托福考试阅读模拟试题及答案

合集下载

托福阅读TPO7(试题+答案+译...

托福阅读TPO7(试题+答案+译...

托福阅读TPO7(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:TheGeologicHistoryoftheMediterraneanTPO是我们常用的托福模考工具,对我们的备考很有价值,下面小编给大家带来托福阅读TPO7(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:The Geologic History of the Mediterranean。

托福阅读原文In 1970 geologists Kenneth J.Hsu and William B.F. Ryan were collecting research data while aboard the oceanographicresearch vessel Glomar Challenger.Anobjective of this particular cruise wasto investigate the floor of theMediterranean and to resolve questions aboutits geologic history. One questionwas related to evidence that theinvertebrate fauna (animals without spines) ofthe Mediterranean had changedabruptly about 6 million years ago. Most of theolder organisms were nearlywiped out, although a few hardy species survived. Afew managed to migrate into the Atlantic.Somewhat later, the migrants returned,bringing new species with them. Why didthe near extinction and migrationsoccur?Another task for the GlomarChallenger’sscientists was to try to determine the origin of the domelikemasses buried deepbeneath the Mediterranean seafloor. These structures had beendetected yearsearlier by echo-sounding instruments, but they had never beenpenetrated in thecourse of drilling. Were they salt domes such as are commonalong the UnitedStates Gulf Coast, and if so, why should there have been somuch solidcrystalline salt beneath the floor of the Mediterranean?With question such as these clearly beforethem, thescientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterraneantosearch for the answers. On August 23, 1970,they recovered a sample. Thesampleconsisted of pebbles of hardened sediment that had once been soft,deep-seamud, as well as granules of gypsum and fragments of volcanic rock. Nota singlepebble was found that might have indicated that the pebbles came fromthenearby continent. In the days following, samples of solid gypsumwererepeatedly brought on deck as drilling operations penetrated theseafloor.Furthermore, the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities ofcomposition andstructure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. Sedimentabove andbelow the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicatingopen-oceanconditions. As they drilled into the central and deepest part oftheMediterranean basin, the scientists took solid, shiny, crystalline saltfromthe core barrel. Interbedded with the salt were thin layers of whatappeared tobe windblown silt.The time had come to formulate ahypothesis. The investigators theorized that about 20 million years ago, theMediterranean wasa broad seaway linked to the Atlantic by two narrow straits.Crustal movements closedthe straits, and the landlocked Mediterranean began toevaporate. Increasingsalinity caused by the evaporation resulted in theextermination of scores ofinvertebrate species. Only a few organisms especiallytolerant of very saltyconditions remained. As evaporation continued, the remainingbrine (salt water)became so dense that the calcium sulfate of the hard layerwas precipitated. Inthe central deeper part of the basin, the last of the brineevaporated toprecipitate more soluble sodium chloride (salt). Later, under theweight ofoverlying sediments, this salt flowed plastically upward to form saltdomes.Before this happened, however, the Mediterranean was a vast desert 3,000metersdeep. Then, about 5.5 million yearsago came the deluge. As a result ofcrustaladjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where theMediterranean nowconnects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascadedspectacularly back intothe Mediterranean.Turbulent waters tore into thehardened salt flats, brokethem up, and ground them into the pebbles observed inthe first sample taken bythe Challenger. As the basin was refilled, normalmarine organisms returned.Soon layer of oceanic ooze began to accumulate abovethe old hard layer.Thesalt and gypsum, the faunal changes, and the unusualgravel provided abundantevidence that the Mediterranean was once a desert.托福阅读试题1.The word “objective”in the passage(paragraph 1) is closest in meaning toA.achievementB.requirementC.purposeD.feature2.Which of the following is NOT mentionedin paragraph 1 asa change thatoccurred in the fauna of the Mediterranean?A.Most invertebrate species disappearedduring a wave of extinctions.B.A few hardy species wiped out many of theMediterranean’s i nvertebrates.C.Some invertebrates migrated to AtlanticOcean.D.New species of fauna populated theMediterranean when the old migrants returned.3.1.Whatdoes the author imply by saying“Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that thepebbles came from the nearby continent”?(paragraph 3)A.The most obvious explanation for theorigin of the pebbles was not supported by the evidence.B.The geologists did not find as manypebbles as they expected.C.The geologists were looking for aparticular kind of pebble.D.The different pebbles could not have comefrom only one source.4.Which of the following can be inferredfrom paragraph 3 about the solidgypsum layer?A.It did not contain any marine fossil.B.It had formed in open-ocean conditions.C.It had once been soft, deep-sea mud.D.It contained sediment from nearbydeserts.5.Select the TWO answer choice from paragraph3 that identify materialsdiscovered in the deepest part of the Mediterraneanbasin. To receive credityou must select TWO answers.A.Volcanic rock fragmentsB.Thin silt layersC.Soft, deep-sea mudD.Crystalline salt6.What is the main purpose of paragraph 3?A.To describe the physical evidencecollected by Hsu and RyanB.To explain why some of the questionsposed earlier in the passage could not be answered by the findings of theGlomar ChallengerC.To evaluate techniques used by Hsu andRyan to explore the sea floorD.To describe the most difficult problemsfaced by the Glomar Challenger expedition7.According to paragraph 4, which of thefollowing was responsible for theevaporation of the Mediterranean’s waters?A.The movements of Earth’s crustB.The accumulation of sediment layersC.Changes in the water level of theAtlantic OceanD.Changes in Earth’s temperature8.The word “scores”in the passage(paragraph 4) is closest in meaning toA.membersrge numbersC.populationsD.different types9.According to paragraph 4, what causedmost invertebrate species in theMediterranean to become extinct?A.The evaporation of chemicals necessaryfor their survivalB.Crustal movements that connected theMediterranean to the saltier AtlanticC.The migration of new species through thenarrow straitsD.Their inability to tolerate theincreasing salt content of the Mediterranean10.Which of the sentences below bestexpresses the essential information inthe highlighted sentence in the passage(paragraph 4) ? Incorrect choices change the meaning inimportant ways or leaveout essential information.A.The strait of Gibraltar reopened when theMediterranean and the Atlantic became connected and the cascades of water fromone sea to the other caused crustal adjustments and faulting.B.The Mediterranean was dramaticallyrefilled by water fromthe Atlantic when crustal adjustments and faultingopened the Strait of Gibraltar, the place where the two seas are joined.C.The cascades of water from the Atlanticto the Mediterranean were not as spectacular as the crustal adjustments andfaulting that occurred when the Strait of Gibraltar was connected to thoseseas.D.As a result of crustal adjustments andfaulting and the creation of the Strait of Gibraltar, the Atlantic andMediterranean were connected and became a single sea with spectacular cascadesof water between them.11.The word “Turbulent”in the passage(paragraph 4) is closest in meaning toA.FreshB.DeepC.ViolentD.Temperate12. Look at the four squares [■] thatindicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Thus,scientists had information about the shape of the domes but not about theirchemical composition and origin.■【A】Another task for theGlomar Challenger’s scientists was totry to determine the origin of thedomelike masses buried deep beneath theMediterranean seafloor. ■【B】These structures had been detected years earlierby echo-soundinginstruments, but they had never been penetrated in the courseof drilling. ■【C】Were theysalt domes such as are common alongthe United States Gulf Coast, and if so, whyshould there have been so muchsolid crystalline salt beneath the floor of theMediterranean? ■[D】Where would the sentence best fit?13. Direction: An introductory sentence fora brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary byselecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in thepassage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideasthat are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. Thisquestion is worth 2 points.An expedition to the Mediterranean answeredsome long-standing questionsabout the ocean’s history.A.The Glomar Challenger expeditioninvestigated changes in invertebrate fauna and some unusual geologic features.B.Researchers collected fossils todetermine which new species migrated from the Atlantic with older species.C.Scientists aboard the Glomar Challengerwere the first to discover the existence of domelike masses underneath theseafloor.D.Samples recovered from the expeditionrevealed important differences in chemical composition and fossil distributionamong the sediment layers.E.Evidence collected by the GlomarChallenger supports geologists' beliefs that the Mediterranean had evaporatedand become a desert, before it refilled with water.F.Mediterraneansalt domes formed after crustal movements opened the straits between theMediterranean and the Atlantic, and the Mediterranean refilled with water.托福阅读答案1.C2.文第四句话说到“Most of theolder organisms were nearly wiped out(大部分更加古老的生物都几乎灭绝了)”对应选项A;第五句说到“A few managed to migrate into the Atlantic(一些物种成功地迁移到了大西洋)”,对应选项C;第六句说到“the migrants returned, bringing new species with them(这些物种又回到了地中海,并带回新的物种)”,对应选项D。

托福模拟试题题型及答案

托福模拟试题题型及答案

托福模拟试题题型及答案一、听力部分1. 根据所听对话,选择正确的答案。

A. 学生在图书馆寻找资料。

B. 学生在食堂讨论课程。

C. 学生在办公室咨询教授。

答案:A2. 根据所听讲座,以下哪项是教授提到的主要观点?A. 气候变化对农业的影响。

B. 城市化进程中的环境问题。

C. 科技发展对教育的影响。

答案:B二、阅读部分1. 阅读以下段落,选择最佳标题。

"In recent years, the advancement of technology has revolutionized the way we communicate and access information. The internet has become an indispensable part of our daily lives, providing us with a wealth of resources and opportunities."A. The Impact of Technology on Daily LifeB. The History of the InternetC. The Benefits of Online Resources答案:A2. 根据文章内容,以下哪个选项是作者支持的观点?A. 社交媒体对青少年有害。

B. 社交媒体是现代社会不可或缺的一部分。

C. 社交媒体应该受到更严格的监管。

答案:B三、口语部分1. 描述你最喜欢的季节,并解释原因。

参考答案:我最喜欢的季节是秋天。

秋天的天气凉爽宜人,树叶的颜色变化多端,给人一种宁静和舒适的感觉。

此外,秋天也是收获的季节,我喜欢看到田野里金黄色的麦浪。

2. 讨论科技在教育中的作用。

参考答案:科技在教育中扮演着越来越重要的角色。

它不仅提高了教学效率,还为学生提供了丰富的学习资源。

例如,在线课程和教育软件可以帮助学生随时随地学习,而互动白板则可以提高课堂的互动性。

托福阅读模拟练习题及答案

托福阅读模拟练习题及答案

托福阅读模拟练习题及答案The Moon, which has undergone a distinct and complex geological history, presents a striking appearance. The moon may be divided into two major terrains: the Maria (dark lowlands) and the Terrace (bright highlands). The contrast in the reflectivity (the capability of reflecting light) of these two terrains suggested to many early observers that the two terrains might have different compositions, and this supposition was confirmed by missions to the Moon such as Surveyor and Apollo. One of the most obvious differences between the terrains is the smoothness of the Maria in contrast to the roughness of the highlands. This roughness is mostly caused by the abundance of craters: the highlands are completely covered by large craters (greater than 40-50 km in diameter), while the craters of the Maria tend to be much smaller. It is now known that the vast majority of the Moon's craters were formed by the impact of solid bodies with the lunar surface.Most of the near side of the Moon was thoroughly mapped and studied from telescopic pictures years before the age of space exploration. Earth-based telescopes can resolve objects as small as a few hundred meters on the lunar surface. Close observation of craters, combined with the way the Moon diffusely reflects sunlight, led to the understanding that the Moon is covered by a surface layer, or regolith, that overlies the solid rock of the Moon. Telescopic images permitted the cataloging of a bewildering array of land forms. Craters were studied for clues to their origin; the large wispy marks were seen. Strange, sinuous features were observed in the Maria. Although various land forms were catalogued, the majority of astronomers'attention was fixed on craters and their origins.Astronomers have known for a fairly long time that the shape of craters changes as they increase in size. Small craters with diameters of less than 10-15 km have relatively simple shapes. They have rim crests that are elevated above the surrounding terrain, smooth, bowl-shaped interiors, and depths that are about one-sixth their diameters. The complexity of shape increases for larger craters.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) What astronomers learned from the Surveyor and Apollo space missions.(B) Characteristics of the major terrains of the Moon.(C) The origin of the Moon's craters.(D) Techniques used to catalogue the Moon's land forms.2. The word "undergone经历" in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) altered(B) substituted(C) experienced(D) preserved3. According to the passage , the Maria differ from the Terrace mainly in terms of(A) age(B) manner of creation(C) size(D) composition4. The passage supports which of the following statements about the Surveyor and Apollo missions?(A) They confirmed earlier theories about the Moon's surface.(B) They revealed that previous ideas about the Moon'scraters were incorrect.(C) They were unable to provide detailed information about the Moon's surface.(D) They were unable to identify how the Moon's craters were made.5. The word "vast" in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) special(B) known(C) varied(D) great6. All of the following are true of the Maria EXCEPT:(A) They have small craters.(B) They have been analyzed by astronomers.(C) They have a rough texture.(D) They tend to be darker than the terrace.7. All of the following terms are defined in the passage EXCEPT(A) Moon (line 1)(B) reflectivity (line 3)(C) regolith (line 16)(D) Maria (line 2)8. The author mentions "wispy marks" in line 19 as an example of(A) an aspect of the lunar surface discovered through lunar missions(B) a characteristic of large craters(C) a discovery made through the use of Earth-based telescopes(D) features that astronomers observed to be common to the Earth and the Moon9. According to the passage , lunar researchers have focused mostly on(A) the possibility of finding water on the Moon(B) the lunar regolith(C) cataloging various land formations(D) craters and their origins10. The passage probably continues with a discussion of(A) the reasons craters are difficult to study(B) the different shapes small craters can have(C) some features of large craters(D) some difference in the ways small and large craters were formedBCDAD CACDC。

英语托福试题及答案

英语托福试题及答案

英语托福试题及答案一、听力部分1. What is the main topic of the lecture?A) The impact of climate change on agriculture.B) The history of the Industrial Revolution.C) The role of technology in modern education.D) The evolution of the English language.Answer: A) The impact of climate change on agriculture.2. According to the conversation, why does the student need to visit the library?A) To find a book for a class assignment.B) To return a book that is overdue.C) To ask for help with a research paper.D) To check out a DVD for a film project.Answer: C) To ask for help with a research paper.二、阅读部分3. What can be inferred about the author's opinion on the subject discussed in the passage?A) The author is skeptical about the effectiveness of the proposed solution.B) The author strongly supports the implementation of the new policy.C) The author is neutral and presents both sides of the argument.D) The author is critical of the current state of affairs.Answer: C) The author is neutral and presents both sides of the argument.4. In the second paragraph, what is the primary purpose of the example given?A) To illustrate the complexity of the issue.B) To provide evidence for the author's argument.C) To demonstrate the consequences of ignoring the problem.D) To offer a solution to the problem discussed.Answer: B) To provide evidence for the author's argument.三、口语部分5. Describe a memorable event from your childhood. Explain why it was memorable and what you learned from it.Answer: (This section requires a personal response from the test-taker, so no specific answer is provided.)四、写作部分6. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? "The government should provide financial support to artists to create art." Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.Answer: (This section requires a written response from the test-taker, so no specific answer is provided.)请注意,以上题目和答案仅为示例,实际托福考试的题目和答案会有所不同。

托福考试模拟试题及答案word

托福考试模拟试题及答案word

托福考试模拟试题及答案word一、听力部分1. 听一段对话,然后选择正确的答案。

- 问题:对话中提到了什么活动?- 选项:A. 看电影B. 参加派对C. 去图书馆- 答案:B2. 听一段讲座,然后回答以下问题。

- 问题:讲座中提到了哪些主要观点?- 答案:讲座主要讨论了环境保护的重要性以及个人在日常生活中可以采取的措施。

二、阅读部分1. 阅读以下短文,然后回答相关问题。

- 短文:《城市化的影响》- 问题:城市化对环境有哪些影响?- 答案:城市化导致空气污染、水资源短缺和生物多样性的减少。

2. 阅读以下文章,然后选择正确的答案。

- 文章:《科技与教育》- 问题:科技如何改变教育?- 选项:A. 通过在线课程B. 通过提高学费C. 通过减少教师数量- 答案:A三、口语部分1. 描述你最近参加的一个活动,并解释为什么你选择参加它。

- 答案示例:我最近参加了一个环保志愿者活动,因为我对环境保护非常感兴趣,并且希望能够为保护我们的地球做出贡献。

2. 讨论你如何看待全球化对文化的影响。

- 答案示例:我认为全球化促进了不同文化之间的交流和理解,但同时也可能导致某些文化特色的丧失。

四、写作部分1. 写一篇短文,讨论科技发展对日常生活的影响。

- 答案示例:科技发展极大地方便了我们的日常生活,例如智能手机让我们随时随地都能获取信息,但同时也带来了隐私和安全问题。

2. 选择一个你感兴趣的话题,写一篇文章表达你的观点。

- 答案示例:我选择讨论教育的重要性。

教育不仅能够提高个人的生活质量,也是社会进步和发展的关键。

结束语托福考试是一个全面评估英语能力的测试,希望以上的模拟试题及答案能够帮助你更好地准备考试。

记住,持续的练习和复习是提高语言能力的关键。

祝你考试顺利!请注意,以上内容仅为模拟试题,实际的托福考试内容和形式可能会有所不同。

考生应以官方发布的考试指南为准。

新托福试题及答案

新托福试题及答案

新托福试题及答案1. 阅读部分A. 阅读材料一:《城市化的影响》根据文章内容,回答以下问题。

1.1 文章主要讨论了城市化对环境的哪些影响?1.2 作者提到了哪些措施可以减少这些影响?答案:1.1 文章主要讨论了城市化对环境的影响包括空气污染、水资源短缺和生物多样性的减少。

1.2 作者提到了提高能源效率、推广公共交通和保护绿地等措施可以减少这些影响。

B. 阅读材料二:《古代文明的交流》根据文章内容,回答以下问题。

2.1 文章中提到的古代文明之间有哪些交流方式?2.2 这些交流方式对文明发展有何影响?答案:2.1 文章中提到的古代文明之间的交流方式包括贸易、战争和宗教传播。

2.2 这些交流方式促进了文化和技术的交流,加速了文明的发展。

2. 听力部分A. 听力材料一:《海洋生物的保护》根据听力材料,回答以下问题。

3.1 演讲者提出了哪些保护海洋生物的措施?3.2 演讲者认为哪种措施最有效?答案:3.1 演讲者提出了建立海洋保护区、限制过度捕捞和提高公众意识等措施。

3.2 演讲者认为建立海洋保护区是最有效措施。

B. 听力材料二:《气候变化的影响》根据听力材料,回答以下问题。

4.1 讲座中提到气候变化对农业有哪些影响?4.2 讲座中提到了哪些应对策略?答案:4.1 讲座中提到气候变化导致作物产量下降、病虫害增加和水资源短缺。

4.2 讲座中提到了改进农业技术、种植抗旱作物和建设水利设施等应对策略。

3. 口语部分A. 口语任务一:描述一个你认为对环境最有益的活动。

答案:我认为植树活动对环境最有益。

它不仅能够吸收二氧化碳,减少温室气体排放,还能增加生物多样性,改善空气质量。

B. 口语任务二:讨论你认为的最有效的学习策略。

答案:我认为最有效的学习策略是定期复习和实践。

定期复习可以帮助巩固记忆,而实践则可以加深对知识的理解。

4. 写作部分A. 写作任务一:论述城市化对人类社会的影响。

答案:城市化对人类社会的影响是多方面的。

托福阅读TPO25(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:ThesurfaceofMars

托福阅读TPO25(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:ThesurfaceofMars

托福阅读TPO25(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:ThesurfaceofMarsTPO是我们常用的托福模考工具,对我们的备考很有价值,下面小编给大家带来托福阅读TPO25(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:The surface of Mars。

托福阅读原文【1】The surface of Mars shows a wide range of geologic features, including huge volcanoes-the largest known in the solar system-and extensive impact cratering. Three very large volcanoes are found on the Tharsis bulge, an enormous geologic area near Mars’s equator. Northwest of Tharsis is the largest volcano of all: Olympus Mons, with a height of 25 kilometers and measuring some 700 kilometers in diameter at its base. The three large volcanoes on the Tharsis bulge are a little smaller-a “mere”18 kilometers high.【2】None of these volcanoes was formed as a result of collisions between plates of the Martian crust-there is no plate motion on Mars. Instead, they are shield volcanoes — volcanoes with broad, sloping slides formed by molten rock. All four show distinctive lava channels and other flow features similar to those found on shield volcanoes on Earth. Images of the Martian surface reveal many hundreds of volcanoes. Most of the largest volcanoes are associated with the Tharsis bulge, but many smaller ones are found in the northern plains.【3】The great height of Martian volcanoes is a direct consequence of the planet’s low surface gravity. As lava flows and spreads to form a shield volcano, the volcano’s eventual height depends on the new mountain’s ability to support its own weight. The lower the gravity, the lesser the weight and thegreater the height of the mountain. It is no accident that Maxwell Mons on Venus and the Hawaiian shield volcanoes on Earth rise to about the same height (about 10 kilometers) above their respective bases-Earth and Venus have similar surface gravity. Mars’s surface gravity is only 40 percent that of Earth, so volcanoes rise roughly 2.5 times as high. Are the Martian shield volcanoes still active? Scientists have no direct evidence for recent or ongoing eruptions, but if these volcanoes were active as recently as 100 million years ago (an estimate of the time of last eruption based on the extent of impact cratering on their slopes), some of them may still be at least intermittently active. Millions of years, though, may pass between eruptions.【4】Another prominent feature of Mars’s surface is cratering. The Mariner spacecraft found that the surface of Mars, as well as that of its two moons, is pitted with impact craters formed by meteoroids falling in from space. As on our Moon, the smaller craters are often filled with surface matter-mostly dust-confirming that Mars is a dry desert world. However, Martian craters get filled in considerably faster than their lunar counterparts. On the Moon, ancient craters less than 100 meters across (corresponding to depths of about 20 meters) have been obliterated, primarily by meteoritic erosion. On Mars, there are relatively few craters less than 5 kilometers in diameter. The Martian atmosphere is an efficient erosive agent, with Martian winds transporting dust from place to place and erasing surface features much faster than meteoritic impacts alone can obliterate them.【5】As on the Moon, the extent of large impact cratering (i.e. craters too big to have been filled in by erosion since they were formed) serves as an age indicator for the Martian surface.Age estimates ranging from four billion years for Mars’s southern highlands to a few hundred million years in the youngest volcanic areas were obtained in this way.【6】The detailed appearance of Martian impact craters provides an important piece of information about conditions just below the planet’s surface. Martian craters are surrounded by ejecta (debris formed as a result of an impact) that looks quite different from its lunar counterparts. A comparison of the Copernicus crater on the Moon with the (fairly typical) crater Yuty on Mars demonstrates the differences. The ejecta surrounding the lunar crater is just what one would expect from an explosion ejecting a large volume of dust, soil, and boulders. However, the ejecta on Mars gives the distinct impression of a liquid that has splashed or flowed out of crater. Geologists think that this fluidized ejecta crater indicates that a layer of permafrost, or water ice, lies just a few meters under the surface. Explosive impacts heated and liquefied the ice, resulting in the fluid appearance of the ejecta.托福阅读试题1.The word “enormous”(paragraph 1)in the passage is closest in meaning toA.importantB.extremely largeC.highly unusualD.active2.According to paragraph 1, Olympus Mons differs from volcanoes on the Tharsis bulge in that Olympus MonsA.has more complex geologic featuresB.shows less impact crateringC.is tallerD.was formed at a later time3.The word “distinctive”(paragraph 1)in the passage is closest in meaning toA.deep.plex.C.characteristic.D.ancient.4.According to paragraphs 1 and 2, which of the following is NOT true of the shield volcanoes on the Tharsis bulge?A.They have broad, sloping sides.B.They are smaller than the largest volcano on Mars.C.They have channels that resemble the lava channels of volcanoes on Earth.D.They are over 25 kilometers tall.5.The word “roughly” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.typically.B.frequently.C.actually.D.approximately.6.In paragraph 3, why does the author compare Maxwell Mons on Venus to the Hawaiian shield volcanoes on Earth?A.To help explain the relationship between surface gravity and volcano height.B.To explain why Mars’s surface gravity is only 40 percent of Earth’s.C.To point out differences between the surface gravity of Earth and the surface gravity of Venus.D.To argue that there are more similarities than differences between volcanoes on different planets.7.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaningin important ways or leave out essential information.A.Although direct evidence of recent eruptions is lacking, scientists believe that these volcanoes were active as recently as 100 million years ago.B.Scientists estimate that volcanoes active more recently than 100 years ago will still have extensive impact cratering on their slopes.C.If, as some evidence suggests, these volcanoes erupted as recently as 100 million years ago, they may continue to be intermittently active.D.Although these volcanoes were active as recently as 100 million years ago, there is no direct evidence of recent or ongoing eruptions.8.The word “considerably”(paragraph 3)in the passage is closest in meaning toA.frequently.B.significantly.C.clearly.D.surprisingly.9.According to paragraph 4, what is demonstrated by the fact that cratersfill in much faster on Mars than on the Moon?A.Erosion from meteoritic impacts takes place more quickly on Mars than on the Moon.B.There is more dust on Mars than on the Moon.C.The surface of Mars is a dry desert.D.Wind is a powerful eroding force on Mars.10.In paragraph 4, why does the author point out that Marshas few ancient craters that are less than 5 kilometers in diameter?A.To explain why scientists believe that the surface matter filling Martian craters is mostly dust.B.To explain why scientists believe that the impact craters on Mars were created by meteoroids.C.To support the claim that the Martian atmosphere is an efficient erosive agent.D.To argue that Mars experienced fewer ancient impacts than the Moon did.11.According to paragraph 5, what have scientists been able to determinefrom studies of large impact cratering on Mars?A.Some Martian volcanoes are much older than was once thought.B.The age of Mars’s surface can vary from area to area.rge impact craters are not reliable indicators of age in areas with high volcanic activity.D.Some areas of the Martian surface appear to be older than they actually are.12.According to paragraph 6, the ejecta of Mars’s crater Yuty differs fromthe ejecta of the Moon’s Copernicus crater in that the ejecta of the Yuty craterA.Has now become part of a permafrost layer.B.Contains a large volume of dust, soil and boulders.C.Suggests that liquid once came out of the surface at the crater site.D.Was thrown a comparatively long distance from the center of the crater.13. Look at the four squares【■】that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence tothe passage. This surface feature has led to speculation about what may lie under Mars’s surface.The detailed appearance of Martian impact craters provides an important piece of information about conditions just below the planet’s surface. Martian craters are surrounded by ejecta (debris formed as a result of an impact) that looks quite different from its lunar counterparts. A comparison of the Copernicus crater on the Moon with the (fairly typical) crater Yuty on Mars demonstrates the differences. The ejecta surrounding the lunar crater is just what one would expect from an explosion ejecting a large volume of dust, soil, and boulders. ■【A】However, the ejecta on Mars gives the distinct impression of a liquid that has splashed or flowed out of crater. ■【B】Geologists think that this fluidized ejecta crater indicates that a layer of permafrost, or water ice, lies just a few meters under the surface. ■【C】Explosive impacts heated and liquefied the ice, resulting in the fluid appearance of the ejecta. ■【D】14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it. To review the passage, click VIEW NEXT.Volcanoes and impact craters are major features of Martiangeology.A.Plate motion on Mars, once considered to have played no role in shaping the planet’s s urface, is now seen as beingdirectly associated with the planet’s earliest volcanoes.B.Mars has shield volcanoes, some of which are extremely tall because of the planet’s low surface gravity.C.Although the erosive power of the Martian atmosphere ensures that Mars has fewer craters than the Moon does, impact craters are prominent on Mars’ s surface.D.Scientists cannot yet reliably estimate the age of the Martian surface because there has been too much erosion of it.E.Scientists have been surprised to discover that conditions just below the surface of Mars are very similar to conditions just below the surface of the MoonF.Studies of crater ejecta have revealed the possibility of a layer of permafrost below the surface of Mars.托福阅读答案1.enormous 巨大的,所以正确答案是B,extremely large。

英语托福试题及答案

英语托福试题及答案

英语托福试题及答案一、听力部分1. 问题:What is the main topic of the lecture?答案:The main topic of the lecture is the impact of industrialization on the environment.2. 问题:According to the professor, what is the primarycause of air pollution?答案:The primary cause of air pollution, according to the professor, is the burning of fossil fuels.3. 问题:What is the student's suggestion to reduce pollution?答案:The student suggests using renewable energy sourcesto reduce pollution.二、阅读部分1. 问题:What does the author argue about the role of technology in education?答案:The author argues that technology has the potentialto enhance learning experiences but also emphasizes the importance of its proper integration into the curriculum.2. 问题:What evidence does the author provide to support the benefits of technology in education?答案:The author provides evidence such as increasedstudent engagement, access to a wider range of resources, and the ability to personalize learning.3. 问题:What is the author's view on the challenges of integrating technology into education?答案:The author believes that challenges include the need for teacher training, the digital divide, and the risk of distraction.三、口语部分1. 问题:Describe a memorable event from your childhood.答案:One memorable event from my childhood was my first visit to a zoo, where I was amazed by the variety of animals and learned about their habitats.2. 问题:Why do you think it is important to learn a second language?答案:Learning a second language is important because it opens up opportunities for communication, broadens cultural understanding, and enhances cognitive abilities.3. 问题:What are some ways to improve your English speaking skills?答案:Some ways to improve English speaking skills include practicing with native speakers, joining language exchange groups, and using language learning apps.四、写作部分1. 问题:Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? University education should be free for all students.答案:[Your response should be a well-organized essay that includes an introduction, body paragraphs with supporting arguments, and a conclusion.]2. 问题:Some people believe that the government should spend more on art and culture, while others think that this money should be used for other public services. Discuss both views and give your opinion.答案:[Your response should be a well-organized essay that presents the arguments for both views, provides your own opinion, and includes a conclusion.]3. 问题:Describe a person who has had a significant influence on your life and explain why this person is important to you.答案:[Your response should be a descriptive essay that outlines the person's characteristics, the impact they have had on you, and the reasons for their significance.]。

  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。

托福考试阅读模拟试题及答案PARAGRAPH 1 The earliest of the city states of the ancient Near East appeared at the southern end of the Mesopotamian plain, the area between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is now Iraq. It was here that the civilization known as Sumer emerged in its earliest form in the fifth millennium. At first sight, the plain did not appear to be a likely home for a civilization. There were few natural resources, no timber, stone, or metals.Rainfall was limited, and what water there was rushed across the plain in the annual flood of melted snow. As the plain fell only 20 meters in 500 kilometers, the beds of the rivers shifted constantly. It was this that made the organization of irrigation, particularly the building of canals to channel and preserve the water, essential. Once this was done and the silt carried down by the rivers was planted, the rewards were rich: four to five times whatrain-fed earth would produce. It was these conditions that allowed an elite to emerge, probably as an organizing class, and to sustain itself through the control of surplus crops. PARAGRAPH 2 It is difficult to isolate the factors that led to the next development—the emergence ofurban settlements. The earliest, that of Eridu, about 4500 B.C.E., and Uruk, a thousand years later, center on impressive temple complexes built of mud brick. In some way, the elite had associated themselves with the power of the gods. Uruk, for instance, had two patron gods—Anu, the god of the sky and sovereign of all other gods, and inanna, a goddess of love and war—and there were others, patrons of different cities. Human beings were at their mercy. The biblical story of the Flood may originate in Sumer. In the earliest version, the gods destroy the human race because its clamor had been so disturbing to them. PARAGRAPH 3 It used to be believed that before 3000 B.C.E. thepolitical and economic life of the cities was centered on their temples, but it now seems probable that the cities had secular rulers from earliest times. Within the city lived administrators, craftspeople, and merchants. (Trading was important, as so many raw materials, the semiprecious stones for the decoration of the temples, timbers for roofs, and all metals, had to be imported.) An increasingly sophisticated system of administration led in about 3300 B.C.E. to the appearance of writing. The earliest script was based on logograms, with a symbol being used to expressa whole word. The logograms were incised on damp clay tablets with a stylus with a wedge shape at its end. (The Romans called the shape cuneus and this gives the scriptits name of cuneiform.) Two thousand logograms have been recorded from these early centuries of writing. A more economical approach was to use a sign to express not a whole word but a single syllable. (To take an example: the Sumerian word for" head" was "sag." Whenever a word including a syllable in which the sound "sag" was to be written, the sign for "sag" could be used to express that syllable with the remaining syllables of the word expressed by other signs.) By 2300 B.C.E. the number of signs required had been reduced to 600, and the range of words that could be expressed had widened. Texts dealing with economic matters predominated, as they always had done; but at this point works of theology, g literature, history, and law also appeared. PARAGRAPH 4 Other innovations of the late fourth millennium include the wheel, probably developed first as a more efficient way of making pottery and then transferred to transport. A tablet engraved about 3000 B.C.E. provides the earliest known example from Sumer, a roofed boxlike sledge mounted on four solid wheels. Amajor development was the discovery, again about 3000B.C.E., that if copper, which had been known in Mesopotamia since about 3500 B.C.E., was mixed with tin, a much harder metal, bronze, would result. Although copper and stonetools continued to be used, bronze was far more successful in creating sharp edges that could be used as anything from saws and scythes to weapons. The period from 3000 to 1000 B.C.E., when the use of bronze became I widespread, is normally referred to as the Bronze Age. PARAGRAPH 1 The earliest of the city states of the ancient Near East appeared at the southern end of the Mesopotamian plain, the area between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is now Iraq. It was here that the civilization known as Sumer emerged in its earliest form in the fifth millennium. At first sight, the plain did not appear to be a likely home for a civilization. There were few natural resources, no timber, stone, or metals. Rainfall was limited, and what water there was rushed across the plain in the annual flood of melted snow. As the plain fell only 20 meters in 500 kilometers, the beds of the rivers shifted constantly. It was this that made the organization of irrigation, particularly the building of canals to channel and preservethe water, essential. Once this was done and the silt carried down by the rivers was planted, the rewards were rich: four to five times what rain-fed earth would produce. It was these conditions that allowed an elite to emerge, probably as an organizing class, and to sustain itself through the control of surplus crops. PARAGRAPH 1The earliest of the city states of the ancient Near East appeared at the southern end of the Mesopotamian plain, the area between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is now Iraq. It was here that the civilization known as Sumer emerged in its earliest form in the fifth millennium. At first sight, the plain did not appear to be a likely home for a civilization. There were few natural resources, no timber, stone, or metals. Rainfall was limited, and what water there was rushed across the plain in the annual flood of melted snow. As the plain fell only 20 meters in 500 kilometers, the beds of the rivers shifted constantly. It was this that made the organization of irrigation, particularly the building of canals to channel and preserve the water, essential. Once this was done and the silt carried down by the rivers was planted, the rewards were rich: four to five times what rain-fed earth would produce.It was these conditions that allowed an elite to emerge, probably as an organizing class, and to sustain itself through the control of surplus crops. 1、Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as a disadvantage of the Mesopotamian plain? There was not very much rainfall for most of the year. Melting snow caused flooding every year. The silt deposited by rivers damaged crops. Timber, stone and metals were notreadily available. 2、According to paragraph 1, which of the following made it possible for an elite to emerge? New crops were developed that were better suited to conditions on the Mesopotamian plain. The richest individuals managed to gain control of the most valuable cropland. Control over the few available natural resources made some people four to five times richer than everyone else. The building of canals to increase agricultural output required organization. 3、The word "sustain" in the passage is closest in meaning todefend promote maintain transform PARAGRAPH 2 It is difficult to isolate the factors that led to the next development—the emergence of urban settlements. The earliest, that of Eridu, about 4500B.C.E., and Uruk, a thousand years later, center on impressive temple complexes built of mud brick. In some way, the elite had associated themselves with the power of the gods. Uruk, for instance, had two patron gods—Anu, the god of the sky and sovereign of all other gods, and inanna, a goddess of love and war—and there were others, patrons of different cities. Human beings were at their mercy. The biblical story of the Flood may originate in Sumer. In the earliest version, the gods destroy the human race because its clamor had been so disturbing to them. 4、According to paragraph 2, Eridu and Uruk are examples of urban settlements that lacked the features usually found in other early urban settlements f developed around religious buildings grew much more rapidly than most of the urban settlements found in Sumer were mysteriously destroyed and abandoned 5、The word "sovereign" in the passage is closest in meaning to counselor master defender creator PARAGRAPH 3 It used to be believed that before 3000 B.C.E. the political and economic life of the cities was centered on their temples, but it now seems probable that the cities had secular rulers from earliest times. Within the city lived administrators,craftspeople, and merchants. (Trading was important, as so many raw materials, the semiprecious stones for the decoration of the temples, timbers for roofs, and all metals, had to be imported.) An increasingly sophisticated system of administration led in about 3300 B.C.E. to the appearance of writing. The earliest script was based on logograms, with a symbol being used to express a whole word. The logograms were incised on damp clay tablets with a stylus with a wedge shape at its end. (The Romans called the shape cuneus and this gives the script its name of cuneiform.) Two thousand logograms have been recorded from these early centuries of writing. A more economical approach was to use a sign to express not a whole word but a single syllable. (To take an example: the Sumerian word for" head" was "sag." Whenever a word including a syllable in which the sound "sag" was to be written, the sign for "sag" could be used to express that syllable with the remaining syllables of the word expressed by other signs.) By 2300 B.C.E. the number of signs required had been reduced to 600, and the range of words that could be expressed had widened. Texts dealing with economic matters predominated, as they always had done; but at this pointworks of theology, g literature, history, and law also appeared. 6、According to paragraph 3, which of the following led to the appearance of writing? An increasingly sophisticated administrative system Coordination between secular and religious leaders The large volume of trade, particularly imports A rapidly expanding and changing population Paragraph 3 is marked with7、 In paragraph 3, why does the author provide the information that the number of signs in use had dropped from 2,000 to 600 by 2300 B.C.E.? To argue that the development of writing involved periods of growth followed by periods of decline To demonstrate that earlier written texts used a larger vocabulary than later texts, which were aimed at a broader audience | To support the claim that the range of words expressed by logograms varied widely depending on time period and type of text To provide evidence for the increased efficiency of using signs to express syllables rather than whole words 8、According to paragraph 3, ancient texts most commonly dealt with theology literature economics law PARAGRAPH 4 Other innovations of the late fourthmillennium include the wheel, probably developed first as a more efficient way of making pottery and then transferred to transport. A tablet engraved about 3000 B.C.E. provides the earliest known example from Sumer, a roofed boxlike sledge mounted on four solid wheels. A major development was the discovery, again about 3000 B.C.E., that if copper, which had been known in Mesopotamia since about 3500B.C.E., was mixed with tin, a much harder metal, bronze, would result. Although copper and stone tools continued to be used, bronze was far more successful in creating sharp edges that could be used as anything from saws and scythes to weapons. The period from 3000 to 1000 B.C.E., when the use of bronze became I widespread, is normally referred to as the Bronze Age. 9、According to paragraph 4, the earliest wheels probably were first developed in areas outside Mesopotamia were used to make pottery appeared on boxlike sledges were used to transport goods between cities 10、The word "engraved* in the passage is closest in meaning to carved produced dated discovered 11、 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change themeaning in important ways or leave out essential information. Also around 3000 B.C.E., it was discovered that mixing copper, known from about 3500 B.C.E., with tin would create a much harder metal known as bronze.Although copper had been known since 3500 B.C.E in Mesopotamia, the discovery of bronze did not occur until around 3000 B.C.E. Another major development around 3000 B.C.E. was the discovery that copper could be mixed with a much harder metal known as tin. The development of bronze by mixing copper and tin probably occurred around 3000 B.C.E. but may have happened as early as 3500 B.C.E. 12、The word "widespread" in the passage is closest in meaning to obvious significant necessary common 13、Look at the four squares [ ■ ]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. City life was diverse, and the population was engaged in a variety of occupations. PARAGRAPH 3 It used to be believed that before 3000 B.C.E. the political and economic life of the cities was centered on their temples, but it now seems probable that the cities had secular rulers from earliest times. ■ Within the city lived administrators, craftspeople, and merchants. (Trading was important, as somany raw materials, the semiprecious stones for the decoration of the temples, timbers for roofs, and all metals, had to be imported.) ■ An increasingly sophisticated system of administration led in about 3300 B.C.E. to the appearance of writing. ■ The earliest script was based on logograms, with a symbol being used to express a whole word. ■ The logograms were incised on damp clay tablets with a stylus with a wedge shape at its end. (The Romans called the shape cuneus and this gives the scriptits name of cuneiform.) Two thousand logograms have been recorded from these early centuries of writing. A more economical approach was to use a sign to express not a whole word but a single syllable. (To take an example: the Sumerian word for" head" was "sag." Whenever a word including a syllable in which the sound "sag" was to be written, the sign for "sag" could be used to express that syllable with the remaining syllables of the word expressed by other signs.) By 2300 B.C.E. the number of signs required had been reduced to 600, and the range of words that could be expressed had widened. Texts dealing with economic matters predominated, as they always had done; but at this point works of theology, g literature, history, andlaw also appeared. 14、Direction: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Irrigation made it possible for the civilization known as sumer to arise on the Mesopotamian plain in the fifth millennium B.C.E. Answer Choices A. The scarcity of natural resources on the plain made it necessary for a powerful elite to emerge and take charge of trade and imports. B. The economy of each city was based on a craft such as pottery or metal working, and the city of Eridu was known for its saws, scythes and weapons.C. Writing appeared in the form of logograms and later developed into a system using signs to represent syllables rather than whole words.D. Priests were powerful figures in the ancient civilization and controlled the political and economic life of the cities.E. The earliest city states had one or more patron gods and were built around central temple complexeF. The developmentof the wheel and the creation of bronze were important innovations in Sumer。

相关文档
最新文档