7,000 people) to a major surveye. released (describing the survey) at the international Aidsconference in BarcelonaExcerpt Df. affecting (describing heavy downpours) more than 15 million peopleg. causing (describing flood) 22 deaths and 15,000 houses to collapse3. A Wolf who had a bone stuck in his throat hired a Crane,for a large sum, to put her head into his mouth and draw out the bone. When the Crane had extracted the bone and demanded the promised payment, the Wolf, grinning and grining his teeth, exclaimed, “Why, you have surel already had a sufficient recompense, in having been permitted to draw out your head in safety from the mouth and jaws of a wolf.”4. Important PointsSpiders destroy so many insects, and insects include some of the greatest enemies of the human race.We owe a lot to the birds and beasts who eat insects but all of them put together kill only a fraction of the number destroyed by spiders.Spiders never do the least harm to us or our belongings There were more than 2,250,000 spiders in one acre of grass field.Spiders are busy for at least half the year in killing insectsThe weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in one year would be greater than the total weight of all the human beings in the country.Reference version (omitted)Unit 71. a.____________e. or; and; and; but; butf._____________j but; and; but; yet/but, so; and2. a. Many children spend a lot of tume watching TV, and (they)。

《英语写作基础教程》讲义-英语写作基础教程

《英语写作基础教程》讲义Chapter 1 Using Proper WordsChoice of wordsbuild up a large vocabularythe recognition vocabularythe active vocabulary2. Approaches to the building up a vocabularyLearning words from a word-list or from a dictionary.(2) Learning words from speech and writing (context)E.g. KillHe killed the man.He killed the dog.They killed the proposal.Please kill the engine.She is dressed to kill.You are killing me.She killed her child with kindness.He took a snack to kill his hungry.He killed every day at the park.He killed himself with overworkHe killed the spirit of the group.The news killed their hope.These flowers kill easily.He killed three bottle of Whisky in a week.Kill one ’s appetiteKill peaceKill the moodKill marriageII. Using words correctly1.overcome Chinglish2. Beware of archaisms, obsolete words, anachronisms and newly-coined wordsWords or meaning of words which are no longer in common used but occur in special text (e.g. Religious works) and poetry are called archaic.Words or meaning which have gone out of use altogether are called obsolete.Words that are inappropriate for the time about which one is writing are called anachronisms3.Avoid slangChapter 2 Make Correct and Effective Sentences1. Basic elements of a sentence2. what is a sentence?3. Typical English sentence pattern: Subject +predicateCoach Dietz exemplified this behavior by walking offthe field in the middle of a game , l eaving her team ata time when we needed her.I need to find a new roommate. I need to find a new roommatehave now isn't working out too well have now isn't working out too well.Well done! What a day!George in Beijing ? Susan a singer?To return from our digressionA run-on sentence consists of two or moresentence —or a semicolon.)Comma splices join two complete sentences with a comma.”and “he needed to buy eggs for Joey went to the grocery store, for he needed to buy eggs for supper.3. The position of modifiers(2) Reference of person(3) Vague ComparisonIV. Coherence(5) The balanced sentenceVI. The kinds of sentencesIn structure: (1) a simple sentence(2) a compound sentence(3) a complex sentence(4) exclamatoryRhetorically:Loose SentencePeriodic sentenceThe balance sentenceThe cumulative sentenceThe anticlimactic sentenceRhetorical questionA. Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative and Exclamatory SentencesAccording to their use, sentences are declarative, interrogative, imperative or exclamatory. A declarative sentence makes an assertion or a statement. An interrogative sentence asks a question. An imperative sentence expresses a command or a request. An exclamatory sentence expresses a strong feeling or emotion, such as surprise, pain, or joy.B. Simple, Compound, Complex, and Compound-Complex SentencesAccording to their structure, sentences are simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex.SIMPLE SENTENCEA simple sentence has only one subject and one predicate-verb, but it may contain more than one object, attribute or adverb. Short simple sentences are usually emphatic; they have special clarity and provide variety when used with longer sentences.e.g. 1. He is a good student.2. Would you tell the way to the Astor Hotel?3. Do not disturb your brother!4. When did you join the club?5. What a lovely girl she is!COMPOUND SENTENCEA compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses (or simple sentences) related toeach other in meaning, and linked by a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, so, for, etc.) or by a semicolon without a conjunction. Coordinated ideas should be compatible and roughly equal in importance, or take shape one by one in orderly sequence.e.g. 1. The heavy rain started suddenly, so we stopped planting the trees.2. Jack wanted to go swimming, but his wife wanted to go shopping.3. Her son studies History; her daughter majors in Chemistry.COMPLEX SENTENCEA complex sentence contains one main (or principal) clause and one or more dependent (or subordinate) clauses, with a connective word denoting the relation between the two parts. The dependent clause mayplay the part of a subject, an object, a predicative, an attribute, or an adverbial in the main clause. As arule, the major idea is expressed in the main clause and the idea or ideas of lesser importance in the subordinate clauses.e.g. 1. The government banned the high-blood-pressure pills because they produced side effects.2. Although the shop advertised same-day service, my car was not ready for three days.3. These apple trees, which my father planted three years ago, have not borne any fruit.COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCEA compound-complex sentence contains at least two main clauses and at least one dependentclause —a combination of a compound and a complex sentence.e.g. 1. After I returned to school following a long illness, the math teacher gave me make-up work, but the history teacher made me drop her course.2. When the power line snapped, Tom was listening to the stereo, and Teresa was reading in bed.3. Lisa disliked walking home from the bus stop, because the street had no overhead light and it was lined with abandoned buildings.C. Loose and Periodic SentencesA loose sentence puts the main idea before all supplementary information; in other words, it puts first things first, and lets the reader know what it is mainly about when he has read the first few words. The reverse arrangement makes a periodic sentence: the main idea is expressed at or near the end of it, and it is not grammatically complete until the end is reached. The reader does not know what it is mainly about until he finishes reading it.Compare:1. She was offered a professional contract after winning the Olympic gold medal for figure skating, according to newspaper reports.2. According to newspaper reports, after winning the Olympic gold medal for figure skating, she was offered a professional contract.The main idea of both sentences is the fact that she was offered a professional contract. This idea is put at the beginning of the first sentence and at the end of the second, thus making one a loose sentence and the other a periodic one. Besides, the first part of the first sentence is complete in structure, but that of the second are only prepositional phrases and cannot be called a sentence without the second part. Loose sentences are easier, simpler, more natural and direct; periodic sentences are more complex, emphatic, formal, or literary.D. Short and Long SentencesShort sentences are usually emphatic, whereas long sentences are capable of expressing complex ideas with precision, because it may contain many modifiers. Short sentences are suitable for the presentation of important facts and ideas, and long sentences for the explanation of views and theories, or the description of things with many details.The following passage, which describes how a man saved a drowning girl, makes good use of short sentences.He crouched a little, spreading his hand under the water and moving them round, trying to feel for her. The dead cold pond swayed upon his chest. He moved again, a little deeper, and again, with his hands underneath, he felt all around under the water. And he touched her clothing. But it evaded his fingers. He made a desperate effort to grasp it ⋯He laid her down on the bank. She was quite unconscious and running with water. He made the watercome from her mouth, he worked to restore her. He did not have to work very long before he could feelthe breathing begin again in her; she was breathing naturally. He worked a little longer. He could feel herlive beneath his hands; she was coming back. He wiped her face, wrapped her in his overcoat, lookedround into the dim, dark gray world, then lift her and staggered down the bank and across the fields.---D. H. LawrenceIn contrast to short sentences, long sentences are particularly useful for presenting a set of complex,interlocking ideas. They are common in legal, political and theoretical writing, which depends onmodification for accuracy. In fiction long sentences are sometimes used to describe a person, a thing or ascene.Mrs. Chalmers was kind of fat and her hair was pretty blond and her complexion was soft and pink andshe always looked as though she had been in the beauty parlor all afternoon. She always said “My, you’re getting to be a big boy ”to Peter when she met him in the elevator, in a soft voice, as though shewas just about to laugh. She must have said that fifty times by now. She had a good, strong smell ofperfume on her all the time, too.Mr. Chalmers wore pince-nez glasses most of the time and he was getting bald and he worked late at hisoffice a good many evenings of the week. When he met Peter in the elevator he would say, “It ’s getting colder, ”or “It ’s getting warmer, ”and that was all, so Peter had no opinion about him, except that helooked like the principal of a school.But now Mrs. Chalmers was on her knees in the vestibule and her dress was torn and she was crying andthere were black streaks on her cheeks and she didn ’t look as though she ’d just come from the beauty parlor. And Mr. Chalmers wasn ’t wearing a jacket and he didn ’t have his glasses on and whaht a h d a i r hewas mussed all over his head and he was leaning against the Early American wallpaper making thisanimal noise, and he had a big, heavy pistol in his hand and he was pointing it right at Mrs. Chalmers.---Irwin ShawAlthough series of short and long sentences can both be effective in individual situations, frequentalternation in sentence length characterize much memorable writing. After one or more long sentencesthat express complex ideas or images, the pitch of a short sentence can be refreshing. Look at thefollowing example:We are now so easily misled by vision. Most of the things before our eyes are plainly there, notmistakable for other things except for the illusions created by professional magicians and, sometimes,the look of the light of downtown New York against a sky so black as to make it seem a near view ofeternity. Our eyes are not easy to fool.Similarly, a long sentence that follows a series of short ones can serve as a climax or summing-up thatrelaxes the tension or fulfills that expectation created by the series, giving readers a sense of completion.Here is a good example:We now have, as a result of modern means of communication, hundreds of words flung at us daily. Weare constantly being talked at, by teachers, preachers, salesmen, public officials, and motion-picturesound tracks. The cries of advertisers pursue us into our very home, thanks to the TV —and in somehouses the TV is never turned off from morning to night. Daily the newsboy brings us, in large cities, from thirty to fifty enormous pages of print, and almost three times that amount on Sunday. We go out and get more words at bookstores and libraries. Words fill our lives.VII. sentence varietyChapter 3 Developing ParagraphsChapter 3 Developing Paragraphs1. Basic structure of paragraphsTopic sentence:It states the main idea of the paragraph. It not only names the topic of the paragraph, but it also limits the topic to one or two areas that can be discussed completely in the space of a single paragraph. The specific area is called the Controlling idea.Supporting sentences:It develops the topic sentence. That is, they explain the topic sentence by giving reasons. Some of the supporting sentences that explain the topic sentences about gold are.Concluding sentence:It signals the end of the paragraph and leaves the reader with important point to remember.E.g.There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in the world. First, Canada has an excellent health care system. All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price. Second, Canada has a high standard of education. Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at university. Finally, Canada's cities are clean and efficiently managed. Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live. As a result, Canada is a desirable place to live.What is the topic sentence?The topic sentence is the first sentence in a paragraph.What does it do?It introduces the main idea of the paragraph.How do I write one?Summarize the main idea of your paragraph. Indicate to the reader what your paragraph will be about. What are supporting sentences?They come after the topic sentence, making up the body of a paragraph.What do they do?They give details to develop and support the main idea of the paragraph.How do I write them?You should give supporting facts, details, and examples.What is the closing sentence?The closing sentence is the last sentence in a paragraph.What does it do?It restates the main idea of your paragraph.How do I write one?Restate the main idea of the paragraph using different words.Write a paragraph describing what a polar bear looks like.above shapebesideDifferencesSimilaritiesThe following words can help you to write a good sequence paragraph. Helper Words:subsequentlyChoice ParagraphThe following words can help you to write a good choice paragraph: Helper Words:The following words can help you to write a good explanation paragraph: Helper Words:consequentlyhenceChapter 4 Summarizingserve as a model for how you divide and write the essay.Have I rephrased the authorweaknesses? Why? What did the author do well? Not well? Why? II. Requirements for summary writingomitting the detailsreducing the examplessimplifying the descriptionseliminating all repetitionmaking phrases do the work of clauses or sentencesusing general words instead of specific wordsusing the shortest possible transitionsavoiding figurative language3. revisionConclusionA summary is a shortened version of someone else's writing or thoughts.Summaries vary in length and amount of details depending on a teacher's requirements, the length of the original source (article, book, passage) and the purpose of the summary; however, all summaries must: ·be shorter than the original source (article, book, passage) approximately one third the length of the original source;·include the main idea of the original source in your own words;·include major details (also known as supporting ideas) in your own words;·should not include your knowledge, ideas or opinion unless your teacher requests it.·identify the author, title of article, title of publication, where published, publisher, year of publication, and page information, at the top of the page of your summary (or in-text.)Chapter 5 Essay WritingChapter 5 Essay WritingBasic OrganizationIntroduction (beginning)Body (middle)Conclusion (end)Introduction ParagraphWhat is an introduction paragraph?The introduction paragraph is the first paragraph of your essay.What does it do?It introduces the main idea of your essay. A good opening paragraph captures the interest of your reader and tells why your topic is important.How do I write one?1. Write the thesis statement. The main idea of the essay is stated in a single sentence called the thesis statement. You must limit your entire essay to the topic you have introduced in your thesis statement.2. Provide some background information about your topic. You can use interesting facts, quotations, or definitions of important terms you will use later in the essay.Example:Hockey has been a part of life in Canada for over 120 years. It has evolved into an extremely popular sport watched and played by millions of Canadians. The game has gone through several changes since hockey was first played in Canada.Supporting ParagraphsWhat are supporting paragraphs?Supporting paragraphs make up the main body of your essay.What do they do?They develop the main idea of your essay.How do I write them?1. List the points that develop the main idea of your essay.2. Place each supporting point in its own paragraph.3. Develop each supporting point with facts, details, and examples.To connect your supporting paragraphs, you should use special transition words. Transition words link your paragraphs together and make your essay easier to read. Use them at the beginning and end of your paragraphs.Summary ParagraphWhat is a summary paragraph?The summary paragraph comes at the end of your essay after you have finished developing your ideas. The summary paragraph is often called a "conclusion."What does it do?It summarizes or restates the main idea of the essay. You want to leave the reader with a sense that your essay is complete.How do I write one?1. Restate the strongest points of your essay that support your main idea.2. Conclude your essay by restating the main idea in different words.3. Give your personal opinion or suggest a plan for action.Example:Overall, the changes that occurred in hockey have helped to improve the game. Hockey is faster and more exciting as a result of changes in the past 120 years. For these reasons, modern hockey is a better game than hockey in the 1890s.II. Steps Essay writingPrewriting EssaysWhat is the prewriting stage?The prewriting stage is when you prepare your ideas for your essay before you begin writing. You will find it easier to write your essay if you build an outline first, especially when you are writing longer assignments.Six Prewriting Steps:1. Think carefully about what you are going to write. Ask yourself: What question am I going to answer in this paragraph or essay? How can I best answer this question? What is the most important part of my answer? How can I make an introductory sentence (or thesis statement) from the most important part of my answer? What facts or ideas can I use to support my introductory sentence? How can I make this paragraph or essay interesting? Do I need more facts on this topic? Where can I find more facts on this topic?2. Open your notebook. Write out your answers to the above questions. You do not need to spend a lot of time doing this; just write enough to help you remember why and how you are going to write your paragraph or essay.3. Collect facts related to your paragraph or essay topic. Look for and write down facts that will help youto answer your question. Timesaving hint: make sure the facts you are writing are related to the exact question you are going to answer in your paragraph or essay.4. Write down your own ideas. Ask yourself: What else do I want to say about this topic? Why should people be interested in this topic? Why is this topic important?5. Find the main idea of your paragraph or essay. Choose the most important point you are going to present. If you cannot decide which point is the most important, just choose one point and stick to it throughout your paragraph or essay.6. Organize your facts and ideas in a way that develops your main idea. Once you have chosen the most important point of your paragraph or essay, you must find the best way to tell your reader about it. Look at the facts you have written. Look at your own ideas on the topic. Decide which facts and ideas will best support the main idea of your essay. Once you have chosen the facts and ideas you plan to use, ask yourself which order to put them in the essay. Write down your own note set that you can use to guide yourself as you write your essay.Writing EssaysWhat is the writing stage?The writing stage is when you turn your ideas into sentences.Five Writing Steps:1. For the introduction, write the thesis statement and give some background information.2. Develop each supporting paragraph and make sure to follow the correct paragraph format.3. Write clear and simple sentences to express your meaning.4. Focus on the main idea of your essay.5. Use a dictionary to help you find additional words to express your meaning.Editing EssaysWhat is the editing stage?The editing stage is when you check your essay for mistakes and correct them.Editing Steps:Grammar and Spelling1. Check your spelling.2. Check your grammar.3. Read your essay again.4. Make sure each sentence has a subject.5. Make sure your subjects and verbs agree with each other.6. Check the verb tenses of each sentence.7. Make sure that each sentence makes sense.Style and Organization1. Make sure your essay has an introduction, supporting paragraphs, and a summary paragraph.2. Check that you have a thesis statement that identifies the main idea of the essay.3. Check that all your paragraphs follow the proper paragraph format.4. See if your essay is interesting.Publishing EssaysWhat is the publishing stage?The publishing stage is when you produce a final copy of your essay to hand in.Publishing Steps:1. Make a paper copy of your essay.2. Show your work to your teacher, tutor, or parents.3. Ask them for hints on how to improve your writingIII. Types of outlinesThe outline quickly and clearly shares your content and thesis with the reader. In the early stages of your research, an outline will help you to organize your ideas and material. Later in the research process, a more detailed outline will help you unify and refine your final paper. Whether formal or informal in style, outlines aid clear thinking and well-developed ideas.The most important rule for outlining form is to be consistent!An outline can use topic or sentence structure.A topic outline uses words or phrases for all entries and uses no punctuation after entries. Advantages: presents a brief overview of work and is generally easier and faster to write than a sentence outline.A sentence outline uses complete sentences for all entries and uses correct punctuation. Advantages: presents a more detailed overview of work including possible topic sentences and is easier and faster for writing the final paper.You should start your outline by identifying your thesis statement. Then you clarify the progression of your argument as follows:I. Use Roman Numerals to identify the section of your paper. (e.g. Arguments for, Arguments against, background information, biographical information, Evaluation, etc)A. Use Capital letters under each Roman Numeral (Be sure to indent!) to present your arguments within those sections. (e.g. under a paper section called "Advantages of studying at ISP" you may have international community, International Baccalaureate, competitive education).1. Use numbers to list the details or facts that you will use to back up the claims made by the Capital letters.Sample outlineThesis: The war on drugs will do far more to control and eliminate illegal drug use in the USA than will the legalization of drugs.I. Epidemic proportions of drug problem in last decade have prompted efforts at all levels of society to address problemA. Three pronged effort of President's war on drugs - overview1. enforcement2. education3. treatmentB. Legalization also proposed by many as solution - overview of sketchy implementation planII. Arguments in favor of legalizationA. Takes away criminal element1. citation of Amsterdam experiment - Goldblatt2. analogy to legalized prostitution in Europe, NevadaB. Government can control drug quality and quantity1. FDA supervision2. more personnel and support requiredC. More revenue to support prevention and education1. estimates of revenue by Scheffer study2. analogy to revenue from state liquor operations - Maine, OklahomaIII. Arguments against legalizationA. Violates moral/ethical principles of country1. Taber's assessment of constitutional intention2. Heritage Foundation studyB. Makes drugs permanent fixture of society1. analogy to prostitution - Rosenburg study2. normalization lowers standards - Whitten's studyC. Encourages greater drug use by wider spectrum of users1. Post Vietnam study of mid size American cities2. Impact on middle class and youth - Fallow's viewsD. Subsidizes addiction with public money1. Amsterdam argument - Goldblatt's rebuttalE. Does not address causes of addiction - inner city survey from 1996IV. Three pronged war on drugs addresses supply, prevention, treatmentA. Coordinated law enforcement efforts at local, state, federal levels1. Legislative intent - McMurphy Bill2. sample cases from PA, MA, DC, CAB. Education - treatment programs at state - local levels1. success of NA based programs2. statistics on welfare cost saving3. 1997 Florida based studyC. Attention to factors encouraging drug dealing - addiction1. poverty and lack of education - Wilson data2. low self-esteem, lack of hope - AMA's new policy initiative3. lack of community involvement with youth - Center for Urban Studies position paperV. War on drugs clearly better than legalizationA. War on drugs is long range solutionB. War on drugs addresses underlying causesC. War on drugs consistent with country's valuesD. War on drugs will eventually end widespread drug useIV. Types of WritingNarrationNarration1. What is narration?The method of development in which the writer tells a story to support a point. Narrative writing tells a story. In essays the narrative writing could also be considered reflection or an exploration of the author's values told as a story. The author may remember his or her past, or a memorable person or event from that past, or even observe the present.2．Essential Featuresa. Context--the writer makes clear what happened, when, where, and to whom1.) There is a plot that involves escalating conflict between characters, between a person andher-/himself, or between people and nature or some other force.2.) The conflict sets up an imbalance, a tension that a reader wants resolved, and that finally is.3.) The setting places the events in a definite time period and particular location4.) The events happen to a combination of round characters, the best of whom perform in ways that are unpredictable, yet ultimately consistent with their own individual personalities and motivations, and lesser personages.b. Point of view--the writer takes a consistent point of view in relation to the action, writing either as a participant (first person -- using "I") or as a spectator (third person -- using "he," "she," "it," "they").c. Selection of detail--the writer focuses only on the actions and details that further the story and promote the point, minimizing or eliminating others.1.) Expression of feelings2.) Dialogue--direct quotes of what the characters say to each otherd. Organization--the writer organizes the events of the story in a chronological order using time transitions.e. Purpose —there's a reason for telling the story. One way to find it is to complete the statement, "The moral of the story is..."2. Why do writers use narration?a. To entertainb. To reportc. To instructUltimate goal: to tell an entertaining story yet also bring readers to a clear understanding of a larger issue.3. How can readers and writers tell narration from the other MODs? They can ask:a. Does something happen between people and people or people and outside forces? What happens?b. Where is the tension?c. How is the conflict resolved?d. Do characters dialogue with each other? Are there direct quotations?e. What kinds of feelings are brought out?f. What is "the moral of the story?"The more of these items which appear, the more likely it is narration.4. How does one write essays with it?a. Determine an audience and purpose in telling the story--a broad instructive point it may make about human nature or the ways of the world. Who needs to have this information in order to have a more satisfying life?Determining the audience and purpose helps the writer select details and events.It also keeps him/her from wasting time developing a pointless essay.b. Context —Establish the setting of the essay, the world in which the action takes place, in the first paragraph or two.Give the characters real names and include a capsule portrait of each--a one or two sentences or phrases that captures the personalities of the main ones.State where the events take place using place names that could be found in an atlas, and/or describing items such that Spielberg's set dresser wouldn't have much trouble knowing what to get or where to put them.Use time indicators: breakfast, afternoon tea, midnight, sunrise, almost noon, first, then, next. . .c. Keep a consistent point of view throughout the essay, writing either in the first or third person throughout. Eliminate any "you" or "your" that creeps into a sentence by revising it.d. Select details and events that serve a worthwhile purpose, but not so much that there is an excess of information that is ultimately boring.。

(完整版)writing1effectivesentences

Undeniably, the effect of the computer upon the business world has been great.
Variety
Sentences written in various forms or connected with conjunctions.
but also by his deeds. Revised:
A man is judged not only by what he says but also by what he does. A man is judged not only by his words but also by his deeds.
Faulty: Looking out of the window, the grassland stretches as far as the eye can reach.
Revised: Looking out of the window, he (she, I) can see the grassland stretching as far as the eye can reach. Outside the window, the grassland stretches as far as the eye can reach.
Effective Sentences
March 21th, 2016
Effective Sentences
Unity Coherence Conciseness Emphasis Variety
Unity
Senlete idea Faulty: born in a small town in South China in the

英语写作基础教程(effective Sentences 1)

Do not use a dangling modifier or put a modifier far from the word it modifies.
Do not use different forms to express parallel ideas. E.g. Do not make unnecessary shifts in person and number, and the voice, tense or mood of verbs. E.g.
(Unity does not mean a writer can write only simple sentences.)
A long sentence expresses ideas that are closely connected. They are either ① A central idea supported or modified by various subordinate ideas, or ② Two or more related parallel ideas. e.g. The explorer who has just returned from the Antarctic is busy
Go on to p13 (after break)
Textbook: Instructor:

Class:
Size:
Classroom: Time:
Effective Sentences
Aim: Qualities of an effective sentence and ways to achieve effectiveness. Correctness alone cannot make a good sentence because it may not express the idea it intends to express very clearly or forcefully. It has to be effective at the same time.

英语写作技巧Chapter3.EffectiveSentences课件

第12页，共32页。
Ways to Achieve Conciseness
❖ Avoid nouns made from verbs ❖ Rewrite the passive voice as active ❖ Cut or shorten words or phrases ❖ Combine sentences
If I were president of the university and he was my second in command, things would be very different.
第10页，共32页。
Conciseness (简洁)
❖ A sentence should contain no unnecessary words. If the idea is fully expressed, the fewer words are used, the better. Compare the following:
❖ The earliest electronic computers were not compact. They were considered not reliable at that time.
Qualities of Effective Sentences
❖ Unity （统一） ❖ Coherence （连贯） ❖ Conciseness (简洁) ❖ Variety
第2页，共32页。
Unity（统一）
❖ Unity is one of the fundamental qualities of effective writing. Unity in sentences helps to make the idea clear. A unified sentence expresses a single complete thought. It doesn’t contain ideas that are not closely related ,nor does it express a thought that is not complete by itself.

英语写作基础教程(1)

第二章用词 (Using Proper Words)
第三章造句
(Making Correct and Effective Sentences)
第四章
段落 (Developing Paragraphs)
第六章完整的作文 (Composing Essays)
第七章应用文(Writing for Practical Purposes)
Chapter one
Manuscript Form and Punctuation 1. why is it important to write in correct
manuscript? 2. What are the rules for titles?
Focus 1 Manuscript Form (P1)
学习方法例举
根据自己的情况，选择不同的学习方式：方式一：如果你能够写出语法基本正确的句子和
段落，那么，你就可以直接开始学习第六章（完整的作文）或第七章（应用文写作）。将前面四章的学习内容作为自学内容，如：标点符号的运用、信件的格式等；
方式二：如果还没有自信能写出语法基本正确的句子和段落的同学，可以从第一章开始逐章学习。基础学习准备好后，对教学重点的内容也就容易把握了。
教学重点
1. 第六章“短文的写作” (Composing Essays) 2. 第七章“应用文的写作” (Writing for Practical Purposes)
巴基斯坦驻华大使鸿德致辞
非常感谢院长先生。谢谢您做介绍时的友好言辞。今天我们很高兴来到这里。我夫人与我为有这次机会再次来到贵校访问感到荣幸。感谢贵校对我们的欢迎，特别感谢鸿德学院的热情接待，我们为此感到不胜荣幸，谢谢你们，我们此行带来了大使馆统和巴基斯坦人民的良好祝愿。

英语写作基础知识

此外还有比较常用的There be 句型，表示“存在，有”
1. SV: The sun is shining. 2. SVO: You should also consider this.
Samples
3. SVC: The apple tastes good.
4. SVA: I was at college.
me angrily
suddenly
in his the book quietly room
all afternoon
behind me
主语部分
谓语部分
1. I He
I
They
2. enjoyed
planted
borrowed built
3.
4.
复合句（Complex Sentence): a complex sentence is one that contains one independent clause and one or more subordinate or dependent clauses.
Example
I was reading a book when he came.
Make necessary corrections to make them complete.
1. I dislike dogs because very smelly (气味难闻). -I dislike dogs because they are very smelly.
2. The dogs always noisy and try to jump on me when I go to visit. -The dogs are always noisy and try to jump on me when I go to visit them.

大学英语写作课件6-Effective-sentences

The main point of this sentence is that the writer prefers to live in Canada, and the writer makes the point at the very beginning: everything which follows is simply extra information.
Байду номын сангаас
Examples
a. She decided to study English though she was interested in music. b. Although she was interested in music, she finally decided to study English.
Periodic sentence
Balanced sentences(平行句,对偶句）
When a sentence contains two parts of the same structure and roughly the same length, and with contrasted (or similar) ideas. It is a balanced sentence.
unity （一致性） coherence （连贯性） Conciseness（简洁性） Emphasis（强调性） Variety （多样性）
Unity（统一性）
A unified sentence means everything in the sentence should contribute to making one clear idea.
This is a long sentence with many parts, including two clauses. It has one central idea (the explorer is writing reports on his adventures in the Antarctic) and all the other ideas are related to this central idea.

英语写作基础教程第三版课后答案

英语写作基础教程第三版课后答案1、—Is this Tony’s history book?—No, it isn’t ______.（）[单选题] *A. himB. his(正确答案)C. heD. himself2、She _______ so much _______ her mother. [单选题] *A. looks; like(正确答案)B. looks; forC. looks; afterD. looks forwards; to3、Could you please ______ why you can’t come to attend the meeting? [单选题] *A. explain(正确答案)B. understandC. giveD. reach4、77．You can watch TV when you finish________ your homework. [单选题] *A．to doB．doC．to doingD．doing(正确答案)5、I’m still unable to make myself_____in the discussion, which worries me a lot. [单选题]*A.understandB.understood(正确答案)C.understandingD.to be understood6、The hall in our school is _____ to hold 500 people. [单选题] *A. big enough(正确答案)B. enough bigC. very smallD. very big7、--What would you like to say to your _______ before leaving school?--I’d like to say"Thank you very much!" [单选题] *A. workersB. nursesC. waitersD. teachers(正确答案)8、The news is?_______. We are all _______ at it. [单选题] *A. exciting;?excited(正确答案)B. excited;?excitingC. exciting;?excitingD. excited;?excited9、74．In England people drive________. [单选题] *A．on the left(正确答案)B．in the leftC．on leftD．in left10、--Whose _______ are these?? ? ? --I think they are John·s. [单选题] *A. keyB. keyesC. keys(正确答案)11、-Do you have tickets for Friday? -Sorry, we've got _____ left. [单选题] *A. eitherB. none(正确答案)C. no oneD. neither12、I’ve _______ a job interview today. [单选题] *A. haveB. had(正确答案)C. hasD. have gone to13、The Titanic is a nice film. I _______ it twice. [单选题] *A. sawB. seeC. have seen(正确答案)D. have saw14、Customers see location as the first factor when_____a decision about buying a house. [单选A.makeB.to makeC.making(正确答案)D.made15、One thousand dollars a month is not a fortune but at least can help cover my living（）. [单选题] *A. billsB. expenses(正确答案)C. pricesD. charges16、_______ win the competition, he practiced a lot. [单选题] *A. BecauseB. In order to(正确答案)C. Thanks toD. In addition to17、Modern plastics can（）very high and very low temperatures. [单选题] *A. stand(正确答案)B. sustainC. carryD. support18、Tomorrow is Ann’s birthday. Her mother is going to make a _______ meal for her. [单选题] *A. commonB. quickC. special(正确答案)D. simple19、Jack can speak Japanese, and his brother can _______ speak Japanese. [单选题] *A. tooB. also(正确答案)C. eitherD. as well20、( ) No matter _____ hard it may be, I will carry it out. [单选题] *A whatB whateverC how(正确答案)D however21、57．Next week will be Lisa's birthday. I will send her a birthday present ________ post. [单选题] *A．withB．forC．by(正确答案)D．in22、In winter, animals have a hard time_____anything to eat. [单选题] *A.to findB.finding(正确答案)C.foundD.to finding23、--What’s your _______, Jim Green?--Jim. [单选题] *A. full nameB. first name(正确答案)C. last nameD. family name24、Don’t read in bed. It’s _______ your eyes. [单选题] *A. good atB. good forC. bad atD. bad for(正确答案)25、In order to find the missing child, villagers _______ all they can over the past five hours. [单选题] *A. didB. doC. had doneD. have been doing(正确答案)26、______ in the library. （）[单选题] *A. Don’t smokingB. No smokeC. No smoking(正确答案)D. Doesn’t smoke27、--Miss Li, could you please help me _______ math problem？--OK. Let me try. [单选题] *A. look upB. work out(正确答案)C. set upD. put up28、Three ______ died of water pollution last winter. [单选题] *A. hundreds of villagersB. hundred villagers(正确答案)C. hundreds villagersD. hundred of villagers29、I don’t think he will take the case seriously,_____? [单选题] *A.don’t IB.won’t heC.does heD.will he(正确答案)30、These two films are very interesting. I like them _____. [单选题] *A. eitherB. neitherC. allD. both(正确答案)。

英语写作基础教程第三版

英语写作基础教程第三版你喜欢英语吗?不管喜不喜欢，只要你学习英语，对于写作多少会需要了解一下。

下面是店铺给大家整理的英语写作基础教程第三版，供大家参阅!英语写作基础教程第三版信息出版社: 高等教育出版社; 第3版 (2011年5月1日)丛书名: 普通高等教育“十一五”国家级规划教材平装: 296页语种：英语开本: 16ISBN: 704032010X, 9787040320107条形码: 9787040320107商品尺寸: 25 x 19.2 x 1.6 cm商品重量: 558 g品牌: 高等教育出版社ASIN: B0053NMFFC英语写作基础教程第三版介绍《英语写作基础教程(第3版)》主要是为高等学校英语专业一、二年级的学生编写的，同时适合师专、广播电视大学、成人高等学校的英语专业使用，也可供英语水平相近的自学者参考。

《英语写作基础教程(第3版)》是作者在总结自己几十年丰富的英语写作教学经验、研究近年国内外英语写作教学方法的基础上推出的。

全书用清晰、浅易的英语介绍了英语写作的基本方法和特点，讲解时提供了较多的例句、例段和范文，其中既有英、美作家的作品，又有中国学生的习作，内容有趣，贴近生活，易于模仿。

全书共8章，包括文稿格式和标点符号的用法、选词、造句、段落、摘要、作文、应用文及学术论文的写作方法。

每章都附有练习题和参考答案，引导学习者循序渐进地提高英语写作水平。

英语写作基础教程第三版目录Chapter 1 Manuscript Form and Punctuation1 Manuscript Form1. Arrangement2. Word Division3. Capitalization4. Handwriting2 Punctuation1. The Comma(,)2. The Period(.)3. The Semicolon(;)4. The Colon(:)5. The Question Mark(?)6. The Exclamation Mark(!)7. Quotation Marks("...")8. Parentheses / Brackets((...))9. Square Brackets([...])10. The Dash(——)11. The Slash(/)12. Underlining and ItalicsKeys for ReferenceChapter 2 Using Proper Words1 Types of Words2 Choice of Words3 SynonymsSome Good DictionariesKeys for ReferenceChapter 3 Making Correct and Effective Sentences 1 Correct Sentences1. Completeness in Structure2. The Right Subject3. Agreement Between the Subject and the Predicate Verb Chapter 4 Developing ParagraphsChapter 5 SummarizingChapter 6 Composing EssaysChapter 7 Writing for Practical PurposesChapter 8 Preparing Research Papers。

英语写作基础教程

英语写作基础教程课程简介一、英语基础写作教材“英语写作基础”课程使用的文字教材为:《英语写作基础教程》(A Basic Course in Wring)，主编:丁往道、吴冰等，高等教育出版社1998年版。

本课程的教学重点是:1. “教程”(第二版)的第六章“短文的写作”(Composing Essays)2. 第七章“应用文的写作” (Writing for Practical Purposes)教材的前五章 Manuscript Form and Punctuation, Using Proper Words, Making Correct and Effective Sentences, Developing Paragraphs 和Summarizing 虽然不在本课程的教学重点之内，但依然是学习英语写作不可缺少的基本内容，应结合教学重点，认真学习。

二、学习要求(一)短文的写作:要求掌握记叙文和说明文这两种文体。

1(记叙文叙述一件事情或一系列事情的文章是记叙文。

这类文体的涉及面很广，包括讲故事——真实的故事及虚构的故事，也包括传记、历史故事等。

记叙文与描写文关系十分密切，因为要讲一件事(讲故事)就离不开对人物、景物等的描述。

在写记叙文时，要注意以下几点:(1)要开门见山。

文章一开始，就要把发生的事情和主要人物及时间、地点说清楚，使读者一目了然。

(2)要言之有物。

写好一件事必须要有实例及细节，但是，细节描写过多(容易使人不得要领，因此，对例子和细节一定要选择恰当，使用那些与主题思想关系密切的、有说服力的事例。

(3)写作时要把一件事的前因后果组织好，层次要分明，发展要自然，结尾要水到渠成。

陈述的方法可以根据时间先后顺序安排，也可倒叙，但是，倒叙对写作技巧的要求要更高一些。

(4)可以用第三人称写，也可以用第一人称写。

用第一人称写比较亲切、自然、真实，但局限性比较大。

用第三人称写比较自由灵活，而且往往显得更客观，但是对写作技巧的要求更高一些。

英语写作基础教程

英语写作基础教程英语写作基础教程引导语：我们应该把英语写作看成是学习外语的途径和手段。

让听、说、读、写这四项技能相互促进，相辅相成。

那么，在英语写作，有什么基础与方法?下面是店铺整理的英语写作基础教程：英语写作前问自己四个问题：1)这篇文章的体裁格式是怎样的?2)主体时态用什么时态?3)人称用第几人称?4)可以分几段，之间用什么过渡词、连接词?带着这四个问题去审题，搞清楚文章的主要内容，然后列出提纲，最后利用自己有把握的英语句子丰富自己的提纲。

英语写作还要“六性”：(1)条理性。

指的是合理布局文章结构。

首先，在文章思路、组织材料、叙述顺序等方面要有一定的条理性。

其次，根据需要，安排好段落，各段之间要层次分明，也要重视每一段的开头和结尾，开头语往往是总起句，结尾语往往是总结句。

(2)准确性。

指要求写出语法正确的句子，包括时态、语态、用词和句法等，要准确、地道地表达。

必须要牢牢掌握一些常用句型或习惯表达，避免中式英语，在实践中不断总结中英用法的差异，养成用英语思维写作的习惯。

高考英语作文素材。

(3)流畅性。

指根据整篇文章思想的需要，有效采用不同的连接手段，清晰段落，使文章层次清楚、行文连贯。

(4)简洁多样性。

简洁性就是语言简洁，不重复。

多样性就是能随情景内容的变化写出句式多样的语句。

这也是新课程标准对写作的.评价标准。

(5)思想性。

新标准对写作的要求，增加了情感因素，在准确流畅表达写作要点的同时，适当增加句子的感情色彩，增加一些人情味，使文章读起来更亲切，完全达到与读者进行交流的目的。

(6)美观性。

指的是卷面书写规范、清楚、干净、整洁。

在高考书面表达中，书面整洁是也是一个主观评分标准，所以在高考中保持书面整洁是必要的。

英语写作能力和水平的提高，除了依靠从书本上学习写作理论、写作知识和写作技巧外，更主要还是经常进行写作实践。

英语写作实践是写作理论转化为写作能力的“中介”。

离开写作实践，就是空谈写作，没有任何意义。

英语写作---lesson3--How to Write an Effective Sentence-2010-9

Lesson 3How to Write an Effective SentenceBasic requirements for sentnece writing•Correct•Clear•Coherent•Write a clear subject and a clear predicate•Place modifiers close to what is being modified•Use appropriate punctuation•Make sure the meaning can be clearly understoodAn effective/good sentence•Unity 思想统一•Coherence 通顺连贯•Conciseness 简洁精炼•Emphasis 重点突出Unity (一致性)•Unity is the first quality of an effective sentence. A unified sentence expresses a single complete thought. It does not contain ideas that are not closely related, nor does it express a thought that is not complete by itself.思想统一unity•一个好的句子应该表达一个明确的中心思想，句子的各个部分（词，短语，从句等）都为表达这个中心思想服务，从而组成一个有机整体，给读者留下清晰完整的印象。

•The explorer who has just returned from the Antarctic is busywriting reports on his adventure on that ice-covered continent, where he did not see any animals except penguin.•The explorer who has just got a divorce is busy writing reports on his adventure on that ice-covered continent, where he did not see any animals except penguin.•Example:I got up early. Mom told me that there was always traffic jam and our car was a little bit too old and we need buy a new one.•Revised：•I got up early Monday morning. Mom told me that there was always heavy traffic, and as our car was a bit old and. couldn't run fast，we’d better start earlier.Faulty:Born in a small town in South China in the early 50s, he grew up to be a famous musician.•Revised:He was born in a small town in South China in the early 50s. In his childhood he liked to sing songs. Later he entered a conservatory.In the 70s he became a famous musician.不统一造成的错误1. 句子结构不完整（sentence fragment):在结构上残缺，在意义上含糊，这种语病就是句子片断。

英语写作 Effective_sentences

Effective Sentences
Correctness Unity
Clarity
Coherence
Emphasis
Variety
Correctness
Try to avoid : 1. Run-on sentences（不间断句子、逗号谬误句子、串句） 2. Fragmentary sentences（破句、不完整句子） 3. Faulty parallelism （错误平行结构） 4. Misplaced modifiers（错置修饰语） 5. Dangling modifiers（垂悬修饰语
Disconnected sentences
Born in a small town in South China in the early 50s, he grew up to be a famous musician. He was born in a small town in South China in the early 50s. In his childhood he liked to sing songs. Later he entered a conservatory(音乐学院). In the 70s he became a famous musician.

Ann told her classmate Jane that she had won the first prize.
Ann told her classmate Jane, “ I have won the first prize.”
Ann told her classmate Jane, “ You have won the first prize.”

英语写作 Effectivesentences精品PPT课件

Choppy sentences
He found the kitchen window open. He put a ladder against the window. He climbed in. Finding the kitchen window open, he put a ladder against it and climbed in.
predicate The disagreement between the antecedent and the
reference pronoun The incorrect use of part of speech The wordiness The confusing shifts The vague reference
As the competition for college enrollment is extremely keen this year, the candidates spend days and nights preparing for the entrance examinations, neglecting their health. In view of this, the newspapers carry articles urging teachers and parents to take up this problem seriously.
My best friend at university was our English teacher. Her name was Wang Ping. She taught us English for two years. My best friend at university was our English teacher, Wang Ping, who taught us for two years.

【英语写作技巧】Chapter 3.Effective Sentences

5. Avoid shifts among the indicative, imperative and subjunctive moods.
It is therefore an important part of the park ranger’s duty to watch the tourists and above all don’t let anyone try to feed the tigers.
Ways to achieve sentence coherence
1. Use parallel structures, which include: Her office is small, chilly and dirty( P.Adj.) I enjoy football and hockey. (PN.) Our dog ran across the lawn and under the hedge.
Most businesses see 1990 law as fair, but some opponents have exaggerated the costs of applying.
3. Cut or shorten empty words or phrases. 1) substitute at all times- always
Combine sentences by subordinating
Coherence
Coherence means that all parts in a sentence are connected in a smooth and logical order. In other words, the meaning of most of sentences depends on word order; therefore the position of different parts in a sentence is very important to clear communication.

英语写作I讲义

英语写作I主要教学内容第一章英语句子写作第一节：句子成分（Sentence Elements）第二节：英语句子种类（Types of Sentences）第三节：有效句子(Effective Sentences)第四节：常见错误（Common Errors）第二章英语段落写作第一节：段落结构（The Structure of Paragraph）第二节：段落的展开方式（Developing Skills of Paragraph）1. 列举法(Listing)2. 举例法(Exemplification)3. 时空顺序法(Time and Space Sequence)4. 因果分析法(Cause and Effect)5. 比较对照法(Comparison & Contrast)6. 分类法(Classification)第三章英语短文写作第一节：短文基本结构概述（Basic Structure of Composition）第二节：短文写作基本步骤（Process of Writing）第三节：各类短文的写作（Types of Writing）记叙文（Narration）说明文(Exposition)描写文（Description）议论文(Argumentation)讲义第一章英语句子写作Sentence Writing第一节：句子成分（SENTENCE ELEMENTS）句子成分有主次之分，主要成分就是指主语、谓语。

其中，谓语是一个句子的核心。

缺少了谓语动词就不是句子。

比如说祈使句，往往只是用谓语动词构成。

句子也会有次要成分，比如宾语、表语、定语、状语、同位语等，它们只是对句子的主要成分起着修饰、解释、补充或者说明的作用。

英语的句子就好比一棵树，如图通过右边这幅图可以看出来，这棵树就是一个英语句子，整个树的最重要的部分就是“主语、谓语”，树的纵向主干是：主语+谓语+宾语/表语+补语。

英语写作基础教程(第三版)Chapter 1 PPT

be avoided
lay∙man words
with hyphens should be divided only at phens
பைடு நூலகம்
broken -hearted
two -syllable words with double consonant in
the middle are as rule divided between the
大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流
可以互相讨论下，但要小声点
一、Manuscript Form
1. Arrangement (title)
Task 1 : Capitalize the following titles (p2) 1. where i lived, and what i lived for 2. are transgenic crops safe? 3. well-known dramatists of the ming dynasty 4. a day to remember 5. approaches to teaching english as a foreign
一、Manuscript Form
2. Word division (1). one syllable cannot be divided 单音节
(2). two or more syllables 双/多音节
a stressed close syllable usually takes a
nouns e.g. Bob, Lily, Judy - none of them know where he is. (5) used like quotation marks in a dialogue. (6) introduce subheading and authors after quotation

英语写作基础教程

16
II. Requirements of a correct sentence
1. completeness in structure 2. the right subject 3. agreement between the subject and the predicate verb 4. agreement between pronoun and antecedent 5. clear pronoun reference 6. ending sentences with full stops 7. joining clauses with conjunctions 8. a main clause in a complex sentence 9. proper use of comparisons 10.correct use of the tense
7
1. Specific and concrete words
Specific and general A good man : kind / honest / just / generous / sympathetic / warm-hearted / selfless / honorable Good food: tasty / nourishing / rich / wholesome / high-priced / fresh / substantial
15
I. Elements of a sentence
1. Completeness in structure; 2. Begin with a capital letter; 3. End with a full stop, or a question mark, or an exclamation mark; 4. Express a single complete idea.