词汇学名词解释
语言学的名词解释
语言学的名词解释
语言学：语言学是研究语言系统及其使用活动的科学研究。
语言学研
究手段包括语法、词汇、词汇学、发音、社会语言学、语言发展和变化等。
这些方面的研究将帮助人们更好地了解语言的构成和本质。
词汇学：词汇学是语言学的一个分支，旨在研究语言使用者有效地表
达自己的语言特性、语义和发音。
主要研究内容包括单词的拼写、含义、
发音、语法类型和词类。
语法：语法是语言使用的规则，涉及如何把句子或话语组织成正确的
形式。
它是研究语言结构和句子结构的科学，它涉及语言中的抽象概念，
如句子结构、词性、搭配、句子功能和语义等。
社会语言学：社会语言学是一种探讨语言与社会文化之间关系的学科，它研究如何使用语言以及社会文化如何影响使用语言的方式。
其主要研究
内容包括日常语言使用、语言变化、多元语言文化以及语言的政治、社会
和文化作用等方面。
发音：发音是指一种语言中每个语音的真正发音。
它研究语言中每个
语音如何组成、拼写、发音以及发声器官如何完成发音。
它不仅研究语言
中每个单词的发音，还研究语音与音素之间的关系，例如元音和辅音。
英语词汇学重点名词解释（2）
英语词汇学重点名词解释（2）英语词汇学重点名词解释Neologisms 新词语are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.denizens同化词are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language. Alien非同化词 are borrowed words which have retainedtheir original pronunciation and spelling.Translation-loans. 借译词Translation-loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modelled on the patterns taken from another language.Semantic-loans借义词Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form. But their meanings are borrowed.Content word: the basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary ,which accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. It is the most important part of vocabulary.Creation : the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, affixes and other elements. Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need.Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit in a language Allomorph: any of the different forms of a morpheme Free morpheme: a linguistic form which can be used on its own as a wordBound morpheme: a form (morpheme) which can not he used alone hut must be used with another morpheme. Boundmorphemes include hound roots and affixesAffixes: forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or functionPrefixation(suffixation): is the formation of new words by adding prefixes(suffixes) to stemInflectional affixes: affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationshipsDerivational affixes: affixes added to other morphemes to create new wordsRoot: a morpheme which is the basic part of a word that can not be further analyzed without total loss of identity Stem: a form to which affixes of any kind can be added Bound root: a root that can not stand alone as a word Monomorphemic words: words that have nothing more than a free morpheme《英语词汇学重点名词解释》。
语言学名词解释
语言学名词解释语言学是研究语言的一门学科，涉及语言的结构、功能、变化和发展等方面的研究。
下面是一些常见的语言学名词及其解释。
1. 语音学（Phonetics）：研究语言中各种语音的产生、传播和感知等方面的学科。
2. 语音语言学（Phonology）：研究语音在特定语言中的音位（音素）和音位组合规则的学科。
3. 语法学（Grammar）：研究语言的句法结构、词法结构和语义结构等方面的学科。
4. 句法学（Syntax）：研究语言中句子的结构和组织方式的学科。
5. 语义学（Semantics）：研究语言中词汇和句子的意义、概念和关系的学科。
6. 词汇学（Lexicology）：研究语言中词汇的组成、形态、构词规则等方面的学科。
7. 词义学（Semantics）：研究词汇中词义的构成、关系和词义的变化等方面的学科。
8. 语用学（Pragmatics）：研究语言在具体语境中的使用方式以及语言的上下文相关性等方面的学科。
9. 文法学（Stylistics）：研究语言使用中的文体、修辞手法、语言风格等方面的学科。
10. 母语（Mother tongue）：一个人从小学会并用于日常交际的语言。
11. 第二语言（Second language）：在学习者的母语之外学习的语言。
12. 语言接触（Language contact）：不同语言之间在社会、文化接触中产生的相互影响和借用的现象。
13. 语言变异（Language variation）：指同一个语言在不同社会、地理和使用者间发生的音、词、句法等方面的变化。
14. 语言变化（Language change）：指语言在漫长的时间内逐渐变化和发展的过程。
15. 语言规范（Language standardization）：制定和规范一个语言的正确用法、标准词汇和语法规则的过程。
16. 语言习得（Language acquisition）：指儿童在自然环境中学习母语的过程。
英语词汇学中的名词解释
英语词汇学中的名词解释一、引言语言是人类交流的重要工具，而词汇则是构建语言的基本单位。
英语作为一种全球通用语言，其词汇系统庞大且丰富多样。
而英语词汇学则是研究英语中词汇的起源、发展和使用的学科。
本文将介绍英语词汇学中的一些重要概念和名词解释，帮助读者更好地理解英语词汇学的基本原理。
二、词汇1. 词汇词汇是指语言中的词语或词组的总和。
它是语言表达的基本单位，承载着语义和语法信息。
在英语词汇学中，词汇研究的范围包括词义、词法、词族和词汇的构成等方面。
2. 词义词义是指词语或词组所携带的意义。
在英语中，一个词可能有多个词义，这取决于其上下文的使用和语境的影响。
词义也可以通过词根、词缀和上下文等途径推断或推测。
3. 词法词法是研究词语形态和构词法的学科。
它关注词语的形态变化和构成规则，包括单数复数形式、时态变化、派生、合成等方面。
词法是理解和学习英语词汇的重要基础。
4. 词族词族是指具有共同词根的一组相关词语。
这些词语在含义上有一定的联系，但在形态和语法上可能存在差异。
研究词族可以帮助我们更好地理解和记忆词汇。
5. 词汇构成词汇构成是指由词根、词缀和其他语法成分组合而成的词语。
在英语中，许多词汇都是通过加上前缀、后缀或派生词缀来构建的。
研究词汇构成可以帮助我们学习和运用更多的词汇。
三、语义1. 语义语义是研究语言意义的学科。
它关注语言符号和所表示的意义之间的关系，包括词语、句子和篇章的意义。
在英语词汇学中，研究语义可以帮助我们理解和区分词语之间的差异。
2. 同义词同义词是指在特定语境下具有类似或相同意义的词语。
在英语中，同义词的选择可以丰富语言的表达，同时也对理解和翻译起到重要作用。
3. 反义词反义词是指在意义上相对对立或相互排斥的词语。
它们可以用来表达相反的概念或情感。
在英语中，反义词常常通过前缀、后缀或词根的变化来形成。
4. 上位词与下位词上位词是指泛指概念的词语，下位词则是指具体的概念。
例如，动物是"猫"的上位词，而"猫"是动物的下位词。
词汇学名词解释,复习提纲
第一章：A word can be defined as afun dame ntal un it of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning, capable of perform ing a give n syn tactic fun cti on The developme nt of En glish Vocabulary. ① Old English (OE) (449-1100)OE is chracterized by the frequent use of compo un ds. Some OE compo unds involving alliteration have survived in Modern English.About 85% of OE words are no Ion ger in use.② Middle En glish (1100-1500)ME is characterized by the str ong in flue nce of French followi ng the Norman Conquest in 1066. (law and gover nmen tal admi nistratio n)③ Moder n En glish (1500-the prese nt)The rapid growth of prese nt-day En glish vocabulary and its causes： A. marked progress of scie nce and tech no logy (software, hardware) B.socio-economic, political and cultural cha nges( credit card, fringe ben efit, pressure cooker) C. in flue nce of other cultures and Ianguages (maotai, sputnik) classification of English words according to different criteria 1. By origin : native words andloan words 。
词汇学 名词解释
1.What is language?Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a specific social action and a carrier of information.“Language is man’s way of communication with his fellow man and. It is language alone which separate him from the lower animals”2.What is linguistics?Generally speaking, linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of language. To be more exact, linguistics studies the general principles upon which languages are constructed and operate as systems of human communication.4.What is lexicology?Lexicology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, structure, formation, meaning and usage. In short, it is the study of the signification and application of words.5.What is the Vocabulary?Broadly speaking, all the words in a language together constitute what is known as vocabulary. The term vocabulary usually refers to a complete inventory of the words in a language. But it may also refer to the words and phrases used in the variants of a language, such as dialect, register, terminology, etc. There is a total English vocabulary of more than 1 million.11. What Is a Word?A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.词是具有一定的声音、意义和语法功能，能独立运用的最小的语言单位。
词汇名词解释
Lexicology（词汇学）: is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.Word（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.(1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentenceVocabulary（词汇）: all the words in a language make up its vocabularyThe basic word stock（基本词汇）: is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language.Neologisms means newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.(email、microelectronics、futurology、AIDS、internet、freak out) Content words/notional words(nouns、verbs、adjectives、adverbs and numerals)Functional words/empty words(Prepositions、conjunctions、auxiliaries and articles) on、of、upon、but be a the Native words（本族语词）: known as Anglo-Saxon words (50,000-60,000), are words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes. (mainstream of the basic word-stocks).Borrowed words/Loan words（外来语词）: words taken over from foreign languages.(80% of modern EV)The Eight Groups in Indo-European Family of Languages（8大印欧语群）The Eastern set:（1）The Balto-slavic Group：（2）The Indo-Iranian Group:(3)The Armenian Group：Armenian.(4)The Albanian Group：Albanian.The Western set:(5)The Hellenic Group：Greek;.(6)The Italian Group：(7)The Celtic Group;(8)The Germanic Group：Terminology:Terminology is technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in music, symphony.Jargon:Jargon is the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves as in business, bottom line for unavoidable result.Slang:Slang is the sub-standard language, which seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words like jargon and argot, eg. Dough and bread means money.Argot:Argot is the jargon of criminals. Only thesub-cultural groups use it, and outsiders can hardly understand it, eg, Persuader means dagger.dialectal words:Dialectal words is words used only by speakers of the dialect in question, eg. Beauty in Australia means excellent.Archaisms:Archaisms are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use. Eg, brethren means brother.Neologisms:Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings. Eg, internet.Morpheme(词素):the smallest functioning unit in the composition of wordsAllomorph(词素变体): is a different variant form of a morpheme，differ in phonological and spelling form, but at the same in function and meaningfree morphemes：free morphemes, also called free root, is the morphemes which have complete meaning and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences, eg. cat, walk.bound morphemes：Bound morphemes is Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words, eg, recollection = re+collect+ion.bound root：Bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning like a free root, but it is bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words.Affixes：Affixes is forms that are attached to words orword elements to modify meaning or function.inflectional affixes:Inflectional affixes, also calledinflectional morphemes, is affixes which attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships areinflectionalderivational affixes:Derivational affixes are affixesadded to other morphemes to create new words.Root： is the basic form of a word, which can not be further analyzed without total loss of identity, eg, international, the root is nation.Stem： is a form to which affixes of any kind can be added in word formation.affixationAffixation, also called derivation, is a way to addword-forming or derivational affixes to stems in wordformation.Prefixation：Prefixation is a way to add prefixes to stems in word formation. It does not change the word-class ofthe stem but change its meaning.Suffixation：Suffixation is a way to suffixes to stems in word formation, and the suffixes mainly change the wordclass.Compounding：Compounding, also called composition, is away to join two or more stems in word formation. Compound is produced in this way.Compound：A compound is a lexical unit consisting of more than onestem and functioning both grammatically and semantically as asingle word.Conversion: is the formation of new words by convertingwords of one class to another class.Blending : is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another wordClipping:is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains insteadAcronymy:is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.Initialism: initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter. e.g.: BBC(for British Broadcasting corporation)Acronym:Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word. E.g.:TEFL(teaching English as a foreign language)Back-formation： It’s the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.Reference(所指):It is the relationship between language and the word. It is the arbitrary and conventional. It isa kind of abstraction, yet with the help of context, itcan refer to something specific.Concept（概念）:which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition(认识),reflecting the objective world in the human mind.Sense（意义）:It denotes the relationship inside the language. ‘The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language.’Motivation：Motivation accounts for the connection between1/ 3the linguistic symbol / word-form and its meaning. onomatopoeic motivation：Onomatopoeic Motivation is the character of some words whose sounds suggest their meanings, eg, crow by cocks.Morphological motivation （形态理据）:multi-morphemic words and the meaning of many are the sum total of the morphemes combines. E.g.: airmail, miniskirt .例外：black market, ect.semantic motivation：Semantic motivation is the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. Eg, the mouth of the river.etymological motivation：The meanings of many words relate directly to their origins.Grammatical meanings is the part of the word’s meaning which indicates grammatical relationships such as speech of words, singular and plural meaning of nouns and their inflectional forms and so on.Conceptual meaning(概念意义): also known as denotative meaning(外延意义) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.Associative meaning(关联意义):is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaningaffective meaning：Affective meaning indicates the speaker’s attitude towards theperson or thing in question, eg, notorious, meaning famous, shows the attitude of disapproval.collocative meaning：Collocative meaning is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.Homonymy（同形同音异义关系）:words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.Perfect homonyms（完全同音同形异义词）：words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning. Homographs（同形异义词）:words identical only in spelling, but different in sound and meaning.(最多最常见) Homophones（同音异义词）：words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning.Polysemy is a fact that a word has more than one meaning Synonymy(同义关系): one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning .Absolute synonyms（完全同义词）：also known as complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all aspects, i.e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning, including conceptual and associative meanings.[ Absolute synonyms are restricted to highly specialized vocabulary in lexicology. ]relative synonyms（相对同义词）:also called near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.Antonymy (反义关系) :it is concerned with semantic opposition. Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.contradictory terms：Contradictory terms are antonyms truly representing oppositeness of meaning, so they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them. Eg, male vs female.contrary terms：Contrary terms are antonyms in terms of a scalerunning between two poles or extremes. Eg, rich vs poor. relative terms：Relative terms are words indicating such a reciprocal social relationship that one of them cannot be used without suggesting the other. Eg, parent vs child.Hyponymy(上下义关系): Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. For example, a cat is hyponym of animalSuperordinate and Subordinate(上义词和下义词)：use subordinates which are concrete and precise ,presentinga vivid verbal picture before the reader. Superordinateswhich convey only a general and vague idea.Semantic Field(语义场)Viewing the total meaning in this way is the basis of field theory.The semantic field of the same concept may not have the same members in different language.1.Extension /generalization(词义的扩大): is the name givento the widening of meaning which some words undergo. It is a process by which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized.(e.g: manuscript, fabulous, picture, mill, journal, bonfire, butcher, companion)2.Narrowing/ specialization(词义的缩小)：is the oppositeof widening meaning. It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense. In other words, a word which used to have a more general sense becomes restricted in its application and conveys a special meaning in present-day English.(e.g: deer, corn, garage, liquor, meat, disease, poison, wife, accident, girl).[ when a common word is turned into a proper noun, the meaning is narrowed accordingly. ]3.Elevation /amelioration(词义的升华):refers to theprocess by which words rise from humble（粗陋的） beginnings to positions of importance. [nice, marshal, constable, angel, knight, earl, governor, fond, minister, chamberlain ]4.Degradation / pejoration(词义的降格):A process wherebywords of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to used in derogatory（贬损的）sense.[boor, churl, wench, hussy, villain, silly, knave, lewd, criticize, lust ]5.Transfer(词义的转移): Words which were used to designate指明 one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer.Context in its traditional sense refers to the lexical items that precede or follow a given word. Modern linguists have broadened its scope to include both linguistic and extra-linguistic contexts.1. Extra-linguistic context/ Non-linguistic situation（非语言语境）：In a broad sense, context includes the physical situation as well, which embraces the people, time, place, and even the whole cultural background. (look out, weekend, landlord )2.Linguistic context/ grammatical context(语言语境)：Ina narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentencesin which a word appears. It may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book.分为两类：Lexical context（词汇语境）：It refers to the word that occurs together with the word in question. (e.g: paper, do)Grammatical context（语法语境）：It refers the situation when the meaning of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs. (e.g: become)Idioms（习语的定义）: are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meaning of individual elements. In a broad sense, idiom may include colloquialisms（俗语）, Catchphrases（标语）,slang expressions （俚语）,proverbs（谚语）,etc. They form an important part of the English vocabulary..Semantic unity （语意的整体性）： words in the idiom they2/ 3have lost their individual identity. Their meanings arenot often recognizable in the meaning of the whole idiom.The semantic unity of idioms is also reflected in the illogical relationship between the literal meaning of eachof the idiom.2.Structural stability(结构的稳定性):the structure of anidiom is to a large extent un changeable.1) the constituents of idioms cannot be replaced2) the word order cannot be inverted or changed3) the constituents of idioms cannot be deleted or addedto, not even an article.4) many idioms are grammatically unchangeableidioms nominal in nature ：Idioms nominal in nature havea noun as the key word in each and function as a noun in sentences.idioms adjectival in nature：Idioms adjectival in nature function as a adjective but are not necessarily composedof adjectives.Idioms verbal in nature can be divided into phrasal verbsand other verb phrases.Idioms adverbial in nature contains many prepositional phrases and function as adverbial.Eg, tooth and nail, in nothing flat, through thick and thin,in clover, in the clover.Dictionary: presents in alphabetical order the words of English, with information as to their spelling ,pronunciation, meaning, usage , rules and grammar,and in some, their etymology3/ 3。
英语词汇学重点名词解释
英语词汇学重点名词解释Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.Morphology : the study of morpheme and their different forms.Semantics：the study of word meaning.Etymology: the study of the origin of words, and of their history and changes in their meaning.Stylistics : the study of the variation in language which is dependent on the situation in which the language is used and also on the effect the writer or speaker wishes to create on the reader or hearerLexicography : the piling of dictionaries.Synchronic study : the study of a word or words at one particular point in time.Diachronic study: an approach to lexicology which studies how a word (or words) changes over a period of time. word: a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.vocabulary：Vocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period.Vocabulary also refers to all the words of a given dialect, given book, a given disciplineand the words possessed by an individual person.Terminology术语 consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine: Jargon 行话refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions municate among themselves such as in business.slang 俚语belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general wordsincluding informal ones available to everyone and in-group wordsArgot黑话 generally refers to the jargon of criminals. Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups, and outsiders can hardly understand it,Archaisms古词语 are words or forms that were once in mon use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.《英语词汇学重点名词解释》全文内容当前网页未完全显示，剩余内容下一页查看。
自考英语词汇学名词解释(54个全)
词汇学名词解释1. Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion.2. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the minimal significant element in the composition of words.3. Free morphemes or Content morphemes (Free root) --- They are morphemes that may constitute words by themselves : cat, walk.4. Bound Morphemes or Grammatical morphemes --- They are morphemes that must appear with at least one other morpheme, either bound or free : Catts, walk+ing.5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. T ake -dict- for example: it conveys the meaning of "say or speak" as a Latin root, but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before) we obtain the verb predict meaning "tell beforehand".6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or funtion.7. Inflectional morphemes or Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional ,thus known as inflectional morphemes.There is the regular plural suffix -s(-es) which is added to nouns such as machines, desks.8. Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes --- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word, such as, pre+war.10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word, for instance, blood+y.Derivational morphemes/ derivational affixes --- A process of forming new words by the addition of a word element. Such as prefix, suffix, combing form to an already existing word.Prefixation ---- is the formation of new words by adding prefix or combing form to the base. (It modify the lexical meaning of the base)Suffixation--- is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or combing form to the base and usually changing the word-class of the base. Such as boy. Boyish (noun- adjective)11. Root --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity.12. Opaque Words--Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analysed into parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove.13. Transparent Words--Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), door-man(door+man).14. Morphs--Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.15. Allomorps--Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs. For instance, the morpheme of plurality {-s} has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats /s/, in bags /z/, in match /iz/.16. Derivation or Affixation--Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation.17. Prefixation--Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.18. Suffixation--Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.19. Compounding（Compositon）--Compounding is a process of word- formation by which two independent words are put together to make one word. E.g. hen-packed; short-sighted.20. Conversion--Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. This process of creating new words without adding any affixes is also called zero-derivation. E.g. dry (a.)-->to dry.21. Back-formation-- is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed affix. E.g. editor entered the language before edit.22. Abbreviation ( shortening )-- is a process of word-formation by which the syllables of words are abbreviated or shortened.23. Abbreviation includes four types : I. Clipped words II. Initialisms III. Acronyms IV. Blends.I. Clipped words--are those created by clipping part of a word, leaving only a piece of the old word. E.g. telephone-->phone, professional-->pro.II. Initialisms--are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters. E.g. IMF/ai em ef/=International Monetary Fund.III. Acronyms--are words formed from the initial letters of word and pronounced as words. E.g. NATO/'neito/=North Atlantic Treaty Organization.IV. Blends--are words that are combined by parts of other words. E.g. smoke+fog=smog.24. Polysemy--The same word may have two or more different meanings. This is known as "polysemy". The word "flight", for example, may mean "passing through the air", "power of flying", "air of journey", etc.Two approaches to polysemy: Diachronic and SynchronicDiachronically, we study the growth or change in the semantic structure of a word , or how the semantic structure of a word has developed from primary meaning to the present polysemic state .Synchronically, we are interested in the comparative value of individual meanings and the interrelation between the central meaning and the secondary meanings.Two processes leading to polysemy: Radiation and concatenationRadiation : Semantically, radiation is the process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays. Concatenation : is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, untill there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning.25. Homonyms--are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical『a.同一的，完全相同的』only in sound or spelling.26. Perfect Homonyms--are words identical both in sound and spelling,but different in meaning。
《词汇学》名词解释总汇
《词汇学》名词解释总汇1.Conversion（转换）is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation.2.Neologisms（新词用法）are newly coined words or words that are given new meaning to fit new situation because of social, economic, political, cultural, scientific and technological changes in human society.3. Lexicology（词汇学）is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, structure, formation, meaning and usage.4.the elevation of meaning（词义的升格）refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.5.Acronyms（首字母拼音词）words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as words. They differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequencesof letters.6.Hyponymy (上下义关系)deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. It refers to the relationship which obtains between the genus (general lexical item)and the species(specific lexical items).7.Analogy（类比）is a process by which words or phrases are created or re-formed according to the existing patterns in the language.8.Motivation（理据）deals with the connection between name (word-symbol) and its sense (meaning). It is the relationship between the word structure and its meaning. 9.Metaphor（隐喻）is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison. It is a simile without like or as.10.Antonymy (反义关系)is concerned with semantic opposition. It can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.11.Suffix（后缀）: an affix attached to the end of a base (root or stem)12. synecdoche（提喻）means using a part for a whole, an individual for a class, a material for a thing, or vice versa, the whole for a part.13. prefix（前缀）: an affix attached to the beginning of a base (root or stem)14. initialism（首字母连写词）: a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase; it is pronounced letter by letter. 15.morpheme(词素): the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not dividable or analyzable into smaller forms.16.the degradation of meaning（词义的降格）: is the opposite of semantic elevation. It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense.17.Derivational affixes (派生词缀)Affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. They can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes。
英语词汇学名词解释
英语词汇学名词解释英语词汇学在英语学习和教学中，词汇是非常重要的一部分。
英语词汇学研究的是英语词汇的形成、分类、演变和使用等方面的知识。
下面是一些与英语词汇学相关的名词及其解释：1. 词汇（Vocabulary）•词汇是指某一语言系统中的全部词语的总称。
•例子：英语中的词汇包括单词（words），短语（phrases），习语（idioms）等。
2. 词义（Semantics）•词义是指词语所表示的意义或概念。
•例子：单词”apple”表示一种水果。
3. 词根（Root）•词根是构成单词的核心部分，具有词义的基本含义。
•例子：词根“tele-”表示“远程”，如单词”television”表示“远距离看”。
4. 词形（Morphology）•词形是指词语形态上的变化，包括词根的变化、词缀的添加和词语形式的变化等。
•例子：单词”run”经过词形变化可以有”running”（进行时态）和”ran”（过去时态）等形式。
5. 词汇量（Vocabulary Size）•词汇量是指一个人掌握或理解的词汇数量。
•例子：一般来说，英语水平高的人词汇量会相对较大。
6. 同义词（Synonym）•同义词是指语义相近的两个或多个词语。
•例子：“happy”和”glad”都是表示“高兴”的同义词。
7. 反义词（Antonym）•反义词是指意义相对立的两个词语。
•例子：“big”和”small”是表示“大”和“小”的反义词。
8. 多词性（Polysemy）•多词性是指一个词语具有多个不同但相关的词义。
•例子：单词”bank”可以表示“银行”或“河岸”。
9. 词汇补偿（Vocabulary Compensation）•词汇补偿是指在理解语言时，通过上下文和其他线索来推测未知词汇的意义。
•例子：如果不认识单词”obscure”，可以通过上下文来猜测它的意义是“不清楚的”。
这些名词和概念在英语词汇学中起着重要的作用，了解它们可以帮助我们更好地学习和使用英语词汇。
词汇学 名词解释
Chapter1Jargon术语is terminology 术语which is especially defined in relationship to a specific activity, profession, or group.Slang They belong to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words and informal ones available to everyone.Denizens同化词are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language.Aliens外来词are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling.Chapter2***Hybrid is a word made up of elements from two or more different languages.Chapter3Morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.Root is the part of the word that contains the basic meaning (definition) of the word. The root is the base element of the word.affixA prefix is a word element that is placed in front of a root. A prefix changes the word's meaning or makes a new word.A suffix is a word element that is placed after the root. The suffix changesthe word's meaning as well as its function (use).A stem is that part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.A base refers to a form to which affixes of any kind (both derivational and inflectional) can be added.It can be a root or a stem.Chapter4Affixation (derivation)is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to bases.Composition or compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word. Conversion is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. Blending拼缀法is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word.(就是compounding和abbreviation的结合，for example brunch。
词汇学名词解释
词汇学名词解释词汇学是研究语言中的词汇（单词）和词汇使用的学科。
在词汇学中，有很多专业术语，下面将对其中的几个常用术语进行解释。
1. 词汇（Vocabulary）：语言中使用的词语的集合。
2. 词（Word）：语言中的最小语言单位，具有单独的意义和语音形式。
3. 词根（Root）：词中含有全词意义的核心成分，通常是一个字母组合。
例如，“tele-”是“telephone”这个词的词根。
4. 词缀（Affix）：可以加在词根前、中或后的一个或多个字母，用于改变词的含义。
例如，“-er”是“teacher”这个词的词缀。
5. 合成词（Compound Word）：将两个或更多的词或词根组合成一个新的词。
例如，“lighthouse”（灯塔）由“light”和“house”两个词合成而成。
6. 前缀（Prefix）：位于词根前面的一个或多个字母，可以改变词的含义。
例如，“re-”是“return”这个词的前缀。
7. 后缀（Suffix）：位于词根后面的一个或多个字母，可以改变词的词性或含义。
例如，“-able”是“comfortable”这个词的后缀。
8. 短语（Phrase）：由两个或多个单词组成的词组，没有主语和谓语。
例如，“in the morning”（在早晨）是一个短语。
9. 句子（Sentence）：有明确的主语和谓语，可以表达一个完整的意思。
以上是词汇学中常见的术语解释，它们有助于我们更好地理解语言中的单词和词组。
除此之外，词汇学还研究了词的来源、演变、分类和使用等方面，是一门十分重要的学科。
词汇学名词解释
词汇学名词解释1.Slang:俚语word of this group belong to the sub-standard language (a category that seems to stand between the standard general words and informal ones available to everyone) eg roger(understand),catch(talk to)2.Archaisms:古语词archaisms are words or form that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use. eg thou(you).wilt(will)3.Neologisms:新词语this category refer to newly-created words or expressions or words that have taken on new meanings. eg the pill=an oral contraceptive4.Denizens:同化词denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the english language.in the words they have come to conform to english way of pronunciation and spelling. eg pork from porc(F) .cup from cuppa(L)5.Aliens:非同化词aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. Eg decor(F)6.translation loans:译借词translation loans are words and expressions formed form the existing material in the english language but modelled on the patterns taken from anther language. eg ketchup from fanqiejiang(CH dial) lama from lama(Tib)7.semantic loans:借义词words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form but to the meaning.in the other words ,english has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language. eg Pioneer once signified ‘explorer’ only or ‘person doing pioneering work’, and it now has taken on the new meaning of a member of the Young Pioneer’8.Free versus bound morphemes:自由语素粘着语素Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are free .free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentence.eg they are identicalWith words,for example,man,earth,wind,car and anger.collect,ideal and prison can stand by themselves and thus are free morphemes.all the rest re-,-ion,-ist,-ic,ex- and -er are bound as none of them freestanding units9.Derivational versus inflectional morphemes:①morphemes wich are u sed to derive new words are known as derivational morphemes.eg clear+ance,life+like.②.Inflection morphemes:曲折语素indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers.inflectional morphemes are confined to suffixes. There is the regular plural suffix -s (-es) which is added to nouns such as machines,fridges,desks,radio and potatoes.10.affix:词缀affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.affixes can fall into prefix and suffix. Eg prefixes:pre-,ex-,and de- suffixes:-less,-dom,-ic,-s,-ed)11.Affixation:词缀法affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to base. Affixation fall into two subcategories:prefixation and suffixation.①prefixation前缀法is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to base.non-means not:non-smoker,non-classical.②suffixation:后缀法is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases.eg -ful:meaning’amount’contained’一mouthful,handful./doc/be11048396.html,pounding:(复合法）compounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more bases. eg these example show that compounds can be writtensolid(silkworm),hyphenated(honey-bee) and open(tear gas).13.Conversion转类法conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Eg simple (adj)一simplify(v)简化14.Blending:拼缀法blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. eg smog is the result of putting smoke and fog together.15.Clipping：截短法another common way of making a word is to shorten,or clip a longer word,known as clipping. eg plane and exam are sometimes use in place of aeroplane.16.Acronymy:首字母拼写法acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of composite names of social and political organizations or phrases used as technical terms. Eg. V oa voice of america17.back-formation:逆生法back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. eg diagnosis一diagnose，donation一donate18.Sound reduplication(语音重叠法）sound reduplication is the formation compound words by repeating the same element with little or no change. eg flip一flop人字拖,fingle一fangle标立异/doc/be11048396.html,monization of proper names:专用名词普遍化when proper names are changed into words in use,the process is called commonization. eg ‘ohm from German physicist ohm .20.Onomatopoeic motivation:拟声理据in modern Englishone may find some words whose phonetic forms suggest their meanings as the words were created by imitating,the natural sounds or noises.bang,ping一pong,haha.21.Morphological motivation:形态理据compounds and derived words are muti-morphemic words and the meaning many of them are the sum total of the morphemes combined. eg air mail means ‘to mail by air’22.Semantic motivation：语义理据semantic motivation is the mental associations bases on the conceptual meaning of a word.in other word,it is the figurative sense of the word. eg when we say the mouth of a river,we associate ‘the open ing part of the river’with ‘the mouth of a human being or an animal’23.Etymological motivation：词源理据the origins of words often throw light on their meanings. eg the word laconic meaning ‘brief ‘ or ‘short’ is derived form lacons.24.t ypes of homonyms①hom onyms：同形同音异义词perfect homonyms also known as absolute homonyms are words identical both in sound and spelling. eg bear n(a large heavy animal) bear v (to put up with)②homographs:同形异义词are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning. eg sow v(to scatter seeds)一sow n (female adult pig)③homophones:同音异义词are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning. Eg dear n(a love person) ;deer n (a kind of animal).25.Extension of meaning:词义的扩大extension of meaning refers to the process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense. eg journal一daily paper一periodical26.Narrowing of meaning：(词义的缩小）narrowing of meaning is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense. eg girl一young person of either sex 一female young person27.Elevation of meaning:(词义的升华)elevation refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance. eg angel一messenger一messenger of God. 28.Degradation of meaning:(词义的降格)degradation is a process whereby words of good originfall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense. eg silly一happy一foolish.29.Transference of meaning:(词义的转移）words which were used to designated one thing later changed to mean something else.30.Euphemism:（委婉语）people tend to avoid mentioning taboo and specific unpleasantnesses directly and try to employ pleasant terms to express the ideas.。
英语词汇学重点名词解释
英语词汇学重点名词解释Word a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a giving sound and meaning and syntactic function.Native w ords are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes. They are neutral in style and frequent in use.Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into English language. In other words they have come to comfort to the English way of pronunciation and spelling.Translation-loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modelled on the patterns taken from another language.Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling.Semantic-loans refers to words whose meanings are borrowed and whose forms are not borrowed. Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existing material, namely roots, affixes and other elements.Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meetthe new need.Mopheme the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.Free mophemes are independent of other mophemes and have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammarical units in sentences. They are identical with root words.Bound mophemes A mopheme that occurs with at least one other mopheme.Stem is a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.Inflectional affix is an affix that indicates grammatical relationships.Derivational affix is an affix that forms new words with a stem or a root.Affixation It is also called derivation, is the formation of new words by adding affix to stems.Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning.Conversion the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.Blending the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Clipping to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word.Back-formation is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.Initialisms are words pronunced letter by letter.Semantic motivation refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the lieral sense and figurative sense of the word..Morphological motivation accounts for the connection between the meaning of the word and the me aning of each morpheme in the word.Onomatopoeic motivation indicates the relationship between sound and meaning of a word . I ts sound suggests its meaning.Grammarical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammarical concept or relationships.Conceptual meaning the meaning giveb in the dictionary forms the core of word meaning.Connotation (Connotative meaning ) refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning.Affective meaning indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.Collocative meaning the word meaning which is suggested by t he words before or after the word in discussion.Reference is the relationship between language and the world.Concept Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.Radiation a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre secondary meaning proceed out of it in every direction like rays.Concatenation a process where each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains.Polysemy words that have two or more than two sense.Homonymy words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or meaning.Perfect homonyms are words identical both in sound and in spelling, but different in meaning.Synonym one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning.Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word.Primary meaning is the only first meaning that a word had when it was created.Extension (Generalization) A process by which a word which originally had a specialized me aning has now become generalized.Narrowing (Specialication) It is also called specialication. It is the opposite of widening meaning. It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense.Degradation is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense..Amelioration ( Elevation ) is also called elevation, a term referring to the process by which words rise from humble beginning to positions of importance..Transfer words which were used to designate one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer.Linguistic context refers to the words, clauses, sentenses in which a word appears.Extra-linguistic context is also called non-linguistic context, which includes people, time, place, even the whole cultural background..Lexical context refers to the word occur together with the word in question.Grammatical context In some cases, the meaning of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs.Metonymy the name of one thing is used for that of another associated with it.Synecdoche is that of substituting part for the whole and vice versa.Idioms strictly speaking, idioms are expr essions that are not readily understandable from their literal meanings of individual elements.Idioms nominal in nature idioms of this class have a noun as the key word in each and function as a noun in sentences.Specialized dictionary is a dictionary concentrationg on a particular area of language or knowledge. Unabridged dictionary As the name indicates, an unabridged dictionary is an unshortened one. Theoretically, it is a complete record of all the words in use ( actually no dictionariy can contain all the words in the language ).Desk dictionaries are medium-sized ones containing words ranging from 50,000 to 150,000. As they are dictionaries that one finds most used on desks, th ey are called desk dictionaries.。
词汇学 名词解释(部分)
Types of meaningTypes of lexical changes1.Elevation:词义升格Definition: words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importanceSome words early in their history signify something quite low or humble, but change as time goes by to designate something agreeable or pleasant.For example: nice: ignorant---foolish---delightful, pleasantMarshal: a keeper of horses---a high ranking army officerSo elevation refers that the meaning of word changes from the neutral/negative to positive.2.Old English:It refers to the English starting from 450 to 1100 AD. The oldEnglish is made up of different sources of languages spoken then –that of Anglo-Saxons, that of Celts, and that of Jutes, with a lot of Latin elements used for common peopl e’s life.3.Bound morpheme:It is the smallest unit of grammar, a unit which cannot occur as separate words. They have no independent semantic meaning; instead, they have:➢Attached meaning E.g. un-kind, hope-ful➢Grammatical meaning E.g. cat-s, slow-ly, walk-ing, call-edFor an exact example, in the word “careful”, care is free morpheme, “-ful” is a bound morpheme.4.Hyponymy:Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion, or to say, the relationship between general lexical items and specific lexical items. That is to say, when X is a kind of Y, the lower term X is the“hyponym”, and the upper term Y is the “superordinate”. For example, “fiction”is the superordinate of “novel”, “novelette”and “short story”, which are the hyponyms of “fiction”.Knowing the semantic features of the hyponyms and their superordinates can help us achieve vividness, exactness, and concreteness in expression.5.Collocation:Collocation is the habitual juxtaposition of linearly arranged words which occurs multiple times to become set expressions.Collocations have four features:➢They are non-arbitrary and predictable. For example, we can say “have tea” but not “have engine oil”➢They are stable and rigid. Collocations are strong enough to exclude other synonymous words. For example, we can say “strong wind and heavy rain” but not “strong rain and heavy wind”.➢They are culturally-loaded. Collocation reflects the English culture and cultural heritage, such as “the Trojan horse” and “Pandora’s box”.➢They are Language-specific.Collocations can be classified into: (in terms of collocational strength.)weak collocations, (collocations that have a wide variety of collocates. Collocational range is wide.E.g. white/red/green/long/small shirt)strong collocations,(Collocations are strong but not unique.E.g. moved to tears) frozen collocations (Collocations that are fixed and irreplaceable, E.g. foot the bill *foot the coffee)Collocations are non-arbitrary, which means that they are motivated. There are four kinds of motivations:Grammatical motivation, (Collocations serve particular grammatical functions in certain grammatical structures.)Semantic motivation, (The meaning of the collocation depends on the collocated components.)Pragmatic motivation, (Collocations are pragmatically driven and pragmatically shaped. E.g.Buckle up, keep space, )Cognitive motivation. (Metaphorical expression beyond literal interpretation.E.g. red-carpet treatment, political honeymoon, bubble economy, soft landing)Collocation is one important aspect of vocabulary development.It offers the most natural way of language use.It provides alternative ways of language use, which may be more colorful, expressive or precise.It helps to improve the style in writing.6.Morpheme:A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. Morpheme can be lexical or grammatical.A free morpheme has complete meaning and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences.A bound morpheme cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words.An inflectional morpheme is a morpheme that is used to inflect a word. e.g. white can be inflected with the morphemes -r (whiter) and -est (whitest)A derivational morpheme is a morpheme that is used to create derivations of words. e.g. white can form the derivation whiten by adding the -n morpheme.7.Stylistic meaning:Apart from their conceptual meanings, many words have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts. These distinctive features form stylistic meaning of words. In some dictionaries ,these stylistic features are clearly marked as “formal”, “informal”, “ literary”, “archaic”, “slang” and so on. This stylistic difference is especially true of synonyms. It is observed that there are few words which have both the same conceptual meaning and the stylistic meaning.8.Analogy:Analogy refers to the process by which words or phrases are created or re-formed according to the existing patterns in the language.E.g. youthquake, airbag, earthriseearthquake, handbag, sunrisepounding:It is a type of word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word. It is also a productive device at every period of the English language. Forms of compounds are solid, hyphenated, open. According to the grammatical property, there are three types of compounds: noun compounds, adjective compounds, verb compounds. For instance, sleeping-bag= sleeping + bag (the bag for sleeping).Today the largest number of new words are formed by compounding.10.Word:A word is defined as a minimum free form of language with a unity of sound and meaning, capable of preforming a given syntactic function. A word contains three elements: form, structural function and meaning. Broadly speaking, all the words in a language together constitute what is known as vocabulary. It is very important to a language.Without words, nothing can be conveyed.11.Superordinate: in the case of hyponymy, superordinate is the upper word standing for thetotality or the group. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate.12.Subordinate: in the case of hyponymy, subordinate is the lower word standing for amember of the group.13.Semantic components: They are the features in a word as far as its concept is concerned.Father –a word with the conceptual features of “adult”, “male”, “humanity”, and “animate”.All the 4 features are its semantic components.14.Derivation:Derivation is the formation of word by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. For example, when the verb “care”add a suffixe “-ful”, a new word ”careful” is formed.This process is also known as affixation. New words formed in this way are called derivatives. According to the position affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subcategories: prefixation and suffixation.15.Inflection:The process of changing word form for the sake of grammaticality, withoutchanging its meaning.16.Back formation:Backformation is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed suffix from a longer form already present in the language. It is also called reverse derivation. The process of word-formation by changing from one form into another for m, as in “edit” from “editor”(initial word).17.Connotative meaning:For people with different cultural backgrounds, a word might evoke different associations.It is the extended meaning of a word. When a word is enlarged in meaning, its meaning is no longe r limited to the original sense. For instance, “torch” in certain context indicates the hope or the ambition/spirit based on its original sense.The connotative meaning of a word refers to the feeling that a word invokes. This differs from its dictionary definition, which is called its "denotative" meaning. Two words can have similar denotations but very different connotations. For example, the words "miserly" and "thrifty" are both adjectives that describe a person who goes to certain lengths to save money. However, "miserly" has strong negative connotations, while "thrifty" evokes positive feelings in a reader.18.Affective meaning:the meaning of a word as decided by the person who uses it withhis/her personal emotion. Positive or negative sense belongs to affective meaning.It refers to the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question. You may address sb as an “idiot” to convey your despise, or describe sth as “marvelous”to express your positive evalution. This meaning can be conveyed into three types by the choice of words: commendatory, derogatory and neutral.Extension:It is a process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized, or has extended to cover a broader and often less definite concept.For example, the original meaning of manuscript is the handwriting( writing by hand only), but nowadays, it refers to any author’s writing whether written by hand or typed with a type-writer or a word-processorA large proportion of polysemic words of modern English have their meanings extended in the course of development.19.Degradation:It is a process whereby words of good origin or affective neutrality fall into ill reputation or come to be used in a derogatory sense. It is the reverse of elevation.For example, “sad” formerly refers to full, satisfied, but now comes to be described “sorrowful”.20.Specialization: the meaning is limited and reduced to certain sense. It is also called“narrowing”.。
英语词汇学名词解释
英语词汇学名词解释英语词汇学（Lexicology）是研究词汇的科学学科。
它涵盖了词汇的各个方面，包括词汇的产生、发展和变化等。
首先，词汇学研究词汇的产生。
词汇是人类语言的基本单位，是人类表达思想和交流信息的重要工具。
词汇的产生与人类的生活和社会环境密切相关。
在人类社会发展的过程中，随着新事物的出现和新概念的产生，新词汇也会随之产生。
例如，随着科技的进步，电脑、互联网、手机等新技术词汇相继产生。
其次，词汇学研究词汇的发展。
词汇的发展主要包括词汇的演变和词义的扩展。
词汇的演变是指词汇在使用过程中发生的变化。
例如，英语中的单词“nice”原本的意思是“愚蠢的”，但随着时间的推移，其词义逐渐扩展为“友好的”、“美好的”等。
词义的扩展是指词汇在使用过程中逐渐获得更广泛的意义。
例如，英语中的单词“mouse”原本指小老鼠，但在计算机领域中，它也指计算机的鼠标。
此外，词汇学还研究词汇的变化。
词汇的变化包括发音、拼写和形态等方面的变化。
发音的变化指的是词汇在不同时期和地区的发音差异。
例如，英语中的单词“knight”在古英语时期的发音是/knixt/，但在现代英语中，它的发音变为/naɪt/。
拼写的变化是指词汇在不同时期和地区的拼写方式的差异。
例如，英语中的单词“colour”在美国被拼写为“color”。
形态的变化是指词汇在不同时期和语言环境中的词形变化。
例如，英语中的单词“goose”的复数形式在古英语中为“gǣs”，而在现代英语中为“geese”。
总之，英语词汇学研究词汇的产生、发展和变化，揭示了词汇在语言中的重要地位和作用。
通过深入研究词汇，我们可以更好地理解和运用英语，提高我们的语言能力。
词汇学 名词解释(张韵斐主编版)
名词解释1,word:fundamental units of speech and hacing a mininum, free form.it is a unity of sound and meaning,capable of performing a given syntactical function.2,morpheme:the minimal meaningful unit of the english language,possesses both sound and meaning.the morpheme is not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.An allomorph(词素变体)is any of the various form of a morpheme.3,freemorpheme:is one that can stand by itself as a complete utterance.4,bound morpheme:cannot exist on its own,mit must appear with at least one other morpheme.5,roots and affixes:a root is the basic unchangeable part of a word,and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.Affix is a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.6,inflectional affixes and derivational affixes:An inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality,tense,and the comparative or superlative degree.it does not form a new word with new lexical meaning when it is added to another word. inflectional affixes have only thier particular grammatical meaning.derivational affixes are subdivided into prefixes and suffixes,which are used to related to the formation of new words.7,free root and bound root:Free root can stand alone as woeds and provide the language with a basis for the formation of new words.Bound root cannot appear as woeds in modern English, although they were once words,nor can they be used to form new words.8,hybrid:a hybrid is a word made up of elements from two or more different language.9,compounding/composition:it is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit,a conpound word.10,word-formation rule:the rules of word-formation define the scope and methods whereby speakers of a language may create new words.11,initialisms and acronyms:Initialism is a type of shortening,using the first letters of wors to form a proper name,a technical term , or a phrase.Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scietific term.12,polysemy:it means a single word having several or many meanings.13,homonyms:homonyms are words different in meaning,but identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in spelling or sound.14,syonyms:words which nearly the same denotative meaning are syonyms,and the relationship between them is one of synonymy.15,antonymy:words that are opposite are antonyms.16,huponymy:it is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical item. 17,blending:it is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words , one of which is not in its full form or both of which are notin their full forms.18,back-formation: it is a term used to refer to a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.19,reduplication:it is a minor type of word-formation by a compound word which is created by the repetition of one word like go-go.20,grammatical meaning and lexical meaning:Grammatical meaning is indispensable in determining the position a word occupies in a sentence.it consists of word-class and inflectional paradigmlexical meaning is that aspect of sense proper to the word as a lexical item.21,semantic field theory:it is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as a system of interrrelated lexical networks.22,linguistic context:three main types of linguistic context are the lexical,grammatical and vorbal context in its broad sense.23,extra-linguistic context/context of situation:(1)the actual speech situation in which a word(or an utterance,or a speech event)occurs.(2)The entire cultural back ground agaicst ehich a word ,or an utterance or a speech eventhas to be set.24,clipping:deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun),which is also available in its full form.词语辨析1 Plains /pleinz/ a large strentch of flat landPlanes /pleinz/ aeroplane2 row / rəu/ a neat line (of people or things) side by sideRow /rau/ uproar,noisy distuibance3 sound / saund/ n. PronounceSound / saund/ adj. Healthy4 waist /weist/ the narrow part of the human body between the ripes and the hips.Waste /weist/ a useless or profitless spending.Compound words(1) 1 someone who writes songs. Songwriter2 someone who cleans windows. Window-cleaner3 the race for arms. Arms race4 the train in the morning. Morning train5 gold mine6 sunbathing7 dirt cheap8 sun-tanned(2)1 a drop of rain ; the bed for flowers2 impermeable to air ; as green as sew3 a remark that is meant well ; a person that behaves well4 houses ruined by war5 one who designs computer ; one who baths in the sun6 steam powers or operates engine ; an engine prevents fire7 the worm produces silk ; ;the gas produces light8 one who writes by hand ; one who finds fault9 a ship that goes across oceans ; people who love peace10 one who teaches language ; one who sits with the babaies11 boys bred in country1 knee-deep2 lifelike3 snow-white4 nation-wide5 shoulder-high6 pitch-dark/black7 carefree 8 soundproof 9 fireproof 10 lifelong填空Reject 拒绝；退回，摈弃n.不合格产品Refuse 拒绝做某事Decline 谢绝帮助Rapid 瞬间的Fast 快速的Range/fury 狂怒Indignation 义愤近义词反义词Fair-dark empty-full faint-loud low-high gloomy-bright sad-joyful/cheerful dark-bright rough-soft/gentle decline-accept/rise peculiar-common/average light-dark/heavy fresh-stale/faded thin-fat/thick wild-domestic/garden dull-interesting/clever deep-shallow/surface seldom-often hard-easy/soft over-under scarce-plentiful backward-forward总分关系。
词汇学名词解释
词汇学名词解释词汇学是语言学的分支领域之一，研究词汇的性质、结构、意义和使用规律。
以下是对词汇学中几个关键概念的解释：1. 词汇（Lexicon）：词汇是一个语言中的全部词条，包括单词、短语和常用搭配等。
词汇是一种基本的语言单位，是语言交流和理解的基础。
2. 词性（Part of Speech）：词性指词汇中有关词的分类。
根据词的语法和语义特征，可以将词汇分为名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、代词、连词和感叹词等不同的词性。
3. 词义（Word Meaning）：词义是一个词汇所表达的概念、事物或动作的意义。
词义可以通过定义、同义词、反义词以及词汇搭配等方式进行解释和理解。
4. 词根（Root）：词根是一个词汇的基本核心部分，通常带有主要的语义意义。
通过加前缀、后缀和派生等方式，可以将词根组合成更复杂的词汇形式。
5. 同义词（Synonym）：同义词是具有相同或相似词义的词汇。
同义词可以提供多种不同的方式来表达同一概念，丰富了语言的表达能力。
6. 反义词（Antonym）：反义词是在词义上相互对立或相互排斥的词汇。
通过使用反义词可以传达相反的意义和观点。
7. 语义范畴（Semantic Field）：语义范畴是一组具有相似语义关联的词汇。
这些词汇之间存在概念上的联系，并且可以通过它们之间的关系进行划分和归类。
8. 词汇搭配（Collocation）：词汇搭配指的是在不同上下文中常常一起出现的词组合。
词汇搭配可以是习语、固定搭配或者常用的短语，对于正确地理解和使用词汇是非常重要的。
9. 词法关系（Lexical Relation）：词法关系是不同词汇之间的关系，包括上下义关系、同源关系、形态关系、语法关系等。
这些关系有助于理解词汇之间的联系和共同特征。
10. 词源学（Etymology）：词源学研究词汇的起源和历史发展。
通过对词汇的来源和历史变化的研究，可以了解词汇之间的发展和演变过程。
总之，词汇学的研究有助于我们更好地理解和使用词汇，掌握词汇的形式、意义和用法，从而提高语言的表达能力和沟通效果。
词汇学名词解释 2
1、英语词汇概述：（8%）（1）英语词汇的谱系关系及其历史发展：英语的谱系关系；英语的三个发展阶段。
（2）英语词汇的构成：基本词汇与专用词汇；英语词汇中的本族词与外来词。
（3）英语词汇的三大特点：数量大、来源广、变化多。
‘Indo-European’印欧语系With Vikings’ invasion, many Scandinavian words at least 900 words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern English. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like modern German.1. Word词--- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2．Vocabulary词汇—— Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect，a given book，a given subject and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.3. basic word stock 基本词汇is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though words of the basic word stock constitute a small percentage of the English vocabulary, yet it is the most important partof it. These words have obvious characteristics.（1）All national character全民性. Words of the basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us, which are indispensable to all the people who speak the language。
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1.Lexicology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the vocabulary of the English language in respect to words and word equivalents.
2.A word may be defined as a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning, capable of performing a given syntactic function.
3.The morpheme is the smallest meanings linguistics unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into small forms.
4.Word-formation rules refer to the scope and methods whereby speakers of a language may create new words.
pounding or composition is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word.
6. Derivation may be defined as a process of forming new words by the addition of a word element, such as a prefix,suffix or combining form, to an already existing word.
7.Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.
8.Motivation refers to the connection between word-symbol and its sense.
9.Metaphor is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison based on association of similarity, in which a word or a phrase ordinary and primarily used for one thing is applied to another, a process which often results in semantic change or figurative extension of meaning.
10.An idiom may be defined as a combination of two or more words which are usually structurally fixed and semantically opaque, and function as a single unit of meaning.。