词汇学概念整理

1、区别Lexeme Word Morphemes

A lexeme is the smallest unit in the meaning system of a language. The lexeme “give” includes as members “give”, “gives”, “given”, “giving”, “gave”, but excludes “giver” and “givers”. A lexeme is an abstract unit. It can occur in many different forms in actual spoken and written sentences.

A word is a minimal meaningful unit of a language that can function independently.

Morphemes are known as minimal meaningful units of a language.

2、组合形式

A combining form is a bound root that can form a new word by combining with another combining form, a word, or sometimes an affix, for example techno- and -phobe in technophobe.

3、区别Root base sterm

⏹A root is the basic form of a word which cannot the further analyzed without total loss of identity.

e.g. international

⏹A base is a form to which affixes of any kind (both derivational and inflectional) can be added.

e.g. grace ---- graceful ---- ungraceful

⏹The stem is used only when we deal with inflectional affixes, so any form to which an inflectional affix is attached is a stem.

e.g. works, workers, workshops

4、转化法定义

Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Since words that are made do not change in morphological structure but in function, this process is also known as functional shift. Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives, and verbs.

N---V bottle to bottle

Adj----V dry to dry

V------N look have a look

5、截短法定义及分类

Clipping/shortening(截短法)is the formation of new words by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. Words formed in this way are called “clipped words”.

There are four common types of clipping: apocope/back clipping, aphaeresis/front clipping, front and back clipping, syncope.例子exam---examination phone---telephone tec----detective pacifist----pacificist

6、关联意义的定义与分类

Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminate.

1.Connotative meaning refers to the overtones(弦外之音) or

associations suggested by the conceptual meaning.woman--frail,cowardly,emotional

2.Affective meaning expresses the speaker’s attitude towards the

person or thing in question.dear hello

3.Collocative meaning is that part of the word meaning suggested

by the words with which it co-occurs. pretty handsome

4.Stylistic meaning: daddy male parent

7、同形异义词的定义及分类

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⏹Concretely speaking, homonyms are words different in meaning, but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.

⏹

⏹Homonyms fall into three types: absolute homonyms, which are words identical both in sound and spelling; date base . homophones, which are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning; night/knight leak/leek homographs, which are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning.tear sow 8、区分歧义与含混

Ambiguity refers to the phenomenon that a word, phrase or sentence has more than one meaning. Are you engaged?Vagueness is caused by the indistinction and unclearness of language. A vague word is one that has an indefinite denotation(外延概念).forest wood city town

9、同义词及其分类

A synonym is a word or expression that has the same or nearly the same meaning as another in the same language. Synonyms can be classified into two groups: perfect synonyms, which are words identical in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning including conceeptual and associative meaning, compounding/composition and partial synonyms, which are similar in essential meaning, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a give quality.couple/pair

10、上义词和下义词

The relationship in which the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word is called hyponymy. For example, the words animal and dog are related in this way. The specific term dog is called a hyponym, and the general term animal is called a superordinate term.

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12、词义变化

Extension of meaning, also known as generalization, is a process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning

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