《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》翻译实践及详解(Mayhew)【圣才出品】

合集下载

《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》复习笔记（从语言文化对比角度看翻译）【圣才出品】

《⾼级英汉翻译理论与实践》复习笔记（从语⾔⽂化对⽐⾓度看翻译）【圣才出品】第2章从语⾔⽂化对⽐⾓度看翻译⼀、语⾔⽂化对⽐的层次对⽐就是在两种语⾔的各个层⾯上去发现相似性和差异性，以便为⽇后的翻译活动打下⼀个扎实的基础。

语⾔对⽐的层次为：(1) 语⾳和书写系统的对⽐(2) 语义的对⽐(3) 句法的对⽐(4) 话语和篇章结构的对⽐(5) 社会、⽂化等语⾔外因素的对⽐⼆、语⾳和书写系统的对⽐1. ⾳节、声调不同(1) 汉语⼀个字⼀个⾳节，⽽英语⼀个词则可能有多个⾳节，汉语有四个声调，英语没有。

(2) 对翻译的影响①失去语⾳承载的特殊意义。

例：“四⼗四只⽯狮⼦”这句话的语义可译为(forty-four stone lions)，但⽆法体现汉语特殊的语⾔特征。

②⾳译时，汉语的声调⽆法体现，英汉的⾳节数可能会⽆法对应,发⾳⽆法完全相同。

例：a. “王洪宝”和“王洪豹”这两个⼈名译成英语时都是Wang Hong-bao，没有差别。

b. Dallas译成“达拉斯”，但原⽂两个⾳节，S不构成⼀个⾳节，中⽂则是三个⾳节。

c. Reagan译成“⾥根”，但是R和“⾥”中的L完全不同。

2. ⾳韵和节奏的对⽐(1) 任何语⾔都有⾳韵和节奏，因为⼈们在交流过程中也希望取得⼀些“额外”的效果。

(2) 英汉⾳韵和节奏差异的根源①英语形合和汉语意合的区别。

形合的句⼦，为了结构的严谨，表意的精确有时会牺牲⾳韵和节奏。

例：A new kind of aircraft—small, cheap, pilotless—is attracting increasing attention.[译⽂]这是⼀种体积⼩、造价低的⽆⼈驾驶型飞机。

[分析]原⽂并未考虑到⾳韵、节奏⽅⾯，但在翻译为意合的汉语时，做出了调整，使其结构整齐，考虑到了⾳韵与节奏。

If North America and Europe renew their moral life, build on their culture commonality, and develop closer forms of economic and political integration…a third Euroamerican phase of western affluence and political influence.[译⽂]如果北美和欧洲能在道德⽣活⽅⾯得以重振，在共同的⽂化基础上进⾏发展，在政治经济领域进⼀步整合，以此作为在北约安全合作外的补充，那么将可衍⽣出经济富甲天下，政治⼀⾔九⿍的欧美第三阶段。

《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》复习笔记(文化与翻译)【圣才出品】

第3章文化与翻译一、尤金·奈达对于文化与翻译的探讨1. “功能对等”原则当代翻译理论家尤金·奈达在研究《圣经》翻译过程中提出了一整套处理文化与翻译的理论和方法，其核心内容就是他的“功能对等”原则。

该原则强调译者追求的不是文字上的对应，而是要将文化因素在译文中反映出来，达到功能上的对等。

2. 《跨文化宗教》奈达有关语言和翻译的思想和他在宗教上的思想是一脉相承的。

他在1968年出版过一本《跨文化宗教》。

该书从人的各种不同冲动切入，讨论各文化间的同和异。

二、人类最基本冲动的相通性1. 人类在最基本的生理冲动与需求方面是基本相同的。

因此，这类表达生理冲动或需求的语言(在它们没有被添加入人文意思之前)在各个不同文化里没有什么不同的意思。

2. 表达人类最基本冲动和需求的说法在翻译上不构成多大困难。

3. 只刺激人类生物感官的外部环境属于自然，也没有多大文化差异，语言间的冲突就不大。

三、人类较高层次冲动的差异1. 较高层次的冲动，有丰富的文化内涵，因此也就会因文化而异。

2. 客观的、没有情感的外部自然环境也可能被有情感的人赋予人文色彩。

3. 区别属于生理或自然的符号和属于文化的符号是十分重要的。

属于生理、自然的事物和现象常可在不同文化的人心中激起相同或相似的反应，而属于文化的事物和现象对人的作用则常因文化不同而大相径庭。

4. 对译者来说最大的挑战是来自最带人文色彩的语篇的翻译。

译者要考虑到各种生理活动与文化的关系，区别翻译对象在各种文化间的异同，想出恰当的办法，既不改变原文的意思，又要让译文读者可以接受。

四、商业和高科技环境中的语言特点1. 商业语言的特点与商业有关的文字必须排除人的情感因素。

为了便于商业交流，人们采用一种语言为国际交流的语言，目前这一语言是英语。

2. 科技语言的特点科技是自然的、客观的、无人为因素的。

因此科技交流必须以标准化为前提。

作者和译者使用语言的自由度极有限，必须采用既定的、已经广为接受的说法。

《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》翻译实践及详解(Preface to Culture of Narciss

1. Preface to Culture of NarcissismHardly more than a quarter-century after Henry Luce proclaimed “the American century”, American confidence has fallen to a low ebb①. Those who recently dreamed of world power②now despair of governing the city of New York. Defeat in Vietnam, economic stagnation, and the impending exhaustion of natural resources have produced a mood of pessimism in higher circles, which spreads through the rest of society as people lose faith in their leaders. The same crisis of confidence grips other capitalist countries as well③. In Europe, the revival of fascist movements, and a wave of terrorism all testify, in different ways, to the weakness of established regimes and to the exhaustion of established tradition④. Even Canada, long a bastion of stolid bourgeois dependability⑤, now faces in the separatist movement in Quebec a threat to its very existence as a nation.The international dimensions of the current malaise indicate that it cannot be attributed to an American failure of nerve⑥. Bourgeois society seems everywhere to have used up its store of constructive ideas⑦. It has lost both the capacity and the will to confront the difficulties that threaten to overwhelm it. The political crisis of capitalism reflects a general crisis of western culture, which reveals itself in a pervasive despair of understanding the course of modern history or of subjecting it to rational direction⑧. Liberalism, the political theory of the ascendant bourgeoisie, long ago lost the capacity to explain events in the world of the welfare state and themultinational corporation; nothing has taken its place. Politically bankrupt, liberalism is intellectually bankrupt⑨as well. The sciences it has fostered, once confident of their ability to dispel the darkness of the ages, no longer provide satisfactory explanations of the phenomena they profess to elucidate. Neoclassical economic theory cannot explain the coexistence of unemployment and inflation; sociology retreats from the attempt to outline a general theory of modern society; academic psychology retreats from⑩the challenge of Freud into the measurement of trivia. The natural sciences, having made exaggerated claims for themselves⑪, now hasten to announce that science offers no miracle cures for social problems.From The Culture of Narcissism by Christopher Lasch 【参考译文】亨利·卢斯曾经宣称“美国世纪”的到来。

翻译理论与实践(汉译英)习题及参考答案

翻译理论与实践（汉译英）习题第一周词的选择复习思考题：翻译下列句子，注意选词：我的表不准，每天快十多分钟。

时间过得真快！情人节快到了。

这把刀很快。

参考译文：My watch doesn’t keep good time. It gains more than ten minutes a day.How time does fly!Valentine’s Day is near. Or:Valentine’s Day is at hand. Or:Valentine’s Day is drawing near.The knife is really sharp. (*The knife is swift.)第二周词语翻译技巧（词义引申）复习思考题练习：根据本节所讲进行选词1.人民现在为什么拥护我们？就是这十几年有发展。

2.由于全球气候变暖，海平面在一点点地上升。

3.改革开放也使民族精神获得了解放。

4.我们的企业应着重提高国际竞争力。

5.中国的现代化建设离不开与世界各国的经济合作与贸易往来。

6.世界科技进步和产业结构的调整，亚太地区经济的迅速增长，给我国经济发展提供了有利条件。

在我国中长期发展中，也有不可制约的因素，突出的是：……7.在1993年亚太经合组织第一次领导人非正式会议上，我曾说过，把一个什么样的世界带到二十一世纪，是我们这一代领导人必须认真思考和解决的重大问题。

环顾新世纪初的世界和亚太地区形势，可以说是有喜有忧。

8.为了进行认真细致的考察，他很少乘车坐船，几乎全靠双脚翻山越岭，长途跋涉；为了弄清大自然的真相，他总是挑选道路艰险的山区，人迹稀少的森林进行考察，发现了许多奇山秀景。

9.专家普遍认为积极的财政政策对于最近几年的经济快速增长势头起了很大作用，2003年，这一政策的实施除了应向社会保障，农村教育及基础设施倾斜以外，还应从政府投资转向民间投资。

10.这些价值观和孔子宣扬的一些思想有很多相同之处，孔子的思想强调的是中庸适度。

《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》翻译实践及详解(Has Democracy a Future)【圣才出品】

2. Has Democracy a Future?Back to the question: Has democracy a future? Yes, Virginia①, it does, but not the glorious future predicted in the triumphalist moment. Democracy has survived the twentieth century by the skin of its teeth②. It will not enjoy a free ride③through the century to come.In America, democracy must run a gauntlet of challenges. The most crucial is still Du Bois’ color line. Much depends on the availability of jobs, especially in the inner city④. If employment remains high, political action will mitigate racial tensions, particularly when minorities understand that in the longer run ethnic gerrymandering⑤will reduce, not increase, their influence. Tension will be mitigated even more by intermarriage. Sex—and love—between people of different creeds and colors can probably be counted on to arrest the disuniting of America.The national capacity to absorb and assimilate newcomers will remain powerful. The call of the mainstream will appeal far more than linguistic or ethnic ghettos, above all to the young⑥. English will continue as the dominant language. Indeed, in essentials the national character will be recognizably much as it has been for a couple of centuries. People seeking clues to the American mystery will still read, and quote, Toequeville.Technology will rush on according to Adams’ law of acceleration. But for all⑦the temptations of interactivity⑧and all the unpopularity of elected officials, I doubt that Americans will sanction the degradation⑨of representative democracy into a system of plebiscites. Capitalism too will careen on, through downs as well as ups, but laissez-faire ideology will probably wane as capitalists discover the range of troubles the unfettered market cannot solve, or makes worse. Unbridled capitalism, with low wages, long hours, and exploited workers, excites social resentment, revives class warfare, and infuses Marxism with new life. To move along constructive lines, capitalism must subordinate short-term plans and profits to such long-term social necessities⑩as investment in education, research and development, environmental protection, the extension of health care, the rehabilitation of infrastructure, the redemption of the city. Capitalists are not likely to do this by themselves. Long- term perspectives demand public leadership⑪ and affirmative government.From Foreign Affairs, September/October 1997 【参考译文】回到我们原来的问题：民主有前途吗？有！①民主是有前途，但并不像人们在必胜信念、乐观心态盛行时期所预测的那种光辉灿烂的前途。

叶子南《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》(第3版)-复习笔记(下)【圣才出品】

第11章尤金·奈达和他的翻译理论一、奈达翻译理论概述尤金·奈达(Eugene A. Nida)终生从事圣经翻译和翻译理论的研究，著作等身，是公认的当代翻译理论的主要奠基人。

1. “功能对等”(functional equivalence)(1) 定义：前身是“灵活对等”(dynamic equivalence)。

简单讲，功能对等就是要让译文和原文在语言的功能上对等，而不是在语言的形式上对应。

奈达把功能分成九类，译文应在这些功能上与原作对等。

但他把判断对等与否的大权交给了读者的心理反应。

①表现功能(expressive)②认识功能(cognitive)③人际功能(interpersonal)④信息功能(informative)⑤祈使功能(imperative)⑥行为功能(performative)⑦情感功能(emotive)⑧审美功能(aesthetic)⑨自我解释功能(metalingual)(2) 理论来源①语言学领域对语言外的因素产生了兴趣，各种语言学分支渐次诞生，如心理语言学、社会语言学、语用学、符号学等。

奈达理论中读者心理反应这一基石基本上得益于上述语言学方面的发展。

②乔姆斯基(Noam Chomsky)的转换生成语法。

乔姆斯基的早期理论中有关语言表层结构和深层结构转换的模式在很大程度上为奈达描写功能对等提供了工具。

2. 奈达的研究重心的变化(1) 早期的奈达从语言内营造他功能对等的理论，用了诸如转换生成语法、语义成分分析等具体方法来描写他的理论。

发表于1964年的Toward a Science of Translating，主要在语言学的框架下讨论翻译(也涉及了语言外的因素)。

他在该书中将语义细分成语法意义(linguistic meaning)、所指意义(referential meaning)和情感意义(emotive meaning)。

(2) 越往后，奈达就越重视社会文化因素。

《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》翻译实践及详解(Liberate Mediacast Server)【圣才

12. Liberate Mediacast ServerThe Mediacast server schedules the retrieval of HTML content from multiple sources①, then organizes and broadcasts the content to all clients on the appropriate channels at the specified times. The content is displayed upon subscriber request, when triggered by an event, or automatically②. These broadcasts are generally performed in-band, but Mediacast can also broadcast over the out-of-band network. This allows subscribers to display and interact with a wide variety of specialized content without significantly increasing network traffic.Requests for Mediacast content are fulfilled directly③from the broadcast stream. The content is displayed instantly with no degradation of system performance, even if many users request the same content at the same time. If all the requests followed the normal network path to the headend and continued to the Internet, the resulting slowdown in system response time would be felt by all active subscribers, not just the subscribers requesting the content. Using the Mediacast server to provide frequently-requested content avoids this scenario.The Mediacast server is monitored by Command and has a hot-standby④failover⑤mechanism. When any form of failure occurs, the Mediacast server shuts itself down. In a broadcast scenario, a DVB-ASI (digital video broadcasting-asynchronous serial interface⑥) switch can switch to the hot-standby output stream⑦.【参考译文】Mediacast服务器可定时从多个资料源检索HTML内容①，并可按指定时间将整理好的内容通过适当的频道向所有客户机传播。

叶子南《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》(第3版)【翻译练习(翻译实践篇详解)】【圣才出品】

第二部分翻译实践篇详解一、非文学类文本（社会人文）1. Van GoghAlthough art historians have spent decades demystifying Van Gogh’s legend ①, they have done little to diminish his vast popularity. Auction prices still soar, visitors still overpopulate Van Gogh exhibitions, and The Starry Night remains ubiquitous on dormitory and kitchen walls②. So complete is Van Gogh’s global apotheosis that③Japanese tourists now make pilgrimages to Auvers to sprinkle their relatives’ ashes on his grave. What accounts for the endless appeal of the Van Gogh myth? It has at least two deep and powerful sources④. At the most primitive level, it provides a satisfying and nearly universal revenge fantasy disguised as the story of heroic sacrifice to art⑤. Anyone who has ever felt isolated and unappreciated can identify with Van Gogh and hope not only for a spectacular redemption⑥but also to put critics and doubting relatives to shame. At the same time, the myth offers an alluringly simplistic conception of great art as the product, not of particular historical circumstances and the artist’s painstaking calculations, but of the naive and spontaneous outpourings of a mad, holy fool⑦. The gaping discrepancy between Van Gogh’s long-suffering life and his remarkable posthumous fame remains a great and undeniable historical irony. But the notion that he was an artistic idiot savant⑧is quickly dispelled by even the most glancing examination of the artist’s letters. It also must be dropped after acquaintingoneself with the rudimentary facts of Van Gogh’s family background, upbringing, and early adulthood.The image of Van Gogh as a disturbed and forsaken artist is so strong that one easily reads it back into⑨his childhood and adolescence. But if Van Gogh had died at age twenty, no one would have connected him with failure or mental illness. Instead he would have been remembered⑩by those close to him as a competent and dutiful son with a promising career in the family art-dealing business. He was, in fact, poised to surpass his father and to come closer to living up to the much-esteemed Van Gogh name⑪.The Van Goghs were an old and distinguished Dutch family who could trace their lineage in Holland back to the sixteenth century. Among Vincent’s five uncles, one reached the highest rank of vice-admiral in the Navy and three others prospered as successful art dealers. Van Gogh’s grandfather, also named Vincent, had attained an equally illustrious status as an intellectually accomplished Protestant minister. The comparatively modest achievements of the artist’s father, Theodorus, proved the exception, not the rule⑫. Although Theodorus was the only one of grandfather Vincent’s six sons to follow him into the ministry, he faltered as a preacher⑬ and could obtain only modest positions in provincial churches. It was for this reason that Theodorus and his new wife, Anna, found themselves in Groot Zundert, a small town near the Belgian border. Vincent was born a few years after their arrival.Van Gogh enjoyed a relatively uneventful childhood save for the birth of fivesiblings (three by the time he was six and two more by his fourteenth year)⑭ and his attendance at two different boarding schools. In rural Zundert he took long walks in the Brabant countryside and developed a naturalist’s love of animals and plants. At his two boarding schools, he excelled at his studies and laid down the foundation for his lifelong facility in French and English. The family’s decision to apprentice him at sixteen to Uncle Vincent’s art gallery in The Hague was far from a nepotistic last resort. Uncle Vincent, called “Cent,” had transforme d an art supply store into a prestigious art gallery and had become a senior partner in Goupil et Cie., one of the largest art-dealing firms in Europe. Vincent had not better opportunity for advancement than working at The Hague branch of Goupil’s. And it was a testament to Vincent’s abilities that the childless “Uncle Cent” took a paternal interest in him and arranged for his position as Goupil’s youngest employee⑮.Vincent’s duties progressed from record keeping and correspondence chores in the back office to dealing, if only in a subordinate way⑯, with clients. This confronts us with the nearly unthinkable image of the “socially competent” Vincent⑰. But such was the case at this stage in his life. The same man whose eccentricity would one day make young girls scream in fright dressed appropriately and charmed customers with his enthusiasm for art⑱. Vincent also ingratiated himself with the local artists of The Hague School and earned his colleagues’respect. Although his status as Uncle Cent’s nephew and protege must have smoothed his way, Vincent appears to have been genuinely dedicated and effectiveat Goupil’s. His boss, Tersteeg, sent home glowing reports⑲ and after four years at The Hague he was promoted to the London branch.From Van Gogh and Gauguin, by Bradley Collins 【参考译文】梵高尽管艺术史家们数十年来一直在淡化梵高传奇的神秘色彩①，但梵高受欢迎的程度几乎丝毫未减。

叶子南《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》(第3版)配套题库(含考研真题)(翻译实践篇 2.1 非文学类文本(

2.1非文学类文本（社会人文）Practice1Everybody wants success.Some people aim for it;others just talk about it.We all know what it looks like when someone else has it.Often times it just seems like something too far out of reach.The truth to success is closer than you think.It’s just on the other side you have to want it enough,and be willing enough to get it.Everyone faces changes;different ones at different times.We all handle the same challenges differently;we all have different results.It’s how you handle each one and what you do with the results that count.An obstacle is something you either find a way around or allow to stop you.Remember,you’ve got to get passed obstacles in order to succeed.Not everything works;even if it works for other people,the same thing just doesn’t work for us.So what?Failure can either become an obstacle and an excuse or it can become your teacher in what not to do.[湘潭大学2016研]【参考译文】每个人都渴望成功。

叶子南《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》(第3版)-复习笔记(中)【圣才出品】

第5章翻译的基本技巧一、翻译技巧概述翻译的技巧实际就是变通的技巧。

1. 许渊冲教授描写的翻译技巧(1) 加词2＋1＝2(加词不加意)(2) 减词2－1＝2(减词不减意)(3) 换词2＋2＝3＋1(变换符号不变换意思)(4) 移词1＋2＝2＋1(前后移位)(5) 分译4＝2＋2(一分为二)(6) 合译2＋2＝4(合二为一)(7) 深化1：2＝2：4(具体化)(8) 浅化2：4＝1：2(抽象化)(9) 等化2＋2＝2×2(寻求灵活对等)(10) 一分为四4＝1＋1＋1＋1(莎士比亚戏剧中的woe译成离合悲欢。

)(11) 合四为一1＋1＋1＋1＝4(鲁迅的“管它冬夏与春秋”译成I don’t care what season it is.)2. 常用的技巧种类繁多，但主要包括词性转换法、加减重复法、反面着笔法、分合移位法以及专门针对句型结构的方法，如定语从句的译法、状语从句的译法、被动句的译法等。

3. 从理清短语中词之间的关系这一角度创造出来的“解包袱法”(unpacking)。

解包袱法1. 对解包袱法的理解解包袱法是指在各类词之间关系复杂时，译者在使用各种翻译技巧前，有必要先将这些缠在一起的关系像解包袱一样解开，然后理顺。

例：美国总统克林顿被称为the first black president。

【解析】美国总统克林顿为白人，因此black在这里不可能是用来表示总统的肤色，black和president两个词之间的关系也就无法用形容词修饰名词的关系来解读，直译为“黑人总统”。

根据上下文情境和背景分析，此处表示的是“与黑人关系紧密”之意，因此译文需加词将black和president之间的语义关系挑明。

案例讨论(1) 名词＋名词结构①We want to buy quality steel.【译文】我们要买高质量的钢材。

【解析】quality具有形容词词性，意为“having a high degree of excellence”，因此，翻译为“高质量的”。

叶子南《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》（第3版）-翻译练习（上）【圣才出品】

叶子南《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》（第3版）-翻译练习（上）【圣才出品】第二部分翻译实践篇详解一、非文学类文本（社会人文）1. Van GoghAlthough art historians have spent decades demystifying Van Gogh’s legend ①, they have done little to diminish his vast popularity. Auction prices still soar, visitors still overpopulate Van Gogh exhibitions, and The Starry Night remains ubiquitous on dormitory and kitchen walls②. So complete is Van Gogh’s global apotheosis that③Japanese tourists now make pilgrimages to Auvers to sprinkle their relatives’ ashes on his grave. What accounts for the endless appeal of the Van Gogh myth? It has at least two deep and powerful sources④. At the most primitive level, it provides a satisfying and nearly universal revenge fantasy disguised as the story of heroic sacrifice to art⑤. Anyone who has ever felt isolated and unappreciated can identify with Van Gogh and hope not only for a spectacular redemption⑥but also to put critics and doubting relatives to shame. At the same time, the myth offers an alluringly simplistic conception of great art as the product, not of particular historical circumstances and the artist’s painstaking calculations, but of the naive and spontaneous outpourings of a mad, holy fool⑦. The gaping d iscrepancy between Van Gogh’s long-suffering life and his remarkable posthumous fame remains a great and undeniable historical irony. But the notion that he was an artistic idiot savant⑧is quickly dispelled by even the most glancingexamination of the arti st’s letters. It also must be dropped after acquaintingoneself with the rudimentary facts of Van Gogh’s family background, upbringing, and early adulthood.The image of Van Gogh as a disturbed and forsaken artist is so strong that one easily reads it ba ck into⑨his childhood and adolescence. But if Van Gogh had died at age twenty, no one would have connected him with failure or mental illness. Instead he would have been remembered⑩by those close to him as a competent and dutiful son with a promising career in the family art-dealing business. He was, in fact, poised to surpass his father and to come closer to living up to the much-esteemed Van Gogh name?.The Van Goghs were an old and distinguished Dutch family who could trace their lineage in Holland back to the sixteenth century. Among Vincent’s five uncles, one reached the highest rank of vice-admiral in the Navy and three others prospered as successful art dealers. Van Gogh’s grandfather, also named Vincent, had attained an equally illustrious status as an intellectually accomplished Protestant minister. The comparatively modest achievements of the artist’s father, Theodorus, proved the exception, not the rule?. Although Theodorus was the only one of grandfather Vincent’s six sons to follow him into the ministry, he faltered as a preacher? and could obtain only modest positions in provincial churches. It was for this reason that Theodorus and his new wife, Anna, found themselves in Groot Zundert, a small town near the Belgian border. Vincent was born a few years after their arrival.Van Gogh enjoyed a relatively uneventful childhood save for the birth of fivesiblings (three by the time he was six and two more by his fourteenth year)? and his attendance at two different boarding schools. In rural Zundert he took long walks in the Brabant countryside and developed a naturalist’s love of animals and plants. At his two boarding schools, he excelled at his studies and laid down the foundation for his lifelong facility in French and English. The family’s decisi on to apprentice him at sixteen to Uncle Vincent’s art gallery in The Hague was far from a nepotistic last resort. Uncle Vincent, called “Cent,” had transforme d an art supply store into a prestigious art gallery and had become a senior partner in Goupil et Cie., one of the largest art-dealing firms in Europe. Vincent had not better opportunity for advancement than working at The Hague branch of Goupil’s. And it was a testament to Vincent’s abilities that the childless “Uncle Cent” took a paternal interest in him and arranged for his position as Goupil’s youngest employee?.Vincent’s duties progressed from record keeping and correspondence chores in the back office to dealing, if only in a subordinate way?, with clients. This confronts us with the nearly unt hinkable image of the “socially competent” Vincent?. But such was the case at this stage in his life. The same man whose eccentricity would one day make young girls scream in fright dressed appropriately and charmed customers with his enthusiasm for art?. Vincent also ingratiated himself with the local artists of The Hague School and earned his colleagues’respect. Although his status as Uncle Cent’snephew and protege must have smoothed his way, Vincent appears to have been genuinely dedicated and effectiveat Goupil’s. His boss, Tersteeg, sent home glowing reports? and after four years at The Hague he was promoted to the London branch.From Van Gogh and Gauguin, by Bradley Collins 【参考译文】梵高尽管艺术史家们数十年来一直在淡化梵高传奇的神秘色彩①，但梵高受欢迎的程度几乎丝毫未减。

《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》复习笔记(语言前景概念在翻译中的应用)【圣才出品】

第8章语言前景概念在翻译中的应用翻译中到底哪些语义之外的成分需要在译文中保留这一问题与语篇的文体或风格有关。

杰弗瑞·李奇在他的《小说文体分析》中借用了语言前景(Linguistic foregrounding)这个概念来界定文体，描写了各类文体的共同特点，即偏离常规。

一、语言前景或突显1. “自动化”(automatization)和“前景”(foregrounding)Bohuslav Havranek创造了“自动化”(automatization)和“前景”(foregrounding)这对概念来描写语言。

(1) “自动化”就是指语言表达法在表达意思过程中只是被使用的工具，本身并不引起别人的注意。

该语言表达法是常用的手段，属于一个语言系统内广为接受、频繁使用的手段，特点是平淡无奇。

例：I love you.用在英语的语言环境中，就属于自动化的表达法，因为这是习以为常的说法，别人不会因之大惊小怪。

(2) “前景”不是某一语言体系中广为接受，经常使用的说法，即“不落俗套”，甚至是语出惊人。

例：一位中国小孩在打完电话时对妈妈说“我爱你”，就会引起大多数中国人的特别注意，因为中国人在这种场合不用这个说法，这个说法本身突显于中国语言体系中。

2. 只要一个语言表达法在所处的语境中格格不入、与众不同，就造成前景。

例：在一篇科技文章中某一技术用语并不在语篇中突显，不构成前景，而是自动化。

但将同样一个科技用语突然用到一次日常生活的谈话中，就构成了前景。

3. 李奇认为一个作者要创出自己的文体与风格常会在写作手段上偏离常规，从而造成前景。

偏离常规可以是“质量性偏离”，也可以是“数量性偏离”。

“质量性偏离”(qualitative deviation)，指表达法本身偏离语言常规表达模式，违反了“语言法”。

“数量性偏离”(quantitative deviation)，即某些用法本身不偏离常规，但其使用的频率超出读者的预期。

《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》复习笔记(翻译前的语篇分析)【圣才出品】

第15章翻译前的语篇分析一、进行语篇分析的必要性1. 从更多的角度分析语篇可以帮助译者更准确地把握文本，进而采用更符合语境的翻译策略。

2. 同一个表达法在不同的语篇里可能会有不同译法。

例：电影《卧虎藏龙》[译文]Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon我后来才发现，新闻系卧虎藏龙。

[译文]Later on, I discovered that the journalism department was full of highly talented people.二、语篇评价性的强弱1. 译者可以从语篇中作者对所论事件或人物判断评价的强弱来分析语篇。

2. 如果语篇的作者对文中的事物没有很强的价值判断，那么在翻译过程中译者就不必过多地调整结构。

例：科技报道，新药的介绍，联合国经济趋势分析，都是没有评价或少有评价的语篇。

在这些语篇中，作者基本不对文章的内容做出评论。

翻译这样的语篇，译者不能过多地介入，不应该太灵活，因为这类语篇对准确性的要求很高，甚至在有些情况下(比如一些法律合同)，翻译这类语篇准确性要比流畅性更重要。

3. 如果语篇具有较强的价值判断，那么在翻译时译者介入，对句子结构进行调整就很有必要。

例：一篇反对政府某项政策的社论，一篇旅游宣传手册，一个产品广告，则是有较强评价特征的语篇。

在这些语篇中，作者对文中的内容明显有评论，不是站在中立的立场。

翻译这类语篇时，译者能对语言的结构作较大的调整，可以比较灵活地处理，因为这类语篇的流畅性非常重要。

三、从文化角度分析语篇1. 分析语篇还可以从文化的角度着手，也就是说，看一个语篇和文化的关系紧密与否。

2. Basil Hatim和Ian Mason在他们的Discourse and the Translator中提出，一个语篇与某一特定文化关系越不紧密，翻译中就越不必调整其语言结构。

相反，一个语篇与特定文化的关系越紧密，翻译中结构调整的空间就越大。

《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》复习笔记(翻译的过程)【圣才出品】

第4章翻译的过程一、描述翻译过程的不同模式1. 传统的两阶段模式(1) 两阶段模式的内容翻译的过程常常被翻译实践者简练地概括成理解与表达。

理解包括分析原文，弄通原文的确切意思。

表达就是要在译入语中把原文的意思说出来。

(2) 优点与缺点①优点：这种描述方法相当简单。

②缺点：这种描述方法不能揭示在翻译中句子或语篇深层的转换过程。

2. 尤金·奈达的三阶段模式(1) 三阶段模式的内容从图中可以看出整个过程分成三个阶段，即分析、转换、重建。

在翻译实践中，这些过程实际上同时发生，而且是在译者不知不觉的情况下发生的。

(2) 对三阶段模式的理解①分析就是要分析出原文的语义，特别是要在分析中挖掘出各个层次的语义。

②转换是介于分析和重建之间的一个步骤，指译者把在大脑中分析好的语言材料从源语转换到译入语。

③重建是指译者把原文中重要的信息在译入语中表达出来。

二、分析理解原文通俗地讲，分析原文主要是要弄懂原文是什么意思。

1. 对“意思”(meaning)的讨论(1) 句中基本语言单位所指十分清楚，句子没有言外之意。

(2) 句子有言外之意，需分析字面意思之外的隐含意义。

如“That’s not funny.”一句暗含不满、阻止的意思。

(3) 句子或句中的词受社会、文化等因素影响承载语言之外的象征意义。

如Red一词的象征意义因文化而异。

2. 不同语义的三种划分(1) 具体内容所指意义(referential meaning，以语言所指的客观世界为基础的意义)关联意义(associated meaning，包括所有人、社会文化因素引发的意义)结构意义(structural meaning，包括语言本身结构产生的意义)(2) 理解与讨论①所指意义a. 定义：所指意义指词或短语所指称的事物的语义特征，是词最基本的意义。

b. 特点：所指意义比较稳定，不太容易变化，因此比较容易表达。

语言的所指意义是用来描述客观世界的，不掺杂人对客观世界的情感和态度。

《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》复习笔记(翻译单位)【圣才出品】

第6章翻译单位一、翻译单位概述1. 翻译单位的定义翻译单位就是指在译入语中可以找到的与源语语言单位相对应的分量相等的单位。

2. 翻译单位可大可小，可以为几句，也可以为一个音位(phoneme)。

用较大的翻译单位，译者在译入语中的回旋余地就较大，可以较为得心应手地照顾译文的行文。

较小的翻译单位则可使译文在结构上接近原文，但译者就不可避免地受到原文的束缚。

3. 如何取舍翻译单位在很大程度上要看是什么类别的原文。

(1) 原文中关键的意义如果是用较小的语言单位体现的，那么译这类文章就可能要用较小的翻译单位。

如十分严谨的法律文件和用很小的语言单位(如音位和词)来表示艺术效果的诗。

如旅游手册。

(2) 原文中关键的意义如果是用较大的语言单位体现的，那么就可以采用较大的翻译单位。

5. 在以句子为翻译单位的总的原则下，尽可能将翻译单位扩大可能是译者所应努力的方向。

二、音位1. 定义音位(phoneme)是最小的语言单位，具有语音上的区别性特征，但本身不承载语义。

音位作为翻译单位在翻译时，如原文中的音位需要在译文中获得对应，音位本身就成了翻译单位。

(1) 适用范围：音译借词(如laser译成“镭射”)和专有名词(如Lincoln译成“林肯”)的翻译。

(2) 音译借词是翻译新词的一种译法。

如nylon(尼龙)和copy(拷贝)。

新词的另一种译法是根据新名词的意思译。

如Laser译为“激光”。

(3) 专有名词的翻译①音译②音意兼顾。

如Yosemite译成“优胜美地”，Coca-Cola译成“可口可乐”。

③专有名词汉译时应切记名从主人这一原则，也就是要尽可能接近原文的发音。

④约定俗成的译名也许并不十分接近原文的音位，但约定俗成也是一个应该记住的原则。

三、词素1. 定义词素(morpheme)是最小的有意义的语言单位，任何一个词素都有意义，而且一个词素只有一个意义。

例：walking有两个词素。

walk是一个词素，其意义是表示一个动词，ing也是一个词素，其意义表示前面那个词素所处的状态正在进行。

叶子南《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》(第3版)配套题库(含考研真题)(翻译实践篇 2.2 非文学类文本(

2.2非文学类文本（科技法律）Practice1Companies are increasingly adding vitamins and minerals to juices,sports drinks and bottled water,responding to a growing consumer demand for these products.Even though the amounts of added nutrients in these drinks are typically small,some nutrition scientists are concerned that through their overall diets,many people may be ingesting levels of vitamins and other nutrients that are not only unnecessary,but potentially harmful.“You have vitamins and minerals that occur naturally in foods,and then you have people taking supplements,and then you have all these fortified foods,”said Mridul Datta,an assistant professor in the department of nutrition science at Purdue University.“It adds up to quite an excess.There’s the potential for people to get a lot more of these vitamins than they need.”Today more than ever,studies show,the average person is exposed to unusually high levels of vitamins and minerals.Already,more than half of all adults in the United States take a multivitamin or dietary supplement.Bread,milk and other foods are often fortified with folic acid,niacin and vitamins A and D.A study published in July found that many people are exceeding the safe limits of nutrient intakes established by the Institute of Medicine.And research shows that people who take dietary supplements are often the ones who need them the least.[山东大学2018研]【参考译文】饮料公司在果汁、运动饮料和瓶装水中添加了愈来愈多的维生素和矿物质，以满足顾客对这些东西日益增长的要求。