抗生素选用的一般原则英文PPTINTRODUCTIONTOANTIMICROBIALCHEMOTHERAPYGeneralPrinciplesppt课件
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3. Combination of the two plasmid is called R-Factor
4. Many Gram (-) organisms acquire resistance to multiple antibiotics by conjugation mechanism. Multiple drugs resistant Enterobacteriaceae became a serious world-wide problem.
c) Host defense mechanism: A chemotherapeutic regimen that is perfectly adequate for immuno-competent patient may be totally ineffective for immuno-incompetent patient. Immunoincompetence may be due to deficiencies in (1) immunoglobulin, (2) phagocytic cells and (3) cellular immune
properties of antibiotics.
2.
Hypersensitivity reactions
3.
Superinfection (or also
called Suprainfection)
常见心律失常心电图诊断的误区诺如 病毒感 染的防 控知识 介绍责 任那些 事浅谈 用人单 位承担 的社会 保险法 律责任 和案例 分析现 代农业 示范工 程设施 红地球 葡萄栽 培培训 材料
b) Kidney function: Normal kidney function is essential for disposal of -lactams, aminoglycosides, vancomycin, etc. Active form of these drugs may accumulate in the patient with renal diseases.
1. Mechanisms of actions of different groups of antibiotics. 2. Mechanisms by which pathogens acquire and express
resistance to antibiotics. 3. Combination therapy (use of two or more drugs
PROTOTYPES (-lactams & related agents)
Penicillins:
penicillin G; phenoxymethyl penicillin (pen V) methicillin; oxacillin ampicillin; amoxicillin; carbenicillin; ticarcillin
常见心律失常心电图诊断的误区诺如 病毒感 染的防 控知识 介绍责 任那些 事浅谈 用人单 位承担 的社会 保险法 律责任 和案例 分析现 代农业 示范工 程设施 红地球 葡萄栽 培培训 材料
EFFECTIVENESS OF COMBINATION THERAPY
1. Synergistic Effect: When two bactericidal antibiotics are used in combination. One of the two drugs must show at least 4-fold increase in antibacterial activities (or a decrease in MIC to ¼) for a synergism is said to exist between the two drugs. (e.g. penicillin + streptomycin).
concomitantly). 4. Host determinants that influence the selection and
efficacy of antibiotics.
常见心律失常心电图诊断的误区诺如 病毒感 染的防 控知识 介绍责 任那些 事浅谈 用人单 位承担 的社会 保险法 律责任 和案例 分析现 代农业 示范工 程设施 红地球 葡萄栽 培培训 材料
-Lactam related agents: Antibiotics: imipenem; aztreonam -Lactamase inhibitors: sulbactam; clavulanic acid
常见心律失常心电图诊断的误区诺如 病毒感 染的防 控知识 介绍责 任那些 事浅谈 用人单 位承担 的社会 保险法 律责任 和案例 分析现 代农业 示范工 程设施 红地球 葡萄栽 培培训 材料
常见心律失常心电图诊断的误区诺如 病毒感 染的防 控知识 介绍责 任那些 事浅谈 用人单 位承担 的社会 保险法 律责任 和案例 分析现 代农业 示范工 程设施 红地球 葡萄栽 培培训 材料
-LACTAMS (penicillins & cephalosporins) AND -LACTAM RELATED AGENTS
system.
常见心律失常心电图诊断的误区诺如 病毒感 染的防 控知识 介绍责 任那些 事浅谈 用人单 位承担 的社会 保险法 律责任 和案例 分析现 代农业 示范工 程设施 红地球 葡萄栽 培Baidu Nhomakorabea训 材料
Untoward Effects of Antibiotics
1.
Reactions due to toxic
INTRODUCTION TO ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY (General Principles)
PR0TOTYPES
Penicillin G
Rifampin
Polymyxin
Ciprofloxacin
Choramphenicol Sulfamethoxazole
Streptomycin
3. Significance of -lactam related compounds in antimicrobial chemotherapy
常见心律失常心电图诊断的误区诺如 病毒感 染的防 控知识 介绍责 任那些 事浅谈 用人单 位承担 的社会 保险法 律责任 和案例 分析现 代农业 示范工 程设施 红地球 葡萄栽 培培训 材料
OBJECTIVES:
-Lactams constitute one of the most important and most frequently used groups of antibiotics available to combat infectious diseases. Therefore, all practitioners in any field of medicine should be knowledgeable of all aspects of the pharmacology. Particular attentions should be directed to the following:
常见心律失常心电图诊断的误区诺如 病毒感 染的防 控知识 介绍责 任那些 事浅谈 用人单 位承担 的社会 保险法 律责任 和案例 分析现 代农业 示范工 程设施 红地球 葡萄栽 培培训 材料
常见心律失常心电图诊断的误区诺如 病毒感 染的防 控知识 介绍责 任那些 事浅谈 用人单 位承担 的社会 保险法 律责任 和案例 分析现 代农业 示范工 程设施 红地球 葡萄栽 培培训 材料
2. Additive Effect: When two bacteriostatic agents with the same mechanisms of action are used.
3. Antagonism: Usually bacteriostatic antibiotics are antagonistic to bactericidal agents. (e.g. Chloramphenicol has been shown to antagonize the bactericidal activities of penicillin in the treatment of Pneumococcal meningitis.
常见心律失常心电图诊断的误区诺如 病毒感 染的防 控知识 介绍责 任那些 事浅谈 用人单 位承担 的社会 保险法 律责任 和案例 分析现 代农业 示范工 程设施 红地球 葡萄栽 培培训 材料
CONJUGATION
1. A sexual process that requires cell-to-cell contact through pili.
常见心律失常心电图诊断的误区诺如 病毒感 染的防 控知识 介绍责 任那些 事浅谈 用人单 位承担 的社会 保险法 律责任 和案例 分析现 代农业 示范工 程设施 红地球 葡萄栽 培培训 材料
Important Host Determinants
a) Hepatic function: Erythromycin, clindamycin, rifampin, Chloramphenicol, etc depend on liver metabolisms for the inactivation of antimicrobial mechanisms. Patients with impaired liver function may accumulate in the body active form of the drugs to a toxic level if the dosage adjustment is not made.
Cephalosporins: First Gen.:
cephalexin; cephalothin
Second Gen.: cefoxitin; cefaclor
Third Gen.:
cefotaxime; cefoperazone;
ceftriaxone
Fourth Gen.: cefepime
2. The transferable materials consist of two different DNA sequences: (1) R Determinant Plasmid for resistance mechanism (2) Resistant Transfer Factor (RTF) that is needed for conjugation.
1. Important pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the prototypes listed below.
2. Important therapeutic and prophylactic uses and untoward effects of prototypes that are representatives of different categories of -lactams.
INTRODUCTION TO ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY (General Principles)
OBJECTIVES:
General principles of chemotherapy for other drugs govern antimicrobial chemotherapy also. However, there are principles that are more pertinent to the use of antimicrobial agents as a group. Particular attentions should be directed to the following:
4. Many Gram (-) organisms acquire resistance to multiple antibiotics by conjugation mechanism. Multiple drugs resistant Enterobacteriaceae became a serious world-wide problem.
c) Host defense mechanism: A chemotherapeutic regimen that is perfectly adequate for immuno-competent patient may be totally ineffective for immuno-incompetent patient. Immunoincompetence may be due to deficiencies in (1) immunoglobulin, (2) phagocytic cells and (3) cellular immune
properties of antibiotics.
2.
Hypersensitivity reactions
3.
Superinfection (or also
called Suprainfection)
常见心律失常心电图诊断的误区诺如 病毒感 染的防 控知识 介绍责 任那些 事浅谈 用人单 位承担 的社会 保险法 律责任 和案例 分析现 代农业 示范工 程设施 红地球 葡萄栽 培培训 材料
b) Kidney function: Normal kidney function is essential for disposal of -lactams, aminoglycosides, vancomycin, etc. Active form of these drugs may accumulate in the patient with renal diseases.
1. Mechanisms of actions of different groups of antibiotics. 2. Mechanisms by which pathogens acquire and express
resistance to antibiotics. 3. Combination therapy (use of two or more drugs
PROTOTYPES (-lactams & related agents)
Penicillins:
penicillin G; phenoxymethyl penicillin (pen V) methicillin; oxacillin ampicillin; amoxicillin; carbenicillin; ticarcillin
常见心律失常心电图诊断的误区诺如 病毒感 染的防 控知识 介绍责 任那些 事浅谈 用人单 位承担 的社会 保险法 律责任 和案例 分析现 代农业 示范工 程设施 红地球 葡萄栽 培培训 材料
EFFECTIVENESS OF COMBINATION THERAPY
1. Synergistic Effect: When two bactericidal antibiotics are used in combination. One of the two drugs must show at least 4-fold increase in antibacterial activities (or a decrease in MIC to ¼) for a synergism is said to exist between the two drugs. (e.g. penicillin + streptomycin).
concomitantly). 4. Host determinants that influence the selection and
efficacy of antibiotics.
常见心律失常心电图诊断的误区诺如 病毒感 染的防 控知识 介绍责 任那些 事浅谈 用人单 位承担 的社会 保险法 律责任 和案例 分析现 代农业 示范工 程设施 红地球 葡萄栽 培培训 材料
-Lactam related agents: Antibiotics: imipenem; aztreonam -Lactamase inhibitors: sulbactam; clavulanic acid
常见心律失常心电图诊断的误区诺如 病毒感 染的防 控知识 介绍责 任那些 事浅谈 用人单 位承担 的社会 保险法 律责任 和案例 分析现 代农业 示范工 程设施 红地球 葡萄栽 培培训 材料
常见心律失常心电图诊断的误区诺如 病毒感 染的防 控知识 介绍责 任那些 事浅谈 用人单 位承担 的社会 保险法 律责任 和案例 分析现 代农业 示范工 程设施 红地球 葡萄栽 培培训 材料
-LACTAMS (penicillins & cephalosporins) AND -LACTAM RELATED AGENTS
system.
常见心律失常心电图诊断的误区诺如 病毒感 染的防 控知识 介绍责 任那些 事浅谈 用人单 位承担 的社会 保险法 律责任 和案例 分析现 代农业 示范工 程设施 红地球 葡萄栽 培Baidu Nhomakorabea训 材料
Untoward Effects of Antibiotics
1.
Reactions due to toxic
INTRODUCTION TO ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY (General Principles)
PR0TOTYPES
Penicillin G
Rifampin
Polymyxin
Ciprofloxacin
Choramphenicol Sulfamethoxazole
Streptomycin
3. Significance of -lactam related compounds in antimicrobial chemotherapy
常见心律失常心电图诊断的误区诺如 病毒感 染的防 控知识 介绍责 任那些 事浅谈 用人单 位承担 的社会 保险法 律责任 和案例 分析现 代农业 示范工 程设施 红地球 葡萄栽 培培训 材料
OBJECTIVES:
-Lactams constitute one of the most important and most frequently used groups of antibiotics available to combat infectious diseases. Therefore, all practitioners in any field of medicine should be knowledgeable of all aspects of the pharmacology. Particular attentions should be directed to the following:
常见心律失常心电图诊断的误区诺如 病毒感 染的防 控知识 介绍责 任那些 事浅谈 用人单 位承担 的社会 保险法 律责任 和案例 分析现 代农业 示范工 程设施 红地球 葡萄栽 培培训 材料
常见心律失常心电图诊断的误区诺如 病毒感 染的防 控知识 介绍责 任那些 事浅谈 用人单 位承担 的社会 保险法 律责任 和案例 分析现 代农业 示范工 程设施 红地球 葡萄栽 培培训 材料
2. Additive Effect: When two bacteriostatic agents with the same mechanisms of action are used.
3. Antagonism: Usually bacteriostatic antibiotics are antagonistic to bactericidal agents. (e.g. Chloramphenicol has been shown to antagonize the bactericidal activities of penicillin in the treatment of Pneumococcal meningitis.
常见心律失常心电图诊断的误区诺如 病毒感 染的防 控知识 介绍责 任那些 事浅谈 用人单 位承担 的社会 保险法 律责任 和案例 分析现 代农业 示范工 程设施 红地球 葡萄栽 培培训 材料
CONJUGATION
1. A sexual process that requires cell-to-cell contact through pili.
常见心律失常心电图诊断的误区诺如 病毒感 染的防 控知识 介绍责 任那些 事浅谈 用人单 位承担 的社会 保险法 律责任 和案例 分析现 代农业 示范工 程设施 红地球 葡萄栽 培培训 材料
Important Host Determinants
a) Hepatic function: Erythromycin, clindamycin, rifampin, Chloramphenicol, etc depend on liver metabolisms for the inactivation of antimicrobial mechanisms. Patients with impaired liver function may accumulate in the body active form of the drugs to a toxic level if the dosage adjustment is not made.
Cephalosporins: First Gen.:
cephalexin; cephalothin
Second Gen.: cefoxitin; cefaclor
Third Gen.:
cefotaxime; cefoperazone;
ceftriaxone
Fourth Gen.: cefepime
2. The transferable materials consist of two different DNA sequences: (1) R Determinant Plasmid for resistance mechanism (2) Resistant Transfer Factor (RTF) that is needed for conjugation.
1. Important pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the prototypes listed below.
2. Important therapeutic and prophylactic uses and untoward effects of prototypes that are representatives of different categories of -lactams.
INTRODUCTION TO ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY (General Principles)
OBJECTIVES:
General principles of chemotherapy for other drugs govern antimicrobial chemotherapy also. However, there are principles that are more pertinent to the use of antimicrobial agents as a group. Particular attentions should be directed to the following: