山东自考英语二 unit3 the history of books
合集下载
相关主题
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
印书者开始把书印得小些，以便携带起来更容易。 此外，而且他们开始把书印得更精致了，在每一 章之前增添插图和装饰性字母。
Gradually the letters of the type were made smaller, finer and more delicate. The letters began to look less like manuscript letters, and eventually, the form of the letters was simplified to the point where they were well-adapted to the metal of the type.
到1800年，手工印刷者出版的书已满足不了人们的需要。 用手工纸和木制的手工印书的速度不够快。幸好，这个时 期发明了许多机器，促使大量生产诸如棉布和毛料这样的 产品。
Text Analysis
Text Analysis
The invention of new types of printing machines and paper machines followed on the heels of these inventions and helped to speed up the production of books.
7. on the heels of 紧跟在· · · 之后 8. speed up 加速，加紧，增速 随着这些发明而来的，是新型印刷机和造纸机的 相继发明，这就加速了书籍的印刷和发行。
Text B The History of Books
1.independent adj. 独立自主的，不受约束的 (14/4, 08/7) independence n. 独立自主，不受约束
dependent
dependence
adj. 依赖的，不独立的
n. 依赖，不独立
e.g. One hundred years ago China was not totally independent (dependent).
印刷字母逐渐做得更小、更细、更精致。印刷字母开始看 起来和手写字母不同了。字母的形式终于大为简化，完全 适合铅字的要求。
3. delicate adj. 精美的，细致的，纤细的
Para. 4. Sometimes books were illustrated with woodcuts. Blocks of wood were carved so that the white parts of the picture were below the surface of the wood.
engraving n. 雕刻术，雕版图
handpress
手动操作印刷机
Para. 1. The first known inventor of printing in Europe was Johannes Gutenberg of Germany. The first book printed in his workshop was a Latin Bible. A few copies of this first book still exist.
大约在这个时期，金属雕刻术发展起来，这样一来，印刷 者能把他们书中的插图画得非常细腻、精致。在书中的第 一页上使用雕刻图饰，成了流行的做法。纸张的质量也提 高了。
Para. 6. By 1800, hand printers could not supply enough books to satisfy the demand. Fortunately, about this time, many machines were invented that aided in the mass production of such products as cotton and woolen cloth.
圣经依旧是最流行的书。此外，还印刷了一些教堂用书、 希腊和拉丁的古典名著、历史书及天文学书。
Para. 3. The tools of the first printers were simple and could be moved about easily. At the end of the fifteenth century there were more than a thousand printers in Europe. Since many people could not read Latin and Greek, books were soon printed in various languages.
The door had been locked when I realized what I had done.
Text Analysis
The Bible was still the most popular book. Other church books were also printed, as were Greek and Latin classics, history books, and astronomy books.
2. elaborate adj. elaboration n. 详细阐述，精心制作，精致 3. ornamental adj. ornament vt. 装饰 & n. 装饰，装饰物
4. simplify vt.
simple adj. 简单的，单一的 simply adv. 简单地，单一地 5. well-adapted adj. adapt vt. 使适应，使适合
17世纪印刷出版了大量的宗教宣传小册子。这些小册子 并不总是美观或富于艺术性，因为作者仅仅是为了迅速传
播他们的思想，读者也觉得书籍的外观并不重要。
Text Analysis
The art of metal engraving was developed about this time and enabled printers to illustrate their books with pictures of very fine, delicate lines. The use of an engraving on the first page of a book became popular. The quality of the paper improved too.
过去完成时 past
现在完成时
now
过去完成时的基本结构
Text Analysis
had + 动词过去分词
had not +动词过去分词（否定式） had + been + 动词过去分词（过去完成时的 被动语态）
e.g. I had eaten my breakfast before I came here.
最初的印刷工人所使用的工具很简单，搬动起来也很容易。 15世纪末，欧洲印刷工人有一千多人。由于很多人不懂 希腊文和拉丁文，不久印刷书籍就包括了各种语言。
2. move about 四处搬动
The printers also began to make the books smaller, so that they could be handled more easily. Furthermore the printers began to make their books more elaborate, adding pictures and ornamental letters at the beginning of chapters.
在古腾堡印刷所受过训练的人们，很快就独立开业。到了
1500年，大约在第一本圣经印成后50年，已经印成书30 000册以上。
1. 过去完成时
Text Analysis
① 表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成 了的动作。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”， 侧重事情的结果
② 表示发生在过去的动作对过去的某一点造成某种 影响或结果，用来指定在另一个过去行动之前就已经 完成了的一个事件，侧重事情结果。
Text Analysis
欧洲第一个著名的印刷术发明家，是德国的约翰 内斯.古腾堡。他在车间里印的第一本书，是拉丁 文圣经。第一本书的一些复本现在还保存着。
inventor
invent
invention
They are now over five hundred years old. The Gutenberg Bible was printed on a hand press with type made of lead. Most of the copies were printed on paper, but a few were printed on vellum. The books are about 12 inches wide and 16.5 inches long.
已有500多年的历史了。古腾堡圣经是用手控印刷机在铅 字版上印成的。这些书大多数印在纸上，但有几本印在羊 皮上, 这种书宽约12英寸，长约16．5英寸。
Para. 2.
Text Analysis
Men who had been trained in Gutenberg’s workshop soon established themselves as independent printers. By 1 500, about fifty years after the first Bible was printed, more than 30, 000 books had been printed.
Text Analysis
4. be illustrated with 用…说明 illustrate v. 举例说明，（为书）作插图；图解 illustration n. 说明，插图，图解 书籍的插图有时是木刻的。在雕刻标志木头时， 图画的白色部分是凹陷的。
When the surface was inked and stamped onto paper, the dark part of the picture was reproduced. The first attempts, of course, were rather crude, but eventually the block printers were making meticulous and artistic illustrations. Florence, in Italy and Lyons, in France, became famous for their illustrated books. 5. become famous for sth. 因· · · 而变得出名 be famous for sth. 因· · · 而有名
在木头的凸出表面涂上墨水，并印在纸上，图画的黑色部 分就复印出来，当然，起初的试作是相当粗糙的，但渐渐 地木刻印刷工人刻的插图，就变得既细腻又有艺术性了。 意大利的佛罗伦斯，德国的里昂，都以出版插图书籍而驰 名。
Para. 5. In the seventeenth century, great numbers of religious pamphlets were printed. These pamphlets were not alwaysBaidu Nhomakorabeaneat or artistic because the writers were only interested in spreading their ideas quickly, and the readers did not consider the appearance of the book important. 6. great numbers of + 可数名词复数 很多的
Gradually the letters of the type were made smaller, finer and more delicate. The letters began to look less like manuscript letters, and eventually, the form of the letters was simplified to the point where they were well-adapted to the metal of the type.
到1800年，手工印刷者出版的书已满足不了人们的需要。 用手工纸和木制的手工印书的速度不够快。幸好，这个时 期发明了许多机器，促使大量生产诸如棉布和毛料这样的 产品。
Text Analysis
Text Analysis
The invention of new types of printing machines and paper machines followed on the heels of these inventions and helped to speed up the production of books.
7. on the heels of 紧跟在· · · 之后 8. speed up 加速，加紧，增速 随着这些发明而来的，是新型印刷机和造纸机的 相继发明，这就加速了书籍的印刷和发行。
Text B The History of Books
1.independent adj. 独立自主的，不受约束的 (14/4, 08/7) independence n. 独立自主，不受约束
dependent
dependence
adj. 依赖的，不独立的
n. 依赖，不独立
e.g. One hundred years ago China was not totally independent (dependent).
印刷字母逐渐做得更小、更细、更精致。印刷字母开始看 起来和手写字母不同了。字母的形式终于大为简化，完全 适合铅字的要求。
3. delicate adj. 精美的，细致的，纤细的
Para. 4. Sometimes books were illustrated with woodcuts. Blocks of wood were carved so that the white parts of the picture were below the surface of the wood.
engraving n. 雕刻术，雕版图
handpress
手动操作印刷机
Para. 1. The first known inventor of printing in Europe was Johannes Gutenberg of Germany. The first book printed in his workshop was a Latin Bible. A few copies of this first book still exist.
大约在这个时期，金属雕刻术发展起来，这样一来，印刷 者能把他们书中的插图画得非常细腻、精致。在书中的第 一页上使用雕刻图饰，成了流行的做法。纸张的质量也提 高了。
Para. 6. By 1800, hand printers could not supply enough books to satisfy the demand. Fortunately, about this time, many machines were invented that aided in the mass production of such products as cotton and woolen cloth.
圣经依旧是最流行的书。此外，还印刷了一些教堂用书、 希腊和拉丁的古典名著、历史书及天文学书。
Para. 3. The tools of the first printers were simple and could be moved about easily. At the end of the fifteenth century there were more than a thousand printers in Europe. Since many people could not read Latin and Greek, books were soon printed in various languages.
The door had been locked when I realized what I had done.
Text Analysis
The Bible was still the most popular book. Other church books were also printed, as were Greek and Latin classics, history books, and astronomy books.
2. elaborate adj. elaboration n. 详细阐述，精心制作，精致 3. ornamental adj. ornament vt. 装饰 & n. 装饰，装饰物
4. simplify vt.
simple adj. 简单的，单一的 simply adv. 简单地，单一地 5. well-adapted adj. adapt vt. 使适应，使适合
17世纪印刷出版了大量的宗教宣传小册子。这些小册子 并不总是美观或富于艺术性，因为作者仅仅是为了迅速传
播他们的思想，读者也觉得书籍的外观并不重要。
Text Analysis
The art of metal engraving was developed about this time and enabled printers to illustrate their books with pictures of very fine, delicate lines. The use of an engraving on the first page of a book became popular. The quality of the paper improved too.
过去完成时 past
现在完成时
now
过去完成时的基本结构
Text Analysis
had + 动词过去分词
had not +动词过去分词（否定式） had + been + 动词过去分词（过去完成时的 被动语态）
e.g. I had eaten my breakfast before I came here.
最初的印刷工人所使用的工具很简单，搬动起来也很容易。 15世纪末，欧洲印刷工人有一千多人。由于很多人不懂 希腊文和拉丁文，不久印刷书籍就包括了各种语言。
2. move about 四处搬动
The printers also began to make the books smaller, so that they could be handled more easily. Furthermore the printers began to make their books more elaborate, adding pictures and ornamental letters at the beginning of chapters.
在古腾堡印刷所受过训练的人们，很快就独立开业。到了
1500年，大约在第一本圣经印成后50年，已经印成书30 000册以上。
1. 过去完成时
Text Analysis
① 表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成 了的动作。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”， 侧重事情的结果
② 表示发生在过去的动作对过去的某一点造成某种 影响或结果，用来指定在另一个过去行动之前就已经 完成了的一个事件，侧重事情结果。
Text Analysis
欧洲第一个著名的印刷术发明家，是德国的约翰 内斯.古腾堡。他在车间里印的第一本书，是拉丁 文圣经。第一本书的一些复本现在还保存着。
inventor
invent
invention
They are now over five hundred years old. The Gutenberg Bible was printed on a hand press with type made of lead. Most of the copies were printed on paper, but a few were printed on vellum. The books are about 12 inches wide and 16.5 inches long.
已有500多年的历史了。古腾堡圣经是用手控印刷机在铅 字版上印成的。这些书大多数印在纸上，但有几本印在羊 皮上, 这种书宽约12英寸，长约16．5英寸。
Para. 2.
Text Analysis
Men who had been trained in Gutenberg’s workshop soon established themselves as independent printers. By 1 500, about fifty years after the first Bible was printed, more than 30, 000 books had been printed.
Text Analysis
4. be illustrated with 用…说明 illustrate v. 举例说明，（为书）作插图；图解 illustration n. 说明，插图，图解 书籍的插图有时是木刻的。在雕刻标志木头时， 图画的白色部分是凹陷的。
When the surface was inked and stamped onto paper, the dark part of the picture was reproduced. The first attempts, of course, were rather crude, but eventually the block printers were making meticulous and artistic illustrations. Florence, in Italy and Lyons, in France, became famous for their illustrated books. 5. become famous for sth. 因· · · 而变得出名 be famous for sth. 因· · · 而有名
在木头的凸出表面涂上墨水，并印在纸上，图画的黑色部 分就复印出来，当然，起初的试作是相当粗糙的，但渐渐 地木刻印刷工人刻的插图，就变得既细腻又有艺术性了。 意大利的佛罗伦斯，德国的里昂，都以出版插图书籍而驰 名。
Para. 5. In the seventeenth century, great numbers of religious pamphlets were printed. These pamphlets were not alwaysBaidu Nhomakorabeaneat or artistic because the writers were only interested in spreading their ideas quickly, and the readers did not consider the appearance of the book important. 6. great numbers of + 可数名词复数 很多的