英语语法:虚拟语气归纳整理

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虚拟语气

一、语气的分类

语气概述:语气,跟失态和语态一样,也是动词的一种形式,表明说话者的意图、态度和目的。英语中有三种语气:陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。

1.陈述语气:用来陈述事实或提出想法,包括肯定、否定

例:

Recent pressure at work may account for his behaviour.

他的行为也许是最近的工作压力导致的。

2.祈使语气:表明说话人提出请求、命令或劝告等

例:

Calm down and tell me what happened.

冷静点儿,告诉我发生了什么事。

祈使语气也可用在并列句中表示条件

Work hard and you will succeed.

好好干,你会成功的。

H e quick or you’ll be late.

快点儿,否则你会迟到。

3.虚拟语气:表示说话人的一种愿望、建议、请求、命令;

有时是一种非真实的假设,与事实不符或相反的情况

例:

If had seen him yesterday, I would have told him the news.

我如果昨天见到他,就会把这个消息告诉他了。

二、虚拟语气的用法

(一)虚拟语气在条件句中的应用

1.虚拟语气主要用在虚拟条件中,表示根本不存在的情况或

可能很小的假设

虚拟语气用于if条件句中时,主句和从句谓语动词的形式如下:

——与现在事实相反:过去式(be一般用were)

should/ would/could/might+动词原形

——与过去事实相反:had+过去分词

should/ would/ could/ might have +过去分词

——与将来事实相反:过去式(be一般用were)/should + 动词原

形/ were to + 动词原形

should/ would/ could/might + 动词原形

例:

If I had enough money, I would buy myself a computer.

我如果有足够的钱,会为自己买一台电脑。(与现在的事实相反)

If we had had enough rain last year, we could have gained a good harvest.

如果去年雨水充足的话,我们可能会有一个好收成。(与过去的事实相反)

If I should see/ were to see/ saw him tomorrow, I would invite him home.

我如果明天见到他,会邀请他到家里来。(与将来的事实相反)

特别关注:

1.在虚拟语气中,be在各种人称中都用were,在非正式问题中,

第三人称单数也可用was。

2.如果说话人认为if从句所表示的是事实(客观存在的情况或实现

的可能性很大的假设),全句就可以用陈述语气。

例:

If you do it once more, you will do it better.

你如果再做一遍,就会做得更好。(事实上完全可以再做一遍)

2.如果条件句中含有were、should或had,有时可将if省略,把were、should或had,则不能

例:

If y ou had taken my advice, you wouldn’t have failed the

examination.

-----Had you taken my advice, you wouldn’t have failed the

examination.

你如果听了我的建议,就不会考试不及格。

If you were you, I would apply for the job.

-----Were I you, I would apply for the job.

我如果是你,就会申请那份工作。

3.错综时间条件句(混合条件句)

虚拟条件从句和主句动作发生的时间不一致时,主句和从句的谓语动词根据所指的时间选用适当的虚拟语气形式。

例:

If I were you, I wouldn’t have missed the opening ceremony last

night.

我如果是你,就不会错过昨晚的开幕式。(从句与现在事实相

反,主句与过去事实相反)

If they had left here last night, they would arrive home in an

hour.

他们要是昨晚就离开这里的话,再过一小时就该到家了。(从句

与过去事实相反,主句与将来事实相反)

If had taken my umbrella with me this morning. I should not be

wet now.

我如果今天早上带了伞,现在就不会淋湿了。(从句与过去事实

相反,主句与现在事实相反)

4.含蓄条件句

有时假设的情况并不用从句表示出来,而是通过介词或介词短语(without、but for等)、副词(otherwise)、连词(or、but、but

that等)、上下文或其他方式表现出来,这种句子要用含蓄虚拟语气。

例:

Without air, there wouldn’t be living things in the word.

没有空气,世界上就没有生物。(相当于If there were no air…)

She would have come to see you, but she was so busy that day.

她原本会来看你的,可是那天她实在太忙了。(相当于If she had

not been so busy that day…)

But for the storm I would have arrived much earlier.

要不是那场暴风雨,我早就到了。(相当于If it had not been

for…)

He came to town yesterday, or I would not have met him.

他昨天到城里来了,不然我就不会遇见他了。

5.“I f it were not/ had not been for…” 句型中的虚拟语气意

为“要不是……”

例:

If it were not for peace, we would not be living a happy life

today.

要不是有了和平,我们今天就不可能过着幸福的生活了。

If it had not been for your timely help, I would have gone

bankrupt.

要不是你的及时帮助,我就破产了。

(二)虚拟语气在各种从句中的用法

1.虚拟语气用于主句从句中

在以下几个句型中,it是形式主语,that引导的是主语从句,谓语部分常用“(should + )动词原形”虚拟语气形式。

(1)“It is/ was + 形容词/过去分词 + that…”结构中的虚拟语气在“It is/ was +形容词/过去分词+ that…”结构中,表示“愿望、建议、请求、命令、可能、适当、较好、迫切、紧急、重要”等含义

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