lecture 2 英译汉的技巧

众所周知，过度肥胖或消瘦都肯定是
不健康的。 He acts a lot older than his years. 他年纪轻轻，做事却相当老练。
The
young girl thumbed her way to the passing cars.
那个年轻的姑娘站在路边不停地向来往的
汽车摆动着竖起的拇指表示她要搭车.
2.直译加注
(literal translation + annotation)
音译加注：音译后附加解释性注释。
1.
词语翻译
比萨饼 丰田车 撒哈拉沙漠 艾滋病 爵士乐
Pizza Toyota Sahara AIDS Jazz
2.
句子翻译 He did it a Jordon. 他投篮像飞人乔丹那样棒。 I’m Peter Darwin. Everyone asks, so I may as well say at once that no, I’m not related to Charles. 我叫彼得.达尔文。谁都会对我的名字产生疑问， 我不妨当下说个明白：我与进化论创始人查尔斯 没有关系。 A dead leaf fell in Soapy’s lap. That was Jack Frost’s card. 一片枯叶飘落到苏贝的膝头。那是杰克.弗罗斯 特的名片。（杰克.弗罗斯特：英文里对“寒霜” 的拟人称号。）
释义（paraphrase)
定义：舍弃原文的具体表达形式和比喻形
象，采取解释性的办法译出原文。在翻译 一些具有鲜明民族色彩的词语（如成语、 典故、超常规搭配）时，如果直译不能使 译文读者明白其意思，而加注又使译文太 啰嗦时，可采用释义法，将原文的意思传 达出来。

例：
Bill’s
new girlfriend is certainly a knockout. 比尔新结识的女友确实是个迷人的姑娘。 Knockout: in boxing a knockout is a situation in which a boxer wins the fight by making his opponent fall to the ground and be unable to stand up before the referee has counted to ten. If you describe someone as a knockout, you think that they are extremely attractive or impressive. (informal)
Asia‘s
strength of economic management, however, has not been its perfection, but its pragmatism and flexibility. 亚洲经济管理向来不以完美见长，而是以 务实和弹性取胜。
2
增加形容词 With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism! 中国人民正在以多么高的热情建设社会主 义啊！
他没有认识奥斯本之前,已经暗暗佩服他.如今便 成了他的听差,他的狗,他的忠仆星期五*. *星期五(Friday)是《鲁滨逊漂流记》故事中 Robinson Crusoe的忠实奴仆.
练习
1.The
professor rapped on his desk and shouted: ―Gentlemen, order!‖ The entire class yelled, ―Beer!‖
当然，使联盟长期保持下去是很不容易的，有不 少的艰难曲折。但是，我高兴地说，到目前为止 确实没有出现过什么裂痕—希望能一直这样老天 保佑，无灾无难。 You can say ‗touchwood‘ in British English, or ‗knock on wood‘ in American English, to indicate that you hope to have good luck in something you are doing, usually after saying that you have been lucky with it so
（三明治人：指既要照顾孩子又要照
顾父母的人)
People
considered that what he had played on that occasion was no more than a Judas Kiss. 人们认为他在那种场合所表演的不过 是犹大之吻，居心险恶。
It was Friday and soon they'd go out and get drunk.
直译加注：直译原文，并附加解释性注释，
注释可长可短，既可采用文中注释，也可 采用脚注，还可二者合用。
单词，尤其是专有名词的翻译 Zero Ground 零地带 （指纽约世贸大厦2001年9月11日遭两 架被劫持的飞机撞击坍塌后所形成的瓦砾 场，源出自原子弹着陆后的爆炸点） Sesame Street 芝麻街 （指美国儿童电视连续节目，每天一小时， 主要为动画片、游戏、木偶戏等）
星期五发薪日到了,他们马上就要上街 去喝得酩酊大醉. *星期五[Friday]为英国的发薪日.
Even before they were acquainted, he had admired Osborn in secret. Now he was his valet, his dog, his man Frito school. He must break out of the pot that holds us in.
我们的儿子一定得上学,一定要出人头地.
If
anything goes wrong now, what a come-down that will be. H i s best jokes fell flat. Franklin Roosevelt listened with bright-eyed, smiling attention. He was quick to use self-deprecating humor to throw anyone off the scent. Nothing, whether a weighty matter or small detail, was overlooked.
It's
not easy to become a member of that club-they want people who have plenty of money to spend, not just every Tom, Dick, and Harry. 要参加那个俱乐部并非易事――他们只吸 收手头阔绰的人,而不是普通百姓.
英译汉的技巧
加注 释义 增词 减词 转换 切分 合并 annotation paraphrase amplification omission shift of perspective division combination
加注 annotation
由于社会文化的差异，英语中有些词义在
汉语中完全不存在，形成了词义上的空缺。 1.音译加注 (transliteration + annotation )
增词 （amplification)
英汉两种语言由于表达方式不尽相同，翻
译时常常有必要在译文的词量上作适当的 增加，使译文既能忠实地传达原文的内容 和风格，又能符合译入语的表达习惯。 增词的原则：增词不增义。 增词的两种情况
1
把不清楚的语义用更多的字讲清楚。 例如：presidential historian A 总统的历史学家 B 研究总统的历史学家 2调整译文结构，使更地道。 For mistakes had been made, bad ones.
5增加表示时态的词
Yesterday
evening I had seen her on her knees in front of the house. 昨天夜晚我曾看见她跪在房子面前。
She
would spend hours dressing herself in fine clothes, and brushing her black hair. Then she would stand by the mirror and admire Herself. 她总是要花好几个小时为自己盛装打扮， 梳理她乌黑的头发。之后她还常常照着镜 子自我欣赏一番。
开始是借钱，接下来就是讨饭。
He
is a complicated man –moody, kind ,with a melancholy streak. 他是一个性格复杂的人-------喜怒无常， 反复多变，有些忧郁。
She
was more royal than the royals. 他比皇家成员更有皇家气质。

释义法
释义法也可以用来翻译某些不可直译成汉
语的英语表达形式，或是处理那些虽可直 译成汉语但表达效果不是令人费解就是不 够简练的英语表达方式。
He
was smooth and agreeable.
他待人处事，八面玲珑。
What
is known is that weight extremes in either direction are d e f i n i t e l y u n h e a l t h y .
.
I

wonder whether he is a Trojan Horse
我不知道他是不是内奸。 If you describe a person or thing as a Trojan horse, you mean that they are being used to hide someone‘s true purpose or intention.


Of course, it‘s hard to keep alliance alive. There are many stresses and strains. But, I‘m glad to say, nothing has actually broken as yet-- touchwood.
A
因为犯了错误，很严重的错误。 B 因为犯了错误，而且是很严重的错误。
1
增加动词 In the evening ,after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the term paper. 晚上在参加宴会，出席音乐会，观看乒乓 球表演之后，他还得写学期论文。
2.
句子的翻译 But I am short-tempered, frazzled from all responsibilities. I am the “sandwich generation”, caught between kids and parents. 但我的脾气不好，都是这些事给烦的。我 是个夹在孩子和父母之间的“三明治人”。
3增加副词 The
crowds melted away. 人群渐渐散开了。 As he sat down and began talking, words poured out. 他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝的说个没 完。
4
增加名词 First you borrow, then you beg.

1.
Oval
Office 椭圆形办公室 （指美国总统办公室） tree hugger 紧抱树干的人 （指极端环境保护主义者） The Freedom Ride 自由乘车运动 （六十年代初期由民权运动积极分子发起 的活动，反对南部各州在公共交通中实行 种族隔离政策）
直译加注