翻译理论(英译汉)
英语翻译理论与实践
Luminous moonlight shines upon the bedstand,
Isn’t it the white frost paving on the bare ground?
Head, raised to gaze the moon into distance,
死译：one-to-one translation: each SL word has a corresponding TL word.
硬译：word-for-word translation: Transfers SL grammar and word order, as well as the primary meanings of all the SL words, into translation. It is normally effective only for brief simple neutral sentences.
The bright moon light sprinkles on the bed,
As if the frost lays on the ground.
Raise myhead and stare at the moon,
The homesickness attacks me suddenly.
Lowering head to think of the hometown.
In the Still of the Night（直译）
I descry bright moonlight in front ofmy bed.
I suspect it to be hoary frost on the floor.
原文：John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game.
翻译理论与实践[汉译英]汉译英-长句的处理
![翻译理论与实践[汉译英]汉译英-长句的处理](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/78a60c69f01dc281e53af0bd.png)
长句的处理Ⅰ. Put the following long sentences into English, paying attention to their structures.1．我厂生产的112升和145升电冰箱，造型美观，质量可靠，噪音小，耗电少，使用方便安全。
2．当前我们迫切需要有一个装备优良、人员齐备、按照安全保护原则、本着一丝不苟的精神建立起来的先进核能实验室。
3．本厂已有35年生产丝绸服装的历史，其产品远销全球50多个国家和地区。
完全真丝，质量上乘，做工精细，款式新颖，光滑柔和，耐洗耐晒，永不褪色，舒适高雅，女士必备。
如欲购买，尽快联系。
4．本厂产品质量稳定可靠，深受用户欢迎。
从1979年以来，获纺织部和省市奖的产品共达84种。
我们将遵循“质量第一”、“用户至上”的原则，热忱地为用户服务。
5．知识分子是工人阶级中掌握科学文化知识较多的一部分，在改革开放和现代化建设中有着特殊重要的作用。
能不能充分发挥广大知识分子的才能，很大程度上决定着我们民族的盛衰和现代化建设的进程。
6．历史业也已证明，人类对资源的认识、开发和利用的，以及制造生产工具利用资源的能力，是社会生产力发展水平的重要标志，也在一定的程度上决定了一定的社会基本结构和发展形态。
7．信息技术是在微电子、计算机和现代通讯技术基础上发展起来的一门高科技，具有信息采集、传输、处理和信息服务等一系列功能。
现今已能在一片8英寸的芯片上集成5亿个电子元件，其宽度仅为0.2503微米；微机的信息处理速度已达每秒近亿次以上；计算机虚拟技术将大大拓宽信息技术应用的范围。
8．提高我国的科技水平，必须坚持独立自主、自力更生的方针。
但是，独立自主不是闭关自守，自力更生不是盲目排外。
科学技术是人类共同创造的财富。
我们不仅因为今天科技落后才需要向外股学习，即使我们的科学技术赶上了世界先进水平，也还要学习人家的长处。
Key: 1.将“造型美观，质量可靠，噪音小，耗电少，使用方便安全”用一个主谓结构译出。
翻译理论
尤金。
奈达的翻译理论、影响及其评析在中国，奈达的翻译理论在当代西方翻译理论中介绍的最早、最多，影响也最大。
尤金。
A。
奈达（Eugene A.Nida,1914---），美国人，早年师丛著名的教授弗里斯（Charles C.Fries）和布龙菲尔德(Leonard Bloomfield)，并与1943年获语言学博士学位。
毕业后供职与美国圣经协会，终生从事圣经翻译和翻译理论的研究，著作等身，是公认的当代翻译理论的主要奠基人。
他的理论核心思想是功能对等（functional equivalence）.这个名称的前身是动态对等（dynamic equivalence）.后来为避免误解，改为功能对等。
先分析一下为什么要把动态对等改为功能对等呢？奈达对动态对等下了如是的定义：“所谓翻译，是在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先是意义，其次是文体。
”（Nida &Taber,1969）在这一定义中，“切近是指切近原语信息”；“自然”是指译语中的表达方式；“对等”把上述两者结合起来，是对等语（equivalent）,而不是同一语（identity）.在某种意义上来说，强调的是信息对等，而不是形式对应（formal correspondence）。
由这一定义可见，奈达突出了翻译中“内容为主，形式为次”的思想。
奈达的这一思想，引起了不少误解。
认为翻译只翻译内容，不必要顾及语言的表达形式，因此，各种各样的自由译都被冠以“动态对等”。
所以奈达后来在《从一种语言到另一种语言：论圣经翻译中的功能对等》（From one language to another:Functional equivalence in Bible Translation）一书中，把“动态对等”的名称改为“功能对等”。
对于功能对等，奈达又作出了很多的补充，首先对“信息”作了进一步的界定，声明信息不仅包括思想内容，而且也包括语言形式。
卡特福德翻译转换理论
二.“翻译转换” (TRANSLATION SHIFT）理论
➢ “转换” 是指原语进入译语过程中离开形
式的对应。。
层次转换 (level shifts) 转换
范畴转换 (category shifts）
1. 层次转换 (level shifts)
➢ 所谓层次转换是指，处于一种语言层次上的原语单位， 具有处于不同语言层次上的译语等值成分。
“民有，民治，民享的政府”
英语介词
汉语动词
2.3 单位转换（unit shifts） 就是指等级转换（rank shift），即指原语中某 级上一个单位的翻译等值成分为译语不同等级 上的单位这样一种形式对应的脱离。
sentence clause phrase/word group rank word morpheme
➢ 可以是在一种语言中用语法表达在另一种语言中则用词 汇表达。
四个语言层次：语法、的层次转换）
Eg：
She is showing us her PPT。
她正在向我们展示她的ppt。
英语语法形式（现在进行时be doing）可以用 汉语词汇“正在”来表达
2. 范畴转换 (category shifts）
[2]Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications [M]. London &New York: Routledge, 2001: 60-63
[3]林铃.卡特福德翻译转换模式下的翻译研究过程 [A]. 翻译研究， 2009，（5）：74
Eg： I saw you yesterday。主 谓 宾 状
我 昨天 看见 你了。 主 状 谓 宾
8英语翻译之正反译
反说正译法（介词短语）
The child can walk without any help now. 这小孩现在完全能自己走路了。 She came into the room with no shoes on. 她光着脚走进了房间。 The train coming from Moscow will arrive in no time. 来自莫斯科的火车很快就会到达。 Students, with no exception, are to have physical examinations. 今天下午学生统统要进行体检。
She
felt miserable.
她感到心里不舒服。
His key was lost.
他的钥匙不见了。
正说反译法（名词）
This district was in a state of neglect. 这个地方处于无人管理状态。 There is lack of water supply here. 这里供水不足。 He did it just out of ignorance. 他做了此事只是出于无知。
练一练：
8. Would you please undress your overcoat before going in to the room? 请你进房间之前脱掉外衣。 9. Did the child displease you? 孩子让你生气了吗？ 10. Appearance are deceptive. 外表是靠不住的。
正说反译、反说正译法
1、反说正译法（动词） 2、反说正译法（形容词） 3、反说正译法（副词） 4、反说正译法（名词） 5、反说正译法（介词短语）
反说正译法（形容词）
翻译理论—笔译
影响翻译得分的因素
• • • • A. 英、汉语基础不扎实造成理解错误。 B.缺乏相应的背景知识。 C.翻译表达速度过慢。（翻译速度慢） D.句法、措辞、拼写、标点等细节的错误。
翻译实践
原文： 在巴黎，名目繁多的酒会，冷餐会是广交朋 友的好机会。在这种场合陌生人相识，如果是亚 洲人，他们往往开口之前先毕恭毕敬地用双手把 自己的名片呈递给对方，这好像是不可缺少的礼 节。然而，法国人一般却都不大主动递送名片， 双方见面寒暄几句，甚至海阔天空地聊一番也就 各自走开，只有当双方谈话投机，希望继续交往 时，才会主动掏出名片。二话不说先递名片反倒 显得有些勉强。
Lecture 6
A Brief Introduction to Translation Theories (Principles)
Abroad and at Home
翻译实践
原文：
“赋”与“贼” • 过去有个人，识字不多，坐船外出做生意。 一天船停在“江心寺”，他就和同伴一起 下船到寺中闲逛。 • 寺院墙壁上写着“江心赋”三个字。他一 见，慌忙扭头就跑，喊道：“这里有江心 贼，不可久留！”他的同伴说：“不要慌， 这是‘赋’,不是‘贼’。”他摇头回答： “我看有些像‘贼’的样子。”
Assignments
Please do the E-C exercise of 1996 EMT 8 in your translation practice material. Please do the E-C exercise of 1997 EMT 8 in your translation practice material.
turned (round) around hurriedly (hastily/ in a haste/ in a rush) 参考译文： As soon as he saw these（characters/ words）, he turned around hurriedly and began to run,…
英汉翻译-3 翻译的理念
名家翻译理念
主讲人：张鹏
Chapter 3 Translation Theories
严复：信、达、雅 泰特勒：翻译三原则 傅雷：重神似不重形似 许渊冲：美化之艺术，创优似竞赛 尤金 奈达：动态对等
严复：信、达、雅
• In his cradle, Simon started to get training to be a knight. 直译：在摇篮里，Simon就开始为成为骑士而接受训练。 意译：从童年时起， „„ • Talk of the devil and he will appear. 说曹操，曹操就到。 • Sense comes with age. 老马识途。 • One swallow does not make a summer. 一花独放不是春。 • Every dog has his day. 人人都有得意的日子。
尤金 奈达：动态对等
Eugene Nida，美国著名 语言学家、翻译理论家。 著作有：《翻译科学探 索》、《翻译的理论与实 践》、《从一种语言到另 一种语言》、《翻译与语 境》等。他的理念对中国 翻译界有着较深刻的影响。
从动态对等到功能对等
所谓“功能对等”，就是说翻译时不求文字表面的死板对 应，而要在两种语言间达成功能上的对等。为使源语和目 的语的之间的转换有一个标准，减少差异，尤金·奈达从 语言学的角度出发，根据翻译的本质，提出了 “功能对等” 翻译理论。在这一理论中，他指出 “翻译是用最恰当、自 然和对等的语言从语义到文体再现源语的信息” 。奈达指 出，翻译不仅是词汇意义上的对等，还包括语义、风格和 文体的对等，翻译传达的信息既有表层词汇信息，也有深 层的文化信息。
英译汉翻译基础理论教程
Chapter 1General Principles1.1What Is Translation?Translation is a rendering from one language into another, and is the faithful representation in one language of what is written or said in another language. So translation can be roughly defined as a reproduction or recreation。
Being a very complicated human activity, its whole picture is never easy to describe.Scholars with different academic backgrounds have attemted to define it from various perspectives .For example: The fan ,with its modern,elegant,bright and harmoniously,colored design,is an excellent electrical household appliance for cooling purpose on hot days.( 本电扇,款式新颖, 造型大方,色彩鲜艳, 色泽调和,是炎炎夏日用于消暑纳凉的家电精品.) 2,年近而立之年(He is getting on for thirty.); 3 一次得手,再次不愁. (If it worked once, it can work twice.)So translation is also a science, an art, a craft or skill. Translation mainly includes the following aspects: linguistic, cultural literary, semantic, functional and communicative views on it.1)Linguistic Views on TranslationTranslation theorists from the linguistic school conceive of translation as a linguistic activity and some believe that translation theory is a branch of linguistics.E.G.,He helps us finish the project in every field of their endeavor.2)Cultural View on TranslationIn the cultural approach, translation is regarded not only as a transfer of linguistic signs, but also as a communication of cultures, namely, “intercultural communication.”E. G.(1) There are many starred hotels in the city.(2) He has been to “summer resort.”(3) Here is a “folk customs park”.3) Literary Views on TranslationIt is an artistic recreation or recreated art.E. G.They also like to plant red pepper they know pretty well how to make full use of it, either in front of their doors or behind their houses. This is both practical and fine-looking.四川人食辣椒，也爱种植辣椒，门前屋后，见缝插针，既美观又饱口福。
英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译
G. Leech’s seven types of meaning in Semantics: conceptual meaning connotative meaning social meaning affective meaning reflected meaning collocative meaning thematic meaning
4. Judging from the style of expression and affective difference
(1). Wife 妻子、爱人、夫人、老婆、老伴、媳妇、 堂客、内人、贱内、拙荆、家里的 Potato 马铃薯、洋芋、土豆、山药蛋 President: 总统、总裁、主席、董事长、议长、会长、 社长、校长 (2). Winds / red flower / green willow
Word-for-word Correspondence
Marxism = 马克思主义 Aspirin = 阿司匹林 H-beam = 工字梁 o-ring = 环形圈 u-steel = 槽钢 v-belt = 三角皮带 x-brace = 交叉支撑 y-curve = 叉形曲线
Newmark: The chief difficulties in translation are lexical, not grammatical, that is, words, collocation and fixed phrases or idioms; these include neologisms and “unfindable” words. Difficulties with words are of two kinds: a. you do not understand them; b. you find them hard to translate.
英汉翻译历史及理论
西方翻译简史
• 西方最早的翻译理论家是罗马帝国时期的著名 哲学家西赛罗（Cicero）。公元前55年，他首 次提出整体意义应重于单个词的意义，并指出 了修辞在翻译中的重要作用。 • 自西塞罗以来，西方翻译理论围绕直译与意译， 死译与活译，忠实与不忠实，准确与不准确的 问题，被一条绵延不断的线贯穿起来。 • 在古代，昆体良的“与原作竞争”； • 哲罗姆的“文学用意译，《圣经》用直译”； • 奥古斯丁的《圣经》翻译凭“上帝的感召”以 及有关语言符号理论。
国内关于翻译标准的研究历史与现状
对翻译标准问题的探讨历来是中外翻译界 的热点问题。在我国, 翻译标准一直是翻译 理论界讨论的焦点问题。
中国翻译理论简介
• 中国翻译理论，从时间上看，可以分为传 统、现代和当代三个时期。在中国，传统 的翻译理论是指不以西方“现代语言学” 为方法论的翻译理论研究，其具体又可以 分为“发生期”、“发展期”、“成熟 期”、和“转型期”等。这四个时期分别 见证了中国的几大翻译高潮，即东汉至宋 的佛经翻译、明末清初的科技翻译及清末 明初的西学翻译及“五四”新文学翻译。
• 成熟期：成熟期是指传统翻译理论的完善时期，具体表 现在：翻译思想日蓁充实完善，表达方法日益精密得当。 成熟期所对应的乃是西学翻译与“五四”新文学翻译， 以1898年严复的《天演论》为标志，其代表性的译论 有如严复的“信达雅”、林纾的谈译书之难、金岳霖的 “译意”与“译味”、郑振铎的“文学可译”、矛盾的 “文学翻译创造论”、鲁迅的“信译”、傅雷的“神似” 与钱钟书的“化境”等。成熟期的翻译理论研究有几个 特点：翻译理论倾向的文学性质、团体论争的精彩纷呈， 如严复与梁启超等关于翻译的文体、语言的论争；胡适、 刘办农等对于严复、林纾的批评等、大量大翻译家及文 学家的出现，如严复、矛盾、鲁迅、朱生毫等。 • 转型期：转型期是指传统译论的核心问题开始转移的时 期，主要对应于新中国的成立至语言学翻译研究期间的 翻译理论。这一时间的翻译理论相对比较贫瘠。
翻译理论与实践1(英译汉)实战练习 15篇1
翻译理论与实践1（英译汉）实战练习15篇1．The Policy of Mass Media1) Life is indeed full of problems on which we have to make decisions as citizens or as private individual.2) But neither the real difficulty of these decisions nor their true and disturbing challenge to each individual can often be communicated through the mass media.3) The disinclination to suggest real choice which is to be found in the mass media is not simply the product of a commercial desire to keep the customers happy.4) The organs of the Establishment however well—intentioned they may be have a vested interest in ensuring that the public boat is not violently rocked and will so affect those who work within the mass media that they will be led insensibly towards forms of production which though they go through the motions of dispute and inquiry do not break through the skin to where such inquires might really hurt.5) They will tend to move when exposing problems well within the accepted cliché—assumptions of democratic society and will tend neither radically to question these clichés nor to make a disturbing application of them to features of contemporary life2. The American and the English1) Of the intrinsic differences that separate American from English the chief have their roots inthe obvious disparity between the environment and traditions of the American people since the seventeenth century and those of the English.2) The latter have lived under a relatively stable social order and it has impressed upon their souls their characteristic respect for what is customary and of good report.3) Until the World War brought chaos to most of their institutions their whole lives were regulated perhaps more than those of any other people save the Spaniards by a regard for precedent.4) The Americans though partly of the same blood have felt no such restrain and acquired no such habit of conformity.5) On the contrary they have plunged to the other extreme for the conditions of life in their country have put a high value upon the precisely opposite qualities of curiosity and daring and so they acquired that character of restlessness that impatience of forms that disdain of the dead hand which now broadly marks them.3. The Education of Humanists1)The education of humanists cannot be regarded as complete or even adequate without exposure in some depth to where things stand in the various branches of science particularly in the areas of our ignorance.2)Physics professors most of them look with revulsion on assignments to teach their subjects to poets.3) The liberal arts faculties for their parts will continue to view the scientists with suspicion and apprehension. 4) But maybe a new set of courses dealing systematically with ignorance in science will take hold.5) The scientists might discover in it a new and subversive technique for catching the attention of students driven by curiosity delighted and surprised to learn that science is exactly as some scientists described it: an “endless frontier.”6) The humanists for their part might take considerable satisfaction in watching their scientific colleagues confess openly to not knowing everything about everyone.7) And the poets on whose shoulders the future rests might late nights thinking things over begin to see some meanings that elude the rest of us.4. . American Study1) The scientific interest of American history centered in national character and in the workings of a society destined to become bast in which individuals were imp0rtant chiefly as types.2) Although this kind of interest was different from that of European history it was at least as important to the world.3) Should history ever become a true science it must expect to establish its laws not from the complicated story of rival European nationalities but from the economical evolution of a great democracy.4) North America was the most favorable field on the globe for the spread of a society so large uniform and isolated as to answer the purposes of science.5) There a single homogeneous society could easily attain proportions of three or four hundred million persons under conditions of undisturbed growth.6) In Europe or Asia undisturbed social evolution had been unknown.7) Without disturbance evolution seemed to cease.8) Wherever disturbance occurred permanence was impossible.9) Every people in turn adapted itself to the law of necessity.5. Jack London1) Life itself led London to reject this approach in his writing.2) He knew what it meant to be one of the disinheritedto be chained to the deadening routine of the machine and to soul-destroying labor for an insufficient reward.3) Consequently he swept aside not only the literature that pretended that ours is a society of sweetness and light but also that which contended that the inculcation of the spirit of Christian fellowship would put an end to class controversy.4) He did not oppose labor organization nor balk at the strike as a weapon of labor; rather he took his heroes and heroines from the labor movement and wove his plots within their struggles.5) He poured into his writings all the pain of his life the fierce hatred of the bourgeoisie that it had produced in him and the conviction it had brought to him that world could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise up and take the management of society out of the hands of the exploiters.6. President Carter1) President Carter has been calling his closest advisers together for what is called as a hard reappraisal of his administration’s troubles but who will tell him the truth? 2) You can almost put it down as a general rule in this town that presidents often invite “honest criticism” from their aides but seldom get it and usually don’t follow it when they do.3) The reasons for this are not obscure.4) The Oval Office is the most frightening room inAmerica.5) It imposes a kind of respect on most visitors and even those legislative lions who roar against the president on Capital Hill tend to usually lower their voices and follow their prepared speeches when they walk through the White House door.6) Few While House aides dare to say anything against the president without betraying their fears.7) Even Henry Kissinger who is not an excessively modest or silent man hesitated to face President Nixon with the disaster he knew lay ahead.7.On “Mein Kampf”1) Mein Kampf’s the me song recurring again and again is race race purity race supremacy though nowhere did Hitler attempt to define race.2) It was never intended by Nature Hitler claims that all races should be equal any more than individuals are equal.3) Some are created superior to others.4) The Germans as the world’s strongest race should rule over the inferior through having the habitat of the highest race extended and scattered Germanic peoples united under one rule.6) The vast expansion visualized by Hitler would take place principally at the expense of other races.7) To attain the objectives set by his soaring ambition Hitler proposes three methods: propaganda diplomacy and force. 8) Nowhere in Mein Kampf is the author more revealing of himself and his tactics than in his discussionof propaganda techniques—correctly believed by him to be one of the Nazis’ most effective and formidable weapons.8. How to Write Clearly1) I have never had much patience with the writers who claim from the reader an effort to understand their meaning.2) You have only to go to great philosophers to see that it is possible to express with lucidity the most subtle reflections.3) One cause of obscurity is that many writers think not before but as they write.4) The pen originates the thought.5) The disadvantages of this and indeed it is a danger against which the author must be always on his guard is that there is a sort of magic in the written word.6) The idea acquires substance by taking on a visible nature and then stands in the way of its own clarification.7) But this sort of obscurity merges very easily into the willful.8) Some writers who do not think clearly are inclined to suppose that their thoughts have a significance greater than at first sight appears.9) It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reis with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection.9. 1) Of course there is a strong element of luck in both success and failure but it is my belief that there are no “secrets” to success.2) One thing I have discovered is that attitudes and values that I acquired in China long before came to the United States have had a great bearing on the success in my business.3) These values have much in common with some of the virtues of Confucianism the Chinese philosophy that stresses moderation.4) However although I respect the spirit of Confucianism I have not tried to adapt this ancient Chinese philosophy to modern society.5) For besides moderation other things I have found to be essential to success are patience adaptability decisiveness confidence unconventional thinking social responsibility and last luck.6) The importance of these attributes is in their interaction.7) Some of them are antithetical to others—patience will often collide with decisiveness for instance—and yet it is hard to think of any of my decisions in which they did not play a role.10. Tragedy1) Our tragedy today is a general and universal physical fearso long sustained by now that we can even bear it.2) There are no longer problems of the spirit.3) There is only the question:4) When will I be blown up? 5) Because of this the young man or woman writing today has forgotten the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself which alone can make good writing because only that is worth writing about worth the agony and the sweat.6) He must learn them again.7) He must teach himself that the basest of all things is to be afraid; and teaching himself that forget it forever leaving no room in his workshop for anything but the old verities and truths of the heart the universal truths lacking which any story is ephemeral and doomed—love and honor and pity and pride and compassion and sacrifice.8) Until he does so he labors under a curse.9) He writes not of love but of lust of defeats in which nobody loses anything of value of victories without hope and worst of all without pity or compassion.11. The Choice of Life1) The lives of most men are determined by their environment.2) They accept the circumstances amid which fate has thrown them not only with resignation but even with goodwill.3) They are like streetcars running contentedly on their rails and they despise the motorcycle that dashes in and out of the traffic and speeds so jauntily across the open country.4) I respect them; they are good citizens good husbands and good fathers and of course somebody has to pay the taxes; but I don’t find them exciting.5) I am fascinated by the men few enough in all conscience who take life in their own hands and seem to mould it to their own liking.6) It may be that we have no such thing as free will but at all events we gave the illusion of it.7) At a cross-road it does seem to us that we might go either to the right or the left and the choice once made it is difficult to see that whole course of the world’s history obliged us to take the turning we did.12. Science Fiction1) Moreover if SF is the laboratory of the imagination its experiments are often of the kind that may significantly alter the subject matter even as they are being carried out.2) That is SF has always had a certain feedback effect on society as its visions emotionally engage the future consciousness of the mass public regarding especially desirable and undesirable possibilities.3) The shape a society takes in the present is in part influenced byits image of the future.4) For that matter some individuals in recent years have even shaped their own life-style after appealing models provided by SF stories.5) The diffusion of SF futuristic images of alternative societies through the media of movies and television may have speeded up and augmented SF’s social feed back effects.6) Thus SF is not only change speculator but change agent sending an echo from the future that is becoming into the present that is sculpting it.7) This fact alone makes imperative in any education system the study of the kinds of works discussed here.13. 1) Since the 1970s the Chinese community in the USA has undergone tremendous changes among which is its rapid increase in population as many Chinese have kept flooding into America’s shore.3) As the population of the American citize ns of Chinese descent has increased and their qualities have evidently improved so their economic conditions have prospered.4) It is said that since 1986 the US citizens of Chinese descent have leapt to a good lead over other racial minorities Japanese and Koreans for instance.5) The average Chinese family’s yearly income has now come to exceed that of the average American family.6) At present there is a number ofenterprisers of Chinese descent in the economic circles in the US who enjoy considerable fame.7) An even more cheerful phenomenon is that in recent years there have sprung up in the US prominent scientific and technical talents of Chinese descent.8) Their achievements have come to command the notice and admiration of scientists and technical experts in the world.9) Meanwhile Chinese-descent citizens have roles to play in American political circles as they have risen evidently in political status.14. Attitudes towards retirement vary from person to person.2) Some people think that they will enjoy their time in retirement, 3) but when it comes they may feel a little disappointed.4) Unwilling to resign themselves to the prospect of being put on the scrap heap they try to seek alternative outlets for their energies and alternative sources of income that employment can provede.5) Others have already prepared themselves for the significant change in their lives.6) Tired out after all exhausting life revolving around work they are anxious to relax in retirement with all the strains relieved.7) As there is no more need to rush to catch a morning bus and no more anxiety about promotion they now have enough time to fulfill an old dreamsuch as writing painting growing flowers and traveling around.8) On the whole female workers tend to have a more favorable attitude towards retirement than male workers.9) Withdrawal from employment to complete domesticity is a far less threatening experience for a woman than for a man.15. Mr. Zhang a retired miner bought four chicks early this yeae.2) One day he found one of them missing.2) He got so angry that he kept blaming his wife for it all the time.3) Towards evening into his yard came a chick followed by his neighbor Wang who ran to catch the chick.4) Naturally Zhang’s wife wouldn’t let him go with the chick.5) and so a quarrel ensued.6) It turned out that Wang had also lost one of his two chicks recently which he bought nearly the same time as Mr Zhang did.7) Their quarrel drew another neighbor Lee to the yard to see what was happening.8) Having heard the story he put the chick somewhere between their homes and let it off.9) The chick went straight to join Zhang’s flock and kept returning whenever it was driven to Wang’s home.10) And at Zhang’s call “Chick chick” all the chicks including the one in question recede in response to him.11) Wang had no more to say but made an immediate apologize. Thus ended the quarrel over a chick.。
相关翻译理论和翻译技巧
第三章：相关翻译理论和翻译技巧相关翻译理论3.1.1翻译转换理论翻译转换（translation shift）是翻译中的普遍现象，指的是原文译为目的语时发生的语言变化。
“翻译转换”作为术语最早出现在英国学者卡特福德（Catford）的《翻译的语言学理论》中，他认为翻译转换是“偏离形式对等的等值翻译”，并将将翻译定义为:“一种语言(SL) 中的语篇材料被另一种语言( TL) 中等值的语篇材料所取代。
”卡特福德的翻译转换理论是建立在弗斯和韩礼德的语言学模式之上，并借用了韩礼德的系统语法及其对语言“层次”的分类来说明翻译转换现象。
卡特福德的转换理论主要使用了语法和词汇两个层次，单位、结构、类别和系统四个语法范畴。
卡特福德认为，语言是交际性的，在上下文中发挥功能，而且这些功能的发挥通过不同的语言层次( 如语音、词形、语法及词汇) 和级阶( 句子、分句、片语、词及词素等)。
在对“形式对应”( formal correspondence) 和“文本等值”( textual equivalence) 做了区分后，卡特福德认为，既然这两个概念有很大差异，进行翻译转换就是必然的了，翻译转换因而在从源语到目标语的过程中背离了形式对应。
卡特福德进而提出两种转换: 层次转( level shifts) 和范畴转换( category shifts)。
卡特福德翻译转换理论对汉英翻译有很强的指导意义。
1.层次转换所谓层次转换是指处于一种语言层次上的原语单位，具有处于不同语言层次上的译语翻译等值成分。
卡特福德的层次转换包括语音、词形、语法和词汇四个层面，但他认为翻译中惟一可能发生的层次转换就是语法和词汇之间的转移。
也就是说，一种语言的语法项在翻译时可以转换成另一种语言的词汇项，反之亦然。
例如，汉语中的“着”、“了”、“过”等词汇都可以用来英语中的“现在完成时( has/ have done)”和“过去完成时( had done)”这两种时态表达。
翻译理论
Literal Translation（直译）and Liberal / Free Translation（意译）Warming-up: Translation Improvement1. She is in love with him.2. Commit no nuisance.3. I found myself at the foot of a hill.4. 岂有此理。
5. 他这人从来不管什么三七二十一。
她和他在爱中。
不要犯讨厌。
我在一座小山的山脚发现了自己。
There is no such principle. He never cares that three times seven equals to twenty-one.I. Literal TranslationThe so-called literal translation, superficially speaking, means “not to alter the original words and sentences”;strictly speaking, it strives “to keep the sentiments and style of the original”.crocodile’s tears（鳄鱼的眼泪）armed to the teeth（武装到牙齿）gentlemen’s agreement（君子协定）Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor it is a way to make social problem evaporate.⏹Literal: 砸镜子不能使丑八怪变漂亮,也不能使社会问题烟消云散.⏹Free: 砸镜子不能解决实际问题II. Liberal / Free Translation⏹an alternative approach used mainly to convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figures of speech.⏹Free translation is more “TL-oriented” than literal translation.⏹at sixes and sevens 乱七八糟It rains cats and dogs滂沱大雨⏹Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it. 不必自寻烦恼；不要自找麻烦。
中西方翻译理论汇总
Ancient: 三国支谦的“因循本旨，不加文
饰” 东晋释道安的“五失本三不易” 六朝鸠摩罗什的“依实出华” 隋代彦琮提出“八备说” 唐朝玄奘的“五不翻”
Contemporary： 严复：信、达、雅 傅雷：神似论 钱钟书：化境论 鲁迅：宁信而不顺--目的：引入英
TRANSLATION THEORIES IN THE WEST
the ‘pre-linguistics period of translation’ triad: ‘literal’ faithful ‘free’
Translation Studies (since the second half of the 20th century) James S. Holmes (霍姆斯) Van Doorslaer (道斯莱尔)
多元互补论?六朝鸠摩罗什的依实出华?隋代彦琮提出八备说?唐朝玄奘的五不翻?所谓五失本通俗地说就是将原典翻译为汉语时有五种情况易于失去原本的面貌不仅仅是失去原意
TRANSLATION APPRECIATION
Brief Introduction
TRANSLATION THEORIES IN CHINA
Translation
lingual mode (interlingual, intralingual);
media (printed, audiovisual, electronic);
mode (covert/overt translation, direct/indirect translation, mother tongue/other tongue translation, pseudo-translation, retranslation, self-translation, sight translation, etc.);
奈达翻译理论对英译汉的指导
奈达翻译理论对英译汉的指导本文主要讨论奈达理论对翻译实践，主要是英译汉的指导。
文章简要总结了奈达理论的重点内容，介绍了奈达提出的语义范畴和如何利用核心句分析源语表层结构，并以实例说明奈达理论对英译汉的指导意义。
标签：奈达翻译理论意义语义范畴核心句The Guidance of Nida’s Translation Theory on E-C TranslationLi He（English Department，Binhai School of Foreign Affairs of Tianjin Foreign Studies University，Tianjin 300270）Abstract：This paper focuses on the guidance of Nida’s translation theory on the practice of E-C translation. It proves how Nida’s semantic categories and kernel sentences contribute to the analysis of the surface structure of the original and shows how Nida’s theory guides the translation practice with some examples.Key words：Nida’s translation theory；meaning；semantic categories；kernel sentences《翻译理论与实践》顾名思义，是一本理论与实践并举的专著。
奈达博士在1969年的出版前言中提到此书旨在帮助译者掌握理论原理以及在翻译过程中学会如何操作，以此获得一定的实践技巧。
奈达在此书的前两章阐述了他基本的翻译理论，其余章节则构建了一个翻译的操作步骤，即向读者展示怎么做才能得到好的译文。
翻译理论与实践_英译汉
Eugene A. Nida
Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.
talk horse 吹牛
kill the goose that lays the golden eggs 杀鸡取卵 drink like a fish 牛饮 Once the wife of a parson, always the wife of a parson. 嫁鸡随鸡，嫁狗随狗。
翻译理论与实践
英译汉
Translation, Translating, and Translators
What is translation? How to translate? (Behind the techniques) What makes a qualified professional translator?
参考译文
我们到了山顶，云消雾散，只见海港在围 成半圆形的小山丛中，朦朦胧胧，煞是好 看。这一带充满着珍珠似的银灰色，宛如 仙境，无法形容，也无法描绘。空气清新 宜人。这北极地区景色之美，同传统的圣 诞节卡片适成对照，它浓淡交融，光影柔 和，清雅绝俗。
Literal Translation or Free Translation?
Literal Translation and Free Translation
短文翻译 (学生课堂讨论) As we topped the hill, the clouds lifted and the harbour looked most beautiful in its semicircle of hills and half-lights. The colour of a pale pearl grey and of a fairy texture. Quite indescribable and unpaintable, the air crisp and fresh. This Arctic scenery has a beauty which is the exact antithesis of the Christmas card of tradition. Soft, melting half-tones. Nothing brittle or garish.
翻译理论(汉译英)
4)不同的单词对宾补要求不同。汉语的”要求”
英语可为“ask, require，request，denmand。 不同的动词句型则有别。如： 他要求工会帮他度过难关。 a)He asked the trade union to help him get through． b)He demanded that the trade union help him get through． “ask”后可接复台宾语，而"demand”则无此 句型。再如“希望”; c)希望你能帮我一把。 I wish you to lend me a hand I hope you will lend me a hand．
三、汉语中表示命令的句子译成英语时仍是命
令句 a)请把门关上。 Close the door，please． b)先读课文，然后做练习。 Read the text and then do the exercises. 但视情况也可译成省略句等。如： a)不准抽烟。 No smoking(is allowed)． b)不准做弊。 No cheating．
a)母亲常鼓励我学英语。 Mother often encourages me to learn
English. b)我们请他唱一支民歌。 We asked him to sing a folk song． c)什么使得你戒掉了烟? What made you give up smoking? d)他命令士兵晚上行军，白天休息。 He ordered his soldiers to march by day and rest by night．
第二章汉语单句句型的翻译(二)
第一节 兼语式的译法 一个动宾词组和一个主谓词组套在一起，动宾词组的 宾语兼作主谓词组的主语,即“名-动-名-动：”的句式， 汉语中称兼语式。如： 他 叫 我 等一会(He asked me to wait a while) 名-动-名-动： 谓语 复合宾语 兼语式相当于英语的“谓语动词+复合宾语”。接其谓 语动词的特点可分为“使、令”类；“认为……是”类； “原谅、怨、恨”类，翻译时可采用下列几种方式： 1 按英语的SVOC句型将兼语式的第二个动词译成非限 定动词作宾语补足语。“使、令”类兼语式大都可采用 这种译法。如；
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❖ (1)When the boy came back, the old man was asleep in the chair and the sun went down
❖ 孩子回来的时候，老头儿已在椅子上睡着，太阳已经西 沉了。
❖ (2)He was bending his head down，his right hand tightly clenched upon the edge of the bench．
❖ 再比如“past”这个词： ❖ (1)The days are past when Jewish blood could be
shed with impunity. ❖ 可以不受惩罚地屠杀犹太人的时代已一去不复返。
❖ (2)The old man sitting in a chair is a past president. ❖ 坐在椅子上的那位老人是一位卸任的总统。 ❖ (以上两例中past是形容词) ❖ (3)There was no question that Chrysler had a
(8)Time appears to run more slowly for a moving clock than for a clock at rest.
对于正在运动的时钟来说，时间似乎过得比静止的时 钟慢些。
(9)A fifty foot navy boat was waiting at the dock，its diesel motors running.
现在一切取决于我们打这手牌时是否冷静而审 慎。
(6)The clock hands pointed to ten minutes after five.
钟面上的长短针指着五点十分，
(7)At such times great leader should supply the steady hand．
这种时候，一个伟大的领袖应该发挥稳定的作 用。
再比如state这个词，它的名词含义也很多：
(1)Californians buy more imported cars than the residents at any other state．
加利福尼亚人买的进口汽车比其他州多。 (2)Where declining costs do not exist，the
❖ (7)She wolfed the first chocolate bar, downed the second in a fashion more ladylike
❖ 她狼吞虎咽地吃第一块巧克力糖，然后比较文雅地吃 下第二块。
❖ (8)Our baseball team downed Lincoln High School. ❖ 我们的棒球队击败了林肯中学队。 ❖ (以上两例中down是动词)
他们都希望同那统治我们国家的旧制度一刀两断。
(4)The New York Times ran a short two—paragraph story amid financial news．
《纽约时报》在其金融新闻栏中登载了短短的一条两 小段的报道。
(5)There was a greater output of coal than ever，the wonderful and delicate system ran almost perfect
比如hand这个词，仅它的名词解释就有多种：
(1)"Let me see your hands". she said． “让我看看你的手”，她说。 (2)You have made a sore hash of my brig, I haven't
hands enough left to work her． 你把我的船搞得乱七八糟，我已经没有足够的
五十年代初期，美国开始出现巨大的国际收支逆差。 (12)His fingers ran over the keys of the piano． 他手指轻快地在琴键上移动。
(13)He shouldn't run to his parents with every little problem．
他对于我父亲的状况表示了很大的同情，我 确信他是出于诚心的。
(4)Tessa felt herself in a state of delicious wonder.
苔莎觉得自己置身于一个奇异而甜蜜的境界。
(5)Besides，Hetty，suppose you were a wife， now，having married some young man of your own years，and state，and color—Hurry，for instance.
他不该每遇到小小难题就向父母求助。
(14)The horse ran second. 那匹马在比赛中获得第二名。
(15)Can you run this book over to the library for me? 你能替我将这本书带到图书馆去吗? (16)The story runs that school will close early today． 传说今天要提早放学。
一条五十英尺长的海军用船，这时正等在码头上，柴 油机已经发动起来了。
(10)Some plays are so successful that they run for years on end.
有些戏因为演出成功而连续上演几年。
(11)The United States began running substantial balance of payments deficits in the early 1950s.
道理很简单，在现代英语中，一词多类、一词多义的现 象非常普遍。所谓一词多类，就是指一个词往往属于几 个词类，具有几个不同的意义；一词多义是指同一个词 在同一个词类中，义往往具有几个不同的意义。这样， 在翻译时就涉及到一个词义的选择问题。
一、根据词类选择词义
选择某个词的词义时，首先要断定这个词 在原文中应属于哪一种词类。根据词类，再 进一步选择其词义。
❖ (6)I was past knowing what I should do. ❖ 我不知道我该怎么办。 ❖ (以上两例中past是介词)
❖ (7)Now and again a strange bird flew past, otherwise there was no sign of life.
presence of state enterprise is controversial. 在不存在成本递减的地方，对国营企业的存
在是有争论的。
(3)He expressed great gentleness and kindness for my father's state，and I am sure he felt it．
❖ 天上时而飞过一种怪鸟，除此之外就没有任何生命的 痕迹了。
❖ (8)He walked past without noticing me. ❖ 他走过时没有看见我。 ❖ (以上两例中past是副词)
二、根据词的搭配关系确定词义
翻译一个词，由于一词多义，在不同场 合具有不同的意义，这要求我们必须从它 在上下文所处的关系方面去理解，从它与 其他词的搭配关系方面去理解，从而确定 它的词义.
人手来驾驶它了。 (3)He wrote a very nice hand. 他字写得很秀气。
(4)I want to get to know some mill hands. 我想认识几个纱厂工人。
(5)Now everything depended on our playing our hand coolly and deliberately.
❖ (9)He was down on all cards at the middle of the 10th round．
❖ 在第十回合的中途他在所有裁判的卡上分数还是 落后.
❖ (10)He felt down about his failure． ❖ 他因失败而觉得沮丧。
❖ (以上两例中down是形容词)
❖ 他低低地垂着头，右手紧紧抓住了凳子的边缘。
❖ (以上两例中down是副词) ❖ (3)No word was exchanged，and they set out in silence
down the road． ❖ 他们相互都没说话，默默地沿着大路出发了。
❖ (4)Down the corridor，Ted Heath was waiting in his own office，accompanied by his old friend, Lord Aldington．
respectable past. ❖ 毫无疑问，克莱斯勒公司有着光辉的历史。 ❖ (4)Memories of the past filled his mind． ❖ 他的心里满怀着过去的记忆。 ❖ （以上两例中past是名词）
❖ (5)The warm Japanese Current flows past the coast. ❖ 日本暖流流经海岸。
翻译理论与实践
陆凯
英译汉
基本技巧
第一章词义的选择、引伸和褒贬
第一节词义的选择
鲁迅先生曾说过这样一段话：“我向来总以为翻译比创 作容易，因为至少是无须构思。但到真的一译就会遇到 难关，譬如一个名词或动词，写不出创作时可以回避， 翻译上却不成．也还得想，一直弄到头昏眼花，好象在 脑子里摸一个急于要开箱子的钥匙，却没有。严又陵说 ‘一名之立，旬月踌踌’是他的经验之谈，的的确确 的”。鲁迅先生告诉我们，翻译时为了确切表达原文中 的某一个词，往往是煞费苦心的。