文学重要术语
文学批评术语词典
文学批评术语词典
文学批评术语词典是一本汇集了文学批评领域常用术语、概念和理论的专业工具书。
它可以帮助读者更好地理解文学批评的理论基础和实践应用，是文学研究者和爱好者必备的参考书。
以下是文学批评术语词典中收录的一些重要术语：
1. 文本（Text）：指文学作品本身，包括小说、诗歌、戏剧等。
2. 语境（Context）：指文学作品所处的历史、社会、文化背景等。
3. 意图（Intent）：指作者的创作意图，即作者在创作过程中想要表达的思想、情感或主题。
4. 读者反应（Reader Response）：指读者在阅读文学作品时所产生的感受、理解和评价。
5. 形式主义（Formalism）：指将文学作品视为独立自足的文本，忽略其历史、社会和文化背景等外部因素。
6. 符号学（Semiotics）：研究符号系统的科学，涉及语言、文字、图像等符号的生成、传播和解释。
7. 叙事学（Narratology）：研究叙事作品的形式、结构和技巧的科学。
8. 接受美学（Reception Aesthetics）：强调读者在阅读过程中的主体性和创造性，认为作品的意义是在读者的参与下生成的。
9. 结构主义（Structuralism）：将文学作品视为一个整体，研究其内在的结构、关系和规律。
10. 后结构主义（Poststructuralism）：对结构主义的批判和超越，强调个体主体性和文本的开放性。
这只是一小部分文学批评术语的示例，实际上，文学批评领域的术语极为丰富多样。
文学批评术语词典将会对深入理解文学批评的概念和理论提供极大的帮助。
中文文学术语
中文文学术语
1.叙事-指文本中叙述故事的方式和手法，包括时间序列、情感表达、人物塑造等方面。
2. 描写 - 指文本中对人物、物品、场景等进行具体生动的描述，展现出视觉、听觉、嗅觉、味觉等方面的细节。
3. 意象 - 指文本中使用形象的语言表达出来的抽象概念，如比喻、拟人等手法。
4. 比喻 - 指通过对两个事物的相似点进行比较，以达到给读者新的感受或理解的修辞手法。
5. 拟人 - 指将无生命的事物赋予人类的特征和行为，来表达作者的情感或增强作品的艺术效果。
6. 反讽 - 指通过说出与实际相反的话，以表达出作者的反感、批评或嘲讽。
7. 对比 - 指通过对两个相似或不同的事物进行对照，来突出文本中的主题、情感等。
8. 押韵 - 指文本中出现两个或多个音节相同的词汇，以增强诗歌、歌曲等的韵律美感。
9. 音律 - 指文本中音节的节奏、语调、音量等方面的组合，以产生艺术效果。
10. 主旨 - 指文本中的核心思想和主题，是作者所要表达的意义和观点。
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文学术语
文学术语Terms in English Literature1.Allegory (寓言)A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities.寓言，讽喻：一种文学、戏剧或绘画的艺术手法，其中人物和事件代表抽象的观点、原则或支配力。
2.Alliteration (头韵)Alliteration is the repetition of the same initial consonant sound within a line or a group of words.头韵：在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复。
3.Allusion (典故)A reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to.典故：作者对某些读者熟悉并能够做出反映的特定人物，地点，事件，文学作品的引用。
4.Analogy (类比)A comparison made between two things to show the similarities between them.类比：为了在两个事物之间找出差别而进行的比较。
5. Antagonist (反面主角)The principal character in opposition to the protagonist or hero or heroineof a narrative or drama.反面主角：叙事文学或戏剧中与男女主人公或英雄相对立的主要人物。
6. Antithesis (对仗)The balancing of two contrasting ideas, words, or sentences.对仗：两组相对的思想，言辞，词句的平衡。
文学理论教程重点
名词解释1、广义文学：是一切口头或书面语言行为和作品的总称，包括今天所谓文学和政治、哲学、历史、宗教等一般文化形态。
2、狭义文学：是指今日通行的文学，即包括情感、虚构和想象等综合因素的语言艺术行为和作品，如诗歌、小说散文等。
3、折中义文学：介乎广义文学与狭义文学之间而又难以归类的口头或书面语言作品，可以称为折中义文学。
如历史文学、记实文学和某些风格化的政论文。
4、话语：所谓话语是指人与人之间通过语言而从事沟通的具体行为与活动，包括五个要素：说话人、受话人、本文、沟通、语境。
5、话语蕴籍：是对文学活动的特殊的语言与意义状况的概括，指文学作为社会性话语活动蕴涵着丰富的意义生成可能性。
6、文学：文学是显现在话语蕴籍的审美意识形态。
这种审美意识形态是一般意识形态的特殊形式，而一般意识形态又属于社会结构中的上层建筑。
7、艺术发现：指作家在社会生活中积累了一定的社会材料的基础上，依据自己认识生活和评价生活的思想原则和审美趋向，对外在事物进行观察和审视时所得到的一种独特的感知。
8、艺术构思：指作家在材料积累和艺术发现的基础上，在某种创作动机的指导下，以心理活动和艺术概括方式，创造出完整的意象序列的思维过程。
9、情感把握：是文学创造的基本原则之一，要求作家对自己的创造对象做情感性体验和评价。
情感评价是一种主体性的心理过程。
10、形式创造：是文学创造的基本原则之一，要求作家赋予自己的创作对象以艺术形式。
形式创造既体现为对内容的内在结构的把握，又体现为利用语言材料及艺术手段使之呈现出外在形态。
11、典型：典型是西方文论创立的一个概念，发展分为三个阶段。
17世纪以前的类型说；18、19世纪的个性典型说；20世纪之后，西方艺术中心转向，典型研究相对沉寂，但是马克思主义典型说在社会主义国家得到发展，成为中心议题。
文学典型是文学形象的高级形态之一，它比一般形象更有艺术魅力，是文学话语系统中显出特征的富于魅力的性格。
12、特征：特征概念是由德国艺术史家希尔特提出来的，所谓“特征”就是组成本质的那些个别标志。
外国文学名词解释
外国文学名词解释
以下是一些常见的外国文学名词解释：
1. 小说（Novel）：一种长篇故事性的文学形式，通常以虚构的情节和人物为基础。
2. 诗歌（Poetry）：一种以韵律、节奏和表达深层意义为特点的文学形式。
3. 戏剧（Drama）：一种以对话和行动为主要表现手段的文学形式，通常在舞台上演出。
4. 散文（Prose）：一种不受特定韵律和节奏限制的文学形式，通常以故事、评论或描述为主。
5. 自传（Autobiography）：一种以作者自己的生活经历为基础的文学作品。
6. 传记（Biography）：一种以某个人的生平事迹为基础的文学作品。
7. 文学批评（Literary Criticism）：对文学作品进行分析和评价的学术研究领域。
8. 现实主义（Realism）：一种文学流派，强调对现实生活的客观描写和真实性。
9. 浪漫主义（Romanticism）：一种文学流派，强调个人情感、幻想和想象力。
10. 象征主义（Symbolism）：一种文学流派，强调使用象征和隐喻来传达深层意义。
文学术语
1.poetry(un), poem/verse韵文/诗，poet诗人，poetess/woman poet女诗人，poetic有诗意的1.1.epic 史诗, epic writer史诗作者1.2.narrative poem叙事诗1.3.lyric poem抒情诗, lyrical有抒情意味的1.3.1. ode颂，sonnet十四行诗, ballad民谣, folk song民歌 etc.1.4. canto诗章, stanza诗段, line诗行, couplet二行诗段, quatrain四行诗段,etc., rhyme scheme/pattern韵脚, meter/foot音步1.5.iambic抑扬格的，trochaic扬抑格，anapestic抑抑扬格的，etc.2.prose（un）散文, prose writer散文作者, prosaic枯燥乏味的2.1.fiction(un)小说, fictional 虚构的2.1.1. novel长篇小说, novelist小说家2.1.2. novelette/novella中篇小说2.1.3. short story短篇小说2.1.4.viewpoint叙事角，the first-person narrator第一人称叙事角, the third-person narrator第三人称叙事角, the omniscient narrator全知叙事角, character人物protagonist=hero or heroine主角（女主角）,antagonist 反面人物, setting背景（包括地点和时间）2.2.mythology(un)神话, myth神话故事2.3.folk lore（un）民间文学，legend民间传说，folk tale民间故事，fairy tale童话，fable（短篇）寓言故事etc.2.4.essay杂文/散文, essayist杂文作家2.5.literary criticism文学批评, critic评论家2.6.biography传记, biographer传记作家，autobiography自传2.7.prose narrative叙事散文3.drama(un), play戏剧, dramatist/playwright剧作家, dramatic激动人心的3.1.verse drama诗体戏剧, prose drama散文体戏剧3.2. tragedy悲剧, tragedian悲剧作家, tragic 悲惨的3.3. comedy喜剧, comedian戏剧作家, comic/ comical 滑稽好笑的3.4. tragic-comedy悲喜剧3.4.1.act幕, scene场/故事发生地点, dramatis persona(e)戏剧人物, prologue序幕，epilogue尾声，soliloquy(monologue)独白，aside（旁白），stage direction舞台提示，conflict戏剧冲突，climax戏剧高潮，denouement结尾, enter（人物上场）, exit (pl. exeunt)人物退场，clown丑角4. miscellany混合类4.1. literature (n.),文学 literary(a.)文学的，man of letters文学家，romance传奇，allegory有道德教化意义的寓言式作品，satire讽刺作品etc.。
中国文学术语集
中国文学术语集
以下是一些中国文学术语的集合：
1. 诗歌体裁：
- 诗：表达情感、描绘景物和抒发思想的文学形式。
- 词：以短小精悍的形式表达情感的文学形式。
- 曲：以歌唱为主的文学形式。
- 赋：以描写或抒发感情为主的文学形式。
2. 修辞手法：
- 比喻：用一种事物来比喻另一种事物，以增强表达的艺术性和形象性。
- 拟人：赋予非人物以人的特征和行为，增加情感共鸣。
- 夸张：夸大事物的特征或程度，以增强表达的效果。
- 排比：通过列举相同结构的词语或短语来加强表达的力度。
3. 修辞格：
- 对偶：用相同或相似的词语、短语或句子结构来表达对立或相反的意思。
- 反问：用疑问句的形式来表达肯定或否定的意思。
- 押韵：在诗歌中使用相同或相似的音韵来增加韵律感。
4. 现象：
- 平仄：指汉字的声调高低变化。
- 押韵：在诗歌中使用相同或相似的音韵来增加韵律感。
- 韵律：诗歌中的节奏和音乐感。
5. 文学流派：
- 唐诗：盛行于唐朝的诗歌形式，以七言绝句为主要形式。
- 宋词：盛行于宋朝的短小精悍的诗歌形式。
- 元曲：盛行于元朝的戏剧形式，以曲子和对白相结合的形式。
这只是一些中国文学术语的集合，还有许多其他的术语和概念，用于描述和分析中国文学作品和文学创作的特点和风格。
文学术语
文学术语1 反讽又称倒反法、反语，英文名irony,为说话或写作时一种带有讽刺意味的语气或写作技巧，单纯从字面上不能了解其真正要表达的事物，而事实上其真正原本的意义正好是字面上所能理解的意涵的相反，通常需要从上下文或语境来了解其用意。
反讽最明显的特征就是言非所指，也就是一个陈述的实际内涵与它表面意义相互矛盾；从技巧运用上看，可分为夸大叙述、正话反说、诗论等。
其代表作品为德国诗人海森毕特尔的《那又怎样》、浦柏的《论人》、李商隐的《贾生》。
2浪漫主义浪漫主义是文艺的基本创作方法之一，与现实主义同为文学艺术上的两大主要思潮。
在反映客观现实上，侧重从主观内心世界出发，抒发对理想世界的热烈追求，常用热情奔放的语言、瑰丽的想象和夸张的手法来塑造形象。
许多知识分子和历史学家将浪漫主义视为是对于启蒙运动的反弹，是一种对启蒙时代的反思。
启蒙时代的思想家强调演绎推理的绝对性，而浪漫主义则强调直觉、想象力、感觉，甚至到了被一些人批评为“非理性主义”的程度。
它是由欧洲在18世纪晚期至19世纪初期出现的许多艺术家、诗人、作家、音乐家、以及政治家、哲学家等各种人物组成，其详细特征和定义一直到20世纪都仍是思想史和文学史界争议的题材。
其特征主要有：1 偏重于表现主观理想，抒发强烈的个人感情；2 描写自然风光，歌颂大自然；3 酷爱描写中世纪和以往的历史；4 重视民间文学，尤其是中世纪民间文学。
其代表是布莱克、华兹华斯《抒情歌妖姬》、科勒律治、拜伦、雪莱《西风颂》、普希金、贝多芬《第五交响曲》、肖邦、雨果《悲惨世界》、欧文《睡谷传说》、麦尔维尔《白鲸》、司格特《艾凡赫》、屈原《离骚》、李白《将进酒》、郭沫若3 清教主义清教主义起源于英国，在北美得以实践和发展。
其因信称义、天职思想、山巅之城等核心理念虽然构成宗教行为规范要素，却在很大程度上起到了消解禁锢人们思想和行为的主流教会传统的作用，促进了社会世俗化进程。
在早期的美国，推动力个性解放，促成建立现代劳动、职业和财富观，以宗教的理想勾勒出国家未来追求的目标。
文学评论常用的术语
文学评论常用的术语
1. “主题”，就像一部作品的灵魂啊！比如，它那奇幻又深刻的主题，不正是让我们沉浸其中的原因吗？
2. “人物形象”，这可是作品的血肉呀！像孙悟空，那鲜明独特的形象，谁能不记得呢？
3. “情节”，这不就是故事的脊梁嘛！里那跌宕起伏的情节，多吸引人啊！
4. “语言风格”，这简直是作品的外衣呀！张爱玲那细腻华丽的语言风格，多有魅力啊！
5. “意象”，如同作品中的闪光点！古诗中那些美妙的意象，不就是让我们陶醉的所在吗？
6. “象征”，那可是蕴含深意的密码呀！中的红高粱不就象征着生命力吗？
7. “叙事视角”，这是观察故事的眼睛呢！用独特的视角，让我们看到了不一样的世界。
8. “结构”，就像是建筑的框架呀！一部好作品的结构肯定是精巧的，不是吗？
9. “氛围”，是作品的独特气场呀！恐怖小说营造的那种紧张氛围，真让人毛骨悚然！
10. “寓意”，这可是作品的深层内涵呢！里的寓意，多给人启发啊！
我觉得这些文学评论常用术语就像一把把钥匙，能帮我们更好地打开文学作品的大门，深入领略其中的美妙。
文学名词解释
文学名词解释文学名词是用来描述文学作品、文学现象或文学理论的专门术语。
以下是一些常见的文学名词的解释：1. 小说：一种长篇故事性的文学作品，通常包含人物、情节和背景设置。
2. 诗歌：一种利用韵脚、节奏和意象等修辞手法表达思想和情感的文学形式。
3. 戏剧：一种通过角色的对话和行动来表达情节、观点和主题的文学作品，也可以指演出的艺术形式。
4. 散文：一种不使用诗歌形式的散文作品，以叙事、描写和议论为特点。
5. 史诗：一种叙述英雄传奇或重大历史事件的叙事诗歌形式。
6. 寓言：一种通过虚构的故事来传递道德或寓意的文学形式，常常包含人物化的动物或物体。
7. 韵文：一种使用韵脚的诗歌形式。
8. 抒情诗：一种表达作者个人情感和体验的诗歌形式。
9. 叙事诗：一种通过叙述来讲述故事或事件的诗歌形式。
10. 渲染：一种通过描写细节和氛围来表达情感或场景的文学技巧。
11. 刻画：一种通过描写人物的外貌、个性、思想和情感来使其栩栩如生的文学技巧。
12. 比喻：一种通过将一个事物与另一个事物进行类比来传递意义的修辞手法。
13. 暗示：一种通过暗示或间接暗示来传递意义或创造悬念的修辞手法。
14. 反讽：一种通过用词或语气的反差来传递愤怒、嘲笑或讽刺的修辞手法。
15. 典型：一种具有普遍性和代表性的文学人物、情节或主题。
16. 悬念：一种通过悬而未决的情节发展来引发读者的紧张感和好奇心的文学技巧。
17. 主题：一种作品中表达的基本思想、观点或价值观。
18. 道德：一种在作品中传递的道德准则或价值观。
19. 简洁：一种通过言简意赅地表达思想和情感的文学风格。
20. 风格：作家独特的写作方式，包括词语选择、句法结构和修辞手法等。
这些文学名词的解释可以帮助读者更好地理解和欣赏文学作品，同时也可以用于文学研究和批评中。
文学英语词汇大全了解经典文学作品的专业术语
文学英语词汇大全了解经典文学作品的专业术语文学作品是人类智慧与情感的结晶，它们通过语言表达思想，启迪读者的想象力与情感。
作为文学爱好者，了解并掌握相关的文学英语词汇是必不可少的。
本文将介绍一些经典文学作品中常见的专业术语，帮助读者更好地理解文学作品。
一、小说常用词汇1. Protagonist（主角）- 故事的中心人物，通常是发展故事情节的主要推动力。
2. Antagonist（对手）- 与主角相对立的人物，通常是制造冲突和故事发展的阻碍者。
3. Plot（情节）- 故事的基本框架，包括起承转合等不同部分。
4. Setting（背景）- 故事发生的地点和时间背景。
5. Conflict（冲突）- 故事中出现的矛盾和问题，是推动情节发展的驱动力。
6. Theme（主题）- 故事的核心思想或主旨。
7. Foreshadowing（暗示）- 在故事中提前暗示后续发展的情节或事件。
8. Symbolism（象征主义）- 通过特定的符号或象征来传递更深层次的意义。
9. Irony（讽刺）- 用逆转的手法展示出与表面相反的结果或意义。
10. Point of view（视角）- 故事叙述的角度，可以是第一人称、第三人称等。
二、诗歌专业术语1. Rhyme（押韵）- 诗歌中相邻句子或词语的音韵相同或相似。
2. Meter（韵律）- 诗歌中由重音和轻音组成的节奏。
3. Stanza（诗节）- 诗歌中的一组排列整齐的行。
4. Simile（明喻）- 通过使用"like"或"as"来进行比喻的修辞手法。
5. Metaphor（隐喻）- 直接将一个事物比作另一个事物的修辞手法。
6. Personification（拟人）- 赋予非人事物以人类特征的修辞手法。
7. Alliteration（头韵）- 诗句中多个字母或音节以相同的辅音开头。
8. Assonance（押韵）- 诗句中多个字母或音节以相同的元音结尾。
文学术语
文学术语Terms in English Literature1.Allegory (寓言)A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities.寓言，讽喻：一种文学、戏剧或绘画的艺术手法，其中人物和事件代表抽象的观点、原则或支配力。
2.Alliteration (头韵)Alliteration is the repetition of the same initial consonant sound within a line or a group of words.头韵：在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复。
3.Allusion (典故)A reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to.典故：作者对某些读者熟悉并能够作出反映的特定人物，地点，事件，文学作品的引用。
4.Analogy (类比)A comparison made between two things to show the similarities between them. 类比：为了在两个事物之间找出差别而进行的比较。
5. Antagonist (反面主角)The principal character in opposition to the protagonist or hero or heroine of a narrative or drama.反面主角：叙事文学或戏剧中与男女主人公或英雄相对立的主要人物。
6. Antithesis (对仗)The balancing of two contrasting ideas, words, or sentences.对仗：两组相对的思想，言辞，词句的平衡。
文学理论术语小辞典
文学理论术语小辞典（仅供内部参考使用）目录目录 (I)1 ．文学四要素 (1)2 ．摹仿说 (1)3 ．观物取象说 (1)4 ．表现说 ......................................................................................................... 15 ．言志说 (1)6 ．文学本体论 (1)7 ．劳动说 (1)8 ．不平衡说 (1)9 ．循环说 (1)10 ．文学三义 (1)11 ．话语 (1)12 ．审美无功利性 (2)13 ．直觉 (2)14 ．文学的审美意识形态性质 (2)15 ．文学的双重性质 (2)16 ．话语蕴藉 (2)17 ．含蓄与含混 (2)18 ．文学 (2)19 ．文学创造材料 (2)20 ．艺术发现 (2)21 ．创作动机 (2)22 ．艺术构思 (2)23 ．回忆与沉思 (2)24 ．想象与联想 (3)25 ．灵感与直觉 (3)26 ．理智与情感 (3)27 ．意识与无意识 (3)28 ．综合 (3)29 ．突出和简化 (3)30 ．变形与陌生化 (3)31 ．即兴与推敲 (3)32 ．现实型文学 (4)33 ．理想型文学 (4)34 ．象征型文学 (4)35 ．浪漫主义文学 (4)36 ．现实主义文学 (4)37 ．象征主义文学 (4)38 ．现代主义文学 (4)39 ．诗 (4)40 ．小说 (4)41 ．剧本 (4)42 ．散文 ........................................................................................................... 543 ．报告文学 (5)44 ．文学本文三层次 (5)45 ．文学话语的特征 (5)46 ．文学形象及其特征 (5)47 ．文学意蕴及其层次 (5)48 ．文学典型 (5)49 ．文学意境 (5)50 ．情景交融 (5)51 ．虚实相生 (5)52 ．韵味无穷 (6)53 ．审美意象 (6)54 ．叙事 (6)55 ．叙事的构成 (6)56 ．本文时间和故事时间 (6)57 ．时序 (6)58 ．时长 (6)59 ．频率 (6)60 ．叙述视角 (6)61 ．叙述动作 (6)62 ．叙述者 (6)63 ．拟想接受者 (6)64 ．抒情及其特征 (7)65 ．宣泄 (7)66 ．抒情内容与抒情话语 (7)67 ．声与情 (7)68 ．景与情 (7)69 ．抒情方式 (7)70 ．抒情角色 (8)71 ．风格 (8)72 ．创作个性 (8)73 ．话语情境 (8)74 ．文学风格的特性 (8)75 ．文学风格的形态 (8)76 ．文学消费的二重性 (8)77 ．期待视野 (8)78 ．接受动机 (8)79 ．接受心境 (8)80 ．隐含的读者 ............................................................................................... 881 ．填空、对话与兴味 .. (8)82 ．还原与异变 (9)83 ．理解与误解 (9)84 ．期待遇挫 (9)85 ．共鸣 (9)86 ．净化 (9)87 ．领悟 (9)88 ．延留 (9)1 ．文学四要素。
语文的相关专业名词
语文的相关专业名词
以下是一些常见的语文相关专业名词：
1. 语文：又称语言文字或语言文学，是语言和文学的统称，包括口头语言和书面语言。
2. 文学作品：指用语言文字表现的作品，包括小说、诗歌、散文、戏剧等。
3. 文化：指人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和，包括知识、艺术、宗教、风俗习惯等。
4. 词汇：指语言中所有的词和固定词组的总和，是语言的基本单位。
5. 语法：指语言中词和句子的组织规律和结构规则，包括词的构成、句子构成、句子组合等。
6. 修辞：指语言的使用技巧和艺术，包括比喻、比拟、排比、反复等。
7. 语言学：指研究语言的学科，包括语音学、语义学、语法学、语用学等。
8. 文学批评：指对文学作品进行分析、评价和研究的学科，包括文学批评理论、批评方法、批评实践等。
9. 文化人类学：指研究人类社会和文化现象的学科，包括文化比较、文化演变、文化功能等。
10. 古籍文献学：指研究古代文献和文化遗产的学科，包括古籍整理、古籍校勘、古籍注释等。
以上仅是语文相关专业名词的一部分，如果您需要更具体的信息，建议您可以参考相关的语言学、文学、文化等领域的著作或专业教材。
文学术语汇编简化版
文学术语汇编(考研用)11. Literature of the absurd: (荒诞派文学)2. Theater of the absurd: (荒诞派戏剧)3. Black comedy or black humor: (黑色幽默)文学术语汇编24. Aestheticism or the Aesthetic Movement（唯美主义）:5. Allegory（寓言）:6. Fable（寓言）:7. Parable（寓言）:(注意以上三个词在汉语中都翻译成语言，但是内涵并不相同，不要搞混)8. Alliteration（头韵）: 9. Consonance 10. Assonance11. Allusion （典故）12. Ambiguity（复义性）:文学术语汇编313. Antihero（反英雄）：14. Antithesis（对照）：15. Archaism（拟古）：16. Atmosphere（氛围）:文学术语汇编417. Ballad（民谣）：18. Climax：19. Anticlimax（突降）：20. Beat Generation（垮掉一代）：文学术语汇编521. Biography（传记）：22. Autobiography（自传）：23. blank verse （无韵诗，素体诗（不押韵的五音步诗行））24. A parody（模仿）文学术语汇编625. Celtic Revival also known as the Irish Literary Renaissance （爱尔兰文艺复兴）26. Characters（人物）27. Chivalric Romance (or medieval romance) （骑士传奇或中世纪传奇）28. Comedy:（喜剧）29. Farce （闹剧）30. Confessional poetry（自白派诗歌）31. Critical Realism:（批判现实主义）32. Drama: （戏剧）文学术语汇编733. Dramatic Monologue:（戏剧独白）34. Elegy（哀歌或挽歌）：35. Enlightenment（启蒙运动）：36. Epic（史诗）：37. Epiphany:（顿悟）38. Epithet: （绰号，诨名）39. Essay:（散文）40. Euphemism（委婉语）: 41. Expressionism（表现主义）：42. Free verse（自由体诗）：文学术语汇编843. Gothic novel:44. Graveyard poets（墓园派诗人）:45. Harlem Renaissance（哈莱姆文艺复兴）：46. Heroic Couplet（英雄双韵体）47. Hyperbole（夸张）:49. Imagism（意象派）：50. Irony（反讽）：51. Local Colorism（地方色彩）52. Lyric（抒情诗）：。
文学术语
1、知我者，谓我心忧，不知我者，谓我何求。
（诗经王风黍离）2、人而无仪，不死何为。
（诗经风相鼠）3、言者无罪，闻者足戒。
（诗经大序）4、他山之石，可以攻玉。
（诗经小雅鹤鸣）5、投我以桃，报之以李。
（诗经大雅抑）6、天作孽，犹可违，自作孽，不可活。
（尚书）7、满招损，谦受益。
（尚书大禹谟）8、从善如登，从恶如崩。
（国语）9、多行不义必自毙。
（左传）10、居安思危，思则有备，有备无患。
（左传）11、人非圣贤，孰能无过？过而能改，善莫大焉。
（左传）12、知人者智，自知者明。
（老子）13、信言不美，美言不信。
（老子）14、祸兮福之所倚，福兮祸之所伏。
（老子）15、合抱之木，生于毫末；九层之台，起于累土；千里之行，始于足下。
（老子）16、敏而好学，不耻下问。
（论语公冶长）17、己所不欲，勿施于人。
（论语颜渊）18、工欲善其事，必先利其器。
（论语卫灵公）19、君子坦荡荡，小人长戚戚。
（论语述而）20、岁寒，然后知松柏之后凋也。
（论语子罕）21、学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。
（论语为政）22、知者不惑，仁者不忧，勇者不惧。
（论语子罕）23、人谁无过？过而能改，善莫大焉。
（论语）24、知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也。
（论语为政）25、知之者不如好之者，好之者不如乐之者。
（论语雍也）26、其身正，不令而行；其身不正，虽令不从。
（论语子路）27、三人行，必有我师焉：择其善而从之，其不善者而改之。
（论语述而）28、大道之行，天下为公。
（礼记礼运）29、凡事预则立，不预则废。
（礼记中庸）30、学然后知不足，教然后知困。
（礼记学记）31、玉不琢，不成器；人不学，不知道。
（礼记学记）32、路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索。
（屈原离骚）33、尺有所短，寸有所长。
（楚辞卜居）34、尽信书，不如无书。
（孟子尽心下）35、生于忧患，死于安乐。
（孟子告子下）36、得道多助，失道寡助。
（孟子公孙丑）37、民为贵，社稷次之，君为轻。
（孟子尽心上）38、穷则独善其身，达则兼济天下。
现当代名词术语
现当代文学名词术语1文学革命：2新文化运动：1915年9月，陈独秀创办《新青年》杂志，揭开了新文化运动的序幕。
新文化运动的主要代表人物有陈独秀、李大钊、胡适等。
新文化运动高举民主、科学的旗帜，批判旧思想、旧文化、旧道德，提倡新思想、新文化、新道德；提倡文学革命；提出了“打到孔家店”的口号。
新文化运动是对西方资本主义思想文化的进一步传播，为马克思主义在中国的传播创造了条件。
3《新青年》杂志：中国现代文学史、文化思想上最重要的刊物。
1915年创刊于上海，原名《青年杂志》，陈独秀主编。
“五四”前后以《新青年》为主要阵地，同时进行了新文化运动和文学改革运动。
创刊号发表的《敬告青年》提出了民主、科学的反封建思想的革命主张，1917年初发表了胡适的《文学改良刍议》、陈独秀的《文学革命论》，正式掀起文学革命。
1918年5月，现代文学史上第一篇白话小说《狂人日记》发表于其上。
该刊还广泛译介外国文学。
1920年9月，它成为上海共产主义小组机关刊物，1926年终刊。
4“三大主义”：陈独秀1917年在《新青年》上发表了《文学革命论》，号召推倒旧文学，提出“三大主义”；推倒雕琢的阿谀的贵族文学，建设平易的抒情的国民文学；推倒陈腐的铺张的古典文学，建设新鲜的立诚的写实文学；推倒迂晦的艰涩的山林文学，建设明了的通俗的社会文学。
5新月社：1923年在北京徐志摩、闻一多、梁实秋、胡适等发起聚会，成员较复杂，文人、银行家、政客、交际花都有。
1924年夏成立了新月社，主要成员有胡适、徐志摩、闻一多、梁实秋等。
1933年消亡。
新月社是自由主义作家的文学团体，影响大，倾向复杂，受西方唯美主义文艺思潮影响较深，他们倡导新格律诗。
主要探讨新格律诗的创作，对新诗进行了有意义的创作实践和理论探讨，推动了新诗形式上的发展和繁荣。
6语丝社：语丝社”是中国现代文学社团，因编辑出版《语丝》周刊得名，没有明确的组织机构，一般指刊物语丝社的编辑者及主要撰稿人。
文学术语汇编
文学术语汇编11.Literature of the absurd: (荒诞派文学) The term is applied to a number of works in drama and prose fiction which have in common the sense that the human condition is essentially absurd, and that this condition can be adequately represented only in works of literature that are themselves absurd. The current movement emerged in France after the Second World War, as a rebellion against essential beliefs and values of traditional culture and traditional literature. They hold the belief that a human being is an isolated existent who is cast into an alien universe and the human life in its fruitless search for purpose and meaning is both anguish and absurd.2.Theater of the absurd: (荒诞派戏剧) belongs to literature of the absurd. Two representatives of this school are Eugene Ionesco, French author of The Bald Soprano (1949) (<秃头歌女>), and Samuel Beckett, Irish author of Waiting for Godot (1954) (<等待戈多>). They project the irrationalism, helplessness and absurdity of life in dramatic forms that reject realistic settings, logical reasoning, or a coherently evolving plot.3.Black comedy or black humor: (黑色幽默) it mostly employed to describe baleful, naïve, or inept characters in a fantastic or nightmarish modern world playing out their roles in what Ionesco called a “tragic farce”, in which the events are often simultaneously comic, horrifying, and absurd. Joseph Heller’s Catch-22 (美国著名作家约瑟夫海勒<二十二条军规>) can be taken as an example of the employment of this technique.文学术语汇编24. art for art’s sake: or the Aesthetic Movement（唯美主义）: it began to prevail in Europe at the middle of the 19th century. The theory of “art for art’s sake” was first put forward by some French artists. They declared that art should serve no religious, moral or social purpose. The two most important representatives of aestheticists in English literature are Walt Pater and Oscar Wilde.5. Allegory（寓言）: a tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities, such as John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Prog ress. An allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.6. Fable（寓言）: is a short narrative, in prose or verse, that exemplifies an abstract moral thesis or principle of human behavior. Most common is the beast fable, in which animals talk and act like the human types they represent. The fables in Western cultures derive mainly from the stories attributed to Aesop, a Greek slave of the sixth century B. C.7. Parable（寓言）: is a very short narrative about human beings presented so as to stress analogy with a general lesson that the narrator is trying to bring home to his audience. For example, the Bible contains lots of parables employed by Jesus Christ to make his flock understand his preach.8. Alliteration（头韵）: the repetition of the initial consonant sounds. In Old English alliterative meter, alliteration is the principal organizing device of the verse line, such as in Beowulf.9. Consonance is the repetition of a sequence of two or more consonants but with a change in the intervening vowel, such as “live and love”.10. Assonance is the repetition of identical or similar vowel, especially in stressed syllables, in a sequence of nearby words, such as “child of silence”.11. Allusion （典故）is a reference without explicit identification, to a literary or historical person, place, or event, or to another literary work or passage. Most literary allusions are intended to be recognized by the generally educated readers of the author’s time, b ut some are aimed at a specialgroup.12. Ambiguity（复义性）: Since William Empson（燕卜荪）published Seven Types of Ambiguity （《复义七型》）, the term has been widely used in criticism to identify a deliberate poetic device: the use of a single word or expression to signify two or more distinct references, or to express two or more diverse attitudes or feeling.文学术语汇编313. Antihero（反英雄）：the chief character in a modern novel or play whose character is totally different from the traditional heroes. Instead of manifesting largeness, dignity, power, or heroism, the antihero is petty, passive, ineffectual or dishonest. For example, the heroine of Defoe’s Moll Flanders is a thief and a prostitute.14. Antithesis（对照）：(a figure of speech)An antithesis is often expressed in a balanced sentence, that is, a sentence in which identical or similar syntactic structure is used to express contrasting ideas. For example, “Marriage has many pains, but celibacy（独身生活）has no pleasures.” by Samuel Johnson obviously employs antithesis.15. Archaism（拟古）：the literary use of words and expressions that have become obsolete in the common speech of an era. For example, the translators of the King James Version of Bible gave weight and dignity to their prose by employing archaism.16. Atmosphere（氛围）: the prevailing mood or feeling of a literary work. Atmosphere is often developed, at least in part, through descriptions of setting. Such descriptions help to create an emotional climate to establish the reader’s expectations and attitudes.文学术语汇编417. Ballad（民谣）：it is a song, transmitted orally, which tells a story. It originated and was communicated orally among illiterate or only partly literate people. It exists in many variant forms. The most common stanza form, called ballad stanza is a quatrain in alternate four- and three-stress lines; usually only the second and fourth lines rhyme. Although many traditional ballads probably originated in the late Middle Age, they were not collected and printed until the eighteenth century.18. Climax：as a rhetorical device it means an ascending sequence of importance. As a literary term, it can also refer to the point of greatest intensity, interest, or suspense in a story’s turning point. The action leading to the climax and the simultaneous increase of tension in the plot are known as the rising action. All action after the climax is referred to as the falling action, or resolution. The term crisis is sometimes used interchangeably with climax.19. Anticlimax（突降）：it denotes a writer’s deliberate drop from the serious and elevated to the trivial and lowly, in order to achieve a comic or satiric effect. It is a rhetorical device in English. 20. Beat Generation（垮掉一代）：it refers to a loose-knit group of poets and novelists, writing in the second half of the 1950s and early 1960s, who shared a set of social attitudes – antiestablishment, antipolitical, anti-intellectual, opposed to the prevailing cultural, literary, and moral values, and in favor of unfettered self-realization and self-expression. Representatives of the group include Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac and William Burroughs. And most famous literary creations produced by this group should be Allen Ginsberg’s long poem Howl and Jack Kerouac’s On the Road.文学术语汇编521. Biography（传记）：a detailed account of a person’s life written by another person, such a s Samuel Johnson’s Lives of the English Poets and James Boswell’s Life of Samuel Johnson.22. Autobiography（自传）：a person’s account of his or her own life, such as Benjamin Franklin’s autobiography.23. Blank verse（无韵体）: Verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. It is the verse form used in some of the greatest English poetry, including that of William Shakespeare and John Milton. 24. A parody（模仿）imitates the serious manner and characteristic features of a particular literary work, or the distinctive style of a particular author, or the typical stylistic and other features of a serious literary genre, and deflates the original by applying the imitation to a lowly or comically inappropriate subject.文学术语汇编625. Celtic Revival also known as the Irish Literary Renaissance （爱尔兰文艺复兴）identifies the remarkably creative period in Irish literature from about 1880 to the death of William Butler Yeats in 1939. The aim of Yeats and other early leaders of the movement was to create a distinctively national literature by going back to Irish history, legend, and folklore, as well as to native literary models. The major writers of this movement include William Butler Yeats, Lady Gregory, John Millington Synge and Sean O’Casey and so on.26. Characters（人物）are the persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from the dialogues, actions and motivations. E. M. Forster divides characters into two types: flat character, which is presented without much individualizing detail; and round character, which is complex in temperament and motivation and is represented with subtle particularity.27. Chivalric Romance (or medieval romance) （骑士传奇或中世纪传奇）is a type of narrative that developed in twelfth-century France, spread to the literatures of other countries. Its standard plot is that of a quest undertaken by a single knight in order to gain a lady’s favor; frequently its central interest is courtly love, together with tournaments fought and dragons and monsters slain. It stresses the chivalric ideals of courage, loyalty, honor, mercifulness to an opponent, and elaborate manners.28. Comedy:（喜剧）in general, a literary work that ends happily with a healthy, amicable armistice between the protagonist and society.29. Farce （闹剧）is a type of comedy designed to provoke the audience to simple and hearty laughter. To do so it commonly employs highly exaggerated types of characters and puts them into improbable and ludicrous situations.30. Confessional poetry（自白派诗歌）designates a type of narrative and lyric verse, given impetus by Robert Lowell’s Life Studies, which deals with the facts and intimate mental and physical experiences of the poet’s own li fe. Confessional poetry was written in rebellion against the demand for impersonality by T. S. Elliot and the New Criticism. The representative writers of confessional school include Robert Lowell, Anne Sexton and Sylvia Plath and so on.31. Critical Realism:（批判现实主义）The critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the fouties and in the beginning of fifties. The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils. Representative writers of this trend include Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray and so on.32. Drama:（戏剧）The form of composition designed for performance in the theater, in whichactors take the roles of the characters, perform the indicated action, and utter the written dialogue. (The common alternative name for a dramatic composition is a play.)文学术语汇编733. Dramatic Monologue:（戏剧独白）a monologue is a lengthy speech by a single person. Dramatic monologue does not designate a component in a play, but a type of lyric poem that was perfected by Robert Browning. By using dramatic monologue, a single person, who is patently not the poet, utters the speech that makes up the whole of the poem, in a specific situation at a critical moment. For example, Robert Browning’s famous poem “My Last Duchess” was written in dramatic monologue.34. Elegy（哀歌或挽歌）：a poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual. An elegy isa type of lyric poem, usually formal in language and structure, and solemn or even melancholy in tone.35. Enlightenment（启蒙运动）：The name applied to an intellectual movement which developed in Western Europe during the seventeenth century and reached its height in the eighteenth. The common element was a trust in human reason as adequate to solve the crucial problems and to establish the essential norms in life, together with the belief that the application of reason was rapidly dissipating the remaining feudal traditions. It influenced lots of famous English writers especially those neoclassic writers, such as Alexander Pope.36. Epic（史诗）：it is a long verse narrative on a serious subject, told in a formal and elevated style, and centered on a heroic or quasi-divine figure on whose actions depends the fate of a tribe, a nation, or the human race.37. Epiphany:（顿悟）In the early draft of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, James Joyce employed this term to signify a sudden sense of radiance and revelation that one may feel while perceiving a commonplace object. “Epiphany” now has become the standard term for the description, frequent in modern poetry and prose fiction, of the sudden flare into revelation of an ordinary object or scene.38. Epithet（移就）: as a term in criticism, epithet denotes an adjective or adjectival phrase used to define a distinctive quality of a person or thing. This method was widely employed in ancient epics. For example, in Homer’s epic, the epithet like “the wine-dark sea” can be found everywhere.39. Essay:（散文）any short composition in prose that undertakes to discuss a matter, express a point of view, persuade us to accept a thesis on any subject, or simply entertain. The essay can be divided as the formal essay and the informal essay (familiar essay).40. Euphemism（委婉语）: An inoffensive expression used in place of a blunt one that is felt to be disagreeable or embarrassing, such as “pass away” instead of “die”41. Expressionism（表现主义）：a German movement in literature and the other arts which was at its height between 1910 and 1925 – that is, in the period just before, during, and after WWⅠ. The expressionist artist or writer undertakes to express a personal vision – usually a troubled or tensely emotional vision – of human life and human society. This is done by exaggerating and distorting. We recognize its effects, direct or indirect, on the writing and staging of such plays as Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman as well as on the theater of the absurd.42. Free verse（自由体诗）：Like traditional verse, it is printed in short lines instead of with the continuity of prose, but it differs from such verse by the fact that its rhythmic pattern is notorganized into a regular metrical form – that is, into feet, or recurrent units of weak and strong stressed syllables. Most free verse also has irregular line lengths, and either lacks rhyme or else uses it only occasionally. Walt Whitman is a representative who employed this poem form successfully.文学术语汇编843. Gothic novel:（哥特式小说）It is a type of prose fiction. The writers of this type of fictions mostly set their stories in the medieval period and in a Catholic country, especially Italy or Spain. The locale was often a gloomy castle. The typical story focused on the sufferings imposed on an innocent heroine by a cruel villain. This type of fictions made bountiful use of ghosts, mysterious disappearances, and other supernatural occurrences. The principle aim of such novels was to evoke chilling terror and the best of this type opened up to the fiction the realm of the irrational and of the perverse impulses and nightmarish terrors that lie beneath the orderly surface of the civilized mind. Some famous novelists liked to employ some Gothic elements in their novels, such as Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights.44. Graveyard poets（墓园派诗歌）: A term applied to eighteenth-century poets who wrote meditative poems, usually set in a graveyard, on the theme of human mortality, in moods which range from pensiveness to profound gloom. The vogue resulted in one of the most widely known English poems, Thomas Gray’s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”.45. Harlem Renaissance（哈莱姆文艺复兴）：a period of remarkable creativity in literature, music, dance, painting, and sculpture by African-Americans, from the end of the First World War in 1917 through the 1920s. As a result of the mass migrations to the urban North in order to escape the legal segregation of the American South, and also in order to take advantage of the jobs opened to African Americans at the beginning of the War, the population of the region of Manhattan known as Harlem became almost exclusively Black, and the vital center of African American culture in America. Distinguished writers who were part of the movement included Langston Hughes and Jean Toomer. The Great Depression of 1929 and the early 1930s brought the period of buoyant Harlem culture –which had been fostered by prosperity in the publishing industry and the art world – effectively to an end.46. Heroic Couplet（英雄双韵体）refers to lines of iambic pentameter which rhyme in pairs: aa, bb, cc, and so on. The adjective “heroic” was applied in the later seventeenth century because of the frequent use of such couplets in heroic poems and dramas. This verse form was introduced into English poetry by Geoffrey Chaucer. From the age of John Dryden through that of Samuel Johnson, the heroic couplet was the predominant English measure for all the poetic kinds; some poets, including Alexander Pope, used it almost to the exclusion of other meters.47. Hyperbole（夸张）:this figure of speech called hyperbole is bold overstatement, or the extravagant exaggeration of fact or of possibility. It may be used either for serious or ironic or comic effect.48. Understatement（轻描淡写）：this figure of speech deliberately represents something as very much less in magnitude or importance than it really is, or is ordinarily considered to be. The effect is usually ironic.49. Imagism（意象派）：it was a poetic vogue that flourished in England, and even more vigorously in America, between the years 1912 and 1917. It was planned and exemplified by a group of English and American writers in London, partly under the influence of the poetic theory of T. E.Hulme, as a revolt against the sentimental and mannerish poetry at the turn of the century. The typical Imagist poetry is written in free verse and undertakes to be as precisely and tersely as possible. Meanwhile, the Imagist poetry likes to express the writers’ momentary impression of a visual object or scene and often the impression is rendered by means of metaphor without indicating a relation. Most famous Imagist poem, “In a Station of the Metro”, was written by Ezra Pound. Imagism was too restrictive to endure long as a concerted movement, but it influenced almost all modern poets of Britain and America.50. Irony（反讽）：This term derives from a character in a Greek comedy. In most of the modern critical uses of the term “irony”, there remains the root sense of dissembling or hiding what is actually the case; not, however, in order to deceive, but to achieve rhetorical or artistic effects. 51. Local Colorism（地方色彩）was a literary trend belonging to Realism. It refers to the detailed representation in prose fiction of the setting, dialect, customs, dress and ways of thinking and feeling which are distinctive of a particular region. After the Civil War a number of American writers exploited the literary possibilities of local color in various parts of America. The most famous representative of local colorism should be Mark Twain who took his hometown near the Mississippi as the typical setting of nearly all his novels.52.Lyric（抒情诗）：in the most common use of the term, a lyric is any fairly short poems consisting of the utterance by a single speaker, who expresses a state of mind or a process of perception, thought and feeling.53 回答问题Romanticism: In the most abstract terms, Romanticism may be regarded as the triumph of the values of imaginative spontaneity, visionary originality, wonder, and emotional self-expression over the classical standards of balance, order, restraint, proportion, and objectivity. Its name derives from romance, the literary form in which desires and dreams prevail over everyday realities.54 Byronic hero, characteristic of or resembling *Byron or his poetry; that is, contemptuous of and rebelling against conventional morality, or defying fate, or possessing the characteristics of Byron's romantic heroes, or imitating his dress and appearance; as *Meredith describes it, 'posturing statuesque pathetic'; or in the words of *Macaulay, 'a man proud, moody, cynical, with defiance on his brow, and misery in his heart, a scorner of his kind, implacable in revenge, yet capable of deep and strong affection'.55 回答问题Realism stressed 'sincerity' as opposed to the 'liberty' proclaimed by the Romantics; it insisted on accurate documentation, sociological insight, an accumulation of the details of material fact, an avoidance of poetic diction, idealization, exaggeration, melodrama, etc.; and subjects were to be taken from everyday life, preferably from lower-class life. This emphasis clearly reflected the interests of an increasingly positivist and scientific age.。
[整理版]文学类文本阅读常用术语
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文学类文本阅读常用术语一、常用术语文学作品的表达技巧，是指作家运用了哪些写作原则、规律和方法来塑造文学形象和表现作品的内容的。
具体来说，对文章的表达技巧的分析主要指：一是作家在表达方式运用上的技巧和文体知识运用方面的技巧，二是修辞手法的运用和其他相关写作方面的技巧。
从高考试题来看，对表达技巧的考查不但要求学生判断某种表达技巧是什么，而且要求赏析其表达的作用。
(一)叙述人称1.第一人称：叙述亲切自然，能自由地表达思想感情，给读者以真实生动之感。
2.第二人称：增强文章的抒情性和亲切感，便于感情交流。
3.第三人称：能比较直接客观地展现丰富多彩的生活，不受时间和空间限制，反映现实比较灵活自由。
(二)叙述方式1.顺叙：能按某一顺序(时间或空间)较清楚地进行记叙。
2.倒叙：造成悬念，引人入胜。
3.插叙：对主要情节或中心事件做必要的铺垫照应，补充说明，使情节更加完整，结构更加严密，内容更加充实丰满。
4.补叙：对上文内容加以补充解释，对下文做某些交代。
5.平叙：俗称“花开两枝，各表一朵”，(指叙述两件或多件同时发生的事)使头绪清楚，照应得体。
(三)描写总体来说，描写有以下一些作用：①再现自然风光。
②描绘人物的外貌及内心世界。
③交代人物活动的自然及社会环境。
1.人物肖像、动作描写、心理描写：更好展现人物的内心世界、性格特征。
2.景物描写：具体描写自然风光，营造一种气氛，烘托人物的情感和思想。
3.环境、场面描写：交代人物活动的背景，写明事件发生的时间和地点，渲染气氛，更好地表现人物。
4.人物对话描写、心理描写、细节描写：刻画人物性格，反映人物心理活动，促进故事情节的发展。
也可描摹人物的语态，收到一种特殊的效果。
更多高考资讯，关注微信号807960725.正面描写、侧面描写：正面直接表现人物、事物;侧面烘托突出人物、事物。
(四)修辞1.比喻：化平淡为生动，化深奥为浅显，化抽象为具体。
2.比拟：给物赋予人的形态情感(指拟人)，描写生动形象，表意丰富。
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文学重要术语
actant 行为体
allegory 寓言
allusion 典故，引语
ambiguity 歧义，多义，暧昧，含混
analogy 类推片断
anima 女性潜倾
animus 男性潜倾
archetypal image 原型意象
archetypal mode 原型模式
archetypal motif 原型母题
archetypal nouns 原型名词
archetype 原型
baroque 巴罗克
catharsis 净化
chinoiserie 中华风（一译中国风）
close reading 细读法
clusters of formulas 套语团
commenia dell'arte 艺术喜剧
common poetics 共同诗学
comparative thematics 比较主题学
comparatum 比较体
complementary bipolarity 二元补衬（此语系浦安迪所创）composite images 并合意象
compound image 复合意象
conceit 奇喻
corpus thematics 文萃主题学
creation myth 开创神话
cultural thematics 文化主题学
deconstruction 解构
defamiliarization 陌生化
a derivational poetics 衍生诗学
diachronic studies 历时研究
dichotomy 二歧式
discourse 话语
discourse analysis theory 话语分析理论
discursive articulation 议论式联结
ecriture 写作
Ego 自我
episodic plot 插曲式情节，缀段式情节
explicative thematics 阐释主题学
extrinsic studies 外部研究
fable （有关动物的）寓言
fiction 虚构，小说
formal realism 形式写实主义
formula 套语
formulaic expression 套语语句
Formulaic Theory 套语理论
function 功能
genology 文类学
genre, or literary genre 文类（即文学类型），体裁heterogeneity 非均一性
the High Baroque 鼎盛巴罗克
high mimetic 高模仿型
Id 本我
an illusion of reality 现实的幻象
image 意象
imagism 意象主义
impersonal personality 无个性的个性interdisciplinary study 跨学科研究intersubjectivity 主体间性
intertexts 交互文本
intertextuality 文本间性
irony 反讽
itineraria 巡游
juxtaposition of imagery 意象并置
langue 语言
larger-than-life 大于生活
lexie 语汇单位
leitmotif 主导母题
linguistics 语言学
linked plot 缀合情节
literariness 文学性
local texture 局部肌质
locus amoenus 安乐之所
logical structure 逻辑结构
low mimetic 低模仿型
the Mannerist style 矫饰主义风格
meaning 意旨
melodrama 情节剧
metacriticism 元批评
metafiction 元小说
metalanguage 元语言
metaphor 暗喻，比喻
the Metaphysical style 玄学派风格
metonymy 换喻，转喻
mirage 幻象
model 范型
monomyth 单一神话
motivation 动因化
multiple periodicity 多项周旋（此语系浦安迪所创）mythemes 神话素
Mythology 神话体系
narrative code 叙事语码
narrative syntagms 叙事性横组合段
narratology 叙事学
objective correlative 客观对应物
Oedipus complex 俄狄浦斯情结
oral inconsistency 口述出岔
overtone 弦外之音（本意为陪音、泛音）oxymoron 矛盾修辞
parable 说教寓言
paradigmatic 纵聚合的
paradox 悖论
parody 谐摹
parole 言语
paronomasia 双关
personality 个性，个人性
philology 语文学
the poetics of discontinuity 非连续诗学
point of view 视点
pragmatics 语用学
the primordial image 原始意象
the principle of equivalence 对等原则
problematic individuals 疑难人物
proseroman 散文传奇
pseudo-statement 伪陈述
Psychoanalysis 精神分析学
raports de fait 实际联系
retroactive reading 回味阅读
rhapsody 赋
saga 英雄传奇
semantic formulas 语义套语
semantics 语义学
semiotics, semiology 符号学
shadow 阴影（心理学术语）
showing 显示
signified 所指
signifier 能指
simile 明喻
Stoffgeschichte 题材史
stylistics 风格学
Superego 超我
symbol 象征
symple image 单纯意象
synaesthesia 联觉，通感
synchronic studies 共时研究
syntactic formulas 句法套语
syntactics 句法学
syntagmatic 横组合的
syntax 句法
telling 讲述
tenor 喻旨
tension 张力
textuality 本文性
thematics, thematology 主题学
theme 套式（套语理论所用；暂译名）topoi 惯用话题，老套话
tristia 忧郁
type scenes 典型场景
unitary plot 单一情节
vehicle 喻体
a vision of reality 现实幻象
vorticism 旋涡主义
Weniad 文王史诗（此词系王靖献所创）。